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Matsuura T, Komatsu K, Cheng J, Park G, Ogawa T. Beyond microroughness: novel approaches to navigate osteoblast activity on implant surfaces. Int J Implant Dent 2024; 10:35. [PMID: 38967690 PMCID: PMC11226592 DOI: 10.1186/s40729-024-00554-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Considering the biological activity of osteoblasts is crucial when devising new approaches to enhance the osseointegration of implant surfaces, as their behavior profoundly influences clinical outcomes. An established inverse correlation exists between osteoblast proliferation and their functional differentiation, which constrains the rapid generation of a significant amount of bone. Examining the surface morphology of implants reveals that roughened titanium surfaces facilitate rapid but thin bone formation, whereas smooth, machined surfaces promote greater volumes of bone formation albeit at a slower pace. Consequently, osteoblasts differentiate faster on roughened surfaces but at the expense of proliferation speed. Moreover, the attachment and initial spreading behavior of osteoblasts are notably compromised on microrough surfaces. This review delves into our current understanding and recent advances in nanonodular texturing, meso-scale texturing, and UV photofunctionalization as potential strategies to address the "biological dilemma" of osteoblast kinetics, aiming to improve the quality and quantity of osseointegration. We discuss how these topographical and physicochemical strategies effectively mitigate and even overcome the dichotomy of osteoblast behavior and the biological challenges posed by microrough surfaces. Indeed, surfaces modified with these strategies exhibit enhanced recruitment, attachment, spread, and proliferation of osteoblasts compared to smooth surfaces, while maintaining or amplifying the inherent advantage of cell differentiation. These technology platforms suggest promising avenues for the development of future implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanori Matsuura
- Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, UCLA School of Dentistry, 10833 Le Conte Avenue B3-087, Box951668, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1668, USA
| | - Keiji Komatsu
- Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, UCLA School of Dentistry, 10833 Le Conte Avenue B3-087, Box951668, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1668, USA
| | - James Cheng
- Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, UCLA School of Dentistry, 10833 Le Conte Avenue B3-087, Box951668, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1668, USA
- Division of Regenerative and Reconstructive Sciences, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Gunwoo Park
- Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, UCLA School of Dentistry, 10833 Le Conte Avenue B3-087, Box951668, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1668, USA
| | - Takahiro Ogawa
- Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, UCLA School of Dentistry, 10833 Le Conte Avenue B3-087, Box951668, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1668, USA.
- Division of Regenerative and Reconstructive Sciences, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, USA.
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Komatsu K, Matsuura T, Cheng J, Kido D, Park W, Ogawa T. Nanofeatured surfaces in dental implants: contemporary insights and impending challenges. Int J Implant Dent 2024; 10:34. [PMID: 38963524 PMCID: PMC11224214 DOI: 10.1186/s40729-024-00550-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Dental implant therapy, established as standard-of-care nearly three decades ago with the advent of microrough titanium surfaces, revolutionized clinical outcomes through enhanced osseointegration. However, despite this pivotal advancement, challenges persist, including prolonged healing times, restricted clinical indications, plateauing success rates, and a notable incidence of peri-implantitis. This review explores the biological merits and constraints of microrough surfaces and evaluates the current landscape of nanofeatured dental implant surfaces, aiming to illuminate strategies for addressing existing impediments in implant therapy. Currently available nanofeatured dental implants incorporated nano-structures onto their predecessor microrough surfaces. While nanofeature integration into microrough surfaces demonstrates potential for enhancing early-stage osseointegration, it falls short of surpassing its predecessors in terms of osseointegration capacity. This discrepancy may be attributed, in part, to the inherent "dichotomy kinetics" of osteoblasts, wherein increased surface roughness by nanofeatures enhances osteoblast differentiation but concomitantly impedes cell attachment and proliferation. We also showcase a controllable, hybrid micro-nano titanium model surface and contrast it with commercially-available nanofeatured surfaces. Unlike the commercial nanofeatured surfaces, the controllable micro-nano hybrid surface exhibits superior potential for enhancing both cell differentiation and proliferation. Hence, present nanofeatured dental implants represent an evolutionary step from conventional microrough implants, yet they presently lack transformative capacity to surmount existing limitations. Further research and development endeavors are imperative to devise optimized surfaces rooted in fundamental science, thereby propelling technological progress in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiji Komatsu
- Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Takanori Matsuura
- Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, USA
| | - James Cheng
- Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, USA
- Division of Regenerative and Reconstructive Sciences, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, USA
- Section of Periodontics, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Daisuke Kido
- Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Wonhee Park
- Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, USA
- Department of Dentistry, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Takahiro Ogawa
- Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, USA.
- Division of Regenerative and Reconstructive Sciences, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, USA.
- Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, Division of Regenerative and Reconstructive Sciences, UCLA School of Dentistry, 10833 Le Conte Avenue B3-087, Box951668, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1668, USA.
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Park G, Matsuura T, Komatsu K, Ogawa T. Optimizing implant osseointegration, soft tissue responses, and bacterial inhibition: A comprehensive narrative review on the multifaceted approach of the UV photofunctionalization of titanium. J Prosthodont Res 2024:JPR_D_24_00086. [PMID: 38853001 DOI: 10.2186/jpr.jpr_d_24_00086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Titanium implants have revolutionized restorative and reconstructive therapy, yet achieving optimal osseointegration and ensuring long-term implant success remain persistent challenges. In this review, we explore a cutting-edge approach to enhancing implant properties: ultraviolet (UV) photofunctionalization. By harnessing UV energy, photofunctionalization rejuvenates aging implants, leveraging and often surpassing the intrinsic potential of titanium materials. The primary aim of this narrative review is to offer an updated perspective on the advancements made in the field, providing a comprehensive overview of recent findings and exploring the relationship between UV-induced physicochemical alterations and cellular responses. There is now compelling evidence of significant transformations in titanium surface chemistry induced by photofunctionalization, transitioning from hydrocarbon-rich to carbon pellicle-free surfaces, generating superhydrophilic surfaces, and modulating the electrostatic properties. These changes are closely associated with improved cellular attachment, spreading, proliferation, differentiation, and, ultimately, osseointegration. Additionally, we discuss clinical studies demonstrating the efficacy of UV photofunctionalization in accelerating and enhancing the osseointegration of dental implants. Furthermore, we delve into recent advancements, including the development of one-minute vacuum UV (VUV) photofunctionalization, which addresses the limitations of conventional UV methods as well as the newly discovered functions of photofunctionalization in modulating soft tissue and bacterial interfaces. By elucidating the intricate relationship between surface science and biology, this body of research lays the groundwork for innovative strategies aimed at enhancing the clinical performance of titanium implants, marking a new era in implantology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunwoo Park
- Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Takanori Matsuura
- Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Keiji Komatsu
- Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Takahiro Ogawa
- Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, USA
- Division of Regenerative and Reconstructive Sciences, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, USA
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Bae GH, Cho WT, Lee JH, Huh JB. Efficacy of plasma treatment for surface cleansing and osseointegration of sandblasted and acid-etched titanium implants. J Adv Prosthodont 2024; 16:189-199. [PMID: 38957293 PMCID: PMC11215036 DOI: 10.4047/jap.2024.16.3.189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of plasma treatment of sandblasted and acid-etched (SLA) titanium implants on surface cleansing and osseointegration in a beagle model. MATERIALS AND METHODS For morphological analysis and XPS analysis, scanning electron microscope and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy were used to analyze the surface topography and chemical compositions of implant before and after plasma treatment. For this animal experiment, twelve SLA titanium implants were divided into two groups: a control group (untreated implants) and a plasma group (implants treated with plasma). Each group was randomly located in the mandibular bone of the beagle dog (n = 6). After 8 weeks, the beagle dogs were sacrificed, and volumetric analysis and histometric analysis were performed within the region of interest. RESULTS In morphological analysis, plasma treatment did not alter the implant surface topography or cause any physical damage. In XPS analysis, the atomic percentage of carbon at the inspection point before the plasma treatment was 34.09%. After the plasma treatment, it was reduced to 18.74%, indicating a 45% reduction in carbon. In volumetric analysis and histometric analysis, the plasma group exhibited relatively higher mean values for new bone volume (NBV), bone to implant contact (BIC), and inter-thread bone density (ITBD) compared to the control group. However, there was no significant difference between the two groups (P > .05). CONCLUSION Within the limits of this study, plasma treatment effectively eliminated hydrocarbons without changing the implant surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang-Ho Bae
- Department of Prosthodontics, Dental Research Institute, Dental and Life Sciences Institute, Education and Research Team for Life Science on Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Tak Cho
- Department of Prosthodontics, Dental Research Institute, Dental and Life Sciences Institute, Education and Research Team for Life Science on Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Ho Lee
- Research and Development Institute, PNUADD Co., Ltd., Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Bo Huh
- Department of Prosthodontics, Dental Research Institute, Dental and Life Sciences Institute, Education and Research Team for Life Science on Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
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Chen Z, Wang Y, Zhang G, Zheng J, Tian L, Song Y, Liu X. Role of LRP5/6/GSK-3β/β-catenin in the differences in exenatide- and insulin-promoted T2D osteogenesis and osteomodulation. Br J Pharmacol 2024. [PMID: 38804080 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Insulin and exenatide are two hypoglycaemic agents that exhibit different osteogenic effects. This study compared the differences between exenatide and insulin in osseointegration in a rat model of Type 2 diabetes (T2D) and explored the mechanisms promoting osteogenesis in this model of T2D. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH In vivo, micro-CT was used to detect differences in the peri-implant bone microstructure in vivo. Histology, dual-fluorescent labelling, immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry were used to detect differences in tissue, cell and protein expression around the implants. In vitro, RT-PCR and western blotting were used to measure the expression of osteogenesis- and Wnt signalling-related genes and proteins in bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells (BMSCs) from rats with T2D (TBMSCs) after PBS, insulin and exenatide treatment. RT-PCR was used to detect the expression of Wnt bypass cascade reactions under Wnt inactivation. KEY RESULTS Micro-CT and section staining showed exenatide extensively promoted peri-implant osseointegration. Both in vivo and in vitro experiments showed exenatide substantially increased the expression of osteogenesis-related and activated the LRP5/6/GSK-3β/β-catenin-related Wnt pathway. Furthermore, exenatide suppressed expression of Bmpr1a to inhibit lipogenesis and promoted expression of Btrc to suppress inflammation. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Compared to insulin, exenatide significantly improved osteogenesis in T2D rats and TBMSCs. In addition to its dependence on LRP5/6/GSK-3β/β-catenin signalling for osteogenic differentiation, exenatide-mediated osteomodulation also involves inhibition of inflammation and adipogenesis by BMPR1A and β-TrCP, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Dental Materials and Advanced Manufacture, School of Stomatology, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yuxi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Dental Materials and Advanced Manufacture, School of Stomatology, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Guanhua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Dental Materials and Advanced Manufacture, School of Stomatology, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jian Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Dental Materials and Advanced Manufacture, School of Stomatology, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lei Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Dental Materials and Advanced Manufacture, School of Stomatology, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yingliang Song
