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Floris G, Godar SC, Braccagni G, Piras IS, Ravens A, Zanda MT, Huentelman MJ, Bortolato M. The sinking platform test: a novel paradigm to measure persistence in animal models. Neuropsychopharmacology 2024; 49:1373-1382. [PMID: 38396257 PMCID: PMC11251282 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-024-01827-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Persistence is the propensity to maintain goal-directed actions despite adversities. While this temperamental trait is crucial to mitigate depression risk, its neurobiological foundations remain elusive. Developing behavioral tasks to capture persistence in animal models is crucial for understanding its molecular underpinnings. Here, we introduce the Sinking Platform Test (SPT), a novel high-throughput paradigm to measure persistence. Mice were trained to exit a water-filled tank by ascending onto a platform above water level. Throughout the training, mice were also occasionally exposed to "failure trials," during which an operator would submerge a platform right after the mouse climbed onto it, requiring the mouse to reach and ascend a newly introduced platform. Following training, mice were subjected to a 5-min test exclusively consisting of failure trials. Male and female mice exhibited comparable persistence, measured by the number of climbed platforms during the test. Furthermore, this index was increased by chronic administration of fluoxetine or imipramine; conversely, it was reduced by acute and chronic haloperidol. Notably, six weeks of social isolation reduced SPT performance, and this effect was rescued by imipramine treatment over the last two weeks. A 4-week regimen of voluntary wheel running also improved persistence in socially isolated mice. Finally, comparing transcriptomic profiles of the prefrontal cortex of mice with high and low SPT performance revealed significant enrichment of immediate-early genes known to shape susceptibility for chronic stress. These findings highlight the potential of SPT as a promising method to uncover the biological mechanisms of persistence and evaluate novel interventions to enhance this response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Floris
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Neural Sciences, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sean C Godar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Giulia Braccagni
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Ignazio S Piras
- Neurogenomics Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute (TGen), Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Alicia Ravens
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Mary T Zanda
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Matthew J Huentelman
- Neurogenomics Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute (TGen), Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Marco Bortolato
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
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Hill L. Temperament impact on eating disorder symptoms and habit formation: a novel model to inform treatment. J Eat Disord 2024; 12:40. [PMID: 38504375 PMCID: PMC10953227 DOI: 10.1186/s40337-024-00998-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Temperament has long been described as the biological dimension of personality. Due to advancing brain-imaging technology, our understanding of temperament has deepened and transformed over the last 25 years. Temperament combines genetic, neurobiological and trait research. Temperament has been included peripherally in some eating disorder (ED) treatment approaches but has been ignored by most. Temperament fills a fundamental treatment gap by clarifying who is more vulnerable to develop ED and why some individuals are susceptible to specific ED symptoms while others are not. In addition, temperament targets possible treatment solutions. MAIN TEXT There is a need for a novel model that incorporates and explores the role of temperament in ED treatment intervention. This paper is a metaphoric temperament model to inform treatment intervention. It describes how temperament traits influences new decisions which impact new behavioural responses. In turn, it neurobiologically tracks how and why the brain efficiently transforms new decisions into new habits. This model integrates both temperament and habit research to explore (a) what temperament is; (b) how new decisions develop into habits neurobiologically; (c) that the brain wires destructive symptoms into habits in the same way that it wires healthy/productive behaviours into habits; (d) traits that trigger ED symptoms are the same traits that influence productive behaviours; and in regard to treatment implications (e) when treatment structure and intervention target client temperaments, the potential for new healthy "trait-syntonic" habits could develop. CONCLUSIONS This paper introduces a metaphoric model that synthesizes and integrates temperament neurobiological and trait findings with ED symptoms, habits, and client trait-based solutions. The model synthesizes and integrates different research domains to establish a brain-based foundation to inform treatment intervention. The model targets clients' temperament traits as central collections of innate self-expressions that could be utilized as tools to redirect client trait-syntonic ED responses into trait-syntonic productive outcomes. The brain bases of temperament and habit formation serve as a biological foundation for ED treatment intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Hill
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA.
- Adjunct Associate Clinical Professor of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
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3
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Mušálková D, Přistoupilová A, Jedličková I, Hartmannová H, Trešlová H, Nosková L, Hodaňová K, Bittmanová P, Stránecký V, Jiřička V, Langmajerová M, Woodbury‐Smith M, Zarrei M, Trost B, Scherer SW, Bleyer AJ, Vevera J, Kmoch S. Increased burden of rare protein-truncating variants in constrained, brain-specific and synaptic genes in extremely impulsively violent males with antisocial personality disorder. GENES, BRAIN, AND BEHAVIOR 2024; 23:e12882. [PMID: 38359179 PMCID: PMC10869132 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
The genetic correlates of extreme impulsive violence are poorly understood, and there have been few studies that have characterized a large group of affected individuals both clinically and genetically. We performed whole exome sequencing (WES) in 290 males with the life-course-persistent, extremely impulsively violent form of antisocial personality disorder (APD) and analyzed the spectrum of rare protein-truncating variants (rPTVs). Comparisons were made with 314 male controls and publicly available genotype data. Functional annotation tools were used for biological interpretation. Participants were significantly more likely to harbor rPTVs in genes that are intolerant to loss-of-function variants (odds ratio [OR] 2.06; p < 0.001), specifically expressed in brain (OR 2.80; p = 0.036) and enriched for those involved in neurotransmitter transport and synaptic processes. In 60 individuals (20%), we identified rPTVs that we classified as clinically relevant based on their clinical associations, biological function and gene expression patterns. Of these, 37 individuals harbored rPTVs in 23 genes that are associated with a monogenic neurological disorder, and 23 individuals harbored rPTVs in 20 genes reportedly intolerant to loss-of-function variants. The analysis presents evidence in support of a model where presence of either one or several private, functionally relevant mutations contribute significantly to individual risk of life-course-persistent APD and reveals multiple individuals who could be affected by clinically unrecognized neuropsychiatric Mendelian disease. Thus, Mendelian diseases and increased rPTV burden may represent important factors for the development of extremely impulsive violent life-course-persistent forms of APD irrespective of their clinical presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dita Mušálková
- Research Unit for Rare Diseases, Department of Pediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of MedicineCharles University in Prague and General University Hospital in PraguePragueCzech Republic
| | - Anna Přistoupilová
- Research Unit for Rare Diseases, Department of Pediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of MedicineCharles University in Prague and General University Hospital in PraguePragueCzech Republic
| | - Ivana Jedličková
- Research Unit for Rare Diseases, Department of Pediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of MedicineCharles University in Prague and General University Hospital in PraguePragueCzech Republic
| | - Hana Hartmannová
- Research Unit for Rare Diseases, Department of Pediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of MedicineCharles University in Prague and General University Hospital in PraguePragueCzech Republic
| | - Helena Trešlová
- Research Unit for Rare Diseases, Department of Pediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of MedicineCharles University in Prague and General University Hospital in PraguePragueCzech Republic
| | - Lenka Nosková
- Research Unit for Rare Diseases, Department of Pediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of MedicineCharles University in Prague and General University Hospital in PraguePragueCzech Republic
| | - Kateřina Hodaňová
- Research Unit for Rare Diseases, Department of Pediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of MedicineCharles University in Prague and General University Hospital in PraguePragueCzech Republic
| | - Petra Bittmanová
- Research Unit for Rare Diseases, Department of Pediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of MedicineCharles University in Prague and General University Hospital in PraguePragueCzech Republic
| | - Viktor Stránecký
- Research Unit for Rare Diseases, Department of Pediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of MedicineCharles University in Prague and General University Hospital in PraguePragueCzech Republic
| | - Václav Jiřička
- Department of PsychologyPrison Service of the Czech RepublicPragueCzech Republic
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine in PilsenCharles UniversityPilsenCzech Republic
| | - Michaela Langmajerová
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine in PilsenCharles UniversityPilsenCzech Republic
