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Senkowski D, Ziegler T, Singh M, Heinz A, He J, Silk T, Lorenz RC. Assessing Inhibitory Control Deficits in Adult ADHD: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of the Stop-signal Task. Neuropsychol Rev 2024; 34:548-567. [PMID: 37300725 PMCID: PMC11166755 DOI: 10.1007/s11065-023-09592-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, there has been an increasing quest in improving our understanding of the neurocognitive deficits underlying adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Current statistical manuals of psychiatric disorders emphasize inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity symptoms, but empirical studies have also shown consistent alterations in inhibitory control. To date, there is no established neuropsychological test to assess inhibitory control deficits in adult ADHD. A common paradigm for assessing response inhibition is the stop-signal task (SST). Following PRISMA-selection criteria, our systematic review and meta-analysis integrated the findings of 26 publications with 27 studies examining the SST in adult ADHD. The meta-analysis, which included 883 patients with adult ADHD and 916 control participants, revealed reliable inhibitory control deficits, as expressed in prolonged SST response times, with a moderate effect size g = 0.51 (95% CI: 0.376-0.644, p < 0.0001). The deficits were not moderated by study quality, sample characteristics or clinical parameters, suggesting that they may be a phenotype in this disorder. The analyses of secondary outcome measures revealed greater SST omission errors and reduced go accuracy in patients, indicative of altered sustained attention. However, only few (N < 10) studies were available for these measures. Our meta-analysis suggests that the SST, in conjunction with other tests and questionnaires, could become a valuable tool for assessing inhibitory control deficits in adult ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Senkowski
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität Zu Berlin, Charité Campus Mitte (CCM), Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Theresa Ziegler
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität Zu Berlin, Charité Campus Mitte (CCM), Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mervyn Singh
- Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development (SEED) and School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität Zu Berlin, Charité Campus Mitte (CCM), Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jason He
- King's College London, London, WC2R 2LS, UK
| | - Tim Silk
- Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development (SEED) and School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Robert C Lorenz
- Lise Meitner Group for Environmental Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Lentzeallee 94, 14195, Berlin, Germany
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Shinozaki J, Matsumoto H, Saito H, Murahara T, Nagahama H, Sakurai Y, Nagamine T. Low blood concentration of alcohol enhances activity related to stopping failure in the right inferior frontal cortex. Cereb Cortex 2024; 34:bhae079. [PMID: 38466111 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhae079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of low doses of alcohol, which are acceptable for driving a car, on inhibitory control and neural processing using the stop-signal task (SST) in 17 healthy right-handed social drinkers. The study employed simultaneous functional magnetic resonance imaging and electromyography (EMG) recordings to assess behavioral and neural responses under conditions of low-dose alcohol (breath-alcohol concentration of 0.15 mg/L) and placebo. The results demonstrated that even a small amount of alcohol consumption prolonged Go reaction times in the SST and modified stopping behavior, as evidenced by a decrease in the frequency and magnitude of partial response EMG that did not result in button pressing during successful inhibitory control. Furthermore, alcohol intake enhanced neural activity during failed inhibitory responses in the right inferior frontal cortex, suggesting its potential role in behavioral adaptation following stop-signal failure. These findings suggest that even low levels of alcohol consumption within legal driving limits can greatly impact both the cognitive performance and brain activity involved in inhibiting responses. This research provides important evidence on the neurobehavioral effects of low-dose alcohol consumption, with implications for understanding the biological basis of impaired motor control and decision-making and potentially informing legal guidelines on alcohol consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Shinozaki
- Department of Systems Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, South 1 West 17, Chuo-ku, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Matsumoto
- Department of Legal Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2, Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Saito
- Department of Systems Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, South 1 West 17, Chuo-ku, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan
| | - Takashi Murahara
- Department of Systems Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, South 1 West 17, Chuo-ku, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nagahama
- Division of Radioisotope Research, Biomedical Research, Education and Instrumentation Center, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, South1 West 17, Chuo-ku, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan
| | - Yuuki Sakurai
- Division of Radiology, Sapporo Medical University Hospital, 291, South 1 West 16, Sapporo 060-8543, Japan
| | - Takashi Nagamine
- Department of Systems Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, South 1 West 17, Chuo-ku, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan
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Pan X, Wang Z. Cortical and subcortical contributions to non-motor inhibitory control: an fMRI study. Cereb Cortex 2023; 33:10909-10917. [PMID: 37724423 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhad336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhibition is a core executive cognitive function. However, the neural correlates of non-motor inhibitory control are not well understood. We investigated this question using functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) and a simple Count Go/NoGo task (n = 23), and further explored the causal relationships between activated brain regions. We found that the Count NoGo task activated a distinct pattern in the subcortical basal ganglia, including bilateral ventral anterior/lateral nucleus of thalamus (VA/VL), globus pallidus/putamen (GP/putamen), and subthalamic nucleus (STN). Stepwise regressions and mediation analyses revealed that activations in these region(s) were modulated differently by only 3 cortical regions i.e. the right inferior frontal gyrus/insula (rIFG/insula), along with left IFG/insula, and anterior cingulate cortex/supplementary motor area (ACC/SMA). The activations of bilateral VA/VL were modulated by both rSTN and rIFG/insula (with rGP/putamen as a mediator) independently, and the activation of rGP/putamen was modulated by ACC/SMA, with rIFG/insula as a mediator. Our findings provide the neural correlates of inhibitory control of counting and causal relationships between them, and strongly suggest that both indirect and hyperdirect pathways of the basal ganglia are involved in the Count NoGo condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Pan
- Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics (Ministry of Education and Shanghai), Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- Psychological Counseling Center, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhaoxin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics (Ministry of Education and Shanghai), Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Changning Mental Health Center, Shanghai, China
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Zhuang Q, Qiao L, Xu L, Yao S, Chen S, Zheng X, Li J, Fu M, Li K, Vatansever D, Ferraro S, Kendrick KM, Becker B. The right inferior frontal gyrus as pivotal node and effective regulator of the basal ganglia-thalamocortical response inhibition circuit. PSYCHORADIOLOGY 2023; 3:kkad016. [PMID: 38666118 PMCID: PMC10917375 DOI: 10.1093/psyrad/kkad016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Background The involvement of specific basal ganglia-thalamocortical circuits in response inhibition has been extensively mapped in animal models. However, the pivotal nodes and directed causal regulation within this inhibitory circuit in humans remains controversial. Objective The main aim of the present study was to determine the causal information flow and critical nodes in the basal ganglia-thalamocortical inhibitory circuits and also to examine whether these are modulated by biological factors (i.e. sex) and behavioral performance. Methods Here, we capitalize on the recent progress in robust and biologically plausible directed causal modeling (DCM-PEB) and a large response inhibition dataset (n = 250) acquired with concomitant functional magnetic resonance imaging to determine key nodes, their causal regulation and modulation via biological variables (sex) and inhibitory performance in the inhibitory circuit encompassing the right inferior frontal gyrus (rIFG), caudate nucleus (rCau), globus pallidum (rGP), and thalamus (rThal). Results The entire neural circuit exhibited high intrinsic connectivity and response inhibition critically increased causal projections from the rIFG to both rCau and rThal. Direct comparison further demonstrated that response inhibition induced an increasing rIFG inflow and increased the causal regulation of this region over the rCau and rThal. In addition, sex and performance influenced the functional architecture of the regulatory circuits such that women displayed increased rThal self-inhibition and decreased rThal to GP modulation, while better inhibitory performance was associated with stronger rThal to rIFG communication. Furthermore, control analyses did not reveal a similar key communication in a left lateralized model. Conclusions Together, these findings indicate a pivotal role of the rIFG as input and causal regulator of subcortical response inhibition nodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhuang
- The Center of Psychosomatic Medicine, Sichuan Provincial Center for Mental Health, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, The University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan Province 611731, China
- Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 311121, China
| | - Lei Qiao
- School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Lei Xu
- The Center of Psychosomatic Medicine, Sichuan Provincial Center for Mental Health, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, The University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan Province 611731, China
- Institute of Brain and Psychological Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, 610068, China
| | - Shuxia Yao
- The Center of Psychosomatic Medicine, Sichuan Provincial Center for Mental Health, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, The University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan Province 611731, China
| | - Shuaiyu Chen
- Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 311121, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Zheng
- The Center of Psychosomatic Medicine, Sichuan Provincial Center for Mental Health, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, The University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan Province 611731, China
- Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute (BCBDI), Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jialin Li
- The Center of Psychosomatic Medicine, Sichuan Provincial Center for Mental Health, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, The University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan Province 611731, China
| | - Meina Fu
- The Center of Psychosomatic Medicine, Sichuan Provincial Center for Mental Health, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, The University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan Province 611731, China
| | - Keshuang Li
- The Center of Psychosomatic Medicine, Sichuan Provincial Center for Mental Health, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, The University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan Province 611731, China
- School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Deniz Vatansever
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Stefania Ferraro
- The Center of Psychosomatic Medicine, Sichuan Provincial Center for Mental Health, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, The University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan Province 611731, China
| | - Keith M Kendrick
- The Center of Psychosomatic Medicine, Sichuan Provincial Center for Mental Health, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, The University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan Province 611731, China
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Benjamin Becker
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
- Department of Psychology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
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Lyzhko E, Peter SE, Nees F, Siniatchkin M, Moliadze V. Offline 20 Hz transcranial alternating current stimulation over the right inferior frontal gyrus increases theta activity during a motor response inhibition task. Neurophysiol Clin 2023; 53:102887. [PMID: 37355398 DOI: 10.1016/j.neucli.2023.102887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Previous studies have shown that the right inferior frontal gyrus (rIFG) and the pre-supplementary motor area (preSMA) play an important role in motor inhibitory control. The aim of the study was to use theta frequency transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) to modulate brain activity in the rIFG and preSMA and to test the effects of stimulation using a motor response inhibition task. METHODS In four sessions, 20 healthy participants received tACS at 6 Hz over preSMA or rIFG, or 20 Hz over rIFG (to test frequency specificity), or sham stimulation before task processing. After each type of stimulation, the participants performed the Go/NoGo task with simultaneous electroencephalogram (EEG) recording. RESULTS By stimulating rIFG and preSMA with 6 Hz tACS, we were not able to modulate either behavioral performance nor the EEG correlate. Interestingly, 20 Hz tACS over the rIFG significantly increased theta activity, however without behavioral effects. This increased theta activity did not coincide with the stimulation area and was localized in the fronto-central and centro-parietal areas. CONCLUSIONS The inclusion of a control frequency is crucial to test for frequency specificity. Our findings are in accordance with previous studies showing that after effects of tACS are not restricted to the stimulation frequency but can also occur in other frequency bands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Lyzhko
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Medical Center Schleswig Holstein, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany; Department of Neuropediatrics, University Medical Center Schleswig Holstein, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Stefanie E Peter
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Medical Center Schleswig Holstein, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Frauke Nees
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Medical Center Schleswig Holstein, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Michael Siniatchkin
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Medical Center Schleswig Holstein, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany; University Clinic of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital OWL, University of Bielefeld, Campus Bethel, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Vera Moliadze
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Medical Center Schleswig Holstein, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany.