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Dental Materials and Advanced Manufacture, School of Stomatology, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiangdong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Dental Materials and Advanced Manufacture, School of Stomatology, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
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Kitajima H, Hirota M, Osawa K, Iwai T, Saruta J, Mitsudo K, Ogawa T. Optimization of blood and protein flow around superhydrophilic implant surfaces by promoting contact hemodynamics. J Prosthodont Res 2023; 67:568-582. [PMID: 36543189 DOI: 10.2186/jpr.jpr_d_22_00225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE We examined blood and protein dynamics potentially influenced by implant threads and hydrophilic/hydrophobic states of implant surfaces. METHODS A computational fluid dynamics model was created for a screw-shaped implant with a water contact angle of 70° (hydrophobic surface) and 0° (superhydrophilic surface). Movements and density of blood and fibrinogen as a representative wound healing protein were visualized and quantified during constant blood inflow. RESULTS Blood plasma did not occupy 40-50% of the implant interface or the inside of threads around hydrophobic implants, whereas such blood voids were nearly completely eliminated around superhydrophilic implants. Whole blood field vectors were disorganized and random within hydrophobic threads but formed vortex nodes surrounded by stable blood streams along the superhydrophilic implant surface. The averaged vector within threads was away from the implant surface for the hydrophobic implant and towards the implant surface for the superhydrophilic implant. Rapid and massive whole blood influx into the thread zone was only seen for the superhydrophilic implant, whereas a line of conflicting vectors formed at the entrance of the thread area of the hydrophobic implant to prevent blood influx. The fibrinogen density was up to 20-times greater at the superhydrophilic implant interface than the hydrophobic one. Fibrinogen density was higher at the interface than outside the threads only for the superhydrophilic implant. CONCLUSIONS Implant threads and surface hydrophilicity have profound effects on vector and distribution of blood and proteins. Critically, implant threads formed significant biological voids at the interface that were negated by superhydrophilicity-induced contact hemodynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Kitajima
- Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, Division of Regenerative and Reconstructive Sciences, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, USA
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Makoto Hirota
- Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, Division of Regenerative and Reconstructive Sciences, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, USA
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery/Orthodontics, Yokohama City University Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kohei Osawa
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Toshinori Iwai
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Juri Saruta
- Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, Division of Regenerative and Reconstructive Sciences, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, USA
- Department of Education Planning, School of Dentistry, Kanagawa Dental University, Yokosuka, Japan
| | - Kenji Mitsudo
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Takahiro Ogawa
- Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, Division of Regenerative and Reconstructive Sciences, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, USA
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Kido D, Komatsu K, Suzumura T, Matsuura T, Cheng J, Kim J, Park W, Ogawa T. Influence of Surface Contaminants and Hydrocarbon Pellicle on the Results of Wettability Measurements of Titanium. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14688. [PMID: 37834133 PMCID: PMC10572547 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity-or wettability-is a key surface characterization metric for titanium used in dental and orthopedic implants. However, the effects of hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity on biological capability remain uncertain, and the relationships between surface wettability and other surface parameters, such as topography and chemistry, are poorly understood. The objective of this study was to identify determinants of surface wettability of titanium and establish the reliability and validity of the assessment. Wettability was evaluated as the contact angle of ddH2O. The age of titanium specimens significantly affected the contact angle, with acid-etched, microrough titanium surfaces becoming superhydrophilic immediately after surface processing, hydrophobic after 7 days, and hydrorepellent after 90 days. Similar age-related loss of hydrophilicity was also confirmed on sandblasted supra-micron rough surfaces so, regardless of surface topography, titanium surfaces eventually become hydrophobic or hydrorepellent with time. On age-standardized titanium, surface roughness increased the contact angle and hydrophobicity. UV treatment of titanium regenerated the superhydrophilicity regardless of age or surface roughness, with rougher surfaces becoming more superhydrophilic than machined surfaces after UV treatment. Conditioning titanium surfaces by autoclaving increased the hydrophobicity of already-hydrophobic surfaces, whereas conditioning with 70% alcohol and hydrating with water or saline attenuated pre-existing hydrophobicity. Conversely, when titanium surfaces were superhydrophilic like UV-treated ones, autoclaving and alcohol cleaning turned the surfaces hydrorepellent and hydrophobic, respectively. UV treatment recovered hydrophilicity without exception. In conclusion, surface roughness accentuates existing wettability and can either increase or decrease the contact angle. Titanium must be age-standardized when evaluating surface wettability. Surface conditioning techniques significantly but unpredictably affect existing wettability. These implied that titanium wettability is significantly influenced by the hydrocarbon pellicle and other contaminants inevitably accumulated. UV treatment may be an effective strategy to standardize wettability by making all titanium surfaces superhydrophilic, thereby allowing the characterization of individual surface topography and chemistry parameters in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Kido
- Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, Division of Regenerative and Reconstructive Sciences, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1668, USA
- Department of Oral Diagnosis and General Dentistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Keiji Komatsu
- Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, Division of Regenerative and Reconstructive Sciences, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1668, USA
| | - Toshikatsu Suzumura
- Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, Division of Regenerative and Reconstructive Sciences, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1668, USA
| | - Takanori Matsuura
- Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, Division of Regenerative and Reconstructive Sciences, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1668, USA
| | - James Cheng
- Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, Division of Regenerative and Reconstructive Sciences, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1668, USA
| | - Jeong Kim
- Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, Division of Regenerative and Reconstructive Sciences, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1668, USA
| | - Wonhee Park
- Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, Division of Regenerative and Reconstructive Sciences, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1668, USA
| | - Takahiro Ogawa
- Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, Division of Regenerative and Reconstructive Sciences, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1668, USA
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A Novel High-Energy Vacuum Ultraviolet Light Photofunctionalization Approach for Decomposing Organic Molecules around Titanium. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24031978. [PMID: 36768297 PMCID: PMC9916712 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24031978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Titanium undergoes biological aging, represented by increased hydrophobicity and surface accumulation of organic molecules over time, which compromises the osseointegration of dental and orthopedic implants. Here, we evaluated the efficacy of a novel UV light source, 172 nm wavelength vacuum UV (VUV), in decomposing organic molecules around titanium. Methylene blue solution used as a model organic molecule placed in a quartz ampoule with and without titanium specimens was treated with four different UV light sources: (i) ultraviolet C (UVC), (ii) high-energy UVC (HUVC), (iii) proprietary UV (PUV), and (iv) VUV. After one minute of treatment, VUV decomposed over 90% of methylene blue, while there was 3-, 3-, and 8-fold more methylene blue after the HUVC, PUV, and UVC treatments, respectively. In dose-dependency experiments, maximal methylene blue decomposition occurred after one minute of VUV treatment and after 20-30 min of UVC treatment. Rapid and effective VUV-mediated organic decomposition was not influenced by the surface topography of titanium or its alloy and even occurred in the absence of titanium, indicating only a minimal photocatalytic contribution of titanium dioxide to organic decomposition. VUV-mediated but not other light source-mediated methylene blue decomposition was proportional to its concentration. Plastic tubes significantly reduced methylene blue decomposition for all light sources. These results suggest that VUV, in synergy with quartz ampoules, mediates rapid and effective organic decomposition compared with other UV sources. This proof-of-concept study paves the way for rapid and effective VUV-powered photofunctionalization of titanium to overcome biological aging.
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Deng H, Liu X, Chen J, He Y, Lin L, Liu X, Chen J, Liu X. Photo-functionalized TiO 2 film for facile immobilization of EpCAM antibodies and efficient enrichment of circulating tumor cells. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1126602. [PMID: 36925636 PMCID: PMC10011117 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1126602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The highly efficient capture of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in the blood is essential for the screening, treatment, and assessment of the risk of metastasis or recurrence of cancer. Immobilizing specific antibodies, such as EpCAM antibodies, on the material's surface is currently the primary method for efficiently capturing CTCs. However, the strategies for immobilizing antibodies usually have the disadvantages of requiring multiple chemical reagents and a complex pre-treatment process. Herein we developed a simple strategy for the immobilization of EpCAM antibodies without additional chemical reagents. By utilizing the positive charge property of the photo-functionalized titanium dioxide (TiO2), the negatively charged carboxyl terminal of EpCAM antibodies was immobilized by electrostatic interaction, allowing the antibodies to expose the antigen binding site fully. The experimental results showed that the photo-functionalized TiO2 surface had a marked positive charge and super-hydrophilic properties that could immobilize large amounts of EpCAM antibodies and keep excellent activity. CTCs capture experiments in vitro showed that the EpCAM antibodies-modified photo-functionalized TiO2 could efficiently capture CTCs. The results of blood circulation experiments in rabbits showed that the EpCAM antibodies-modified photo-functionalized TiO2 could accurately capture CTCs from the whole body's blood. It was foreseen that the strategy of simple immobilization of EpCAM antibodies based on photo-functionalized TiO2 is expected to serve in the efficient capture of CTCs in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Deng
- College of Medical Technology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiangqin Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Core laboratory, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi He
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Lanke Lin
- College of Medical Technology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiang Chen
- The Department of Ophthalmology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoqi Liu
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Center for Medical Genetics, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.,Research Unit for Blindness Prevention of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU026), Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Decomposing Organic Molecules on Titanium with Vacuum Ultraviolet Light for Effective and Rapid Photofunctionalization. J Funct Biomater 2022; 14:jfb14010011. [PMID: 36662058 PMCID: PMC9861116 DOI: 10.3390/jfb14010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) photofunctionalization counteracts the biological aging of titanium to increase the bioactivity and osseointegration of titanium implants. However, UV photofunctionalization currently requires long treatment times of between 12 min and 48 h, precluding routine clinical use. Here, we tested the ability of a novel, xenon excimer lamp emitting 172 nm vacuum UV (VUV) to decompose organic molecules coated on titanium as a surrogate of photofunctionalization. Methylene blue as a model organic molecule was coated on grade 4 commercially pure titanium and treated with four UV light sources: (i) ultraviolet C (UVC), (ii) high-energy UVC (HUVC), (iii) proprietary UV (PUV), and (iv) VUV. After one minute of treatment, VUV decomposed 57% of methylene blue compared with 2%, 36%, and 42% for UVC, HUVC, and PUV, respectively. UV dose-dependency testing revealed maximal methylene blue decomposition with VUV within one minute. Equivalent decomposition was observed on grade 5 titanium alloy specimens, and placing titanium specimens in quartz ampoules did not compromise efficacy. Methylene blue was decomposed even on polymethyl methacrylate acrylic specimens at 20-25% lower efficiency than on titanium specimens, indicating a relatively small contribution of titanium dioxide-mediated photocatalytic decomposition to the total decomposition. Load-testing revealed that VUV maintained high efficacy of methylene blue decomposition regardless of the coating density, whereas other UV light sources showed low efficacy with thin coatings and plateauing efficacy with thicker coatings. This study provides foundational data on rapid and efficient VUV-mediated organic decomposition on titanium. In synergy with quartz ampoules used as containers, VUV has the potential to overcome current technical challenges hampering the clinical application of UV photofunctionalization.