| | - Marc Woodbury‐Smith
- The Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick ChildrenTorontoOntarioCanada
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Biosciences InstituteNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | - Mehdi Zarrei
- The Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick ChildrenTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Brett Trost
- The Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick ChildrenTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Stephen W. Scherer
- The Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick ChildrenTorontoOntarioCanada
- Department of Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin CentreUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Anthony J. Bleyer
- Research Unit for Rare Diseases, Department of Pediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of MedicineCharles University in Prague and General University Hospital in PraguePragueCzech Republic
- Section on Nephrology, Wake Forest School of MedicineWinston‐SalemNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Jan Vevera
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine in PilsenCharles UniversityPilsenCzech Republic
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity Hospital PilsenPilsenCzech Republic
| | - Stanislav Kmoch
- Research Unit for Rare Diseases, Department of Pediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of MedicineCharles University in Prague and General University Hospital in PraguePragueCzech Republic
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine in PilsenCharles UniversityPilsenCzech Republic
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Heller B, Erlich Y, Kariv D, Maaravi Y. On the Opportunities and Risks of Examining the Genetics of Entrepreneurship. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13122208. [PMID: 36553475 PMCID: PMC9777747 DOI: 10.3390/genes13122208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent accomplishments in genome sequencing techniques have resulted in vast and complex genomic data sets, which have been used to uncover the genetic correlates of not only strictly medical phenomena but also psychological characteristics such as personality traits. In this commentary, we call for the use of genomic data analysis to unlock the valuable field of the genetics of entrepreneurship. Understanding what makes an entrepreneur and what explains their success is paramount given the importance of entrepreneurship to individual, organizational, and societal growth and success. Most of the studies into the genetics of entrepreneurship have investigated familial entrepreneurial inclinations in the form of parent-offspring comparisons or twin studies. However, these do not offer a complete picture of the etiology of entrepreneurship. The use of big data analytics combined with the rapidly growing field of genetic mapping has the potential to offer a more complete picture of the etiology of entrepreneurship by allowing researchers to pinpoint precisely which genes and pathways underlie entrepreneurial behavior and success. We review the risks and opportunities which accompany this endeavor and make the case that, ultimately, prioritizing more research into the genetics of entrepreneurship has the potential to be of value to both science and society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Heller
- Baruch Ivcher School of Psychology, Reichman University, Herzliya 4610101, Israel
| | - Yaniv Erlich
- Efi Arazi School of Computer Science, Reichman University, Herzliya 4610101, Israel
| | - Dafna Kariv
- Adelson School of Entrepreneurship, Reichman University, Herzliya 4610101, Israel
| | - Yossi Maaravi
- Adelson School of Entrepreneurship, Reichman University, Herzliya 4610101, Israel
- Correspondence:
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Hupalo D, Forsberg CW, Goldberg J, Kremen WS, Lyons MJ, Soltis AR, Viollet C, Ursano RJ, Stein MB, Franz CE, Sun YV, Vaccarino V, Smith NL, Dalgard CL, Wilkerson MD, Pollard HB. Rare variant association study of veteran twin whole-genomes links severe depression with a nonsynonymous change in the neuronal gene BHLHE22. World J Biol Psychiatry 2022; 23:295-306. [PMID: 34664540 PMCID: PMC9148382 DOI: 10.1080/15622975.2021.1980316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is a complex neuropsychiatric disease with known genetic associations, but without known links to rare variation in the human genome. Here we aim to identify rare genetic variants associated with MDD using deep whole-genome sequencing data in an independent population. METHODS We report the sequencing of 1,688 whole genomes in a large sample of male-male Veteran twins. Depression status was classified based on a structured diagnostic interview according to DSM-III-R diagnostic criteria. Searching only rare variants in genomic regions from recent GWAS on MDD, we used the optimised sequence kernel association test and Fisher's Exact test to fine map loci associated with severe depression. RESULTS Our analysis identified one gene associated with severe depression, basic helix loop helix e22 (PAdjusted = 0.03) via SKAT-O test between unrelated severely depressed cases compared to unrelated non-depressed controls. The same gene BHLHE22 had a non-silent variant rs13279074 (PAdjusted = 0.032) based on a single variant Fisher's Exact test between unrelated severely depressed cases compared to unrelated non-depressed controls. CONCLUSION The gene BHLHE22 shows compelling genetic evidence of directly impacting the severe depression phenotype. Together these results advance understanding of the genetic contribution to major depressive disorder in a new cohort and link a rare variant to severe forms of the disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Hupalo
- The American Genome Center, Collaborative Health Initiative Research Program, and Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Christopher W. Forsberg
- Seattle Epidemiologic Research and Information Center, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Department of Veteran Affairs, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jack Goldberg
- Seattle Epidemiologic Research and Information Center, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Department of Veteran Affairs, Seattle, WA, USA;,Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - William S. Kremen
- Department of Psychiatry and of Family Medicine & Public Health, University of California, La Jolla, CA, USA;,VA San Diego Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Michael J. Lyons
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anthony R. Soltis
- The American Genome Center, Collaborative Health Initiative Research Program, and Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Coralie Viollet
- The American Genome Center, Collaborative Health Initiative Research Program, and Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Robert J. Ursano
- Department of Psychiatry, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Murray B. Stein
- Department of Psychiatry and of Family Medicine & Public Health, University of California, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Carol E. Franz
- Department of Psychiatry and of Family Medicine & Public Health, University of California, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Yan V. Sun
- Department of Epidemiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Viola Vaccarino
- Department of Epidemiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Nicholas L. Smith
- Seattle Epidemiologic Research and Information Center, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Department of Veteran Affairs, Seattle, WA, USA;,Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Clifton L. Dalgard
- The American Genome Center, Collaborative Health Initiative Research Program, and Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, USA;,Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Matthew D. Wilkerson
- The American Genome Center, Collaborative Health Initiative Research Program, and Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, USA;,Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Harvey B. Pollard
- The American Genome Center, Collaborative Health Initiative Research Program, and Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, USA;,Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, USA
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6
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Bondy E, Bogdan R. Understanding Anhedonia from a Genomic Perspective. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2022; 58:61-79. [PMID: 35152374 PMCID: PMC9375777 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2021_293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Anhedonia, or the decreased ability to experience pleasure, is a cardinal symptom of major depression that commonly occurs within other forms of psychopathology. Supportive of long-held theory that anhedonia represents a genetically influenced vulnerability marker for depression, evidence from twin studies suggests that it is moderately-largely heritable. However, the genomic sources of this heritability are just beginning to be understood. In this review, we survey what is known about the genomic architecture underlying anhedonia and related constructs. We briefly review twin and initial candidate gene studies before focusing on genome-wide association study (GWAS) and polygenic efforts. As large samples are needed to reliably detect the small effects that typically characterize common genetic variants, the study of anhedonia and related phenotypes conflicts with current genomic research requirements and frameworks that prioritize sample size over precise phenotyping. This has resulted in few and underpowered studies of anhedonia-related constructs that have largely failed to reliably identify individual variants. Nonetheless, the polygenic architecture of anhedonia-related constructs identified in these studies has genetic overlap with depression and schizophrenia as well as related brain structure (e.g., striatal volume), providing important clues to etiology that may usefully guide refinement in nosology. As we await the accumulation of larger samples for more well-powered GWAS of reward-related constructs, novel analytic techniques that leverage GWAS summary statistics (e.g., genomic structural equation modeling) may currently be used to help characterize how the genomic architecture of anhedonia is shared and distinct from that underlying other constructs (e.g., depression, neuroticism, anxiety).