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6
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Brown AA, Upton S, Craig S, Froeliger B. Associations between right inferior frontal gyrus morphometry and inhibitory control in individuals with nicotine dependence. Drug Alcohol Depend 2023; 244:109766. [PMID: 36640686 PMCID: PMC9974751 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2023.109766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The hyperdirect pathway - a circuit involved in executing inhibitory control (IC) - is dysregulated among individuals with nicotine dependence. The right inferior frontal gyrus (rIFG), a cortical input to the hyperdirect circuit, has been shown to be functionally and structurally altered among nicotine-dependent people who smoke. The rIFG is composed of 3 cytoarchitecturally distinct subregions: The pars opercularis, pars triangularis, and pars orbitalis. The present study assessed the relationship between rIFG subregion morphometry and inhibitory control among individuals with nicotine dependence. METHODS Behavioral and magnetic resonance brain imaging (MRI) data from 127 nicotine-dependent adults who smoke (MFTND = 5.4, ± 1.9; MCPD = 18.3, ± 7.0; Myears = 25.04, ± 11.97) (Mage = 42.9, ± 11.1) were assessed. Brain morphometry was assessed from T1-weighted MRIs using Freesurfer. IC was assessed with a response-inhibition Go/Go/No-Go (GGNG) task and a smoking relapse analog task (SRT). RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Vertex-wise analyses revealed that GGNG task scores were positively associated with cortical thickness and volume in the right pars triangularis (cluster-wise p = 0.006, 90% CI = 0.003 - 0.009; cluster-wise p = 0.040, 90% CI = 0.032 - 0.048), and the ability to inhibit ad lib smoking during the SRT was positively associated with cortical thickness in the right pars orbitalis (cluster-wise p = 0.011, 90% CI = 0.007 - 0.015). Our results indicate that cortical thickness of distinct rIFG subregions may serve as biomarkers for unique forms of IC deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander A Brown
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA; Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA; Cognitive Neuroscience Systems Core Facility, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Spencer Upton
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Stephen Craig
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA; Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA; Cognitive Neuroscience Systems Core Facility, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Brett Froeliger
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA; Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA; Cognitive Neuroscience Systems Core Facility, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
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Teicher MH, Bolger E, Hafezi P, Garcia LCH, McGreenery CE, Weiser L, Ohashi K, Khan A. Open assessment of the therapeutic and rate-dependent effects of brain balance center® and interactive metronome® exercises on children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Psychiatry Res 2023; 319:114973. [PMID: 36446221 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2022.114973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this open study was to delineate domains of benefit and effect size measures to design an appropriately powered randomized control trial to assess the efficacy of Brain Balance@ exercises and Interactive Metronome@ training (BB/IM) on ADHD symptoms in children. Participants underwent an extensive 15-week, 5 time per week, at-home training program. Results were assessed in 16 youths with ADHD (14M/2F, 10.8±1.7 years) who completed the program and compared to 8 typically developing controls (4M/F4, 11.0±1.8 years). BB/IM was associated with a significant reduction of 8.3 and 8.2 points on the Conner's Parent Rating Scale - Revised and the ADHD Rating Scale - IV. BB/IM was not associated with improvement on the Quotient ADHD System but with rate-dependent effects on hyperactivity and attention that were similar to previously reported effects of low dose methylphenidate. Both therapeutic and rate-dependent effects were observed on the Tower of London. The study provides information that could be used to design a randomized control trial, which is required for proof of efficacy. A key limitation is that 59% of the 39 enrolled participants with ADHD dropped out of the study and a new study should include multiple ratings during the course of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin H Teicher
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Developmental Biopsychiatry Research Program, McLean Hospital, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA 02478, United States.
| | - Elizabeth Bolger
- Developmental Biopsychiatry Research Program, McLean Hospital, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA 02478, United States
| | - Poopak Hafezi
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Developmental Biopsychiatry Research Program, McLean Hospital, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA 02478, United States
| | - Laura C Hernandez Garcia
- Developmental Biopsychiatry Research Program, McLean Hospital, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA 02478, United States
| | - Cynthia E McGreenery
- Developmental Biopsychiatry Research Program, McLean Hospital, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA 02478, United States
| | - Leslie Weiser
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Developmental Biopsychiatry Research Program, McLean Hospital, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA 02478, United States
| | - Kyoko Ohashi
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Developmental Biopsychiatry Research Program, McLean Hospital, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA 02478, United States
| | - Alaptagin Khan
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Developmental Biopsychiatry Research Program, McLean Hospital, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA 02478, United States
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Hu Y, Liu T, Song S, Qin K, Chan W. The specific brain activity of dual task coordination: a theoretical conflict-control model based on a qualitative and quantitative review. JOURNAL OF COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/20445911.2022.2143788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Hu
- Department of Psychology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tianliang Liu
- Department of Psychology, The Southwest University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Sensen Song
- Department of Psychology, School of Humanities, Tongji University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kaiyang Qin
- Social, Health & Organizational Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Wai Chan
- Department of Psychology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
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Regan SL, Williams MT, Vorhees CV. Review of rodent models of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 132:621-637. [PMID: 34848247 PMCID: PMC8816876 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.11.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a polygenic neurodevelopmental disorder that affects 8-12 % of children and >4 % of adults. Environmental factors are believed to interact with genetic predispositions to increase susceptibility to ADHD. No existing rodent model captures all aspects of ADHD, but several show promise. The main genetic models are the spontaneous hypertensive rat, dopamine transporter knock-out (KO) mice, dopamine receptor subtype KO mice, Snap-25 KO mice, guanylyl cyclase-c KO mice, and latrophilin-3 KO mice and rats. Environmental factors thought to contribute to ADHD include ethanol, nicotine, PCBs, lead (Pb), ionizing irradiation, 6-hydroxydopamine, neonatal hypoxia, some pesticides, and organic pollutants. Model validation criteria are outlined, and current genetic models evaluated against these criteria. Future research should explore induced multiple gene KOs given that ADHD is polygenic and epigenetic contributions. Furthermore, genetic models should be combined with environmental agents to test for interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha L. Regan
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229
| | - Michael T. Williams
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, and Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229
| | - Charles V. Vorhees
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, and Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229,Corresponding author: Charles V. Vorhees, Ph.D., Div. of Neurology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave., Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA:
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aimed to understand the association between MW frequency and clinical measures, context regulation of MW and group differences in task performance. METHOD 27 adults with ADHD and 29 controls performed tasks manipulating demand on working memory and sustained attention, and recorded their MW frequency using probes. RESULTS A significant association between MW frequency and the clinical measures was demonstrated. Along with increased MW frequency, individuals with ADHD reported decreasing MW frequency during increasing demands on working memory (context regulation), but not on sustained attention (deficient context regulation). Controls, however, maintained continuous task focus across all conditions. Group differences in task performance were no longer significant after adding MW frequency as a covariate. CONCLUSION Deficient context regulation during increasing demands on sustained attention suggests that sustained attention deficits may play a more important role in regulation of MW in ADHD. MW frequency might also underpin performance deficits in ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natali Bozhilova
- King’s College London, De
Crespigny Park, UK,Natali Bozhilova, Social, Genetic
and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry,
Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, De Crespigny Park,
London SE5 8AF, UK.
| | - Giorgia Michelini
- King’s College London, De
Crespigny Park, UK,University of California Los
Angeles, USA
| | | | | | - Katya Rubia
- King’s College London, De
Crespigny Park, UK
| | - Philip Asherson
- King’s College London, De
Crespigny Park, UK,Natali Bozhilova, Social, Genetic
and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry,
Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, De Crespigny Park,
London SE5 8AF, UK.
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11
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Li X, Wang W, Wang P, Hao C, Li Z. Atypical sulcal pattern in boys with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Hum Brain Mapp 2021; 42:4362-4371. [PMID: 34057775 PMCID: PMC8356996 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodevelopmental disorders, such as attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), are often accompanied by disrupted cortical folding. We applied a quantitative sulcal pattern analysis technique using graph structures to study the atypical cortical folding at the lobar level in ADHD brains in this study. A total of 183 ADHD patients and 167 typical developmental controls matched according to age and gender were enrolled. We first constructed sulcal graphs at the brain lobar level and then investigated their similarity to the typical sulcal patterns. The within‐group variability and interhemispheric similarity in sulcal patterns were also compared between the ADHD and TDC groups. The results showed that, compared with controls, the left frontal, right parietal, and temporal lobes displayed altered similarities to the typical sulcal patterns in patients with ADHD. Moreover, the sulcal patterns in ADHD seem to be more heterogeneous than those in controls. The results also identified the disruption of the typical asymmetric sulcal patterns in the frontal lobe between the ADHD and control groups. Taken together, our results revealed the atypical sulcal pattern in boys with ADHD and provide new insights into the neuroanatomical mechanisms of ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinwei Li
- Chongqing Post-doctoral Research Station of Medical Electronics and Information Technology, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Engineering Laboratory of Digital Medical Equipment and Systems, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Chongqing Engineering Laboratory of Digital Medical Equipment and Systems, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, China
| | - Panyu Wang
- College of Computer Science and Technology, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, China
| | - Chenru Hao
- Department of Medical Physics, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Zhangyong Li
- Chongqing Post-doctoral Research Station of Medical Electronics and Information Technology, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Engineering Laboratory of Digital Medical Equipment and Systems, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, China
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12
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Onandia-Hinchado I, Pardo-Palenzuela N, Diaz-Orueta U. Cognitive characterization of adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder by domains: a systematic review. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2021; 128:893-937. [PMID: 33620582 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-021-02302-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is reportedly the most frequent neurodevelopmental disorder diagnosed during childhood, and it is recognized as a common condition in adulthood. We review the evidence to help identify cognitive domains associated to deficits in adult ADHD. A systematic review with narrative synthesis was performed, assessing studies on adult ADHD, neuropsychology and research on involved cognitive domains in adults 18+ years old with an established diagnosis of ADHD, in seven electronic databases (PubMed, PsychInfo, WebOfScience, Embase, Scopus, OvidSPMedline, and Teseo), and Worldcat and OpenGrey grey literature databases. 93 studies were included for this review, encompassing findings from a total 5574 adults diagnosed only with ADHD, medication-naïve or non-medicated at the moment of the assessment and 4880 healthy controls. Adults diagnosed with ADHD may show, when compared to healthy controls, a cognitive profile characterized by deficits across all attention modalities, processing speed, executive function (mainly working memory and inhibition with emphasis on reward delay and interference control), verbal memory, reading skills, social cognition and arithmetic abilities. A cognitive characterization of adult ADHD by domains is established beyond the sole consideration of attention and executive function problems. Along with these, verbal memory, language (mainly reading), social cognition and arithmetic abilities may also contribute to a more comprehensive characterization of the cognitive profile in adult ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Unai Diaz-Orueta
- Department of Psychology, Maynooth University, Room 3.11, John Hume Building, North Campus, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland.