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Kitajima H, Hirota M, Komatsu K, Isono H, Matsuura T, Mitsudo K, Ogawa T. Ultraviolet Light Treatment of Titanium Microfiber Scaffolds Enhances Osteoblast Recruitment and Osteoconductivity in a Vertical Bone Augmentation Model: 3D UV Photofunctionalization. Cells 2022; 12:cells12010019. [PMID: 36611812 PMCID: PMC9818481 DOI: 10.3390/cells12010019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Vertical bone augmentation to create host bone prior to implant placement is one of the most challenging regenerative procedures. The objective of this study is to evaluate the capacity of a UV-photofunctionalized titanium microfiber scaffold to recruit osteoblasts, generate intra-scaffold bone, and integrate with host bone in a vertical augmentation model with unidirectional, limited blood supply. Scaffolds were fabricated by molding and sintering grade 1 commercially pure titanium microfibers (20 μm diameter) and treated with UVC light (200-280 nm wavelength) emitted from a low-pressure mercury lamp for 20 min immediately before experiments. The scaffolds had an even and dense fiber network with 87% porosity and 20-50 mm inter-fiber distance. Surface carbon reduced from 30% on untreated scaffold to 10% after UV treatment, which corresponded to hydro-repellent to superhydrophilic conversion. Vertical infiltration testing revealed that UV-treated scaffolds absorbed 4-, 14-, and 15-times more blood, water, and glycerol than untreated scaffolds, respectively. In vitro, four-times more osteoblasts attached to UV-treated scaffolds than untreated scaffolds three hours after seeding. On day 2, there were 70% more osteoblasts on UV-treated scaffolds. Fluorescent microscopy visualized confluent osteoblasts on UV-treated microfibers two days after seeding but sparse and separated cells on untreated microfibers. Alkaline phosphatase activity and osteocalcin gene expression were significantly greater in osteoblasts grown on UV-treated microfiber scaffolds. In an in vivo model of vertical augmentation on rat femoral cortical bone, the interfacial strength between innate cortical bone and UV-treated microfiber scaffold after two weeks of healing was double that observed between bone and untreated scaffold. Morphological and chemical analysis confirmed seamless integration of the innate cortical and regenerated bone within microfiber networks for UV-treated scaffolds. These results indicate synergy between titanium microfiber scaffolds and UV photofunctionalization to provide a novel and effective strategy for vertical bone augmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Kitajima
- Division of Regenerative and Reconstructive Sciences and Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1668, USA
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fuku-ura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0004, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Makoto Hirota
- Division of Regenerative and Reconstructive Sciences and Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1668, USA
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery/Orthodontics, Yokohama City University Medical Center, 4-57 Urafune-cho, Minami-ku, Yokohama 236-0004, Kanagawa, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +81-45-785-8438
| | - Keiji Komatsu
- Division of Regenerative and Reconstructive Sciences and Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1668, USA
| | - Hitoshi Isono
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fuku-ura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0004, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takanori Matsuura
- Division of Regenerative and Reconstructive Sciences and Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1668, USA
| | - Kenji Mitsudo
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fuku-ura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0004, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takahiro Ogawa
- Division of Regenerative and Reconstructive Sciences and Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1668, USA
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Yanagisawa N, Ikeda T, Takatsu M, Urata K, Nishio K, Tanaka H, Kawato T, Iinuma T. Human Gingival Fibroblast Attachment to Smooth Titanium Disks with Different Surface Roughnesses. Biomimetics (Basel) 2022; 7:biomimetics7040164. [PMID: 36278721 PMCID: PMC9624341 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics7040164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Peri-implantitis is a significant problem associated with dental implants. It has been hypothesized that creating a soft-tissue seal around the implant neck prevents peri-implantitis. This study aims to clarify the effects of the surface smoothness of titanium disks on soft tissues. Thus, titanium disks were prepared through electrolytic composite polishing (ECP), sisal buffing (SB), hairline polishing (HP), and laser cutting (LC). The surface roughness values of seven items was measured. For ECP, SB, HP, and LC samples, the Ra values were 0.075, 0.217, 0.671, and 1.024 μm and the Sa values were 0.005, 0.115, 0.500, and 0.676, respectively, indicating that the surface roughness was remarkably lower with ECP. Moreover, the Wsk values for ECP, SB, HP, and LC were 0.521, 1.018, -0.678, and -0.558, respectively. The smooth surfaces produced by ECP and SB were biased toward the concave surface, whereas those produced by HP and LC were biased toward the convex surface. The Rku values for ECP, SB, HP, and LC were 2.984, 11.774, 14.182, and 26.232, respectively. Only the ECP exhibited a moderate bias peak and produced an extremely smooth surface. The contact angles in the cases of ECP, SB, HP, and LC were 60.1°, 66.3°, 68.4°, and 79.3°, respectively, indicating the hydrophobicity of the titanium disks. Human oral fibroblasts were then incubated on each disk for 24 and 48 h to measure cell attachment, and no significant differences were observed. The differences in Ra and Sa did not affect cell attachment. Therefore, by applying ECP to the abutment or implant neck, the cell attachment required for soft-tissue formation while preventing bacterial adhesion can be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Yanagisawa
- Department of Complete Denture Prosthodontics, Nihon University School of Dentistry, 1-8-13 Kanda Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-8310, Japan
| | - Takayuki Ikeda
- Department of Complete Denture Prosthodontics, Nihon University School of Dentistry, 1-8-13 Kanda Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-8310, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-3-3219-8143
| | - Masaki Takatsu
- Department of Complete Denture Prosthodontics, Nihon University School of Dentistry, 1-8-13 Kanda Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-8310, Japan
| | - Kentaro Urata
- Department of Complete Denture Prosthodontics, Nihon University School of Dentistry, 1-8-13 Kanda Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-8310, Japan
| | - Kensuke Nishio
- Department of Complete Denture Prosthodontics, Nihon University School of Dentistry, 1-8-13 Kanda Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-8310, Japan
| | - Hideki Tanaka
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Nihon University School of Dentistry, 1-8-13 Kanda Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-8310, Japan
| | - Takayuki Kawato
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Nihon University School of Dentistry, 1-8-13 Kanda Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-8310, Japan
| | - Toshimitsu Iinuma
- Department of Complete Denture Prosthodontics, Nihon University School of Dentistry, 1-8-13 Kanda Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-8310, Japan
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Sousa V, Mardas N, Spratt D, Hassan IA, Walters NJ, Beltrán V, Donos N. The Effect of Microcosm Biofilm Decontamination on Surface Topography, Chemistry, and Biocompatibility Dynamics of Implant Titanium Surfaces. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231710033. [PMID: 36077428 PMCID: PMC9456268 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231710033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the inception of dental implants, a steadily increasing prevalence of peri-implantitis has been documented. Irrespective of the treatment protocol applied for the management of peri-implantitis, this biofilm-associated pathology, continues to be a clinical challenge yielding unpredictable and variable levels of resolution, and in some cases resulting in implant loss. This paper investigated the effect of microcosm biofilm in vitro decontamination on surface topography, wettability, chemistry, and biocompatibility, following decontamination protocols applied to previously infected implant titanium (Ti) surfaces, both micro-rough -Sandblasted, Large-grit, Acid-etched (SLA)-and smooth surfaces -Machined (M). Microcosm biofilms were grown on SLA and M Ti discs. These were treated with TiBrushes (TiB), combination of TiB and photodynamic therapy (PDT), combination of TiB and 0.2%CHX/1%NaClO, plus or minus Ultraviolet-C (UV-C) radiation. Surface topography was evaluated by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Laser Surface Profilometry. Surface function was analysed through wettability analysis. Surface chemistry evaluation of the discs was performed under SEM/Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Biocompatibility was tested with the cytocompatibility assay using human osteoblast-like osteosarcoma cell line (MG-63) cells. Elemental analysis of the discs disclosed chemical surface alterations resulting from the different treatment modalities. Titanium, carbon, oxygen, sodium, aluminium, silver, were identified by EDX as the main components of all the discs. Based on the data drawn from this study, we have shown that following the decontamination of Ti surfaces the biomaterial surface chemistry and topography was altered. The type of treatment and Ti surface had a significant effect on cytocompatibility (p = 0.0001). Although, no treatment modality hindered the titanium surface biocompatibility, parameters such as the use of chemical agents and micro-rough surfaces had a higher cytotoxic effect in MG-63 cells. The use of smooth surfaces, and photofunctionalisation of the TiO2 layer had a beneficial effect on cytocompatibility following decontamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Sousa
- Periodontology and Periodontal Medicine, Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Kings College London, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London SE1 9RT, UK
- Correspondence:
| | - Nikos Mardas
- Centre for Oral Clinical Research, Centre for Oral Immunobiology & Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Dentistry, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University London, London E1 2AD, UK
| | - Dave Spratt
- Microbial Diseases, Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Iman A. Hassan
- Materials Chemistry Centre, Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, UK
| | - Nick J. Walters
- Natural Resources Institute Finland, Latokartanonkaari 9, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Víctor Beltrán
- Clinical Investigation and Dental Innovation Center, Dental School and Center for Translational Medicine, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4780000, Chile
| | - Nikolaos Donos
- Centre for Oral Clinical Research, Centre for Oral Immunobiology & Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Dentistry, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University London, London E1 2AD, UK
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Tang S, Wang Y, Zong Z, Ding N, Zhang Z. Enhanced osteogenic activity of titania-modified zirconia implant by ultraviolet irradiation. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:945869. [PMID: 36003530 PMCID: PMC9393212 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.945869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Zirconia is a superior implant material owing to its high mechanical strength, durable corrosion resistance, superior aesthetic effect and excellent biocompatibility. However, the bioactivity of zirconia surfaces remains a great challenge for implant osseointegration. A titania (TiO2) coating was innovatively synthesized on the surface of zirconia by infiltration in a suspension of zirconium oxychloride and titania for dense sintering. Subsequently, the coating was subjected to ultraviolet (UV) light to enhance the biological inertness of zirconia. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and contact angle analysis were conducted to confirm the surface characteristics. Afterwards, in vitro assessments of cell adhesion, proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells were performed. Zirconia samples were implanted into rat femurs to assess biocompatibility and host tissue response in vivo. Micro-CT evaluation and histological testing were conducted. After UV irradiation, the content of hydroxyl groups and hydrophilicity of TiO2-modified zirconia were significantly increased. The results of in vitro experiments showed that TiO2-modified zirconia subjected to UV light could promote cell proliferation and spreading, enhance ALP activity and the degree of mineralization, and upregulate osteogenesis-related genes. Furthermore, in vivo assessments confirmed that UV-irradiated TiO2-modified zirconia implants maximized the promotion of osseointegration. TiO2-modified zirconia after UV treatment will have broad clinical application prospects in improving the osseointegration of zirconia implants.
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15
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Kitajima H, Komatsu K, Matsuura T, Ozawa R, Saruta J, Taleghani SR, Cheng J, Ogawa T. Impact of nano-scale trabecula size on osteoblastic behavior and function in a meso-nano hybrid rough biomimetic zirconia model. J Prosthodont Res 2022; 67:288-299. [PMID: 35858802 DOI: 10.2186/jpr.jpr_d_22_00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE A novel implant model consisting of meso-scale cactus-inspired spikes and nano-scale bone-inspired trabeculae was recently developed to optimize meso-scale roughness on zirconia. In this model, the meso-spike dimension had a significant impact on osteoblast function. To explore how different nano-textures impact this model, here we examined the effect of different nano-trabecula sizes on osteoblast function while maintaining the same meso-spike conformation. METHODS Zirconia disks with meso-nano hybrid surfaces were created by laser etching. The meso-spikes were fixed to 40 μm high, whereas the nano-texture was etched as large and small trabeculae of average Feret diameter 237.0 and 134.1 nm, respectively. A polished surface was also prepared. Rat bone marrow-derived and human mesenchymal stromal cell-induced osteoblasts were cultured on these disks. RESULTS Hybrid rough surfaces, regardless of nano-trabecula dimension, robustly promoted the osteoblastic differentiation of both rat and human osteoblasts compared to those on polished surfaces. Hybrid surfaces with small nano-trabeculae further enhanced osteoblastic differentiation compared with large nano-trabeculae. However, the difference in osteoblastic differentiation between small and large nano-trabeculae was much smaller than the difference between the polished and hybrid rough surfaces. The nano-trabecula size did not influence osteoblast attachment and proliferation, or protein adsorption. Both hybrid surfaces were hydro-repellent. The atomic percentage of surface carbon was lower on the hybrid surface with small nano-trabeculae. CONCLUSIONS Small nano-trabeculae promoted osteoblastic differentiation more than large nano-trabeculae when combined with meso-scale spikes. However, the biological impact of different nano-trabeculae was relatively small compared with that of different dimensions of meso-spikes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Kitajima
- Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology and the Division of Regenerative and Reconstructive Sciences, UCLA School of Dentistry, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1668
| | - Keiji Komatsu
- Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology and the Division of Regenerative and Reconstructive Sciences, UCLA School of Dentistry, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1668
| | - Takanori Matsuura
- Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology and the Division of Regenerative and Reconstructive Sciences, UCLA School of Dentistry, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1668
| | - Ryotaro Ozawa
- Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology and the Division of Regenerative and Reconstructive Sciences, UCLA School of Dentistry, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1668
| | - Juri Saruta
- Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology and the Division of Regenerative and Reconstructive Sciences, UCLA School of Dentistry, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1668
| | - Samira Rahim Taleghani
- Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology and the Division of Regenerative and Reconstructive Sciences, UCLA School of Dentistry, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1668
| | - James Cheng
- Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology and the Division of Regenerative and Reconstructive Sciences, UCLA School of Dentistry, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1668
| | - Takahiro Ogawa
- Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology and the Division of Regenerative and Reconstructive Sciences, UCLA School of Dentistry, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1668
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A Novel Cell Delivery System Exploiting Synergy between Fresh Titanium and Fibronectin. Cells 2022; 11:cells11142158. [PMID: 35883601 PMCID: PMC9317518 DOI: 10.3390/cells11142158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Delivering and retaining cells in areas of interest is an ongoing challenge in tissue engineering. Here we introduce a novel approach to fabricate osteoblast-loaded titanium suitable for cell delivery for bone integration, regeneration, and engineering. We hypothesized that titanium age influences the efficiency of protein adsorption and cell loading onto titanium surfaces. Fresh (newly machined) and 1-month-old (aged) commercial grade 4 titanium disks were prepared. Fresh titanium surfaces were hydrophilic, whereas aged surfaces were hydrophobic. Twice the amount of type 1 collagen and fibronectin adsorbed to fresh titanium surfaces than aged titanium surfaces after a short incubation period of three hours, and 2.5-times more fibronectin than collagen adsorbed regardless of titanium age. Rat bone marrow-derived osteoblasts were incubated on protein-adsorbed titanium surfaces for three hours, and osteoblast loading was most efficient on fresh titanium adsorbed with fibronectin. The number of osteoblasts loaded using this synergy between fresh titanium and fibronectin was nine times greater than that on aged titanium with no protein adsorption. The loaded cells were confirmed to be firmly attached and functional. The number of loaded cells was strongly correlated with the amount of protein adsorbed regardless of the protein type, with fibronectin simply more efficiently adsorbed on titanium surfaces than collagen. The role of surface hydrophilicity of fresh titanium surfaces in increasing protein adsorption or cell loading was unclear. The hydrophilicity of protein-adsorbed titanium increased with the amount of protein but was not the primary determinant of cell loading. In conclusion, the osteoblast loading efficiency was dependent on the age of the titanium and the amount of protein adsorption. In addition, the efficiency of protein adsorption was specific to the protein, with fibronectin being much more efficient than collagen. This is a novel strategy to effectively deliver osteoblasts ex vivo and in vivo using titanium as a vehicle.