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Bondy
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ryan Bogdan
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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7
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Bey K, Weinhold L, Grützmann R, Heinzel S, Kaufmann C, Klawohn J, Riesel A, Lennertz L, Schmid M, Ramirez A, Kathmann N, Wagner M. The polygenic risk for obsessive-compulsive disorder is associated with the personality trait harm avoidance. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2020; 142:326-336. [PMID: 32786038 DOI: 10.1111/acps.13226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a complex psychiatric disorder with a substantial genetic contribution. While the specific variants underlying OCD's heritability are still unknown, findings from genome-wide association studies (GWAS) corroborate the importance of common SNPs explaining the phenotypic variance in OCD. Investigating associations between the genetic liability for OCD, as reflected by a polygenic risk score (PRS), and potential endophenotypes of the disorder, such as the personality trait harm avoidance, may aid the understanding of functional pathways from genes to diagnostic phenotypes. METHODS We derived PRS for OCD at several P-value thresholds based on the latest Psychiatric Genomics Consortium OCD GWAS (2688 cases, 7037 controls) in an independent sample of OCD patients (n = 180), their unaffected first-degree relatives (n = 108) and healthy controls (n = 200). Using linear regression, we tested whether these PRS are associated with the personality trait harm avoidance. RESULTS Results showed that OCD PRS significantly predicted OCD status, with patients having the highest scores and relatives having intermediate scores. Furthermore, the genetic risk for OCD was associated with harm avoidance across the entire sample, and among OCD patients. As indicated by mediation analyses, harm avoidance mediated the association between the OCD PRS and OCD caseness. These results were observed at multiple P-value thresholds and persisted after the exclusion of patients with a current comorbid major depressive or anxiety disorder. CONCLUSION Our findings support the polygenic nature of OCD and further validate harm avoidance as a candidate endophenotype and diathesis of OCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Bey
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | - L Weinhold
- Department of Medical Biometry, Informatics and Epidemiology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - R Grützmann
- Department of Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - S Heinzel
- Department of Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - C Kaufmann
- Department of Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - J Klawohn
- Department of Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - A Riesel
- Department of Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Psychology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - L Lennertz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - M Schmid
- Department of Medical Biometry, Informatics and Epidemiology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - A Ramirez
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - N Kathmann
- Department of Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - M Wagner
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany.,Department for Neurodegenerative Diseases and Geriatric Psychiatry, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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Costilla R, Kemper KE, Byrne EM, Porto-Neto LR, Carvalheiro R, Purfield DC, Doyle JL, Berry DP, Moore SS, Wray NR, Hayes BJ. Genetic control of temperament traits across species: association of autism spectrum disorder risk genes with cattle temperament. Genet Sel Evol 2020; 52:51. [PMID: 32842956 PMCID: PMC7448488 DOI: 10.1186/s12711-020-00569-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Temperament traits are of high importance across species. In humans, temperament or personality traits correlate with psychological traits and psychiatric disorders. In cattle, they impact animal welfare, product quality and human safety, and are therefore of direct commercial importance. We hypothesized that genetic factors that contribute to variation in temperament among individuals within a species will be shared between humans and cattle. Using imputed whole-genome sequence data from 9223 beef cattle from three cohorts, a series of genome-wide association studies was undertaken on cattle flight time, a temperament phenotype measured as the time taken for an animal to cover a short-fixed distance after release from an enclosure. We also investigated the association of cattle temperament with polymorphisms in bovine orthologs of risk genes for neuroticism, schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorders (ASD), and developmental delay disorders in humans. RESULTS Variants with the strongest associations were located in the bovine orthologous region that is involved in several behavioural and cognitive disorders in humans. These variants were also partially validated in independent cattle cohorts. Genes in these regions (BARHL2, NDN, SNRPN, MAGEL2, ABCA12, KIFAP3, TOPAZ1, FZD3, UBE3A, and GABRA5) were enriched for the GO term neuron migration and were differentially expressed in brain and pituitary tissues in humans. Moreover, variants within 100 kb of ASD susceptibility genes were associated with cattle temperament and explained 6.5% of the total additive genetic variance in the largest cattle cohort. The ASD genes with the most significant associations were GABRB3 and CUL3. Using the same 100 kb window, a weak association was found with polymorphisms in schizophrenia risk genes and no association with polymorphisms in neuroticism and developmental delay disorders risk genes. CONCLUSIONS Our analysis showed that genes identified in a meta-analysis of cattle temperament contribute to neuron development functions and are differentially expressed in human brain tissues. Furthermore, some ASD susceptibility genes are associated with cattle temperament. These findings provide evidence that genetic control of temperament might be shared between humans and cattle and highlight the potential for future analyses to leverage results between species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy Costilla
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Kathryn E. Kemper
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Enda M. Byrne
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Laercio R. Porto-Neto
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO), Agriculture and Food, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Roberto Carvalheiro
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Sao Paulo State University, Sao Paolo, Brazil
| | | | - Jennifer L. Doyle
- Teagasc, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork Ireland
| | - Donagh P. Berry
- Teagasc, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork Ireland
| | - Stephen S. Moore
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Naomi R. Wray
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Ben J. Hayes
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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9
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Abstract
Human personality is 30-60% heritable according to twin and adoption studies. Hundreds of genetic variants are expected to influence its complex development, but few have been identified. We used a machine learning method for genome-wide association studies (GWAS) to uncover complex genotypic-phenotypic networks and environmental interactions. The Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) measured the self-regulatory components of personality critical for health (i.e., the character traits of self-directedness, cooperativeness, and self-transcendence). In a discovery sample of 2149 healthy Finns, we identified sets of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that cluster within particular individuals (i.e., SNP sets) regardless of phenotype. Second, we identified five clusters of people with distinct profiles of character traits regardless of genotype. Third, we found 42 SNP sets that identified 727 gene loci and were significantly associated with one or more of the character profiles. Each character profile was related to different SNP sets with distinct molecular processes and neuronal functions. Environmental influences measured in childhood and adulthood had small but significant effects. We confirmed the replicability of 95% of the 42 SNP sets in healthy Korean and German samples, as well as their associations with character. The identified SNPs explained nearly all the heritability expected for character in each sample (50 to 58%). We conclude that self-regulatory personality traits are strongly influenced by organized interactions among more than 700 genes despite variable cultures and environments. These gene sets modulate specific molecular processes in brain for intentional goal-setting, self-reflection, empathy, and episodic learning and memory.