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13
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Dimensional bias and adaptive adjustments in inhibitory control of monkeys. Anim Cogn 2021; 24:815-828. [PMID: 33554317 DOI: 10.1007/s10071-021-01483-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Humans and macaque monkeys, performing a Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), show a significant behavioral bias to a particular sensory dimension (e.g. color or shape); however, lesions in prefrontal cortical regions do not abolish the dimensional biases in monkeys and, therefore, it has been proposed that these biases emerge in earlier stages of visual information processing. It remains unclear whether such dimensional biases are unique to the WCST, in which attention-shifting between dimensions are required, or affect other aspects of executive functions such as 'response inhibition' and 'error-induced behavioral adjustments'. To address this question, we trained six monkeys (Macaca mulatta) to perform a stop-signal task in which they had to inhibit their response when an instruction for inhibition was given by changing the color or shape of a visual stimulus. Stop Signal Reaction Time (SSRT) is an index of inhibitory processes. In all monkeys, SSRT was significantly shorter, and the probability of a successful inhibition was significantly higher, when a change in the shape dimension acted as the stop-cue. Humans show a response slowing following a failure in response inhibition and also adapt a proactive slowing after facing demands for response inhibition. We found such adaptive behavioral adjustments, with the same pattern, in monkeys' behavior; however, the dimensional bias did not modulate them. Our findings, showing dimensional bias in monkey, with the same pattern, in two different executive control tasks support the hypothesis that the bias to shape dimension emerges in early stages of visual information processing.
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Breitling-Ziegler C, Zaehle T, Wellnhofer C, Dannhauer M, Tegelbeckers J, Baumann V, Flechtner HH, Krauel K. Effects of a five-day HD-tDCS application to the right IFG depend on current intensity: A study in children and adolescents with ADHD. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2021; 264:117-150. [PMID: 34167653 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2021.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Impaired executive functions in ADHD are associated with hypoactivity of the right inferior frontal gyrus (IFG). This region was targeted via repetitive applications of anodal, high-definition transcranial direct current simulation (HD-tDCS) on five consecutive days in 33 ADHD patients (10-17years) and in a healthy control group (n=13, only sham). Patients received either sham (n=13) or verum tDCS with 0.5mA (n=9) or 0.25mA (n=11) depending on individual cutaneous sensitivity. During stimulation, participants performed a combined working memory and response inhibition paradigm (n-back/nogo). At baseline, post, and a 4-month follow up, electroencephalography was recorded during this task. Moreover, interference control (flanker task) and spatial working memory (spanboard task) were assessed to explore possible transfer effects. Omission errors and reaction time variability in all tasks served as measures of attention. In the 0.25mA group increased nogo commission errors indicated a detrimental tDCS effect on response inhibition. After the 5-day stimulation, attentional improvements in the 0.5mA group were indicated by reduced omission errors and reaction time variability. Variability improvements were still evident at follow up. In all groups, nogo P3 amplitudes were reduced post-stimulation, but in the 0.5mA group this reduction was smaller than in the 0.25mA group. Results of the current study suggest distinct effects of tDCS with different current intensities demonstrating the importance of a deeper understanding on the impact of stimulation parameters and repeated tDCS applications to develop effective tDCS-based therapy approaches in ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Breitling-Ziegler
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Tino Zaehle
- Department of Neurology, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany; Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS), Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Christian Wellnhofer
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Moritz Dannhauer
- Scientific Computing and Imaging Institute, Center for Integrated Biomedical Computing, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Jana Tegelbeckers
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany; Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Valentin Baumann
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Hans-Henning Flechtner
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Kerstin Krauel
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany; Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS), Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
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15
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Schäfer T, Mann C, Bletsch A, Zimmermann J, Seelemeyer H, Herøy N, Ecker C. Die Kortexdicke bei Autismus-Spektrum-Störung wird moduliert durch eine komorbide Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit-/Hyperaktivitätsstörung. KINDHEIT UND ENTWICKLUNG 2021. [DOI: 10.1026/0942-5403/a000329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Zusammenfassung. Theoretischer Hintergrund: Autismus-Spektrum-Störung (ASS) ist eine neuronale Entwicklungsstörung und tritt häufig gemeinsam mit der Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit-/Hyperaktivitätsstörung (ADHS) auf. Bisher wurde jedoch nur selten untersucht, wie sich Personen mit ASS von Personen mit ASS und komorbider ADHS, sowie von einer gesunden Kontrollgruppe (KG) auf neuroanatomischer Ebene unterscheiden. Fragestellung: In der vorliegenden Studie wurde an 101 Jugendlichen untersucht, ob die Kortexdicke bei ASS von komorbid auftretenden ADHS-Symptomen moduliert wird. Methode: Für jeden Proband_innen berechneten wir auf Basis struktureller T1-gewichteter Magnetresonanztomographie Scans die Kortexdicke an jedem Punkt der Gehirnoberfläche. Ergebnisse: Es zeigten sich signifikante Unterschiede zwischen autistischen Proband_innen mit und ohne ADHS im posterioren Cingulum, der Lingualwindung sowie dem Precuneus der linken Hemisphäre. Diskussion und Schlussfolgerung: Die Ergebnisse implizieren, dass die kortikale Dicke bei ASS durch das gleichzeitige Vorliegen einer ADHS moduliert wird. Diese Erkenntnisse könnten in zukünftigen Studien zur Untersuchung neuroanatomischer Ursachen von ASS und der Unterteilung von Proband_innen in homogenere Subgruppen von Nutzen sein und so der zukünftigen Entwicklung individualisierter Therapien dienen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Schäfer
- Klinik für Psychiatrie, Psychosomatik und Psychotherapie des Kindes- und Jugendalters, Universitätsklinikum,Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main
- Brain Imaging Center, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main
| | - Caroline Mann
- Klinik für Psychiatrie, Psychosomatik und Psychotherapie des Kindes- und Jugendalters, Universitätsklinikum,Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main
- Brain Imaging Center, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main
| | - Anke Bletsch
- Klinik für Psychiatrie, Psychosomatik und Psychotherapie des Kindes- und Jugendalters, Universitätsklinikum,Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main
- Brain Imaging Center, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main
| | - Jennifer Zimmermann
- Klinik für Psychiatrie, Psychosomatik und Psychotherapie des Kindes- und Jugendalters, Universitätsklinikum,Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main
- Brain Imaging Center, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main
| | - Hanna Seelemeyer
- Klinik für Psychiatrie, Psychosomatik und Psychotherapie des Kindes- und Jugendalters, Universitätsklinikum,Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main
- Brain Imaging Center, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main
| | - Njål Herøy
- Klinik für Psychiatrie, Psychosomatik und Psychotherapie des Kindes- und Jugendalters, Universitätsklinikum,Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main
- Brain Imaging Center, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main
| | - Christine Ecker
- Klinik für Psychiatrie, Psychosomatik und Psychotherapie des Kindes- und Jugendalters, Universitätsklinikum,Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main
- Brain Imaging Center, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience,King’s College, London
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Lipka R, Ahlers E, Reed TL, Karstens MI, Nguyen V, Bajbouj M, Cohen Kadosh R. Resolving heterogeneity in transcranial electrical stimulation efficacy for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Exp Neurol 2020; 337:113586. [PMID: 33382986 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
While the treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is dominated by pharmacological agents, transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) is gaining attention as an alternative method for treatment. Most current meta-analyses have suggested that tES can improve cognitive functions that are otherwise impaired in ADHD, such as inhibition and working memory, as well as alleviated clinical symptoms. Here we review some of the promising findings in the field of tES. At the same time, we highlight two factors, which hinder the effective application of tES in treating ADHD: 1) the heterogeneity of tES protocols used in different studies; 2) patient profiles influencing responses to tES. We highlight potential solutions for overcoming such limitations, including the use of active machine learning, and provide simulated data to demonstrate how these solutions could also improve the understanding, diagnosis, and treatment of ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renée Lipka
- Department of Psychiatry, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 30, Berlin 12203, Germany
| | - Eike Ahlers
- Department of Psychiatry, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 30, Berlin 12203, Germany
| | - Thomas L Reed
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Radcliffe Observatory, Anna Watts Building, Woodstock Rd, Oxford OX2 6GG, United Kingdom
| | - Malin I Karstens
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Radcliffe Observatory, Anna Watts Building, Woodstock Rd, Oxford OX2 6GG, United Kingdom
| | - Vu Nguyen
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Oxford OX2 6HT, United Kingdom
| | - Malek Bajbouj
- Department of Psychiatry, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 30, Berlin 12203, Germany
| | - Roi Cohen Kadosh
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Radcliffe Observatory, Anna Watts Building, Woodstock Rd, Oxford OX2 6GG, United Kingdom.