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The Effect of Ultraviolet Treatment on TiO2 Nanotubes: A Study of Surface Characteristics, Bacterial Adhesion, and Gingival Fibroblast Response. METALS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/met12010080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanotubes are emerging as a provocative target for oral implant research. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of UV on the wettability behavior, bacterial colonization, and fibroblast proliferation rate of TiO2 nanotube surfaces prepared using different anodization voltages and aimed for use as implant abutment materials. Four different experimental materials were prepared: (1) TiO2 nanotube 10 V; (2) TiO2 nanotube 15 V; (3) TiO2 nanotube 20 V; and (4) commercial pure titanium as a control group. TiO2 nanotube arrays were prepared in an aqueous electrolyte solution of hydrofluoric acid (HF, 0.5 vol.%). Different anodization voltages were used to modify the morphology of the TiO2 nanotubes. Equilibrium contact angles were measured using the sessile drop method with a contact angle meter. The investigated surfaces (n = 3) were incubated at 37 °C in a suspension of Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) for 30 min for bacterial adhesion and 3 days for biofilm formation. Human gingival fibroblasts were plated and cultured on the experimental substrates for up to 7 days and the cell proliferation rate was assessed using the AlamarBlue assayTM (BioSource International, Camarillo, CA, USA). The data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post-hoc test. Water contact angle measurements on the TiO2 after UV treatment showed an overall hydrophilic behavior regardless of the anodization voltage. The ranking of the UV-treated surfaces of experimental groups from lowest to highest for bacterial adhesion was: TiO2 nanotube 20 V < Ti and TiO2 nanotube 15 V < TiO2 nanotube 10 V (p < 0.05), and for bacterial biofilm formation was: TiO2 nanotube 20 V-TiO2 nanotube 10 V < Ti-TiO2 nanotube 15 V (p < 0.05). Fibroblast cell proliferation was lower on TiO2 nanotube surfaces throughout the incubation period and UV light treatment showed no enhancement in cellular response. UV treatment enhances the wettability behavior of TiO2 nanotube surfaces and could result in lower bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation.
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Zhu H, Cai S, Liao G, Gao ZF, Min X, Huang Y, Jin S, Xia F. Recent Advances in Photocatalysis Based on Bioinspired Superwettabilities. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c04049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hai Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Energy Materials Chemistry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, People’s Republic of China
- China State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, People’s Republic of China
| | - Si Cai
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Energy Materials Chemistry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guangfu Liao
- Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhong Feng Gao
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Tumor Marker Detection Technology, Equipment and Diagnosis-Therapy Integration in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Tumor Markers, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Linyi University, Linyi 276005, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuehong Min
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Energy Materials Chemistry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu Huang
- China State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shiwei Jin
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Energy Materials Chemistry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fan Xia
- China State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, People’s Republic of China
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Ultraviolet Treatment of Titanium to Enhance Adhesion and Retention of Oral Mucosa Connective Tissue and Fibroblasts. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212396. [PMID: 34830275 PMCID: PMC8617952 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Peri-implantitis is an unsolved but critical problem with dental implants. It is postulated that creating a seal of gingival soft tissue around the implant neck is key to preventing peri-implantitis. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of UV surface treatment of titanium disks on the adhesion strength and retention time of oral connective tissues as well as on the adherence of mucosal fibroblasts. Titanium disks with a smooth machined surface were prepared and treated with UV light for 15 min. Keratinized mucosal tissue sections (3 × 3 mm) from rat palates were incubated for 24 h on the titanium disks. The adhered tissue sections were then mechanically detached by agitating the culture dishes. The tissue sections remained adherent for significantly longer (15.5 h) on the UV-treated disks than on the untreated control disks (7.5 h). A total of 94% of the tissue sections were adherent for 5 h or longer on the UV-treated disks, whereas only 50% of the sections remained on the control disks for 5 h. The adhesion strength of the tissue sections to the titanium disks, as measured by tensile testing, was six times greater after UV treatment. In the culture studies, mucosal fibroblasts extracted from rat palates were attached to titanium disks by incubating for 24, 48, or 96 h. The number of attached cells was consistently 15–30% greater on the UV-treated disks than on the control disks. The cells were then subjected to mechanical or chemical (trypsinization) detachment. After mechanical detachment, the residual cell rates on the UV-treated surfaces after 24 and 48 h of incubation were 35% and 25% higher, respectively, than those on the control surfaces. The remaining rate after chemical detachment was 74% on the control surface and 88% on the UV-treated surface for the cells cultured for 48 h. These trends were also confirmed in mouse embryonic fibroblasts, with an intense expression of vinculin, a focal adhesion protein, on the UV-treated disks even after detachment. The UV-treated titanium was superhydrophilic, whereas the control titanium was hydrophobic. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) chemical analysis revealed that the amount of carbon at the surface was significantly reduced after UV treatment, while the amount of TiOH molecules was increased. These ex vivo and in vitro results indicate that the UV treatment of titanium increases the adhesion and retention of oral mucosa connective tissue as a result of increased resistance of constituent fibroblasts against exogenous detachment, both mechanically and chemically, as well as UV-induced physicochemical changes of the titanium surface.
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Yang Y, Zhang H, Komasa S, Morimoto Y, Sekino T, Kawazoe T, Okazaki J. UV/ozone irradiation manipulates immune response for antibacterial activity and bone regeneration on titanium. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2021; 129:112377. [PMID: 34579896 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2021.112377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The immunomodulatory antibacterial activity and osteoimmunomodulatory properties of implantable biomaterials significantly influence bone regeneration. Various types of ultraviolet (UV) instrument are currently in use to greatly enhance the antibacterial activity and osteoconductive capability of titanium, it remains unclear how UV treatment modulates immune response. Compared to traditional UV treatment, the combination of low-dose ozone with UV irradiation is considered a new option to give benefits to surface modification and reduce the drawbacks of UV and ozone individually. Herein, the aim of this study was to elucidate the immune-modulatory properties of macrophages on UV/ozone-irradiated titanium that serve as defense against S. aureus and the crosstalk between immune cells and osteoblasts. Three different cell and bacteria co-culture systems were developed in order to investigate the race between host cells and bacteria to occupy the surface. In vitro immunological experiments indicated that UV/ozone irradiation significantly enhanced the phagocytic and bactericidal activity of macrophages against S. aureus. Further, in vitro and in vivo studies evidenced the favorable osteoimmune environment for osteogenic differentiation and bone formation. This research suggests vital therapeutic potential of UV/ozone irradiation for preventing the biomaterial-associated infections and achieving favorable bone formation simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Yang
- Department of Removable Prosthodontics and Occlusion, Osaka Dental University, 8-1 Kuzuha-hanazono-cho, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1121, Japan.
| | - Honghao Zhang
- Department of Removable Prosthodontics and Occlusion, Osaka Dental University, 8-1 Kuzuha-hanazono-cho, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1121, Japan.
| | - Satoshi Komasa
- Department of Removable Prosthodontics and Occlusion, Osaka Dental University, 8-1 Kuzuha-hanazono-cho, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1121, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Morimoto
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tohru Sekino
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Kawazoe
- Osaka Dental University, 8-1 Kuzuha-hanazono-cho, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1121, Japan
| | - Joji Okazaki
- Department of Removable Prosthodontics and Occlusion, Osaka Dental University, 8-1 Kuzuha-hanazono-cho, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1121, Japan
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Osteoblast Attachment Compromised by High and Low Temperature of Titanium and Its Restoration by UV Photofunctionalization. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14195493. [PMID: 34639891 PMCID: PMC8509491 DOI: 10.3390/ma14195493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Titanium implants undergo temperature fluctuations during manufacturing, transport, and storage. However, it is unknown how this affects their bioactivity. Herein, we explored how storage (six months, dark conditions) and temperature fluctuations (5-50 °C) affected the bioactivity of titanium implants. Stored and fresh acid-etched titanium disks were exposed to different temperatures for 30 min under wet or dry conditions, and their hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity and bioactivity (using osteoblasts derived from rat bone marrow) were evaluated. Ultraviolet (UV) treatment was evaluated as a method of restoring the bioactivity. The fresh samples were superhydrophilic after holding at 5 or 25 °C under wet or dry conditions, and hydrophilic after holding at 50 °C. In contrast, all the stored samples were hydrophobic. For both fresh and stored samples, exposure to 5 or 50 °C reduced osteoblast attachment compared to holding at 25 °C under both wet and dry conditions. Regression analysis indicated that holding at 31 °C would maximize cell attachment (p < 0.05). After UV treatment, cell attachment was the same or better than that before temperature fluctuations. Overall, titanium surfaces may have lower bioactivity when the temperature fluctuates by ≥20 °C (particularly toward lower temperatures), independent of the hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity. UV treatment was effective in restoring the temperature-compromised bioactivity.
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Anodic TiO 2 Nanotubes: Tailoring Osteoinduction via Drug Delivery. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11092359. [PMID: 34578675 PMCID: PMC8466263 DOI: 10.3390/nano11092359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
TiO2 nanostructures and more specifically nanotubes have gained significant attention in biomedical applications, due to their controlled nanoscale topography in the sub-100 nm range, high surface area, chemical resistance, and biocompatibility. Here we review the crucial aspects related to morphology and properties of TiO2 nanotubes obtained by electrochemical anodization of titanium for the biomedical field. Following the discussion of TiO2 nanotopographical characterization, the advantages of anodic TiO2 nanotubes will be introduced, such as their high surface area controlled by the morphological parameters (diameter and length), which provides better adsorption/linkage of bioactive molecules. We further discuss the key interactions with bone-related cells including osteoblast and stem cells in in vitro cell culture conditions, thus evaluating the cell response on various nanotubular structures. In addition, the synergistic effects of electrical stimulation on cells for enhancing bone formation combining with the nanoscale environmental cues from nanotopography will be further discussed. The present review also overviews the current state of drug delivery applications using TiO2 nanotubes for increased osseointegration and discusses the advantages, drawbacks, and prospects of drug delivery applications via these anodic TiO2 nanotubes.