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Zwir I, Arnedo J, Del-Val C, Pulkki-Råback L, Konte B, Yang SS, Romero-Zaliz R, Hintsanen M, Cloninger KM, Garcia D, Svrakic DM, Rozsa S, Martinez M, Lyytikäinen LP, Giegling I, Kähönen M, Hernandez-Cuervo H, Seppälä I, Raitoharju E, de Erausquin GA, Raitakari O, Rujescu D, Postolache TT, Sung J, Keltikangas-Järvinen L, Lehtimäki T, Cloninger CR. Uncovering the complex genetics of human temperament. Mol Psychiatry 2020; 25:2275-2294. [PMID: 30279457 PMCID: PMC7515831 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-018-0264-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 07/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Experimental studies of learning suggest that human temperament may depend on the molecular mechanisms for associative conditioning, which are highly conserved in animals. The main genetic pathways for associative conditioning are known in experimental animals, but have not been identified in prior genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of human temperament. We used a data-driven machine learning method for GWAS to uncover the complex genotypic-phenotypic networks and environmental interactions related to human temperament. In a discovery sample of 2149 healthy Finns, we identified sets of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that cluster within particular individuals (i.e., SNP sets) regardless of phenotype. Second, we identified 3 clusters of people with distinct temperament profiles measured by the Temperament and Character Inventory regardless of genotype. Third, we found 51 SNP sets that identified 736 gene loci and were significantly associated with temperament. The identified genes were enriched in pathways activated by associative conditioning in animals, including the ERK, PI3K, and PKC pathways. 74% of the identified genes were unique to a specific temperament profile. Environmental influences measured in childhood and adulthood had small but significant effects. We confirmed the replicability of the 51 Finnish SNP sets in healthy Korean (90%) and German samples (89%), as well as their associations with temperament. The identified SNPs explained nearly all the heritability expected in each sample (37-53%) despite variable cultures and environments. We conclude that human temperament is strongly influenced by more than 700 genes that modulate associative conditioning by molecular processes for synaptic plasticity and long-term memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Zwir
- grid.4367.60000 0001 2355 7002Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO USA ,grid.4489.10000000121678994Department of Computer Science, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Javier Arnedo
- grid.4367.60000 0001 2355 7002Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO USA ,grid.4489.10000000121678994Department of Computer Science, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Coral Del-Val
- grid.4489.10000000121678994Department of Computer Science, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Laura Pulkki-Råback
- grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071Department of Psychology and Logopedics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Bettina Konte
- grid.9018.00000 0001 0679 2801Department of Psychiatry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Sarah S. Yang
- grid.31501.360000 0004 0470 5905Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Rocio Romero-Zaliz
- grid.4489.10000000121678994Department of Computer Science, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Mirka Hintsanen
- grid.10858.340000 0001 0941 4873Unit of Psychology, Faculty of Education, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | | | - Danilo Garcia
- grid.8761.80000 0000 9919 9582Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden ,grid.435885.70000 0001 0597 1381Blekinge Centre of Competence, Blekinge County Council, Karlskrona, Sweden
| | - Dragan M. Svrakic
- grid.4367.60000 0001 2355 7002Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO USA
| | - Sandor Rozsa
- grid.4367.60000 0001 2355 7002Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO USA
| | - Maribel Martinez
- grid.4367.60000 0001 2355 7002Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO USA
| | - Leo-Pekka Lyytikäinen
- grid.502801.e0000 0001 2314 6254Fimlab Laboratories, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center-Tampere, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Ina Giegling
- grid.9018.00000 0001 0679 2801Department of Psychiatry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany ,grid.5252.00000 0004 1936 973XUniversity Clinic, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - Mika Kähönen
- grid.502801.e0000 0001 2314 6254Department of Clinical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Tampere University Hospital, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Helena Hernandez-Cuervo
- grid.170693.a0000 0001 2353 285XDepartment of Psychiatry and Neurosurgery, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL USA
| | - Ilkka Seppälä
- grid.502801.e0000 0001 2314 6254Fimlab Laboratories, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center-Tampere, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Emma Raitoharju
- grid.502801.e0000 0001 2314 6254Fimlab Laboratories, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center-Tampere, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Gabriel A. de Erausquin
- grid.449717.80000 0004 5374 269XDepartment of Psychiatry and Neurology, Institute of Neurosciences, University of Texas Rio-Grande Valley School of Medicine, Harlingen, TX USA
| | - Olli Raitakari
- grid.410552.70000 0004 0628 215XDepartment of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Dan Rujescu
- grid.9018.00000 0001 0679 2801Department of Psychiatry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Teodor T. Postolache
- grid.411024.20000 0001 2175 4264Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA ,Rocky Mountain Mental Illness, Research, Education and Clinical Center for Veteran Suicide Prevention, Denver, CO USA
| | - Joohon Sung
- grid.31501.360000 0004 0470 5905Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Liisa Keltikangas-Järvinen
- grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071Department of Psychology and Logopedics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- grid.502801.e0000 0001 2314 6254Fimlab Laboratories, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center-Tampere, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - C. Robert Cloninger
- grid.4367.60000 0001 2355 7002Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO USA ,grid.4367.60000 0001 2355 7002Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, and Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO USA
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11
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Herdegen‐Radwan M. Does inbreeding affect personality traits? Ecol Evol 2019; 9:10929-10937. [PMID: 31641446 PMCID: PMC6802067 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The question of why variation is maintained in personality traits is an evolutionary puzzle. According to the condition-dependence hypothesis, such traits depend on condition, which limits the behavioral choices available to individuals. Because condition is affected by many genes, it can effectively be manipulated by inbreeding, which exposes the effects of deleterious recessive mutations. Here, I compared two personality traits, boldness and tendency to explore, of male guppies (Poecilia reticulata) from first-generation inbred and outbred treatments. Boldness in guppies is associated with increased sexual attractiveness and is thus expected to affect fitness. Therefore, I hypothesized that the personality traits would be negatively affected by inbreeding. However, the results indicated that inbred guppies did not differ in either personality trait from their outbred counterparts. This finding suggests that mechanisms other than condition dependence are maintaining personality variation in the guppy.
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12
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Abrahams S, McFie S, Lacerda M, Patricios J, Suter J, September AV, Posthumus M. Unravelling the interaction between the DRD2 and DRD4 genes, personality traits and concussion risk. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2019; 5:e000465. [PMID: 30815277 PMCID: PMC6361366 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2018-000465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Concussion occurs when biomechanical forces transmitted to the head result in neurological deficits. Personality may affect the balance between safe and dangerous play potentially influencing concussion risk. Dopamine receptor D2 (DRD2) and dopamine receptor D4 (DRD4) genetic polymorphisms were previously associated with personality traits. Objectives This case-control genetic association study investigated the associations of (1) DRD2 and DRD4 genotypes with concussion susceptibility and personality, (2) personality with concussion susceptibility and (3) the statistical model of genotype, personality and concussion susceptibility. Methods In total, 138 non-concussed controls and 163 previously concussed cases were recruited from high school (n=135, junior), club and professional rugby teams (n=166, senior). Participants were genotyped for DRD2 rs12364283 (A>G), DRD2 rs1076560 (C>A) and DRD4 rs1800955 (T>C) genetic variants. Statistical analyses including structural equation modelling were performed using the R environment and STATA. Results The rs1800955 CC genotype (p=0.014) and inferred DRD2 (rs12364283-rs1076560)-DRD4 (rs1800955) A-C-C allele combination (p=0.019) were associated with decreased concussion susceptibility in juniors. The rs1800955 TT and CT genotypes were associated with low reward dependence in juniors (p<0.001) and seniors (p=0.010), respectively. High harm avoidance was associated with decreased concussion susceptibility in juniors (p=0.009) and increased susceptibility in seniors (p=0.001). The model showed that a genetic variant was associated with personality while personality was associated with concussion susceptibility. Conclusion These findings highlight the linear relationship between genetics, personality and concussion susceptibility. Identifying a genetic profile of 'high risk' behaviour, together with the development of personalised behavioural training, can potentially reduce concussion risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shameemah Abrahams
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Science, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Sarah McFie
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Science, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Miguel Lacerda
- Department of Statistical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jon Patricios
- Sports Concussion South Africa, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Section of Sports Medicine, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.,Department of Emergency Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Jason Suter
- Cape Sports Medicine, Sports Science Institute, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Alison V September
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Science, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Michael Posthumus
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Science, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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13
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Sallis H, Davey Smith G, Munafò MR. Genetics of biologically based psychological differences. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2019; 373:rstb.2017.0162. [PMID: 29483347 PMCID: PMC5832687 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2017.0162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, substantial effort has gone into disentangling the genetic contribution to individual differences in behaviour (such as personality and temperament traits). Heritability estimates from twin and family studies, and more recently using whole genome approaches, suggest a substantial genetic component to these traits. However, efforts to identify the genes that influence these traits have had relatively little success. Here, we review current work investigating the heritability of individual differences in behavioural traits and provide an overview of the results from genome-wide association analyses of these traits to date. In addition, we discuss the implications of these findings for the potential applications of Mendelian randomization.This article is part of the theme issue 'Diverse perspectives on diversity: multi-disciplinary approaches to taxonomies of individual differences'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Sallis
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK .,UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,Centre for Academic Mental Health, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | | | - Marcus R Munafò
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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14
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Cloninger CR, Zwir I. What is the natural measurement unit of temperament: single traits or profiles? Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2019; 373:rstb.2017.0163. [PMID: 29483348 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2017.0163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