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17
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Attention Networks in ADHD Adults after Working Memory Training with a Dual n-Back Task. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10100715. [PMID: 33050115 PMCID: PMC7600375 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10100715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients affected by Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) are characterized by impaired executive functioning and/or attention deficits. Our study aim is to determine whether the outcomes measured by the Attention Network Task (ANT), i.e., the reaction times (RTs) to specific target and cue conditions and alerting, orienting, and conflict (or executive control) effects are affected by cognitive training with a Dual n-back task. We considered three groups of young adult participants: ADHD patients without medication (ADHD), ADHD with medication (MADHD), and age/education-matched controls. Working memory training consisted of a daily practice of 20 blocks of Dual n-back task (approximately 30 min per day) for 20 days within one month. Participants of each group were randomly assigned into two subgroups, the first one with an adaptive mode of difficulty (adaptive training), while the second was blocked at the level 1 during the whole training phase (1-back task, baseline training). Alerting and orienting effects were not modified by working memory training. The dimensional analysis showed that after baseline training, the lesser the severity of the hyperactive-impulsive symptoms, the larger the improvement of reaction times on trials with high executive control/conflict demand (i.e., what is called Conflict Effect), irrespective of the participants’ group. In the categorical analysis, we observed the improvement in such Conflict Effect after the adaptive training in adult ADHD patients irrespective of their medication, but not in controls. The ex-Gaussian analysis of RT and RT variability showed that the improvement in the Conflict Effect correlated with a decrease in the proportion of extreme slow responses. The Dual n-back task in the adaptive mode offers as a promising candidate for a cognitive remediation of adult ADHD patients without pharmaceutical medication.
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18
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Breitling-Ziegler C, Tegelbeckers J, Flechtner HH, Krauel K. Economical Assessment of Working Memory and Response Inhibition in ADHD Using a Combined n-back/Nogo Paradigm: An ERP Study. Front Hum Neurosci 2020; 14:322. [PMID: 32848679 PMCID: PMC7426064 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2020.00322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of cognitive interventions in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) often requires the assessment of multiple cognitive functions. However, experimental settings consisting of various tasks are particularly strenuous for patients and can thus result in poor data quality. For the economical assessment of working memory and response inhibition, this study aims to validate a combined n-back/nogo paradigm by comparing it to single task versions and to demonstrate its applicability for ADHD research. Twenty-five healthy individuals and 34 ADHD patients between 9 and 16 years participated in this event-related potential (ERP) study. Healthy controls underwent single task versions of a 2-back working memory task and a go/nogo response inhibition task as well as the introduced combined 2-back/nogo task. This combined task demonstrated a comparable ERP structure for working memory and response inhibition aspects as single task versions. Behaviorally, higher working memory performance during the combined paradigm indicated lower task difficulty, while high correlations between combined and single task versions still indicated valid working memory measures. For response inhibition performance, different task versions resulted in similar outcomes. The application of the combined n-back/nogo paradigm in ADHD patients revealed the expected working memory and response inhibition deficits, increased omission errors, reaction times, and standard deviation of reaction time, as well as diminished n-back P3 and nogo P3 amplitudes. We conclude that the combined n-back/nogo task is an effective paradigm for the economical assessment of working memory and response inhibition deficits in ADHD on a behavioral and neurophysiological level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Breitling-Ziegler
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Jana Tegelbeckers
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Hans-Henning Flechtner
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Kerstin Krauel
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.,Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
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19
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Head J, Tenan MS, Tweedell AJ, Wilson KM, Helton WS. Response Complexity Reduces Errors on a Response Inhibition Task. HUMAN FACTORS 2020; 62:787-799. [PMID: 31237776 DOI: 10.1177/0018720819852801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this investigation was to elucidate the role of button-response complexity to targets in a response inhibition task. BACKGROUND Response inhibition is the ability to correctly inhibit an overt response to a target. The U.S. military is actively pursuing development of armed, combat robots as a force multiplier, which may present challenges to operators of combat robots in the form of response inhibition errors. METHOD A total of 15 participants completed two 51-min versions of a modified sustained attention to response task (SART). Participants were outfitted with an electrocardiogram to index heart-rate variability and completed the NASA-Task Load Index (NASA-TLX) to index workload. RESULTS The results demonstrated that the complex SART reduced errors of commission (4%) and slowed response times (874 ms) to correct Go targets relative to the simple SART (14%, 739 ms). The NASA-TLX did not show differences between the modified SARTs; however, heart-rate variability did demonstrate that Soldiers had an increased autonomic stress response to the complex SART. CONCLUSION Increasing the behavioral response requirement during a response inhibition task can decrease errors of commission; however, it comes at the cost of slower response times to target stimuli. Heart-rate variability may provide better insight into objective workload relative to subjective measures. APPLICATION The use of complex behavioral responses may provide a viable option to reduce potential "friendly fire" or collateral damage by Soldiers remotely engaging a target-rich environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Head
- 207132 U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, USA
| | - Matthew S Tenan
- 207132 U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Kyle M Wilson
- Seeing Machines, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
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20
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Li J, Yang X, Zhou F, Liu C, Wei Z, Xin F, Daumann B, Daumann J, Kendrick KM, Becker B. Modafinil enhances cognitive, but not emotional conflict processing via enhanced inferior frontal gyrus activation and its communication with the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex. Neuropsychopharmacology 2020; 45:1026-1033. [PMID: 31995813 PMCID: PMC7162953 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-020-0625-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Cognitive control regulates cognitive and emotional systems to facilitate goal-directed behavior in the context of task-irrelevant distractors. Cognitive control deficits contribute to residual functional impairments across psychiatric disorders and represent a promising novel treatment target. Translational evidence suggests that modafinil may enhance performance in executive functions; however, differential effects on regulatory control in cognitive and emotional domains have not been examined. The present pre-registered randomized-controlled pharmacological fMRI trial examined differential effects of modafinil (single-dose, 200 mg) on cognitive and emotional conflict processing. To further separate objective cognitive enhancing effects from subjective performance perception, a metacognitive paradigm was employed. Results indicated that modafinil specifically enhanced cognitive conflict performance and concomitantly increased activation in the inferior frontal gyrus and its functional communication with the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex. Exploratory analysis further revealed modafinil-enhanced basolateral amygdala reactivity to cognitive conflict, with stronger reactivity being associated with higher cognitive conflict performance. Whereas modafinil enhanced cognitive performance in the metacognitive paradigm, confidence indices remained unaffected. Overall, the present results suggest that modafinil has the potential to enhance cognitive conflict processing while leaving emotional conflict processing unaffected. On the neural level modafinil enhanced the recruitment of a network engaged in general conflict and regulatory control processes, whereas effects on the amygdala may reflect improved arousal-mediated attention processes for conflicting information. The pattern of cognitive enhancing effects in the absence of effects on affective processing suggests a promising potential to enhance cognitive control in clinical populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialin Li
- 0000 0004 0369 4060grid.54549.39The Clinical Hospital of the Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Xi Yang
- 0000 0004 0369 4060grid.54549.39The Clinical Hospital of the Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Feng Zhou
- 0000 0004 0369 4060grid.54549.39The Clinical Hospital of the Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Congcong Liu
- 0000 0004 0369 4060grid.54549.39The Clinical Hospital of the Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhenyu Wei
- 0000 0004 0369 4060grid.54549.39The Clinical Hospital of the Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Fei Xin
- 0000 0004 0369 4060grid.54549.39The Clinical Hospital of the Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | | | - Jörg Daumann
- 0000 0000 8580 3777grid.6190.eDepartment of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Keith M. Kendrick
- 0000 0004 0369 4060grid.54549.39The Clinical Hospital of the Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Benjamin Becker
- The Clinical Hospital of the Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.
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21
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Jana S, Hannah R, Muralidharan V, Aron AR. Temporal cascade of frontal, motor and muscle processes underlying human action-stopping. eLife 2020; 9:e50371. [PMID: 32186515 PMCID: PMC7159878 DOI: 10.7554/elife.50371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Action-stopping is a canonical executive function thought to involve top-down control over the motor system. Here we aimed to validate this stopping system using high temporal resolution methods in humans. We show that, following the requirement to stop, there was an increase of right frontal beta (~13 to 30 Hz) at ~120 ms, likely a proxy of right inferior frontal gyrus; then, at 140 ms, there was a broad skeletomotor suppression, likely reflecting the impact of the subthalamic nucleus on basal ganglia output; then, at ~160 ms, suppression was detected in the muscle, and, finally, the behavioral time of stopping was ~220 ms. This temporal cascade supports a physiological model of action-stopping, and partitions it into subprocesses that are isolable to different nodes and are more precise than the behavioral latency of stopping. Variation in these subprocesses, including at the single-trial level, could better explain individual differences in impulse control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumitash Jana
- Department of Psychology, University of CaliforniaSan DiegoUnited States
| | - Ricci Hannah
- Department of Psychology, University of CaliforniaSan DiegoUnited States
| | | | - Adam R Aron
- Department of Psychology, University of CaliforniaSan DiegoUnited States
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22
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Breitling C, Zaehle T, Dannhauer M, Tegelbeckers J, Flechtner HH, Krauel K. Comparison between conventional and HD-tDCS of the right inferior frontal gyrus in children and adolescents with ADHD. Clin Neurophysiol 2020; 131:1146-1154. [PMID: 32029377 PMCID: PMC7250280 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2019.12.412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate whether the effects of HD-tDCS and conventional tDCS of the right IFG are superior to the effects of sham stimulation for the improvement of working memory performance in ADHD. METHODS 15 ADHD patients between 10 and 16 years underwent three tDCS sessions in which conventional, HD and sham tDCS of the right IFG were applied. In all sessions a 2-back working memory task was solved and EEG was recorded. Baseline data were assessed from 15 age matched healthy controls. RESULTS In ADHD patients, increased positive values of P300 and N200 mean amplitudes were found after conventional and HD-tDCS. Thus, both components were more in resemblance to ERPs in healthy controls. Behavioral performance was not generally influenced by tDCS but effects of HD-tDCS depended on individual hyperactive/impulsive symptom load. The rate of responders for HD-tDCS was equivalent to the responder rate for conventional tDCS. CONCLUSIONS ERP data indicate that HD-tDCS is equally suitable as conventional tDCS for the recruitment of the right IFG in the context of working memory processing. SIGNIFICANCE HD-tDCS of the right IFG is a promising approach for neuromodulation in ADHD but further research is necessary to develop adaptations that produce reliable behavioral benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Breitling
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Tino Zaehle
- Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany; Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Moritz Dannhauer
- Scientific Computing and Imaging Institute, Center for Integrated Biomedical Computing, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
| | - Jana Tegelbeckers
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany; Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Hans-Henning Flechtner
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Kerstin Krauel
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany; Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.