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Surface treatment of 3D printed porous Ti6Al4V implants by ultraviolet photofunctionalization for improved osseointegration. Bioact Mater 2021; 7:26-38. [PMID: 34466715 PMCID: PMC8377410 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.05.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D)-printed porous Ti6Al4V implants play an important role in the reconstruction of bone defects. However, its osseointegration capacity needs to be further improved, and related methods are inadequate, especially lacking customized surface treatment technology. Consequently, we aimed to design an omnidirectional radiator based on ultraviolet (UV) photofunctionalization for the surface treatment of 3D-printed porous Ti6Al4V implants, and studied its osseointegration promotion effects in vitro and in vivo, while elucidating related mechanisms. Following UV treatment, the porous Ti6Al4V scaffolds exhibited significantly improved hydrophilicity, cytocompatibility, and alkaline phosphatase activity, while preserving their original mechanical properties. The increased osteointegration strength was further proven using a rabbit condyle defect model in vivo, in which UV treatment exhibited a high efficiency in the osteointegration enhancement of porous Ti6Al4V scaffolds by increasing bone ingrowth (BI), the bone-implant contact ratio (BICR), and the mineralized/osteoid bone ratio. The advantages of UV treatment for 3D-printed porous Ti6Al4V implants using the omnidirectional radiator in the study were as follows: 1) it can significantly improve the osseointegration capacity of porous titanium implants despite the blocking out of UV rays by the porous structure; 2) it can evenly treat the surface of porous implants while preserving their original topography or other morphological features; and 3) it is an easy-to-operate low-cost process, making it worthy of wide clinical application. An omnidirectional radiator based on ultraviolet photofunctionalization was invented.. The omnidirectional radiator can evenly treat the surface of the porous implants.. The present method can enhance osteoinetegration of porous Ti6Al4V implants in a convenient way with a low cost.
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Biomimetic Zirconia with Cactus-Inspired Meso-Scale Spikes and Nano-Trabeculae for Enhanced Bone Integration. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22157969. [PMID: 34360734 PMCID: PMC8347469 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22157969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Biomimetic design provides novel opportunities for enhancing and functionalizing biomaterials. Here we created a zirconia surface with cactus-inspired meso-scale spikes and bone-inspired nano-scale trabecular architecture and examined its biological activity in bone generation and integration. Crisscrossing laser etching successfully engraved 60 μm wide, cactus-inspired spikes on yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystal (Y-TZP) with 200–300 nm trabecular bone-inspired interwoven structures on the entire surface. The height of the spikes was varied from 20 to 80 μm for optimization. Average roughness (Sa) increased from 0.10 μm (polished smooth surface) to 18.14 μm (80 μm-high spikes), while the surface area increased by up to 4.43 times. The measured dimensions of the spikes almost perfectly correlated with their estimated dimensions (R2 = 0.998). The dimensional error of forming the architecture was 1% as a coefficient of variation. Bone marrow-derived osteoblasts were cultured on a polished surface and on meso- and nano-scale hybrid textured surfaces with different spike heights. The osteoblastic differentiation was significantly promoted on the hybrid-textured surfaces compared with the polished surface, and among them the hybrid-textured surface with 40 μm-high spikes showed unparalleled performance. In vivo bone-implant integration also peaked when the hybrid-textured surface had 40 μm-high spikes. The relationships between the spike height and measures of osteoblast differentiation and the strength of bone and implant integration were non-linear. The controllable creation of meso- and nano-scale hybrid biomimetic surfaces established in this study may provide a novel technological platform and design strategy for future development of biomaterial surfaces to improve bone integration and regeneration.
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Komasa S, Kusumoto T, Hayashi R, Takao S, Li M, Yan S, Zeng Y, Yang Y, Hu H, Kobayashi Y, Agariguchi A, Nishida H, Hashimoto Y, Okazaki J. Effect of Argon-Based Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Treatment on Hard Tissue Formation on Titanium Surface. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147617. [PMID: 34299241 PMCID: PMC8307890 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we suggest that the atmospheric pressure plasma treatment of pure titanium metal may be useful for improving the ability of rat bone marrow cells (RBMCs) to induce hard tissue differentiation. Previous studies have reported that the use of argon gas induces a higher degree of hard tissue formation. Therefore, this study compares the effects of plasma treatment with argon gas on the initial adhesion ability and hard tissue differentiation-inducing ability of RBMCs. A commercially available titanium metal plate was used as the experimental material. A plate polished using water-resistant abrasive paper #1500 was used as the control, and a plate irradiated with argon mixed with atmospheric pressure plasma was used as the experimental plate. No structural change was observed on the surface of the titanium metal plate in the scanning electron microscopy results, and no change in the surface roughness was observed via scanning probe microscopy. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy showed a decrease in the carbon peak and the formation of hydroxide in the experimental group. In the distilled water drop test, a significant decrease in the contact angle was observed for the experimental group, and the results indicated superhydrophilicity. Furthermore, the bovine serum albumin adsorption, initial adhesion of RBMCs, alkaline phosphatase activity, calcium deposition, and genetic marker expression of rat bone marrow cells were higher in the experimental group than those in the control group at all time points. Rat distal femur model are used as in vivo model. Additionally, microcomputed tomography analysis showed significantly higher results for the experimental group, indicating a large amount of the formed hard tissue. Histopathological evaluation also confirmed the presence of a prominent newly formed bone seen in the images of the experimental group. These results indicate that the atmospheric pressure plasma treatment with argon gas imparts superhydrophilicity, without changing the properties of the pure titanium plate surface. It was also clarified that it affects the initial adhesion of bone marrow cells and the induction of hard tissue differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Komasa
- Department of Removable Prosthodontics and Occlusion, Osaka Dental University, 8-1 Kuzuha-hanazono-cho, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1121, Japan; (R.H.); (S.T.); (M.L.); (S.Y.); (Y.Z.); (Y.Y.); (H.H.); (A.A.); (J.O.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-72-864-3084; Fax: +81-72-864-3184
| | - Tetsuji Kusumoto
- Department of Japan Faculty of Health Sciences, Osaka Dental University, 1-4-4, Makino-honmachi, Hirakata-shi, Osaka 573-1121, Japan;
| | - Rina Hayashi
- Department of Removable Prosthodontics and Occlusion, Osaka Dental University, 8-1 Kuzuha-hanazono-cho, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1121, Japan; (R.H.); (S.T.); (M.L.); (S.Y.); (Y.Z.); (Y.Y.); (H.H.); (A.A.); (J.O.)
| | - Seiji Takao
- Department of Removable Prosthodontics and Occlusion, Osaka Dental University, 8-1 Kuzuha-hanazono-cho, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1121, Japan; (R.H.); (S.T.); (M.L.); (S.Y.); (Y.Z.); (Y.Y.); (H.H.); (A.A.); (J.O.)
| | - Min Li
- Department of Removable Prosthodontics and Occlusion, Osaka Dental University, 8-1 Kuzuha-hanazono-cho, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1121, Japan; (R.H.); (S.T.); (M.L.); (S.Y.); (Y.Z.); (Y.Y.); (H.H.); (A.A.); (J.O.)
| | - Sifan Yan
- Department of Removable Prosthodontics and Occlusion, Osaka Dental University, 8-1 Kuzuha-hanazono-cho, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1121, Japan; (R.H.); (S.T.); (M.L.); (S.Y.); (Y.Z.); (Y.Y.); (H.H.); (A.A.); (J.O.)
| | - Yuhao Zeng
- Department of Removable Prosthodontics and Occlusion, Osaka Dental University, 8-1 Kuzuha-hanazono-cho, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1121, Japan; (R.H.); (S.T.); (M.L.); (S.Y.); (Y.Z.); (Y.Y.); (H.H.); (A.A.); (J.O.)
| | - Yuanyuan Yang
- Department of Removable Prosthodontics and Occlusion, Osaka Dental University, 8-1 Kuzuha-hanazono-cho, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1121, Japan; (R.H.); (S.T.); (M.L.); (S.Y.); (Y.Z.); (Y.Y.); (H.H.); (A.A.); (J.O.)
| | - Hui Hu
- Department of Removable Prosthodontics and Occlusion, Osaka Dental University, 8-1 Kuzuha-hanazono-cho, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1121, Japan; (R.H.); (S.T.); (M.L.); (S.Y.); (Y.Z.); (Y.Y.); (H.H.); (A.A.); (J.O.)
| | - Yasuyuki Kobayashi
- Osaka Research Institute of Industrial Science and Technology, Morinomiya Center, 1-6-50, Morinomiya, Joto-ku, Osaka 536-8553, Japan;
| | - Akinori Agariguchi
- Department of Removable Prosthodontics and Occlusion, Osaka Dental University, 8-1 Kuzuha-hanazono-cho, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1121, Japan; (R.H.); (S.T.); (M.L.); (S.Y.); (Y.Z.); (Y.Y.); (H.H.); (A.A.); (J.O.)
| | - Hisataka Nishida
- Department of Advanced Hard Materials, The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (ISIR), Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan;
| | - Yoshiya Hashimoto
- Department of Biomaterials, Osaka Dental University, 8-1 Kuzuha-hanazono-cho, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1121, Japan;
| | - Joji Okazaki
- Department of Removable Prosthodontics and Occlusion, Osaka Dental University, 8-1 Kuzuha-hanazono-cho, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1121, Japan; (R.H.); (S.T.); (M.L.); (S.Y.); (Y.Z.); (Y.Y.); (H.H.); (A.A.); (J.O.)
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Jun JH, Oh KC, Park KH, Jung N, Li J, Moon HS. Improvement of Osseointegration by Ultraviolet and/or Simvastatin Treatment on Titanium Implants with or without Bone Graft Materials. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14133707. [PMID: 34279277 PMCID: PMC8269879 DOI: 10.3390/ma14133707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated and compared ultraviolet (UV) treatment and simvastatin (SIM) immersion effects on the osseointegration of sandblasted, large-grit, acid-etched (SLA) titanium dental implants at two different time points in rabbit tibias, with or without xenogenic bone graft materials. The surface alteration on simvastatin treatment titanium discs was analyzed using an infrared spectrometer. Implants were categorized into four groups according to the surface treatment type. Twelve rabbits received two implants per tibia. A tibial defect model was created using a trephine bur, with implants in contact with the bone surface and bovine bone graft materials for gap filling. The rabbits were sacrificed after 2 or 4 weeks. UV treatment or SIM immersion increased the bone-to-implant contact (BIC) on nongrafted sides, and both increased the BIC and bone area (BA) on grafted sides. The application of both treatments did not result in higher BIC or BA than a single treatment. At two different time points, BIC in the nongrafted sides did not differ significantly among the UV and/or SIM treated groups, whereas BA differed significantly. UV or SIM treatment of SLA titanium implants accelerates osseointegration in tibias with or without xenogenic bone graft materials. The combination of both treatments did not show synergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hoon Jun
- Department of Prosthodontics, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul 03722, Korea; (J.H.J.); (K.C.O.); (J.L.)