There is fundamental doubt about whether the natural unit of measurement for temperament and personality corresponds to single traits or to multi-trait profiles that describe the functioning of a whole person. Biogenetic researchers of temperament usually assume they need to focus on individual traits that differ between individuals. Recent research indicates that a shift of emphasis to understand processes within the individual is crucial for identifying the natural building blocks of temperament. Evolution and development operate on adaptation of whole organisms or persons, not on individual traits or categories. Adaptive functioning generally depends on feedback among many variable processes in ways that are characteristic of complex adaptive systems, not machines with separate parts. Advanced methods of unsupervised machine learning can now be applied to genome-wide association studies and brain imaging in order to uncover the genotypic-phenotypic architecture of traits like temperament, which are strongly influenced by complex interactions, such as genetic epistasis, pleiotropy and gene-environment interactions. We have found that the heritability of temperament can be nearly fully explained by a large number of genetic variants that are unique for multi-trait profiles, not single traits. The implications of this finding for research design and precision medicine are discussed.This article is part of the theme issue 'Diverse perspectives on diversity: multi-disciplinary approaches to taxonomies of individual differences'.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Robert Cloninger
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University Medical School, 660 S. Euclid, St Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - Igor Zwir
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University Medical School, 660 S. Euclid, St Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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15
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Fountoulakis KN, Gonda X. Modeling human temperament and character on the basis of combined theoretical approaches. Ann Gen Psychiatry 2019; 18:21. [PMID: 31548845 PMCID: PMC6749666 DOI: 10.1186/s12991-019-0247-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although there are several models on the structure of human temperament, character and personality, the majority follow a single approach, providing a unilateral and overly theoretical construct which is unsuitable for clinical application. The current study aimed to develop a complex and comprehensive model of temperament and character by empirically combining relevant existing theories. METHODS The study included 734 healthy general population subjects aged 40.80 ± 11.48 years, who completed the TEMPS-A, TCI and NEO-PI-3 questionnaires. Data were analyzed in a multistep approach using Exploratory Factor analysis and forward stepwise linear regression. RESULTS The results yielded two highest order factors (Self and Self-Environment Interaction), six middle order factors (Emotional Self, Cognitive Self, Social Emotionality, Emotional and Cognitive Control, Ethical Emotionality and Behavior, Social Emotionality and Behavior) and 12 factors at the bottom (Ego Resiliency, Ego Strength, Intrapersonal Emotion, Personal Space Cognition, Interpersonal Cognition, Emotional Creativity, Externalized Interpersonal Emotion, Internalized Interpersonal Emotion, Emotional Motivation, Self-Discipline, Ethical Values and Ethical Behavior). CONCLUSIONS The current study developed a complex hierarchical model of temperament and character on the basis of empirical data from several temperament theories. An important feature of the new temperamental model is the frequent admixture of emotional and cognitive processes within the same module. This model expands the field to include elements probably corresponding to meta-cognition mechanisms and complex interactions between affective and cognitive control, which may provide useful in understanding and treating affective disorders as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos N Fountoulakis
- 13rd Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, General Hospital AHEPA, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 1 Kyriakidi Street, 24636 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Xenia Gonda
- 2Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Semmelweis University, Kútvölgyi út 4, Budapest, 1125 Hungary.,3MTA-SE Neuropsychopharmacology and Neurochemistry Research Group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences and Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,4NAP-2-SE New Antidepressant Target Research Group, Hungarian Brain Research Program, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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16
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Dubois J, Galdi P, Han Y, Paul LK, Adolphs R. Resting-state functional brain connectivity best predicts the personality dimension of openness to experience. PERSONALITY NEUROSCIENCE 2018; 1:e6. [PMID: 30225394 PMCID: PMC6138449 DOI: 10.1017/pen.2018.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Personality neuroscience aims to find associations between brain measures and personality traits. Findings to date have been severely limited by a number of factors, including small sample size and omission of out-of-sample prediction. We capitalized on the recent availability of a large database, together with the emergence of specific criteria for best practices in neuroimaging studies of individual differences. We analyzed resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data from 884 young healthy adults in the Human Connectome Project (HCP) database. We attempted to predict personality traits from the "Big Five", as assessed with the NEO-FFI test, using individual functional connectivity matrices. After regressing out potential confounds (such as age, sex, handedness and fluid intelligence), we used a cross-validated framework, together with test-retest replication (across two sessions of resting-state fMRI for each subject), to quantify how well the neuroimaging data could predict each of the five personality factors. We tested three different (published) denoising strategies for the fMRI data, two inter-subject alignment and brain parcellation schemes, and three different linear models for prediction. As measurement noise is known to moderate statistical relationships, we performed final prediction analyses using average connectivity across both imaging sessions (1 h of data), with the analysis pipeline that yielded the highest predictability overall. Across all results (test/retest; 3 denoising strategies; 2 alignment schemes; 3 models), Openness to experience emerged as the only reliably predicted personality factor. Using the full hour of resting-state data and the best pipeline, we could predict Openness to experience (NEOFAC_O: r=0.24, R2=0.024) almost as well as we could predict the score on a 24-item intelligence test (PMAT24_A_CR: r=0.26, R2=0.044). Other factors (Extraversion, Neuroticism, Agreeableness and Conscientiousness) yielded weaker predictions across results that were not statistically significant under permutation testing. We also derived two superordinate personality factors ("α" and "β") from a principal components analysis of the NEO-FFI factor scores, thereby reducing noise and enhancing the precision of these measures of personality. We could account for 5% of the variance in the β superordinate factor (r=0.27, R2=0.050), which loads highly on Openness to experience. We conclude with a discussion of the potential for predicting personality from neuroimaging data and make specific recommendations for the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Dubois
- Division of the Humanities and Social Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Paola Galdi
- Department of Management and Innovation Systems, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Yanting Han
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Lynn K. Paul
- Division of the Humanities and Social Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Ralph Adolphs
- Division of the Humanities and Social Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- Chen Neuroscience Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
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17
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Sanchez-Roige S, Gray JC, MacKillop JK, Chen CH, Palmer AA. The genetics of human personality. GENES, BRAIN, AND BEHAVIOR 2018; 17:e12439. [PMID: 29152902 PMCID: PMC7012279 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Personality traits are the relatively enduring patterns of thoughts, feelings and behaviors that reflect the tendency to respond in certain ways under certain circumstances. Twin and family studies have showed that personality traits are moderately heritable, and can predict various lifetime outcomes, including psychopathology. The Research Domain Criteria characterizes psychiatric diseases as extremes of normal tendencies, including specific personality traits. This implies that heritable variation in personality traits, such as neuroticism, would share a common genetic basis with psychiatric diseases, such as major depressive disorder. Despite considerable efforts over the past several decades, the genetic variants that influence personality are only beginning to be identified. We review these recent and increasingly rapid developments, which focus on the assessment of personality via several commonly used personality questionnaires in healthy human subjects. Study designs covered include twin, linkage, candidate gene association studies, genome-wide association studies and polygenic analyses. Findings from genetic studies of personality have furthered our understanding about the genetic etiology of personality, which, like neuropsychiatric diseases themselves, is highly polygenic. Polygenic analyses have showed genetic correlations between personality and psychopathology, confirming that genetic studies of personality can help to elucidate the etiology of several neuropsychiatric diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Sanchez-Roige
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Joshua C Gray
- Center for Deployment Psychology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, 20814
| | - James K MacKillop
- Peter Boris Centre for Addictions Research, McMaster University/St. Joseph’s Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, ON L8N 3K7, Canada; Homewood Research Institute, Guelph, ON N1E 6K9, Canada
| | - Chi-Hua Chen
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Abraham A Palmer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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18
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Foulds J, Boden J, Horwood J, Mulder R. High novelty seeking as a predictor of antisocial behaviour in early adulthood. Personal Ment Health 2017; 11:256-265. [PMID: 28836395 DOI: 10.1002/pmh.1393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to examine the association between novelty seeking (NS) and antisocial behaviours (age 18-35). METHOD A New Zealand general population birth cohort was studied from 1977 to 2012. Sample sizes ranged from n = 962 (age 35) to n = 1025 (age 18). NS was measured at age 16 using the Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire. Perpetration of antisocial behaviours was ascertained by self-report at ages 18, 21, 25, 30 and 35. Generalized estimating equation models investigated the association between NS and antisocial behaviours net of individual factors and correlates of NS before age 16 and alcohol and substance use disorders at age 18-35. RESULTS Higher NS scores were associated with a higher unadjusted incidence of all forms of antisocial behaviour. Assault, theft, property damage and dishonesty offending remained associated with NS after adjustment for individual factors and correlates of NS before age 16. After further adjustment for alcohol and substance use disorders, NS was not associated with any antisocial behaviour outcomes, suggesting those disorders mediate the association between NS and antisocial behaviours. CONCLUSION Alcohol and substance use disorders mediate the association between NS and antisocial behaviours in early adulthood. NS may be a useful endophenotype for investigating the causation of externalizing behaviours. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - John Horwood
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Roger Mulder
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Christchurch School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Otago, PO Box 4345, Christchurch, New Zealand
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to examine whether enterotypes in the gut microbiome could be determined by clustering validity indexes and whether these enterotypes were associated with individual differences in temperament traits. METHODS Sixty healthy Korean participants (21 men; 27.5 [8.1] years, 39 women; 34.5 [14.3] years) were asked to answer 60 temperament questions (novelty seeking, harm avoidance, reward dependence, and persistence) from the Korean version of the Temperament and Character Inventory-125. The participants' stool samples were submitted, and relative operational taxonomic units were calculated using 16S rRNA gene-based microarrays. Differences between sexes and age-related effects on the temperament and operational taxonomic unit abundances were determined, and optimal clustering numbers related to enterotypes were examined using connectivity and silhouette width (SW) indexes. Finally, the differences in temperament between enterotypes were examined. RESULTS There was no significant effect of sex or age on gut microbiota and temperament scores. The hierarchical dendrogram, connectivity, and SW analysis indicated bimodal enterotypes. Bacteroidaceae were more abundant in enterotype 1 (46.24%, N = 45), whereas Prevotellaceae were more abundant in enterotype 2 (43.83%, n = 15). Among the four temperament dimensions, novelty seeking and reward dependence scores were higher in enterotype 1 (10.82 [2.99] and 8.07 [2.51] points) than in enterotype 2 (8.87 [2.42] and 5.73 [1.03] points). CONCLUSIONS The results suggest an association between temperament and enterotypes in healthy Korean adults. It is conceivable that this association may develop early in life as a result of biological processes catalyzed by the gut microbiota during infancy.