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Intracellular mechanisms and behavioral changes in mouse model of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Importance of age-specific NMDA receptor blockade. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2019; 188:172830. [PMID: 31756355 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2019.172830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Exposure of NMDA receptor antagonists during developmental stages leads to behavioral consequences like attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, the underlying molecular mechanisms have remained poorly understood. Herein, we studied the phosphorylated Akt (pAkt) and caspase-3, the key regulators of neuronal cell survival/death, as the probable downstream targets of MK-801 often used to engender ADHD-like condition. Swiss albino mice at postnatal days (PND) 7, 14 or 21 were injected with a single dose of MK-801 and evaluated for hyperactivity (open field test) and memory deficit at adolescence (PND 30) and adult stages (PND 60). PND 7 or 14 treatment groups (but not PND 21) consistently showed hyperactivity at the adolescence stage. A significant increase in working and reference memory errors in radial arm maze was noted at the adolescence age. PND 7 group continued to display the symptoms even in adulthood. All the treatment groups showed a significant decrease in the percent alterations (Y-maze) and discrimination index (novel object recognition test) at adolescence age. A significant increase in caspase-3 expression was noted in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and hippocampus, whereas increased pAkt was noticed only in the hippocampus, following a single injection of MK-801 at PND 7. Concurrently, PND 7 treatment group showed significantly decreased neuronal nuclei (NeuN) expression (a marker for mature neurons) in the dentate gyrus, cornu ammonis-3 and PFC, but not in cornu ammonis-1, at adolescence age. We suggest that the observed symptoms of ADHD at adolescence and adulthood stages may be linked to alteration in pAkt and caspase-3 followed MK-801 treatment at PND 7.
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Ziaei M, Togha M, Rahimian E, Persson J. The Causal Role of Right Frontopolar Cortex in Moral Judgment, Negative Emotion Induction, and Executive Control. Basic Clin Neurosci 2019; 10:37-48. [PMID: 31031892 PMCID: PMC6484187 DOI: 10.32598/bcn.9.10.225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2017] [Revised: 08/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Converging evidence suggests that both emotional and cognitive processes are critically involved in moral judgment, and may be mediated by discrete parts of the prefrontal cortex. The current study aimed at investigating the mediatory effect of right Frontopolar Cortex (rFPC) on the way that emotions affect moral judgments. Methods: Six adult patients affected by rFPC and 10 healthy controls were included in the study. Participants made judgements on moral dilemmas after being shown either neutral or emotional pictures. The role of rFPC in executive control and emotional experience was also examined. Results: The study results showed that inducing an emotional state increased the number of utilitarian responses both in the patients and controls. However, no significant differences were observed between the patients and controls in response time or the number of utilitarian responses. Also, no significant differences were observed in personal and impersonal dilemmas before and after the emotion induction in intergroup comparisons. Results of the executive control tasks showed reduced performance in patients affected by rFPC compared with the controls. Conclusion: The results of the current study suggested that rFPC might not have a direct role in mediating emotional processes during moral judgments, but possibly this region is important in a network supporting executive control functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Ziaei
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Mansoureh Togha
- Department of Headache, Iranian Center of Neurological Research, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Jonas Persson
- Aging Research Center (ARC), Karolinska Institute and Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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Savulich G, Thorp E, Piercy T, Peterson KA, Pickard JD, Sahakian BJ. Improvements in Attention Following Cognitive Training With the Novel "Decoder" Game on an iPad. Front Behav Neurosci 2019; 13:2. [PMID: 30719000 PMCID: PMC6348266 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2019.00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Work and study increasingly rely on the use of technologies requiring individuals to switch attention rapidly between emails, texts and tasks. This has led to healthy people having problems of attention and concentration and difficulties getting into the “flow,” which impedes goal attainment and task completion. Possibly related to this, there is an increasing diagnosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and prescriptions of drugs such as methylphenidate. In addition to ADHD, attention is impaired in other neuropsychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia and in traumatic brain injury (TBI). Based on neuropsychological and neuroimaging evidence, we developed “Decoder,” a novel game for targeted cognitive training of visual sustained attention on an iPad. We aimed to investigate the effects of cognitive training in 75 healthy young adults randomly assigned to a Cognitive Training (8 h of playing Decoder over 4 weeks; n = 25), Active Control (8 h of playing Bingo over 4 weeks; n = 25) or Passive Control (continuation of activities of daily living; n = 25) group. Results indicated that cognitive training with Decoder was superior to both control groups in terms of increased target sensitivity (A’) on the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery Rapid Visual Information processing (CANTAB RVP) test, indicating significantly improved sustained visual attention. Individuals playing Decoder also showed significantly better performance on the Trail Making Test (TMT) compared with those playing Bingo. Significant differences in visual analogue scales were also found between the two gaming groups, such that Decoder received higher ratings of enjoyment, task-related motivation and alertness across all hours of game play. These data suggest that cognitive training with Decoder is an effective non-pharmacological method for enhancing attention in healthy young adults, which could be extended to clinical populations in which attentional problems persist.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Savulich
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Emily Thorp
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Piercy
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Katie A Peterson
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - John D Pickard
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Barbara J Sahakian
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Keute M, Krauel K, Heinze HJ, Stenner MP. Intact automatic motor inhibition in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Cortex 2018; 109:215-225. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2018.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Rodrigues DM, Manfro GG, Levitan RD, Steiner M, Meaney MJ, Silveira PP. Moderating effect of PLIN4 genetic variant on impulsivity traits in 5-year-old-children born small for gestational age. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2018; 137:19-25. [PMID: 30293593 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2018.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Poor fetal growth is associated with long-term behavioral, metabolic and psychiatric alterations, including impulsivity, insulin resistance, and mood disorders. However, the consumption of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3 PUFA) seems to be protective for this population, improving inhibitory control and behavioral reactivity. We investigated whether the presence of the A allele of rs8887 SNP (PLIN4 gene), known to be associated with increased sensitivity to the consumption of n-3 PUFAs, interacts with fetal growth influencing inhibitory control. 152 five-year-old children were genotyped and performed the Stop Signal Task (SSRT). There was a significant interaction between birth weight and the presence of the A allele on SSRT performance, in which lower birth weight associated with poorer inhibitory control only in non-carriers. These results suggest that a higher responsiveness to n-3 PUFAS protects small for gestational age children from developing poor response inhibition, highlighting that optimizing n-3 PUFA intake may benefit this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danitsa Marcos Rodrigues
- Postgraduate Program in Neurosciences, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Gisele Gus Manfro
- Postgraduate Program in Neurosciences, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Robert Daniel Levitan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto and Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Meir Steiner
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University. Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Michael Joseph Meaney
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Sackler Program for Epigenetics & Psychobiology, McGill University, Canada
| | - Patrícia Pelufo Silveira
- Postgraduate Program in Neurosciences, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Sackler Program for Epigenetics & Psychobiology, McGill University, Canada.
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Wessel JR. A Neural Mechanism for Surprise-related Interruptions of Visuospatial Working Memory. Cereb Cortex 2018; 28:199-212. [PMID: 27909006 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhw367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Surprising perceptual events recruit a fronto-basal ganglia mechanism for inhibition, which suppresses motor activity following surprise. A recent study found that this inhibitory mechanism also disrupts the maintenance of verbal working memory (WM) after surprising tones. However, it is unclear whether this same mechanism also relates to surprise-related interruptions of non-verbal WM. We tested this hypothesis using a change-detection task, in which surprising tones impaired visuospatial WM. Participants also performed a stop-signal task (SST). We used independent component analysis and single-trial scalp-electroencephalogram to test whether the same inhibitory mechanism that reflects motor inhibition in the SST relates to surprise-related visuospatial WM decrements, as was the case for verbal WM. As expected, surprising tones elicited activity of the inhibitory mechanism, and this activity correlated strongly with the trial-by-trial level of surprise. However, unlike for verbal WM, the activity of this mechanism was unrelated to visuospatial WM accuracy. Instead, inhibition-independent activity that immediately succeeded the inhibitory mechanism was increased when visuospatial WM was disrupted. This shows that surprise-related interruptions of visuospatial WM are not effected by the same inhibitory mechanism that interrupts verbal WM, and instead provides evidence for a 2-stage model of distraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan R Wessel
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA 52245, USA
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Kamradt JM, Momany AM, Nikolas MA. Sluggish Cognitive Tempo Symptoms Contribute to Heterogeneity in Adult Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY AND BEHAVIORAL ASSESSMENT 2018; 40:206-223. [PMID: 30022803 PMCID: PMC6047349 DOI: 10.1007/s10862-017-9631-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) persists into adulthood in over 50% of cases, although its associated symptom profiles, comorbid problems, and neuropsychological deficits change substantially across development. Sluggish cognitive tempo (SCT) symptoms may contribute to associations between ADHD and comorbid problems and may partially explain the substantial heterogeneity observed in its correlates. 349 adults aged 18-38 years (M = 23.2, SD = 4.5, 54.7% male, 61.03% with ADHD) completed a multi-informant diagnostic procedure and a comprehensive neuropsychological battery. Adults with ADHD (n = 213) were retained for analyses. Latent class analyses (LCA) revealed three profiles of SCT symptoms among those with ADHD, which we classified as minimal, moderate, or severe SCT. Multiple analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) revealed significant differences among these profiles, which remained when controlling for persistence of ADHD symptoms and sex. In general, adults with ADHD combined with SCT symptoms (moderate and severe) had significantly more symptoms of anxiety, depression, and persistent inattention, and had more severe professional and relational impairment compared to ADHD adults without SCT. Compared to those with moderate or minimal SCT symptoms, the severe SCT group had the most symptoms of depression and internalizing disorders, and the most impairment in the domain of daily responsibility. No significant differences based on externalizing symptoms emerged when controlling for sex and persistence of inattention symptoms, suggesting the moderate and severe SCT groups do not simply reflect more symptoms. Moreover, follow-up mediation analyses revealed that SCT might at least partially explain the heterogeneity in ADHD. Findings have implications for refinement of etiological conceptualization, assessment methods, and intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaclyn M Kamradt
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, 11 Seashore Hall E, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Allison M Momany
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, 11 Seashore Hall E, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Molly A Nikolas
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, 11 Seashore Hall E, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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30
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Hyun GJ, Park JW, Kim JH, Min KJ, Lee YS, Kim SM, Han DH. Visuospatial working memory assessment using a digital tablet in adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. COMPUTER METHODS AND PROGRAMS IN BIOMEDICINE 2018; 157:137-143. [PMID: 29477422 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2018.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Revised: 01/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder hypothesized to involve impaired visuospatial working memory (VSWM). However, there are few studies utilizing neuropsychological tests to measure VSWM in ADHD adolescents. The Rey-Osterrieth complex figure test (ROCF) is commonly used as a neuropsychological test to assess visuospatial working memory for individuals with ADHD. We assessed working memory using the ROCF test on a digital Galaxy tablet with the technically new Gaussian filter method. METHODS Thirty adolescents with ADHD and 30 healthy control adolescents were recruited for participation in the current study. All adolescents were assessed with K-WISC-IV, Children's depression inventory, and the Korean ADHD rating scale. All adolescents were asked to copy the ROCF from paper onto a Galaxy tablet screen using a wireless pen. RESULTS There was a significant difference in representative value of the deviation of the original images from template images (R-value) in copy and delayed recall between ADHD adolescents and healthy adolescents. There was no significant difference in R-value of immediate recall between ADHD adolescents and healthy adolescents. In all adolescents (ADHD and healthy) and ADHD adolescents, the R-value of copy was negatively correlated with visuospatial index and working memory index, and the R-value of delayed recall was negatively correlated with WMI. The R-value of copy and delayed recall was positively correlated with K-ARS in all adolescents and ADHD adolescents. CONCLUSIONS ADHD adolescents showed differences in the R-values of copy and delayed recall in the digital ROCF version compared to healthy adolescents. The digital ROCF assessment tool can represent different patterns of visuospatial working memory abilities in ADHD adolescents compared to healthy adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gi Jung Hyun
- Department of Psychiatry, Chung Ang University Medical Center, 102 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06973, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jin Wan Park
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jin Hee Kim
- School of Advanced Imaging Science, Multimedia, and Film at Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kyoung Joon Min
- Department of Psychiatry, Chung Ang University Medical Center, 102 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06973, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Sik Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Chung Ang University Medical Center, 102 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06973, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sun Mi Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Chung Ang University Medical Center, 102 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06973, Republic of Korea
| | - Doug Hyun Han
- Department of Psychiatry, Chung Ang University Medical Center, 102 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06973, Republic of Korea.