- Aeromedical Squadron, Republic of Korea Air Force 8th Fighter Wing, Wonju 26304, Korea
| | - Kyung Chul Oh
- Department of Prosthodontics, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul 03722, Korea; (J.H.J.); (K.C.O.); (J.L.)
| | - Kyu-Hyung Park
- Oral Science Research Center, BK21 Plus Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul 03722, Korea; (K.-H.P.); (N.J.)
| | - Narae Jung
- Oral Science Research Center, BK21 Plus Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul 03722, Korea; (K.-H.P.); (N.J.)
| | - Jiayi Li
- Department of Prosthodontics, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul 03722, Korea; (J.H.J.); (K.C.O.); (J.L.)
| | - Hong Seok Moon
- Department of Prosthodontics, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul 03722, Korea; (J.H.J.); (K.C.O.); (J.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-2228-3155; Fax: +82-2-312-3598
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UV Light-Generated Superhydrophilicity of a Titanium Surface Enhances the Transfer, Diffusion and Adsorption of Osteogenic Factors from a Collagen Sponge. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22136811. [PMID: 34202795 PMCID: PMC8268603 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
It is a significant challenge for a titanium implant, which is a bio-inert material, to recruit osteogenic factors, such as osteoblasts, proteins and blood effectively when these are contained in a biomaterial. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of ultraviolet (UV)-treatment of titanium on surface wettability and the recruitment of osteogenic factors when they are contained in an atelocollagen sponge. UV treatment of a dental implant made of commercially pure titanium was performed with UV-light for 12 min immediately prior to the experiments. Superhydrophilicity on dental implant surfaces was generated with UV-treatment. The collagen sponge containing blood, osteoblasts, or albumin was directly placed on the dental implant. Untreated implants absorbed only a little blood from the collagen sponge, while the UV-treated implants absorbed blood rapidly and allowed it to spread widely, almost over the entire implant surface. Blood coverage was 3.5 times greater for the UV-treated implants (p < 0.001). Only 6% of the osteoblasts transferred from the collagen sponge to the untreated implants, whereas 16% of the osteoblasts transferred to the UV-treated implants (p < 0.001). In addition, a weight ratio between transferred albumin on the implant and measured albumin adsorbed on the implant was 17.3% in untreated implants and 38.5% in UV-treated implants (p < 0.05). These results indicated that UV treatment converts a titanium surface into a superhydrophilic and bio-active material, which could recruite osteogenic factors even when they were contained in a collagen sponge. The transfer and subsequent diffusion and adsorption efficacy of UV-treated titanium surfaces could be useful for bone formation when titanium surfaces and osteogenic factors are intervened with a biomaterial.
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Early changes of ECM-related gene expression in fibroblasts cultured on TiO2, ZrO2 and PEEK: The beneficial effects of UVC photofunctionalization. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpap.2021.100023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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UV-Mediated Photofunctionalization of Indirect Restorative Materials Enhances Bonding to a Resin-Based Luting Agent. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:9987860. [PMID: 34195290 PMCID: PMC8181058 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9987860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Purpose The potential of UV-mediated photofunctionalization to enhance the resin-based luting agent bonding performance to aged materials was investigated. Methods Sixty samples of each material were prepared. Yttria-stabilized zirconia (YZr) and Pd-Au alloy (Pd-Au) plates were fabricated and sandblasted. Lithium disilicate glass-ceramic (LDS) was CAD-CAM prepared and ground with #800 SiC paper. Half of the specimens were immersed in machine oil for 24 h to simulate the carbon adsorption. Then, all of the specimens (noncarbon- and carbon-adsorbed) were submitted to UV-mediated photofunctionalization with a 15 W UV-LED (265 nm, 300 mA, 7692 μW/cm2) for 0 (control groups), 5, and 15 min and subjected to contact angle (Ɵ) measurement and bonded using a resin cement (Panavia™ V5, Kuraray Noritake, Japan). The tensile bond strength (TBS) test was performed after 24 h. The Ɵ (°) and TBS (MPa) data were statistically analyzed using two-way ANOVA and Bonferroni correction tests (α = 0.05). Results In the carbon-adsorbed groups, UV-mediated photofunctionalization for 5 min significantly decreased Ɵ of all materials and increased TBS of YZr, and UV for 15 min significantly increased the TBS of LDS and Pd-Au. In noncarbon-adsorbed groups, UV-photofunctionalization did not significantly change the Ɵ or TBS except YZr specimens UV-photofunctionalized for 15 min. Conclusion UV-mediated photofunctionalization might have removed the adsorbed hydrocarbon molecules from the materials' surfaces and enhanced bond strengths of Panavia™ V5 to YZr, LDS, and Pd-Au. Additionally, UV-mediated photofunctionalization improved the overall TBS of YZr. Further investigation on the optimum conditions of UV photofunctionalization on indirect restorative materials should be conducted.
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Decontamination of Ti Oxide Surfaces by Using Ultraviolet Light: Hg-Vapor vs. LED-Based Irradiation. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:antibiotics9110724. [PMID: 33105704 PMCID: PMC7690427 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9110724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
C-range Ultraviolet (UVC) mercury (Hg)-vapor lamps have shown the successful decontamination of hydrocarbons and antimicrobial effects from titanium surfaces. This study focused on surface chemistry modifications of titanium dental implants by using two different light sources, Hg-vapor lamps and Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs), so as to compare the effectivity of both photofunctionalization technologies. Two different devices, a small Hg-vapor lamp (λ = 254 nm) and a pair of closely placed LEDs (λ = 278 nm), were used to irradiate the implants for 12 min. X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) was employed to characterize the chemical composition of the surfaces, analysing the samples before and after the lighting treatment, performing a wide and narrow scan around the energy peaks of carbon, oxygen and titanium. XPS analysis showed a reduction in the concentration of surface hydrocarbons in both UVC technologies from around 26 to 23.4 C at.% (carbon atomic concentration). Besides, simultaneously, an increase in concentration of oxygen and titanium was observed. LED-based UVC photofunctionalization has been suggested to be as effective a method as Hg-vapor lamps to remove the hydrocarbons from the surface of titanium dental implants. Therefore, due to the increase in worldwide mercury limitations, LED-based technology could be a good alternative decontamination source.
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Pacheco VN, Nolde J, de Quevedo AS, Visioli F, Ponzoni D. Improvement in the chemical structure and biological activity of surface titanium after exposure to UVC light. Odontology 2020; 109:271-278. [PMID: 32978637 DOI: 10.1007/s10266-020-00540-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) irradiation has been proposed as a method to reverse the aging process of titanium. However, the intensity, exposure time and wavelength that provide the best results have not yet been determined. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of photocatalysis by ultraviolet C light on the time-dependent aging of titanium and to analyze the irradiated titanium for changes in structure and in vitro biological activity, with regard to different exposure times. A titanium photofunctionalization device was developed with characteristics different from those on the market. The sample was composed of titanium disks irradiated for different times of exposure to ultraviolet C light (0, 15, 30 and 60 min). The disks were tested for surface wettability (water contact angle), topography (scanning electron microscopy-SEM) and chemical composition (X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy), and effects on cell adhesion (cell culture and SEM) and cell viability by sulforhodamine B (SRB). Ultraviolet C treatment caused changes in titanium surface characteristics, such as increased wettability and removal of hydrocarbons from the surface after 15 min of exposure in the chamber developed. The biological characteristics of the material also appear to have changed, with improved cell adhesion and viability. Photofunctionalization of titanium proved to be effective for the treatment of aged surfaces, with significant modifications in the surface chemical structure and biological activity of the material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviane Neves Pacheco
- Department of Surgery and Orthopedics, Dentistry College, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Sul (UFRGS), Ramiro Barcelos, Porto Alegre, 90035-003, Brazil.
| | - Josué Nolde
- Department of Surgery and Orthopedics, Dentistry College, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Sul (UFRGS), Ramiro Barcelos, Porto Alegre, 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Silva de Quevedo
- Department of Surgery and Orthopedics, Dentistry College, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Sul (UFRGS), Ramiro Barcelos, Porto Alegre, 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Visioli
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Dentistry College, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Sul (UFRGS), Ramiro Barcelos, Porto Alegre, 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Deise Ponzoni
- Department of Surgery and Orthopedics, Dentistry College, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Sul (UFRGS), Ramiro Barcelos, Porto Alegre, 90035-003, Brazil
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Pesce P, Menini M, Santori G, Giovanni ED, Bagnasco F, Canullo L. Photo and Plasma Activation of Dental Implant Titanium Surfaces. A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis of Pre-Clinical Studies. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9092817. [PMID: 32878146 PMCID: PMC7565759 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9092817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Ultraviolet (UV) and non-thermal plasma functionalization are surface treatment modalities that seem able to improve osseointegration. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to assess the effect of the two methods and possible differences. Materials and Methods: The systematic research of pre-clinical animal studies was conducted up to May 2020 in the databases PubMed/Medline, Scopus and the Cochrane Lybrary. A meta-analysis was performed by using the DerSimonian–Laird estimator in random-effects models. Results: Through the digital search, 518 articles were identified; after duplicate removal and screening process 10 papers were included. Four studies evaluating UV treatment in rabbits were included in the meta-analysis. The qualitative evaluation of the included studies showed that both UV photofunctionalization and non-thermal plasma argon functionalization of titanium implant surfaces might be effective in vivo to improve the osseointegration. The meta-analysis on four studies evaluating UV treatment in rabbits showed that bone to implant contact values (expressed as standardized mean differences and raw mean differences) were significantly increased in the bio-activated groups when follow-up times were relatively homogeneous, although a high heterogeneity (I2 > 75%) was found in all models. Conclusions: The present systematic review and meta-analysis on pre-clinical studies demonstrated that chair-side treatment of implants with UV or non-thermal plasma appear to be effective for improving osseointegration. This systematic review supports further clinical trials on this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Pesce
- Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (P.P.); (M.M.); (G.S.); (E.D.G.); (F.B.)
| | - Maria Menini
- Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (P.P.); (M.M.); (G.S.); (E.D.G.); (F.B.)
| | - Gregorio Santori
- Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (P.P.); (M.M.); (G.S.); (E.D.G.); (F.B.)
| | - Emanuele De Giovanni
- Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (P.P.); (M.M.); (G.S.); (E.D.G.); (F.B.)
| | - Francesco Bagnasco
- Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (P.P.); (M.M.); (G.S.); (E.D.G.); (F.B.)
| | - Luigi Canullo
- Private Practice, Via Nizza, 46, 00198 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-347-6201-976
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Hirota M, Ozawa T, Iwai T, Mitsudo K, Ogawa T. UV-Mediated Photofunctionalization of Dental Implant: A Seven-Year Results of a Prospective Study. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9092733. [PMID: 32847061 PMCID: PMC7565265 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9092733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Our objective was to evaluate the seven-year results of photofunctionalized implants placed in regular, complex, and cancer-related cases. This study was a prospective, single-center study. Photofunctionalization was performed immediately prior to implantation with Ultraviolet (UV) light for 15 minutes. The success rate of each patient group and the influential factors on implant failure were analyzed. Seventy implants in 16 patients were included. Four implants were left submerged (sleep). The seven-year success rate of 30 implants in regular cases and 21 implants in complex cases was 100%. The success rate of 15 implants in cancer-related cases was 22.2%, in which implants were placed in resection or reconstructed sites with or without pre- or postoperative radiation history. Implant stability quotient (ISQ) values increased at second-stage surgery by 3.2 in regular cases and by 21.9 in complex cases, while it decreased by −3.5 in cancer cases. Multivariate analysis indicated that bone quality, location, and cancer resection significantly influenced implant failure. A very reliable seven-year success rate was obtained by UV-photofunctionalized implants in regular and complex cases, even with significant site-development procedures. However, the success rate in cancer cases was significantly and remarkably lower, suggesting remaining challenges of pathophysiologically compromised conditions, such as bone resection, segmental defect, and radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Hirota
- Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, Division of Advanced Prothodontics, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1668, USA;
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery/Orthodontics, Yokohama City University Medical Center, Yokohama, Kanagawa 232-0024, Japan
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan; (T.O.); (T.I.); (K.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-45-261-5656
| | - Tomomichi Ozawa
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan; (T.O.); (T.I.); (K.M.)
| | - Toshinori Iwai
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan; (T.O.); (T.I.); (K.M.)
| | - Kenji Mitsudo
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan; (T.O.); (T.I.); (K.M.)