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20
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Further evidence for genetic variation at the serotonin transporter gene SLC6A4 contributing toward anxiety. Psychiatr Genet 2017; 27:96-102. [DOI: 10.1097/ypg.0000000000000171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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21
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Berkowicz SR, Giousoh A, Bird PI. Neurodevelopmental MACPFs: The vertebrate astrotactins and BRINPs. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 72:171-181. [PMID: 28506896 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2016] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Astrotactins (ASTNs) and Bone morphogenetic protein/retinoic acid inducible neural-specific proteins (BRINPs) are two groups of Membrane Attack Complex/Perforin (MACPF) superfamily proteins that show overlapping expression in the developing and mature vertebrate nervous system. ASTN(1-2) and BRINP(1-3) genes are found at conserved loci in humans that have been implicated in neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs). Here we review the tissue distribution and cellular localization of these proteins, and discuss recent studies that provide insight into their structure and interactions. We highlight the genetic relationships and co-expression of Brinps and Astns; and review recent knock-out mouse phenotypes that indicate a possible overlap in protein function between ASTNs and BRINPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan R Berkowicz
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, 3800, Australia.
| | - Aminah Giousoh
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, 3800, Australia
| | - Phillip I Bird
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, 3800, Australia
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22
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Mann FD, Engelhardt L, Briley DA, Grotzinger AD, Patterson MW, Tackett JL, Strathan DB, Heath A, Lynskey M, Slutske W, Martin NG, Tucker-Drob EM, Harden KP. Sensation seeking and impulsive traits as personality endophenotypes for antisocial behavior: Evidence from two independent samples. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2017; 105:30-39. [PMID: 28824215 PMCID: PMC5560504 DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2016.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Sensation seeking and impulsivity are personality traits that are correlated with risk for antisocial behavior (ASB). This paper uses two independent samples of twins to (a) test the extent to which sensation seeking and impulsivity statistically mediate genetic influence on ASB, and (b) compare this to genetic influences accounted for by other personality traits. In Sample 1, delinquent behavior, as well as impulsivity, sensation seeking and Big Five personality traits, were measured in adolescent twins from the Texas Twin Project. In Sample 2, adult twins from the Australian Twin Registry responded to questionnaires that assessed individual differences in Eysenck's and Cloninger's personality dimensions, and a structured telephone interview that asked participants to retrospectively report DSM-defined symptoms of conduct disorder. Bivariate quantitative genetic models were used to identify genetic overlap between personality traits and ASB. Across both samples, novelty/sensation seeking and impulsive traits accounted for larger portions of genetic variance in ASB than other personality traits. We discuss whether sensation seeking and impulsive personality are causal endophenotypes for ASB, or merely index genetic liability for ASB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank D. Mann
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Laura Engelhardt
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Daniel A. Briley
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States
| | - Andrew D. Grotzinger
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Megan W. Patterson
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Jennifer L. Tackett
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
| | - Dixie B. Strathan
- Faculty of Arts and Business, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland, Australia
| | - Andrew Heath
- Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MI, United States
| | | | - Wendy Slutske
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Nicholas G. Martin
- Genetic Epidemiology, Molecular Epidemiology and Neurogenetics Laboratories, Queensland Institute of Medial Research, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Elliot M. Tucker-Drob
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
- Population Research Center, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - K. Paige Harden
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
- Population Research Center, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
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23
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Mann FD, Briley DA, Tucker-Drob EM, Harden KP. A behavioral genetic analysis of callous-unemotional traits and Big Five personality in adolescence. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY 2016; 124:982-993. [PMID: 26595476 DOI: 10.1037/abn0000099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Callous-unemotional (CU) traits, such as lacking empathy and emotional insensitivity, predict the onset, severity, and persistence of antisocial behavior. CU traits are heritable, and genetic influences on CU traits contribute to antisocial behavior. This study examines genetic overlap between CU traits and general domains of personality. We measured CU traits using the Inventory of Callous-Unemotional Traits (ICU) and Big Five personality using the Big Five Inventory in a sample of adolescent twins from the Texas Twin Project. Genetic influences on the Big Five personality dimensions could account for the entirety of genetic influences on CU traits. Item Response Theory results indicate that the Inventory of Callous and Unemotional Traits is better at detecting clinically relevant personality variation at lower extremes of personality trait continua, particularly low agreeableness and low conscientiousness. The proximate biological mechanisms that mediate genetic liabilities for CU traits remain an open question. The results of the current study suggest that understanding the development of normal personality may inform understanding of the genetic underpinnings of callous and unemotional behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank D Mann
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin
| | - Daniel A Briley
- Department of Psychology and Population Research Center, University of Texas at Austin
| | - Elliot M Tucker-Drob
- Department of Psychology and Population Research Center, University of Texas at Austin
| | - K Paige Harden
- Department of Psychology and Population Research Center, University of Texas at Austin
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24