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31
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Ter Huurne N, Lozano-Soldevilla D, Onnink M, Kan C, Buitelaar J, Jensen O. Diminished modulation of preparatory sensorimotor mu rhythm predicts attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder severity. Psychol Med 2017; 47:1947-1956. [PMID: 28290271 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291717000332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is characterized by problems in regulating attention and in suppressing disruptive motor activity, i.e. hyperactivity and impulsivity. We recently found evidence that aberrant distribution of posterior α band oscillations (8-12 Hz) is associated with attentional problems in ADHD. The sensorimotor cortex also produces strong 8-12 Hz band oscillations, namely the μ rhythm, and is thought to have a similar inhibitory function. Here, we now investigate whether problems in distributing α band oscillations in ADHD generalize to the μ rhythm in the sensorimotor domain. METHOD In a group of adult ADHD (n = 17) and healthy control subjects (n = 18; aged 21-40 years) oscillatory brain activity was recorded using magnetoencephalography during a visuo-spatial attention task. Subjects had to anticipate a target with unpredictable timing and respond by pressing a button. RESULTS Preparing a motor response, the ADHD group failed to increase hemispheric μ lateralization with relatively higher μ power in sensorimotor regions not engaged in the task, as the controls did (F 1,33 = 8.70, p = 0.006). Moreover, the ADHD group pre-response μ lateralization not only correlated positively with accuracy (r s = 0.64, p = 0.0052) and negatively with intra-individual reaction time variability (r s = -0.52, p = 0.033), but it also correlated negatively with the score on an ADHD rating scale (r s = -0.53, p = 0.028). CONCLUSIONS We suggest that ADHD is associated with an inability to sufficiently inhibit task-irrelevant sensorimotor areas by means of modulating μ oscillatory activity. This could explain disruptive motor activity in ADHD. These results provide further evidence that impaired modulation of α band oscillations is involved in the pathogenesis of ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Ter Huurne
- Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre,Nijmegen,The Netherlands
| | - D Lozano-Soldevilla
- Donders Institute for Brain,Cognition and Behaviour,Radboud University,Nijmegen,The Netherlands
| | - M Onnink
- Department of Human Genetics,Radboudumc,Nijmegen,The Netherlands
| | - C Kan
- Department of Psychiatry,Radboudumc,Nijmegen,The Netherlands
| | - J Buitelaar
- Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre,Nijmegen,The Netherlands
| | - O Jensen
- Centre for Human Brain Health,School of Psychology,University of Birmingham,Birmingham,UK
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32
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Oikonomidis L, Santangelo AM, Shiba Y, Clarke FH, Robbins TW, Roberts AC. A dimensional approach to modeling symptoms of neuropsychiatric disorders in the marmoset monkey. Dev Neurobiol 2017; 77:328-353. [PMID: 27589556 PMCID: PMC5412688 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Some patients suffering from the same neuropsychiatric disorder may have no overlapping symptoms whilst others may share symptoms common to other distinct disorders. Therefore, the Research Domain Criteria initiative recognises the need for better characterisation of the individual symptoms on which to focus symptom-based treatment strategies. Many of the disorders involve dysfunction within the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and so the marmoset, due to their highly developed PFC and small size, is an ideal species for studying the neurobiological basis of the behavioural dimensions that underlie these symptoms.Here we focus on a battery of tests that address dysfunction spanning the cognitive (cognitive inflexibility and working memory), negative valence (fear generalisation and negative bias) and positive valence (anhedonia) systems pertinent for understanding disorders such as ADHD, Schizophrenia, Anxiety, Depression and OCD. Parsing the separable prefrontal and striatal circuits and identifying the selective neurochemical modulation (serotonin vs dopamine) that underlie cognitive dysfunction have revealed counterparts in the clinical domain. Aspects of the negative valence system have been explored both at individual- (trait anxiety and genetic variation in serotonin transporter) and circuit-based levels enabling the understanding of generalisation processes, negative biases and differential responsiveness to SSRIs. Within the positive valence system, the combination of cardiovascular and behavioural measures provides a framework for understanding motivational, anticipatory and consummatory aspects of anhedonia and their neurobiological mechanisms. Together, the direct comparison of experimental findings in marmosets with clinical studies is proving an excellent translational model to address the behavioural dimensions and neurobiology of neuropsychiatric symptoms. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 77: 328-353, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Oikonomidis
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3DY, United Kingdom
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, CB2 3EB, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea M Santangelo
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3DY, United Kingdom
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, CB2 3EB, United Kingdom
| | - Yoshiro Shiba
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3DY, United Kingdom
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, CB2 3EB, United Kingdom
| | - F Hannah Clarke
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3DY, United Kingdom
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, CB2 3EB, United Kingdom
| | - Trevor W Robbins
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, CB2 3EB, United Kingdom
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EB, United Kingdom
| | - Angela C Roberts
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3DY, United Kingdom
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, CB2 3EB, United Kingdom
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Coutinho TV, Reis SPS, da Silva AG, Miranda DM, Malloy-Diniz LF. Deficits in Response Inhibition in Patients with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: The Impaired Self-Protection System Hypothesis. Front Psychiatry 2017; 8:299. [PMID: 29403397 PMCID: PMC5786525 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Problems in inhibitory control are regarded in Psychology as a key problem associated with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). They, however, might not be primary deficits, but instead a consequence of inattention. At least two components have been identified and dissociated in studies in regards to inhibitory control: interference suppression, responsible for controlling interference by resisting irrelevant or misleading information, and response inhibition, referring to withholding a response or overriding an ongoing behavior. Poor error awareness and self-monitoring undermine an individual's ability to inhibit inadequate responses and change course of action. In non-social contexts, an individual depends on his own cognition to regulate his mistakes. In social contexts, however, there are many social cues that should help that individual to perceive his mistakes and inhibit inadequate responses. The processes involved in perceiving and interpreting those social cues are arguably part of a self-protection system (SPS). Individuals with ADHD not only present impulsive behaviors in social contexts, but also have difficulty perceiving their inadequate responses and overriding ongoing actions toward more appropriate ones. In this paper, we discuss that those difficulties are arguably a consequence of an impaired SPS, due to visual attention deficits and subsequent failure in perceiving and recognizing accurately negative emotions in facial expressions, especially anger. We discuss evidence that children with ADHD exhibit problems in a series of components involved in the activation of that system and advocate that the inability to identify the anger expressed by others, and thus, not experiencing the fear response that should follow, is, ultimately, what prevents them from inhibiting the ongoing inappropriate behavior, since a potential threat is not registered. Getting involved in high-risk situations, such as reckless driving, could also be a consequence of not registering a threat and thus, not experiencing fear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thales Vianna Coutinho
- Laboratório de Investigações em Neurociência CLínica, Department of Mental Health, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,iLumina Neurociências, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Samara Passos Santos Reis
- Quantitative Methods and Predictive Psychometrics Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | | | | | - Leandro Fernandes Malloy-Diniz
- Laboratório de Investigações em Neurociência CLínica, Department of Mental Health, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,iLumina Neurociências, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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Schiffler BC, Almeida R, Granqvist M, Bengtsson SL. Memory-reliant Post-error Slowing Is Associated with Successful Learning and Fronto-occipital Activity. J Cogn Neurosci 2016; 28:1539-52. [DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_00987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Negative feedback after an action in a cognitive task can lead to devaluing that action on future trials as well as to more cautious responding when encountering that same choice again. These phenomena have been explored in the past by reinforcement learning theories and cognitive control accounts, respectively. Yet, how cognitive control interacts with value updating to give rise to adequate adaptations under uncertainty is less clear. In this fMRI study, we investigated cognitive control-based behavioral adjustments during a probabilistic reinforcement learning task and studied their influence on performance in a later test phase in which the learned value of items is tested. We provide support for the idea that functionally relevant and memory-reliant behavioral adjustments in the form of post-error slowing during reinforcement learning are associated with test performance. Adjusting response speed after negative feedback was correlated with BOLD activity in right inferior frontal gyrus and bilateral middle occipital cortex during the event of receiving the feedback. Bilateral middle occipital cortex activity overlapped partly with activity reflecting feedback deviance from expectations as measured by unsigned prediction error. These results suggest that cognitive control and feature processing cortical regions interact to implement feedback-congruent adaptations beneficial to learning.