| | - Takahiro Ogawa
- Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, Division of Advanced Prothodontics, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1668, USA;
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Dini C, Nagay BE, Magno MB, Maia LC, Barão VAR. Photofunctionalization as a suitable approach to improve the osseointegration of implants in animal models-A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Oral Implants Res 2020; 31:785-802. [PMID: 32564392 DOI: 10.1111/clr.13627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine whether photofunctionalization influences dental implant osseointegration. MATERIAL AND METHODS Data on osseointegration rates were extracted from 8 databases, based on bone-to-implant contact (BIC) and pushout tests. Internal validity was accessed through the SYRCLE risk of bias tool for animal experimental studies. Meta-analyses were performed for investigation of the influence of photofunctionalization on implant osseointegration, with a random effect and a confidence interval of 95%. The certainty of evidence was accessed through the GRADE approach. RESULTS Thirty-four records were identified, and 10 were included in the meta-analysis. Photofunctionalized implants showed higher mean values for BIC in rabbits (MD 6.92 [1.01, 12.82], p = .02), dogs (MD 23.70 [10.23, 37.16], p = .001), rats (MD 20.93 [12.91, 28.95], p < .0001), and in the pooled BIC analyses (MD 14.23 [7.80, 20.66], p < .0001) compared to those in control implants in the overall assay. Conversely, at late healing periods, the pooled BIC meta-analyses showed no statistically significant differences (p > .05) for photofunctionalized and control implants at 12 weeks of follow-up. For pushout analysis, photofunctionalized implants presented greater bone strength integration (MD 19.92 [13.88, 25.96], p < .0001) compared to that of control implants. The heterogeneity between studies ranged from "not important" to "moderate" for rabbits I2 = 24%, dogs I2 = 0%, rats I2 = 0%, and pooled BIC (I2 = 49%), while considerable heterogeneity was observed for pushouts (I2 = 90%). CONCLUSION Photofunctionalization improves osseointegration in the initial healing period of implants, as summarized from available data from rabbit, dog, and rat in vivo models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Dini
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruna Egumi Nagay
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcela Baraúna Magno
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Lucianne Cople Maia
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Valentim Adelino Ricardo Barão
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
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Single-cell adhesion of human osteoblasts on plasma-conditioned titanium implant surfaces in vitro. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2020; 109:103841. [PMID: 32543406 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2020.103841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to demonstrate the effect of treating titanium-implant surfaces with plasma from two different sources on wettability and initial single-cell adhesion of human osteoblasts and to investigate whether aging affects treatment outcomes. METHODS Titanium disks with sandblasted and acid-etched (SLA) surfaces were treated with atmospheric pressure plasma (APP) and low-pressure plasma (LPP). For wetting behavior of the specimens after plasma treatment, the water contact angle was measured. The single-cell detachment force and amount of work of detachment of human osteoblasts were determined with single-cell force spectroscopy (SCFS). To evaluate the aging effect in APP-treated specimens, SCFS was conducted 10 and 60 min after treatment. RESULTS Significantly higher hydrophilicity was observed in the APP and LPP treatment groups than in the control group, but no significant difference was observed between the APP and LPP groups. No significant difference in cell-detachment force or work of detachment was observed, and there were no significant differences according to the conditioning mechanisms and storage time. SIGNIFICANCE Conditioning of the titanium surfaces with APP or LPP was not a significant influencing factor in the initial adhesion of the osteoblasts.
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Zuchuat J, Maldonado Y, Botteri J, Decco O. In vivo effect of UV-photofunctionalization of CoCrMo in processes of guided bone regeneration and tissue engineering. J Biomed Mater Res A 2020; 109:31-41. [PMID: 32418271 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.37004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Photofunctionalization of implant materials with ultraviolet (UV) radiation have been subject of study in the last two decades, and previous research on CoCrMo discs have showed good results in terms of bioactivity and the findings of apatite-like crystals in vitro. In the current study, CoCrMo domes were photofunctionalized with UV radiation of 254 nm on their internal faces during 24 hr; they were implanted in rabbit tibia and remained for 3, 4, and 6 weeks. The potential to induce bone formation beneath the dome-shaped membranes was evaluated through morphometric, histologic, and density measurements; and the results were compared with those obtained under control untreated domes. Higher density values were observed for irradiated domes at 3 weeks, whereas higher volumes were obtained under photofunctionalized domes for longer periods (4 and 6 weeks). Histologically, woven bone was formed by endochondral ossification in all cases; differences in the architecture and size of the trabeculae and in the number of osteoblasts were noted between irradiated and non-irradiated samples. The UV radiation of 254 nm generated a larger bone volume fraction compared to that found in the absence of UVC radiation and induced an increase of density in the early stages of healing, leading to a better initial bone quality and improved osseointegration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jésica Zuchuat
- Bioimplants Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Entre Rios, Oro Verde, Entre Rios, Argentina.,National Scientific and Technical Research Council-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ysaí Maldonado
- Imaging Service, Sanatorio Adventista Del Plata, 25 De Mayo 255, Villa Libertador General San Martín, Entre Ríos, Argentina
| | - Julián Botteri
- Bioimplants Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Entre Rios, Oro Verde, Entre Rios, Argentina
| | - Oscar Decco
- Bioimplants Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Entre Rios, Oro Verde, Entre Rios, Argentina
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UV-Pre-Treated and Protein-Adsorbed Titanium Implants Exhibit Enhanced Osteoconductivity. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21124194. [PMID: 32545509 PMCID: PMC7349557 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Titanium materials are essential treatment modalities in the medical field and serve as a tissue engineering scaffold and coating material for medical devices. Thus, there is a significant demand to improve the bioactivity of titanium for therapeutic and experimental purposes. We showed that ultraviolet light (UV)-pre-treatment changed the protein-adsorption ability and subsequent osteoconductivity of titanium. Fibronectin (FN) adsorption on UV-treated titanium was 20% and 30% greater after 1-min and 1-h incubation, respectively, than that of control titanium. After 3-h incubation, FN adsorption on UV-treated titanium remained 30% higher than that on the control. Osteoblasts were cultured on titanium disks after 1-h FN adsorption with or without UV-pre-treatment and on titanium disks without FN adsorption. The number of attached osteoblasts during the early stage of culture was 80% greater on UV-treated and FN-adsorbed (UV/FN) titanium than on FN-adsorbed (FN) titanium; osteoblasts attachment on UV/FN titanium was 2.6- and 2.1-fold greater than that on control- and UV-treated titanium, respectively. The alkaline phosphatase activity of osteoblasts on UV/FN titanium was increased 1.8-, 1.8-, and 2.4-fold compared with that on FN-adsorbed, UV-treated, and control titanium, respectively. The UV/FN implants exhibited 25% and 150% greater in vivo biomechanical strength of bone integration than the FN- and control implants, respectively. Bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) adsorption on UV-treated titanium was 4.5-fold greater than that on control titanium after 1-min incubation, resulting in a 4-fold increase in osteoblast attachment. Thus, UV-pre-treatment of titanium accelerated its protein adsorptivity and osteoconductivity, providing a novel strategy for enhancing its bioactivity.
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Geng Z, Yu Y, Li Z, Ma L, Zhu S, Liang Y, Cui Z, Wang J, Yang X, Liu C. miR-21 promotes osseointegration and mineralization through enhancing both osteogenic and osteoclastic expression. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 111:110785. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.110785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Sanchez-Perez A, Cachazo-Jiménez C, Sánchez-Matás C, Martín-de-Llano JJ, Davis S, Carda-Batalla C. Effects of Ultraviolet Photoactivation on Osseointegration of Commercial Pure Titanium Dental Implant After 8 Weeks in a Rabbit Model. J ORAL IMPLANTOL 2020; 46:101-107. [PMID: 31905048 DOI: 10.1563/aaid-joi-d-19-00122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated whether a 6-Watt ultraviolet C-lamp was capable of producing photofunctionalization on commercial implants during a medium observation term of 8 weeks. A total of 20 implants were inserted in 5 New Zealand rabbits, with each animal receiving 2 implants per tibia (one photofunctionalized and one untreated), according to a previously established randomization sequence. All implants were inserted by a single surgeon following the manufacturer's instructions. Histological analysis was performed by an evaluator who was blinded to the treatment condition. After 8 weeks of healing, the 2 groups showed no statistically significant differences in terms of bone-to-implant contact. Compared to control implants, the photofunctionalized implants showed improved wettability and more homogenous results. Within the limits of the present study, the use of this 6-W ultraviolet C-lamp, for an irradiation time of 15 minutes at a distance of 15 cm, did not improve the percentages of bone-to-implant contact in rabbits at an osseointegration time of 8 weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Scott Davis
- Private practice in Port Macquarie and Coffs Harbour, NSW Australia
| | - Carmen Carda-Batalla
- Department of Pathology, Medicine and Dentistry, University of Valencia, Spain; INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
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Novel Osteogenic Behaviors around Hydrophilic and Radical-Free 4-META/MMA-TBB: Implications of an Osseointegrating Bone Cement. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21072405. [PMID: 32244335 PMCID: PMC7177939 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)-based bone cement, which is widely used to affix orthopedic metallic implants, is considered bio-tolerant but lacks osteoconductivity and is cytotoxic. Implant loosening and toxic complications are significant and recognized problems. Here we devised two strategies to improve PMMA-based bone cement: (1) adding 4-methacryloyloxylethyl trimellitate anhydride (4-META) to MMA monomer to render it hydrophilic; and (2) using tri-n-butyl borane (TBB) as a polymerization initiator instead of benzoyl peroxide (BPO) to reduce free radical production. Rat bone marrow-derived osteoblasts were cultured on PMMA-BPO, common bone cement ingredients, and 4-META/MMA-TBB, newly formulated ingredients. After 24 h of incubation, more cells survived on 4-META/MMA-TBB than on PMMA-BPO. The mineralized area was 20-times greater on 4-META/MMA-TBB than PMMA-BPO at the later culture stage and was accompanied by upregulated osteogenic gene expression. The strength of bone-to-cement integration in rat femurs was 4- and 7-times greater for 4-META/MMA-TBB than PMMA-BPO during early- and late-stage healing, respectively. MicroCT and histomorphometric analyses revealed contact osteogenesis exclusively around 4-META/MMA-TBB, with minimal soft tissue interposition. Hydrophilicity of 4-META/MMA-TBB was sustained for 24 h, particularly under wet conditions, whereas PMMA-BPO was hydrophobic immediately after mixing and was unaffected by time or condition. Electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy revealed that the free radical production for 4-META/MMA-TBB was 1/10 to 1/20 that of PMMA-BPO within 24 h, and the substantial difference persisted for at least 10 days. The compromised ability of PMMA-BPO in recruiting cells was substantially alleviated by adding free radical-scavenging amino-acid N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) into the material, whereas adding NAC did not affect the ability of 4-META/MMA-TBB. These results suggest that 4-META/MMA-TBB shows significantly reduced cytotoxicity compared to PMMA-BPO and induces osteoconductivity due to uniquely created hydrophilic and radical-free interface. Further pre-clinical and clinical validations are warranted.
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Liddell RS, Liu Z, Mendes VC, Davies JE. Relative contributions of implant hydrophilicity and nanotopography to implant anchorage in bone at Early Time Points. Clin Oral Implants Res 2019; 31:49-63. [DOI: 10.1111/clr.13546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert S. Liddell
- Dental Research Institute Faculty of Dentistry University of Toronto Toronto ON Canada
| | - Zhen‐Mei Liu
- Dental Research Institute Faculty of Dentistry University of Toronto Toronto ON Canada
| | - Vanessa C. Mendes
- Dental Research Institute Faculty of Dentistry University of Toronto Toronto ON Canada
| | - John E. Davies
- Dental Research Institute Faculty of Dentistry University of Toronto Toronto ON Canada
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering University of Toronto Toronto ON Canada
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Development of Novel Poly (ɛ-Caprolactone)/ Fluorine Substituted Hydroxyapatite Bilayer Coated 316L Ss for <i>In Vitro</i> Corrosion Protection. JOURNAL OF BIOMIMETICS BIOMATERIALS AND BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2019. [DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/jbbbe.43.84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel biocompatible fluorine substituted hydroxyapatite (F-HAp) / poly (ε-caprolactone) (PCL) bilayer coating on 316L SS with superior adhesion strength and admirable corrosion protection properties. PCL slurry was coated on 316L SS as a first layer using dip coating method followed by F-HAp coating as the second layer using electrodeposition method. The structural and functional group analysis of bilayer coatings were characterized by different analytical technique. Also, the mechanical properties of the bilayer coating showed higher adhesion strength than HAp and F-HAp coatings on 316L SS. The potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy results indicated that the admirable corrosion protection nature. The in vitro bioactivity test for coated 316L SS substrate was carried out by soaking it in the SBF solution, the induced apatite formation confirming the improved bioactivity of the specimen. Further, dissolution of metal ions was considerably reduced which was confirmed by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES). The in vitro cell–material interaction of the bilayer coating was studied with human osteosarcoma MG63 cells for cell viability at 3, 7, 14 and 21 days of incubation and good biocompatibility was observed. The obtained results show that the F-HAp/PCL bilayer coating provides effective corrosion protection and enhanced bioactivity.