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Berkowicz SR, Featherby TJ, Whisstock JC, Bird PI. Mice Lacking Brinp2 or Brinp3, or Both, Exhibit Behaviors Consistent with Neurodevelopmental Disorders. Front Behav Neurosci 2016; 10:196. [PMID: 27826231 PMCID: PMC5079073 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2016.00196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background:Brinps 1–3, and Astrotactins (Astn) 1 and 2, are members of the Membrane Attack Complex/Perforin (MACPF) superfamily that are predominantly expressed in the mammalian brain during development. Genetic variation at the human BRINP2/ASTN1 and BRINP1/ASTN2 loci has been implicated in neurodevelopmental disorders. We, and others, have previously shown that Brinp1−/− mice exhibit behavior reminiscent of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Method: We created Brinp2−/− mice and Brinp3−/− mice via the Cre-mediated LoxP system to investigate the effect of gene deletion on anatomy and behavior. Additionally, Brinp2−/−Brinp3−/− double knock-out mice were generated by interbreeding Brinp2−/− and Brinp3−/− mice. Genomic validation was carried out for each knock-out line, followed by histological, weight and behavioral examination. Brinp1−/−Brinp2−/−Brinp3−/− triple knock-out mice were also generated by crossing Brinp2/3 double knock-out mice with previously generated Brinp1−/− mice, and examined by weight and histological analysis. Results:Brinp2−/− and Brinp3−/− mice differ in their behavior: Brinp2−/− mice are hyperactive, whereas Brinp3−/− mice exhibit marked changes in anxiety-response on the elevated plus maze. Brinp3−/− mice also show evidence of altered sociability. Both Brinp2−/− and Brinp3−/− mice have normal short-term memory, olfactory responses, pre-pulse inhibition, and motor learning. The double knock-out mice show behaviors of Brinp2−/− and Brinp3−/− mice, without evidence of new or exacerbated phenotypes. Conclusion:Brinp3 is important in moderation of anxiety, with potential relevance to anxiety disorders. Brinp2 dysfunction resulting in hyperactivity may be relevant to the association of ADHD with chromosome locus 1q25.2. Brinp2−/− and Brinp3−/− genes do not compensate in the mammalian brain and likely have distinct molecular or cell-type specific functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan R Berkowicz
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Travis J Featherby
- Melbourne Brain Centre, Florey Neuroscience Institute Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - James C Whisstock
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash UniversityClayton, VIC, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash UniversityClayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Phillip I Bird
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University Clayton, VIC, Australia
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25
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Staiger EA, Albright JD, Brooks SA. Genome‐wide association mapping of heritable temperament variation in the
T
ennessee
W
alking
H
orse. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2016; 15:514-26. [DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Revised: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. A. Staiger
- Department of Animal Science Cornell University Ithaca NY
| | - J. D. Albright
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine University of Tennessee Knoxville TN
| | - S. A. Brooks
- Department of Animal Science University of Florida Gainesville FL USA
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26
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Individual Differences in Personality Masculinity-Femininity: Examining the Effects of Genes, Environment, and Prenatal Hormone Transfer. Twin Res Hum Genet 2016; 19:87-96. [PMID: 26948461 DOI: 10.1017/thg.2016.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Males and females score differently on some personality traits, but the underlying etiology of these differences is not well understood. This study examined genetic, environmental, and prenatal hormonal influences on individual differences in personality masculinity-femininity (M-F). We used Big-Five personality inventory data of 9,520 Swedish twins (aged 27 to 54) to create a bipolar M-F personality scale. Using biometrical twin modeling, we estimated the influence of genetic and environmental factors on individual differences in a M-F personality score. Furthermore, we tested whether prenatal hormone transfer may influence individuals' M-F scores by comparing the scores of twins with a same-sex versus those with an opposite-sex co-twin. On average, males scored 1.09 standard deviations higher than females on the created M-F scale. Around a third of the variation in M-F personality score was attributable to genetic factors, while family environmental factors had no influence. Males and females from opposite-sex pairs scored significantly more masculine (both approximately 0.1 SD) than those from same-sex pairs. In conclusion, genetic influences explain part of the individual differences in personality M-F, and hormone transfer from the male to the female twin during pregnancy may increase the level of masculinization in females. Additional well-powered studies are needed to clarify this association and determine the underlying mechanisms in both sexes.
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27
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van den Berg SM, de Moor MHM, Verweij KJH, Krueger RF, Luciano M, Arias Vasquez A, Matteson LK, Derringer J, Esko T, Amin N, Gordon SD, Hansell NK, Hart AB, Seppälä I, Huffman JE, Konte B, Lahti J, Lee M, Miller M, Nutile T, Tanaka T, Teumer A, Viktorin A, Wedenoja J, Abdellaoui A, Abecasis GR, Adkins DE, Agrawal A, Allik J, Appel K, Bigdeli TB, Busonero F, Campbell H, Costa PT, Smith GD, Davies G, de Wit H, Ding J, Engelhardt BE, Eriksson JG, Fedko IO, Ferrucci L, Franke B, Giegling I, Grucza R, Hartmann AM, Heath AC, Heinonen K, Henders AK, Homuth G, Hottenga JJ, Iacono WG, Janzing J, Jokela M, Karlsson R, Kemp JP, Kirkpatrick MG, Latvala A, Lehtimäki T, Liewald DC, Madden PAF, Magri C, Magnusson PKE, Marten J, Maschio A, Mbarek H, Medland SE, Mihailov E, Milaneschi Y, Montgomery GW, Nauck M, Nivard MG, Ouwens KG, Palotie A, Pettersson E, Polasek O, Qian Y, Pulkki-Råback L, Raitakari OT, Realo A, Rose RJ, Ruggiero D, Schmidt CO, Slutske WS, Sorice R, Starr JM, St Pourcain B, Sutin AR, Timpson NJ, Trochet H, Vermeulen S, Vuoksimaa E, Widen E, Wouda J, Wright MJ, Zgaga L, Porteous D, Minelli A, Palmer AA, Rujescu D, Ciullo M, Hayward C, Rudan I, Metspalu A, Kaprio J, Deary IJ, Räikkönen K, Wilson JF, Keltikangas-Järvinen L, Bierut LJ, Hettema JM, Grabe HJ, Penninx BWJH, van Duijn CM, Evans DM, Schlessinger D, Pedersen NL, Terracciano A, McGue M, Martin NG, Boomsma DI. Meta-analysis of Genome-Wide Association Studies for Extraversion: Findings from the Genetics of Personality Consortium. Behav Genet 2016; 46:170-82. [PMID: 26362575 PMCID: PMC4751159 DOI: 10.1007/s10519-015-9735-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Extraversion is a relatively stable and heritable personality trait associated with numerous psychosocial, lifestyle and health outcomes. Despite its substantial heritability, no genetic variants have been detected in previous genome-wide association (GWA) studies, which may be due to relatively small sample sizes of those studies. Here, we report on a large meta-analysis of GWA studies for extraversion in 63,030 subjects in 29 cohorts. Extraversion item data from multiple personality inventories were harmonized across inventories and cohorts. No genome-wide significant associations were found at the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) level but there was one significant hit at the gene level for a long non-coding RNA site (LOC101928162). Genome-wide complex trait analysis in two large cohorts showed that the additive variance explained by common SNPs was not significantly different from zero, but polygenic risk scores, weighted using linkage information, significantly predicted extraversion scores in an independent cohort. These results show that extraversion is a highly polygenic personality trait, with an architecture possibly different from other complex human traits, including other personality traits. Future studies are required to further determine which genetic variants, by what modes of gene action, constitute the heritable nature of extraversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie M van den Berg
- Department of Research Methodology, Measurement and Data-Analysis (OMD), Faculty of Behavioural, Management, and Social Sciences, University of Twente, PO Box 217, 7500 AE, Enschede, The Netherlands.