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35
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Dentz A, Parent V, Gauthier B, Guay MC, Romo L. L’entraînement de la mémoire de travail par le programme Cogmed et le TDAH. PSYCHOLOGIE FRANCAISE 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.psfr.2015.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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36
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Altered frontal pole development affects self-generated spatial working memory in ADHD. Brain Dev 2016; 38:471-80. [PMID: 26709204 DOI: 10.1016/j.braindev.2015.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Revised: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spatial working memory (SWM) dysfunction is a feature of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Previous studies suggested that behavioral performance in self-generated SWM improves through development in children with and without ADHD. Nevertheless, developmental changes in the neural underpinnings of self-generated SWM are unknown. METHOD Using near-infrared spectroscopy, hemodynamic activity in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) was measured in 30 children with ADHD (9.5 ± 1.6 years-old) and 35 TD children (9.0 ± 1.6 years-old) while they performed a self-generated SWM task. We then investigated correlations between age and behavioral performance, and between age and hemodynamic activity in the PFC for each group. RESULTS Both groups showed a negative correlation with age and number of errors [ADHD: r(28)=-0.37, p=0.040; TD: r(33)=-0.59, p<0.001], indicating that self-generated SWM improves through development. The TD group showed a positive correlation between age and oxygenated hemoglobin in the frontal pole [10ch: r(33)=0.41, p=0.013; 11ch; r(33)=0.44, p=0.008] and bilateral lateral PFC [4ch: r(33)=0.34, p=0.049; 13ch; r(33)=0.54, p=0.001], while no significant correlation was found in the ADHD group. Furthermore, regression slopes for the frontal pole significantly differed between the TD and ADHD groups [10ch: t(61)=2.35, p=0.021; 11ch: t(61)=2.05, p=0.044]. CONCLUSION Children with ADHD showed abnormalities in functional maturation of the frontal pole, which plays a role in manipulating and maintaining information associated with self-generated behavior.
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Moisala M, Salmela V, Hietajärvi L, Salo E, Carlson S, Salonen O, Lonka K, Hakkarainen K, Salmela-Aro K, Alho K. Media multitasking is associated with distractibility and increased prefrontal activity in adolescents and young adults. Neuroimage 2016; 134:113-121. [PMID: 27063068 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Revised: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The current generation of young people indulges in more media multitasking behavior (e.g., instant messaging while watching videos) in their everyday lives than older generations. Concerns have been raised about how this might affect their attentional functioning, as previous studies have indicated that extensive media multitasking in everyday life may be associated with decreased attentional control. In the current study, 149 adolescents and young adults (aged 13-24years) performed speech-listening and reading tasks that required maintaining attention in the presence of distractor stimuli in the other modality or dividing attention between two concurrent tasks. Brain activity during task performance was measured using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). We studied the relationship between self-reported daily media multitasking (MMT), task performance and brain activity during task performance. The results showed that in the presence of distractor stimuli, a higher MMT score was associated with worse performance and increased brain activity in right prefrontal regions. The level of performance during divided attention did not depend on MMT. This suggests that daily media multitasking is associated with behavioral distractibility and increased recruitment of brain areas involved in attentional and inhibitory control, and that media multitasking in everyday life does not translate to performance benefits in multitasking in laboratory settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Moisala
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Finland; Department of Teacher Education, University of Helsinki, Finland; Aalto NeuroImaging, Aalto University, FI-00076, Aalto, Finland.
| | - V Salmela
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Finland; Aalto NeuroImaging, Aalto University, FI-00076, Aalto, Finland
| | - L Hietajärvi
- Department of Teacher Education, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - E Salo
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Finland; Aalto NeuroImaging, Aalto University, FI-00076, Aalto, Finland
| | - S Carlson
- Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, Aalto University School of Science, Finland; Neuroscience Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - O Salonen
- Helsinki Medical Imaging Center, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Finland
| | - K Lonka
- Department of Teacher Education, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - K Hakkarainen
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - K Salmela-Aro
- Cicero Learning, University of Helsinki, Finland; Department of Psychology, University of Jyväskylä, Finland; School of Education, University of California Irvine, USA
| | - K Alho
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Finland; Aalto NeuroImaging, Aalto University, FI-00076, Aalto, Finland; Swedish Collegium for Advanced Study, Uppsala, Sweden
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Gomez-Pilar J, Corralejo R, Nicolas-Alonso LF, Álvarez D, Hornero R. Neurofeedback training with a motor imagery-based BCI: neurocognitive improvements and EEG changes in the elderly. Med Biol Eng Comput 2016; 54:1655-1666. [DOI: 10.1007/s11517-016-1454-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Adolescent methylphenidate treatment differentially alters adult impulsivity and hyperactivity in the Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat model of ADHD. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2015; 141:66-77. [PMID: 26657171 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2015.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Impulsivity and hyperactivity are two facets of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Impulsivity is expressed as reduced response inhibition capacity, an executive control mechanism that prevents premature execution of an intermittently reinforced behavior. During methylphenidate treatment, impulsivity and hyperactivity are decreased in adolescents with ADHD, but there is little information concerning levels of impulsivity and hyperactivity in adulthood after adolescent methylphenidate treatment is discontinued. The current study evaluated impulsivity, hyperactivity as well as cocaine sensitization during adulthood after adolescent methylphenidate treatment was discontinued in the Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat (SHR) model of ADHD. Treatments consisted of oral methylphenidate (1.5mg/kg) or water vehicle provided Monday-Friday from postnatal days 28-55. During adulthood, impulsivity was measured in SHR and control strains (Wistar Kyoto and Wistar rats) using differential reinforcement of low rate (DRL) schedules. Locomotor activity and cocaine sensitization were measured using the open-field assay. Adult SHR exhibited decreased efficiency of reinforcement under the DRL30 schedule and greater levels of locomotor activity and cocaine sensitization compared to control strains. Compared to vehicle, methylphenidate treatment during adolescence reduced hyperactivity in adult SHR, maintained the lower efficiency of reinforcement, and increased burst responding under DRL30. Cocaine sensitization was not altered following adolescent methylphenidate in adult SHR. In conclusion, adolescent treatment with methylphenidate followed by discontinuation in adulthood had a positive benefit by reducing hyperactivity in adult SHR rats; however, increased burst responding under DRL compared to SHR given vehicle, i.e., elevated impulsivity, constituted an adverse consequence associated with increased risk for cocaine abuse liability.
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Network analysis of human fMRI data suggests modular restructuring after simulated acquired brain injury. Med Biol Eng Comput 2015; 54:235-48. [DOI: 10.1007/s11517-015-1396-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Bönstrup M, Hagemann J, Gerloff C, Sauseng P, Hummel FC. Alpha oscillatory correlates of motor inhibition in the aged brain. Front Aging Neurosci 2015; 7:193. [PMID: 26528179 PMCID: PMC4602091 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2015.00193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Exerting inhibitory control is a cognitive ability mediated by functions known to decline with age. The goal of this study is to add to the mechanistic understanding of cortical inhibition during motor control in aged brains. Based on behavioral findings of impaired inhibitory control with age we hypothesized that elderly will show a reduced or a lack of EEG alpha-power increase during tasks that require motor inhibition. Since inhibitory control over movements has been shown to rely on prior motor memory formation, we investigated cortical inhibitory processes at two points in time—early after learning and after an overnight consolidation phase and hypothesized an overnight increase of inhibitory capacities. Young and elderly participants acquired a complex finger movement sequence and in each experimental session brain activity during execution and inhibition of the sequence was recorded with multi-channel EEG. We assessed cortical processes of sustained inhibition by means of task-induced changes of alpha oscillatory power. During inhibition of the learned movement, young participants showed a significant alpha power increase at the sensorimotor cortices whereas elderly did not. Interestingly, for both groups, the overnight consolidation phase improved up-regulation of alpha power during sustained inhibition. This points to deficits in the generation and enhancement of local inhibitory mechanisms at the sensorimotor cortices in aged brains. However, the alpha power increase in both groups implies neuroplastic changes that strengthen the network of alpha power generation over time in young as well as elderly brains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlene Bönstrup
- Brain Imaging and Neurostimulation Laboratory, Department of Neurology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf Hamburg, Germany
| | - Julian Hagemann
- Brain Imaging and Neurostimulation Laboratory, Department of Neurology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian Gerloff
- Brain Imaging and Neurostimulation Laboratory, Department of Neurology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf Hamburg, Germany
| | - Paul Sauseng
- Department of Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich Munich, Germany
| | - Friedhelm C Hummel
- Brain Imaging and Neurostimulation Laboratory, Department of Neurology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf Hamburg, Germany
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Hammer R, Cooke GE, Stein MA, Booth JR. Functional neuroimaging of visuospatial working memory tasks enables accurate detection of attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder. Neuroimage Clin 2015; 9:244-52. [PMID: 26509111 PMCID: PMC4576365 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2015.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Finding neurobiological markers for neurodevelopmental disorders, such as attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), is a major objective of clinicians and neuroscientists. We examined if functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) data from a few distinct visuospatial working memory (VSWM) tasks enables accurately detecting cases with ADHD. We tested 20 boys with ADHD combined type and 20 typically developed (TD) boys in four VSWM tasks that differed in feedback availability (feedback, no-feedback) and reward size (large, small). We used a multimodal analysis based on brain activity in 16 regions of interest, significantly activated or deactivated in the four VSWM tasks (based on the entire participants' sample). Dimensionality of the data was reduced into 10 principal components that were used as the input variables to a logistic regression classifier. fMRI data from the four VSWM tasks enabled a classification accuracy of 92.5%, with high predicted ADHD probability values for most clinical cases, and low predicted ADHD probabilities for most TDs. This accuracy level was higher than those achieved by using the fMRI data of any single task, or the respective behavioral data. This indicates that task-based fMRI data acquired while participants perform a few distinct VSWM tasks enables improved detection of clinical cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubi Hammer
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA ; Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Gillian E Cooke
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA ; Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Mark A Stein
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - James R Booth
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA ; Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA ; Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
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Hammer R, Tennekoon M, Cooke GE, Gayda J, Stein MA, Booth JR. Feedback associated with expectation for larger-reward improves visuospatial working memory performances in children with ADHD. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2015; 14:38-49. [PMID: 26142072 PMCID: PMC4536089 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2015.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Revised: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Children with ADHD and normal controls were tested in working memory tasks. Availability of feedback and expectation for monetary reward were manipulated. ADHDs showed improved working memory when feedback was associated with larger-reward. Performance improvement in ADHD was associated with brain activity normalization.