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Nano-scale modification of titanium implant surfaces to enhance osseointegration. Acta Biomater 2019; 94:112-131. [PMID: 31128320 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.05.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The main aim of this review study was to report the state of art on the nano-scale technological advancements of titanium implant surfaces to enhance the osseointegration process. Several methods of surface modification are chronologically described bridging ordinary methods (e.g. grit blasting and etching) and advanced physicochemical approaches such as 3D-laser texturing and biomimetic modification. Functionalization procedures by using proteins, peptides, and bioactive ceramics have provided an enhancement in wettability and bioactivity of implant surfaces. Furthermore, recent findings have revealed a combined beneficial effect of micro- and nano-scale modification and biomimetic functionalization of titanium surfaces. However, some technological developments of implant surfaces are not commercially available yet due to costs and a lack of clinical validation for such recent surfaces. Further in vitro and in vivo studies are required to endorse the use of enhanced biomimetic implant surfaces. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Grit-blasting followed by acid-etching is currently used for titanium implant modifications, although recent technological biomimetic physicochemical methods have revealed enhanced osteoconductive and anti-microbial outcomes. An improvement in wettability and bioactivity of titanium implant surfaces has been accomplished by combining micro and nano-scale modification and functionalization with protein, peptides, and bioactive compounds. Such morphological and chemical modification of the titanium surfaces induce the migration and differentiation of osteogenic cells followed by an enhancement of the mineral matrix formation that accelerate the osseointegration process. Additionally, the incorporation of bioactive molecules into the nanostructured surfaces is a promising strategy to avoid early and late implant failures induced by the biofilm accumulation.
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The Effect of Ultraviolet Photofunctionalization on a Titanium Dental Implant with Machined Surface: An In Vitro and In Vivo Study. MATERIALS 2019; 12:ma12132078. [PMID: 31261627 PMCID: PMC6650865 DOI: 10.3390/ma12132078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 06/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) photofunctionalization has been suggested as an effective method to enhance the osseointegration of titanium surface. In this study, machined surface treated with UV light (M + UV) was compared to sandblasted, large-grit, acid-etched (SLA) surface through in vitro and in vivo studies. Groups of titanium specimens were defined as machined (M), SLA, and M + UV for the disc type, and M + UV and SLA for the implant. The discs and implants were assessed using scanning electron microscopy, confocal laser scanning microscopy, electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis, and the contact angle. Additionally, we evaluated the cell attachment, proliferation assay, and real-time polymerase chain reaction for the MC3T3-E1 cells. In a rabbit tibia model, the implants were examined to evaluate the bone-to-implant contact ratio and the bone area. In the M + UV group, we observed the lower amount of carbon, a 0°-degree contact angle, and enhanced osteogenic cell activities (p < 0.05). The histomorphometric analysis showed that a higher bone-to-implant contact ratio was found in the M + UV implant at 10 days (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the UV photofunctionalization of a Ti dental implant with M surface attained earlier osseointegration than SLA.
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Comparison of low-pressure oxygen plasma and chemical treatments for surface modifications of Ti6Al4V. Biodes Manuf 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s42242-019-00036-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Elkhidir Y, Lai R, Feng Z. The impact of photofunctionalized gold nanoparticles on osseointegration. Heliyon 2018; 4:e00662. [PMID: 30094359 PMCID: PMC6077240 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2018.e00662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aims of this study were to create a new surface topography using simulated body fluids (SBF) and Gold Nanoparticles (GNPs) and then to assess the influence of UV Photofunctionalization (PhF) on the osteogenic capacity of these surfaces. MATERIALS AND METHODS Titanium plates were divided into six groups All were acid etched with 67% Sulfuric acid, 4 were immersed in SBF and 2 of these were treated with 10 nm GNPs. Half of the TiO2 plates were photofunctionalized to be compared with the non-PhF ones. Rat's bone marrow stem cells were seeded into the plates and then CCK8 assay, cell viability assay, immunofluorescence, and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were done after 24 hours. Gene expression analysis was done using real time quantitative PCR (qPCR) one week later to check for the mRNA expression of Collagen-1, Osteopontin and Osteocalcin. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity was assessed after 2 weeks of cell seeding. RESULTS Our new topography has shown remarkable osteogenic potential. The new surface was the most biocompatible, and the 10 nm GNPs did not show any cytotoxicity. There was a significant increase in bioactivity, enhanced gene expressions and ALP activity. CONCLUSIONS GNPs enhances osteogenic differentiation of stem cells and Photofunctionalizing GNPs highly increases this. We have further created a novel highly efficient topography which highly enhances the speed and extent of osseointegration. This may have great potential for improving treatment outcomes for implant, maxillofacial as well as orthopedic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Zhiqiang Feng
- Implant Department – Suihua, The First Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Jinan University, PR China
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Antimicrobial and Osseointegration Properties of Nanostructured Titanium Orthopaedic Implants. MATERIALS 2017; 10:ma10111302. [PMID: 29137166 PMCID: PMC5706249 DOI: 10.3390/ma10111302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The surface design of titanium implants influences not only the local biological reactions but also affects at least the clinical result in orthopaedic application. During the last decades, strong efforts have been made to improve osteointegration and prevent bacterial adhesion to these surfaces. Following the rule of “smaller, faster, cheaper”, nanotechnology has encountered clinical application. It is evident that the hierarchical implant surface micro- and nanotopography orchestrate the biological cascades of early peri-implant endosseous healing or implant loosening. This review of the literature gives a brief overview of nanostructured titanium-base biomaterials designed to improve osteointegration and prevent from bacterial infection.
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Yoshihara C, Ueno T, Chen P, Tsutsumi Y, Hanawa T, Wakabayashi N. Inverse response of osteoblasts and fibroblasts to growth on carbon-deposited titanium surfaces. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2017; 106:1869-1877. [PMID: 28926194 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.33996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Titanium implant surfaces may serve as attachment substrates for various cell types. Since carbon adsorption on titanium is inevitable, this study examined the negative/positive biological reaction of osteoblasts and fibroblasts on carbon-deposited titanium surfaces. Osteogenic MC3T3-E1 and fibrogenic NIH/3T3 cells were separately cultured on titanium disks on which carbon deposition was experimentally regulated to achieve titanium/carbon ratios of 6.5, 0.02, 0.005, and 0. The initial attachment of cells demonstrated that the quantity of attached osteoblasts on Ti/C (0.005) surfaces was 20% lower than that on Ti/C (6.5) surfaces at 4 h of culture. A 40% reduction in cell attachment at 24 h transferring from Ti/C (6.5) to Ti/C (0.005) surfaces highlighted the negative effect of carbon deposition on osteoblast attachment. However, the initial attachment of fibroblasts, which depended on carbon deposition, increased, and the quantity of cells on Ti/C (0.005) surfaces was almost twice that on Ti/C (6.5) surfaces at 4 h of culture. The levels of common differentiation markers of collagen synthesis were also differentially carbon-dependent as total collagen deposition on Ti/C (0.005) decreased by > 30% compared to that on Ti/C (6.5) in osteoblasts after 7 days of culture. In contrast, collagen synthesis in fibroblasts markedly increased as was evident by the increase in carbon deposition. These inverse effects indicate that carbon deposition on a titanium surface would likely be a disadvantage for bone formation, but might represent an effective option for achieving better wound healing and soft tissue sealing around the surface of an implant-neck region. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 106B: 1869-1877, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chie Yoshihara
- Removable Partial Prosthodontics, Oral Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, 113-8549, Japan
| | - Takeshi Ueno
- Removable Partial Prosthodontics, Oral Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, 113-8549, Japan
| | - Peng Chen
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-0062, Japan
| | - Yusuke Tsutsumi
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-0062, Japan
| | - Takao Hanawa
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-0062, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Wakabayashi
- Removable Partial Prosthodontics, Oral Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, 113-8549, Japan
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Improvement of Cr-Co-Mo Membrane Surface Used as Barrier for Bone Regeneration through UV Photofunctionalization: An In Vitro Study. MATERIALS 2017; 10:ma10070825. [PMID: 28773195 PMCID: PMC5551868 DOI: 10.3390/ma10070825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Although there are several studies of the ultraviolet (UV) light-mediated photofunctionalization of titanium for use as implant material, the underlying mechanism is not fully understood. However, the results of in vitro and in vivo studies are very encouraging. The use of UV photofunctionalization as a surface treatment on other implant materials, as the Cr-Co-Mo alloy, has not been explored in depth. Using sandblasted Cr-Co-Mo discs, the surface photofunctionalization was studied for ultraviolet A (UVA, 365 nm) and ultraviolet C (UVC, 254 nm), and the surfaces were evaluated for their ability to sustain hydroxyapatite crystal growth through incubation in simulated body fluid for a seven-day period. The variation of the pre- and post-irradiation contact angle and surface composition was determined through the quantification of the weight percentage of Ca and P crystals by the EDAX ZAF method (EDS). Statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) were found for samples irradiated with UVA over 48 h, corresponding with hydrophilic surfaces, and the same result was found for samples exposed to 3 h of UVC. Superhydrophilic surfaces were found in samples irradiated for 12, 24 and 48 h with UVC. The decrease in the carbon content is related with the increase in the surface content of Ca and P, and vice versa over the Cr-Co-Mo surfaces.
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Zhang H, Komasa S, Mashimo C, Sekino T, Okazaki J. Effect of ultraviolet treatment on bacterial attachment and osteogenic activity to alkali-treated titanium with nanonetwork structures. Int J Nanomedicine 2017; 12:4633-4646. [PMID: 28721040 PMCID: PMC5500560 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s136273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Alkali-treated titanium with nanonetwork structures (TNS) possesses good osteogenic activity; however, the resistance of this material to bacterial contamination remains inadequate. As such, TNS implants are prone to postoperative infection. In this work, we attempted to alter the biological properties of TNS by treatment with short-duration high-intensity ultraviolet (UV) irradiation. Methods TNS discs were treated with UV light (wavelength =254 nm, strength =100 mW/cm2) for 15 minutes using a UV-irradiation machine. We carried out a surface characterization and evaluated the discs for bacterial film formation, protein adsorption, and osteogenic features. Results The superhydrophilicity and surface hydrocarbon elimination exhibited by the treated material (UV-treated titanium with a nanonetwork structure [UV-TNS]) revealed that this treatment effectively changed the surface characteristics of TNS. Notably, UV-TNS also showed reduced colonization by Actinomyces oris during an initial attachment period and inhibition of biofilm formation for up to 6 hours. Moreover, compared to conventional TNS, UV-TNS showed superior osteogenic activity as indicated by increased levels of adhesion, proliferation, alkaline phosphatase activity, osteogenic factor production, and osteogenesis-related gene expression by rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (rBMMSCs). This inverse relationship between bacterial attachment and cell adhesion could be due to the presence of electron–hole pairs induced by high-intensity UV treatment. Conclusion We suggest that simple UV treatment has great clinical potential for TNS implants, as it promotes the osseointegration of the TNS while reducing bacterial contamination, and can be conducted chair-side immediately prior to implantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honghao Zhang
- Department of Removable Prosthodontics and Occlusion, Osaka Dental University, Hirakata, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Stomatology, Nanfang Hospital and College of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Satoshi Komasa
- Department of Removable Prosthodontics and Occlusion, Osaka Dental University, Hirakata, Osaka, Japan
| | - Chiho Mashimo
- Department of Bacteriology, Osaka Dental University, Hirakata
| | - Tohru Sekino
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Joji Okazaki
- Department of Removable Prosthodontics and Occlusion, Osaka Dental University, Hirakata, Osaka, Japan
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