We tested the interactive effect of feedback and reward on visuospatial working memory in children with ADHD. Seventeen boys with ADHD and 17 Normal Control (NC) boys underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) while performing four visuospatial 2-back tasks that required monitoring the spatial location of letters presented on a display. Tasks varied in reward size (large; small) and feedback availability (no-feedback; feedback). While the performance of NC boys was high in all conditions, boys with ADHD exhibited higher performance (similar to those of NC boys) only when they received feedback associated with large-reward. Performance pattern in both groups was mirrored by neural activity in an executive function neural network comprised of few distinct frontal brain regions. Specifically, neural activity in the left and right middle frontal gyri of boys with ADHD became normal-like only when feedback was available, mainly when feedback was associated with large-reward. When feedback was associated with small-reward, or when large-reward was expected but feedback was not available, boys with ADHD exhibited altered neural activity in the medial orbitofrontal cortex and anterior insula. This suggests that contextual support normalizes activity in executive brain regions in children with ADHD, which results in improved working memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubi Hammer
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States; Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States.
| | - Michael Tennekoon
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States; Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
| | - Gillian E Cooke
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States; Beckman Institute for Advanced Science, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL, United States
| | - Jessica Gayda
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
| | - Mark A Stein
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - James R Booth
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States; Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States; Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
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Spencer RC, Devilbiss DM, Berridge CW. The cognition-enhancing effects of psychostimulants involve direct action in the prefrontal cortex. Biol Psychiatry 2015; 77:940-50. [PMID: 25499957 PMCID: PMC4377121 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Revised: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Psychostimulants are highly effective in the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. The clinical efficacy of these drugs is strongly linked to their ability to improve cognition dependent on the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and extended frontostriatal circuit. The procognitive actions of psychostimulants are only associated with low doses. Surprisingly, despite nearly 80 years of clinical use, the neurobiology of the procognitive actions of psychostimulants has only recently been systematically investigated. Findings from this research unambiguously demonstrate that the cognition-enhancing effects of psychostimulants involve the preferential elevation of catecholamines in the PFC and the subsequent activation of norepinephrine α2 and dopamine D1 receptors. In contrast, while the striatum is a critical participant in PFC-dependent cognition, where examined, psychostimulant action within the striatum is not sufficient to enhance cognition. At doses that moderately exceed the clinical range, psychostimulants appear to improve PFC-dependent attentional processes at the expense of other PFC-dependent processes (e.g., working memory, response inhibition). This differential modulation of PFC-dependent processes across dose appears to be associated with the differential involvement of noradrenergic α2 versus α1 receptors. Collectively, this evidence indicates that at low, clinically relevant doses, psychostimulants are devoid of the behavioral and neurochemical actions that define this class of drugs and instead act largely as cognitive enhancers (improving PFC-dependent function). This information has potentially important clinical implications as well as relevance for public health policy regarding the widespread clinical use of psychostimulants and for the development of novel pharmacologic treatments for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and other conditions associated with PFC dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C Spencer
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - David M Devilbiss
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Craig W Berridge
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin.
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45
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Goltseker K, Yankelevitch-Yahav R, Albelda NS, Joel D. Signal attenuation as a rat model of obsessive compulsive disorder. J Vis Exp 2015:52287. [PMID: 25650700 PMCID: PMC4354519 DOI: 10.3791/52287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In the signal attenuation rat model of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), lever-pressing for food is followed by the presentation of a compound stimulus which serves as a feedback cue. This feedback is later attenuated by repeated presentations of the stimulus without food (without the rat emitting the lever-press response). In the next stage, lever-pressing is assessed under extinction conditions (i.e., no food is delivered). At this stage rats display two types of lever-presses, those that are followed by an attempt to collect a reward, and those that are not. The latter are the measure of compulsive-like behavior in the model. A control procedure in which rats do not experience the attenuation of the feedback cue serves to distinguish between the effects of signal attenuation and of extinction. The signal attenuation model is a highly validated model of OCD and differentiates between compulsive-like behaviors and behaviors that are repetitive but not compulsive. In addition the measures collected during the procedure eliminate alternative explanations for differences between the groups being tested, and are quantitative, unbiased and unaffected by inter-experimenter variability. The major disadvantages of this model are the costly equipment, the fact that it requires some technical know-how and the fact that it is time-consuming compared to other models of OCD (11 days). The model may be used for detecting the anti- or pro-compulsive effects of pharmacological and non-pharmacological manipulations and for studying the neural substrate of compulsive behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Noa S Albelda
- School of Psychological Sciences, Tel-Aviv University
| | - Daphna Joel
- School of Psychological Sciences, Tel-Aviv University; Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel-Aviv University;
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Adaptive ability to cope with atypical or novel situations involving tool use: An fMRI approach. Neurosci Res 2015; 90:72-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2014.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Revised: 03/02/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Baez S, Ibanez A, Gleichgerrcht E, Perez A, Roca M, Manes F, Torralva T. The utility of IFS (INECO Frontal Screening) for the detection of executive dysfunction in adults with bipolar disorder and ADHD. Psychiatry Res 2014; 216:269-76. [PMID: 24582774 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2014.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Revised: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/11/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Bipolar disorder (BD) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults share clinical symptoms. Both disorders present with executive functioning impairment. The detection of executive dysfunction usually requires the administration of an extensive neuropsychological battery. The Institute of Cognitive Neurology (INECO) Frontal Screening (IFS) is an efficient tool, which has been demonstrated to be useful for the detection of executive deficits in other diseases involving the prefrontal cortex. This study assessed the usefulness of the IFS in detecting the executive dysfunction of BD and ADHD adults, by means of a receiver-operating characteristic curve analysis and a multigroup discriminant function analysis. Twenty-four BD, 25 ADHD patients and 25 controls were assessed with a battery that included the IFS and other measures of executive functioning. Our results showed that both patient groups performed significantly lower than controls on the IFS total score. Using a 27.5 point cut-off score, the IFS showed good sensitivity and acceptable specificity to detect executive impairments in BD and ADHD patients. The IFS discriminated between controls and each patient group more reliably than other executive functions measures. Our results suggest that this tool could be a useful instrument to assess executive functions in BD and ADHD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Baez
- Institute of Cognitive Neurology (INECO), Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Institute of Neuroscience, Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, Argentina; National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Argentina; UDP-INECO Foundation Core on Neuroscience (UIFCoN), Diego Portales University, Santiago, Chile
| | - Agustin Ibanez
- Institute of Cognitive Neurology (INECO), Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Institute of Neuroscience, Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, Argentina; National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Argentina; UDP-INECO Foundation Core on Neuroscience (UIFCoN), Diego Portales University, Santiago, Chile; Universidad Autónoma del Caribe, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - Ezequiel Gleichgerrcht
- Institute of Cognitive Neurology (INECO), Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Institute of Neuroscience, Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, Argentina; UDP-INECO Foundation Core on Neuroscience (UIFCoN), Diego Portales University, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ana Perez
- Institute of Cognitive Neurology (INECO), Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Institute of Neuroscience, Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Roca
- Institute of Cognitive Neurology (INECO), Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Institute of Neuroscience, Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, Argentina; UDP-INECO Foundation Core on Neuroscience (UIFCoN), Diego Portales University, Santiago, Chile
| | - Facundo Manes
- Institute of Cognitive Neurology (INECO), Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Institute of Neuroscience, Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, Argentina; National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Argentina; UDP-INECO Foundation Core on Neuroscience (UIFCoN), Diego Portales University, Santiago, Chile; Australian Research Council (ACR) Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders, Australia
| | - Teresa Torralva
- Institute of Cognitive Neurology (INECO), Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Institute of Neuroscience, Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, Argentina; UDP-INECO Foundation Core on Neuroscience (UIFCoN), Diego Portales University, Santiago, Chile.
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Aron AR, Robbins TW, Poldrack RA. Inhibition and the right inferior frontal cortex: one decade on. Trends Cogn Sci 2014; 18:177-85. [PMID: 24440116 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2013.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1298] [Impact Index Per Article: 129.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Revised: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adam R Aron
- Department of Psychology, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA.
| | - Trevor W Robbins
- Department of Psychology and Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Russell A Poldrack
- Departments of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA
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van Dijk F, Schellekens A, van den Broek P, Kan C, Verkes RJ, Buitelaar J. Do cognitive measures of response inhibition differentiate between attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and borderline personality disorder? Psychiatry Res 2014; 215:733-9. [PMID: 24418050 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2013.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Revised: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This study examined whether cognitive measures of response inhibition derived from the AX-CPT are able to differentiate between adult attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), borderline personality disorder (BPD), and healthy controls (HC). Current DSM-IV-TR symptoms of ADHD and BPD were assessed by structured diagnostic interviews, and parent developmental interviews were used to assess childhood ADHD symptoms. Patients (14 ADHD, 12 BPD, 7 ADHD and BPD, and 37 HC) performed the AX-CPT. Seventy percent of AX-CPT trials were target (AX) trials, creating a bias to respond with a target response to X probes in the nontarget (AY, BX, BY) trials. On BX trials, context, i.e. the non-'A' letter, must be used to inhibit this prepotent response tendency. On AY trials context actually causes individuals to false alarm. The effects of ADHD and BPD on AX-CPT outcome were tested using two-way ANOVA. BPD was associated with higher percentage of errors across the task and more errors and slower responses on BX trials, whereas ADHD was associated with slower responses on AY trials. The findings suggest response inhibition problems to be present in both ADHD and BPD, and patients with BPD to be particularly impaired due to poor context processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona van Dijk
- Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Department of Psychiatry (961), P.O.Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Arnt Schellekens
- Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Department of Psychiatry (961), P.O.Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter van den Broek
- Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Department of Psychiatry (961), P.O.Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis Kan
- Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Department of Psychiatry (961), P.O.Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Robbert-Jan Verkes
- Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Department of Psychiatry (961), P.O.Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Buitelaar
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Departments of Cognitive Neuroscience, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Lipszyc J, Levin H, Hanten G, Hunter J, Dennis M, Schachar R. Frontal white matter damage impairs response inhibition in children following traumatic brain injury. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2014; 29:289-99. [PMID: 24618405 DOI: 10.1093/arclin/acu004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibition, the ability to suppress inappropriate cognitions or behaviors, can be measured using computer tasks and questionnaires. Inhibition depends on the frontal cortex, but the role of the underlying white matter (WM) is unclear. We assessed the specific impact of frontal WM damage on inhibition in 29 children with moderate-to-severe traumatic brain injury (15 with and 14 without frontal WM damage), 21 children with orthopedic injury, and 29 population controls. We used the Stop Signal Task to measure response inhibition, the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function to assess everyday inhibition, and T2 fluid-attenuated inversion recovery magnetic resonance imaging to identify lesions. Children with frontal WM damage had impaired response inhibition compared with all other groups and poorer everyday inhibition than the orthopedic injury group. Frontal WM lesions most often affected the superior frontal gyrus. These results provide evidence for the critical role of frontal WM in inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Lipszyc
- Department of Psychiatry, Neurosciences and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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