| | - Marleen H M de Moor
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Child and Family Studies, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Methods, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Karin J H Verweij
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
- Department of Developmental Psychology and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robert F Krueger
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
| | - Michelle Luciano
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Alejandro Arias Vasquez
- Donders Institute for Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Jaime Derringer
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Tõnu Esko
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Najaf Amin
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Scott D Gordon
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | - Amy B Hart
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ilkka Seppälä
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories and School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Jennifer E Huffman
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC IGMM, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Bettina Konte
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Halle, Halle, Germany
| | - Jari Lahti
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Minyoung Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Mike Miller
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
| | - Teresa Nutile
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "A. Buzzati-Traverso" - CNR, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Alexander Teumer
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Alexander Viktorin
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Juho Wedenoja
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Abdel Abdellaoui
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Goncalo R Abecasis
- Department of Biostatistics, Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Daniel E Adkins
- Pharmacotherapy & Outcomes Science, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Arpana Agrawal
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jüri Allik
- Department of Psychology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Estonian Academy of Sciences, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Katja Appel
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Timothy B Bigdeli
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Fabio Busonero
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), CNR, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Harry Campbell
- Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Paul T Costa
- Behavioral Medicine Research Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - George Davey Smith
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Gail Davies
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Harriet de Wit
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, USA
| | - Jun Ding
- Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Barbara E Engelhardt
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Johan G Eriksson
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
- National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
- Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Unit of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Vasa Central Hospital, Vaasa, Finland
| | - Iryna O Fedko
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Barbara Franke
- Donders Institute for Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ina Giegling
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Halle, Halle, Germany
| | - Richard Grucza
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Andrew C Heath
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Kati Heinonen
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Georg Homuth
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Jouke-Jan Hottenga
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - William G Iacono
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
| | - Joost Janzing
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Markus Jokela
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Robert Karlsson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - John P Kemp
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Matthew G Kirkpatrick
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, USA
| | - Antti Latvala
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories and School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - David C Liewald
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Pamela A F Madden
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Chiara Magri
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Patrik K E Magnusson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jonathan Marten
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC IGMM, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Andrea Maschio
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), CNR, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Hamdi Mbarek
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sarah E Medland
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Evelin Mihailov
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Yuri Milaneschi
- Department of Psychiatry, EMGO+ Institute, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Matthias Nauck
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Michel G Nivard
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Klaasjan G Ouwens
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Aarno Palotie
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Erik Pettersson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ozren Polasek
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Yong Qian
- Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Laura Pulkki-Råback
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Olli T Raitakari
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Anu Realo
- Department of Psychology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Richard J Rose
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Daniela Ruggiero
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "A. Buzzati-Traverso" - CNR, Naples, Italy
| | - Carsten O Schmidt
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Wendy S Slutske
- Department of Psychological Sciences and Missouri Alcoholism Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Rossella Sorice
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "A. Buzzati-Traverso" - CNR, Naples, Italy
| | - John M Starr
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Beate St Pourcain
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- School of Oral and Dental Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Angelina R Sutin
- National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD, USA
- College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Nicholas J Timpson
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Holly Trochet
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC IGMM, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Sita Vermeulen
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department for Health Evidence, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Eero Vuoksimaa
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Elisabeth Widen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jasper Wouda
- Department of Research Methodology, Measurement and Data-Analysis (OMD), Faculty of Behavioural, Management, and Social Sciences, University of Twente, PO Box 217, 7500 AE, Enschede, The Netherlands
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Lina Zgaga
- Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - David Porteous
- Medical Genetics Section, Centre for Genomics and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Alessandra Minelli
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Abraham A Palmer
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, USA
| | - Dan Rujescu
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Halle, Halle, Germany
| | - Marina Ciullo
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "A. Buzzati-Traverso" - CNR, Naples, Italy
| | - Caroline Hayward
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC IGMM, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Igor Rudan
- Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Andres Metspalu
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Estonian Academy of Sciences, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Jaakko Kaprio
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ian J Deary
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Katri Räikkönen
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - James F Wilson
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC IGMM, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Laura J Bierut
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - John M Hettema
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Hans J Grabe
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, HELIOS Hospital Stralsund, Stralsund, Germany
| | - Brenda W J H Penninx
- Department of Psychiatry, EMGO+ Institute, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelia M van Duijn
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - David M Evans
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - David Schlessinger
- Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nancy L Pedersen
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Antonio Terracciano
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
- National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Matt McGue
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
- Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | | | - Dorret I Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Hess JL, Kawaguchi DM, Wagner KE, Faraone SV, Glatt SJ. The influence of genes on "positive valence systems" constructs: A systematic review. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2016; 171B:92-110. [PMID: 26365619 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In 2009, the U.S. National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) proposed an approach toward the deconstruction of psychiatric nosology under the research domain criteria (RDoC) framework. The overarching goal of RDoC is to identify robust, objective measures of behavior, emotion, cognition, and other domains that are more closely related to neurobiology than are diagnoses. A preliminary framework has been constructed, which has connected molecules, genes, brain circuits, behaviors, and other elements to dimensional psychiatric constructs. Although the RDoC framework has salience in emerging studies, foundational literature that pre-dated this framework requires synthesis and translation to the evolving objectives and nomenclature of RDoC. Toward this end, we review the candidate-gene association, linkage, and genome-wide studies that have implicated a variety of loci and genetic polymorphisms in selected Positive Valence Systems (PVS) constructs. Our goal is to review supporting evidence to currently listed genes implicated in this domain and novel candidates. We systematically searched and reviewed literature based on keywords listed under the June, 2011, edition of the PVS matrix on the RDoC website (http://www.nimh.nih.gov/research-priorities/rdoc/positive-valence-systems-workshop-proceedings.shtml), which were supplemented with de novo keywords pertinent to the scope of our review. Several candidate genes linked to the PVS framework were identified from candidate-gene association studies. We also identified novel candidates with loose association to PVS traits from genome-wide studies. There is strong evidence suggesting that PVS constructs, as currently conceptualized under the RDoC initiative, index genetically influenced traits; however, future research, including genetic epidemiological, and psychometric analyses, must be performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan L Hess
- Departmentof Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York
| | - Daniel M Kawaguchi
- Departmentof Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York
| | - Kayla E Wagner
- Departmentof Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York.,Department of Psychology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York
| | - Stephen V Faraone
- Departmentof Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York.,K.G. Jebsen Centre for Research on Neuropsychiatric Disorders, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Stephen J Glatt
- Departmentof Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York
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Wolthusen RPF, Hass J, Walton E, Turner JA, Rössner V, Sponheim SR, Ho BC, Holt DJ, Gollub RL, Calhoun V, Ehrlich S. Genetic underpinnings of left superior temporal gyrus thickness in patients with schizophrenia. World J Biol Psychiatry 2015:1-11. [PMID: 26249676 PMCID: PMC4795983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Schizophrenia is a highly disabling psychiatric disorder with a heterogeneous phenotypic appearance. We aimed to further the understanding of some of the underlying genetics of schizophrenia, using left superior temporal gyrus (STG) grey matter thickness reduction as an endophenoptype in a genome-wide association (GWA) study. METHODS Structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and genetic data of the Mind Clinical Imaging Consortium (MCIC) study of schizophrenia were used to analyse the interaction effects between 1,067,955 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and disease status on left STG thickness in 126 healthy controls and 113 patients with schizophrenia. We next used a pathway approach to detect underlying pathophysiological pathways that may be related to schizophrenia. RESULTS No SNP by diagnosis interaction effect reached genome-wide significance (5 × 10-8) in our GWA study, but 10 SNPs reached P-values less than 10-6. The most prominent pathways included those involved in insulin, calcium, PI3K-Akt and MAPK signalling. CONCLUSIONS Our strongest findings in the GWA study and pathway analysis point towards an involvement of glucose metabolism in left STG thickness reduction in patients with schizophrenia only. These results are in line with recently published studies, which showed an increased prevalence of psychosis among patients with metabolic syndrome-related illnesses including diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rick P F Wolthusen
- Translational Developmental Neuroscience Section, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus of the Technische Universität Dresden , Dresden , Germany
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Power RA, Pluess M. Heritability estimates of the Big Five personality traits based on common genetic variants. Transl Psychiatry 2015; 5:e604. [PMID: 26171985 PMCID: PMC5068715 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2015.96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
According to twin studies, the Big Five personality traits have substantial heritable components explaining 40-60% of the variance, but identification of associated genetic variants has remained elusive. Consequently, knowledge regarding the molecular genetic architecture of personality and to what extent it is shared across the different personality traits is limited. Using genomic-relatedness-matrix residual maximum likelihood analysis (GREML), we here estimated the heritability of the Big Five personality factors (extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism and openness for experience) in a sample of 5011 European adults from 527,469 single-nucleotide polymorphisms across the genome. We tested for the heritability of each personality trait, as well as for the genetic overlap between the personality factors. We found significant and substantial heritability estimates for neuroticism (15%, s.e. = 0.08, P = 0.04) and openness (21%, s.e. = 0.08, P < 0.01), but not for extraversion, agreeableness and conscientiousness. The bivariate analyses showed that the variance explained by common variants entirely overlapped between neuroticism and openness (rG = 1.00, P < 0.001), despite low phenotypic correlation (r = - 0.09, P < 0.001), suggesting that the remaining unique heritability may be determined by rare or structural variants. As far as we are aware of, this is the first study estimating the shared and unique heritability of all Big Five personality traits using the GREML approach. Findings should be considered exploratory and suggest that detectable heritability estimates based on common variants is shared between neuroticism and openness to experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Power
- MRC Social Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - M Pluess
- Department of Biological and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK,Department of Biological and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK. E-mail:
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31
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Kim BH, Kim HN, Roh SJ, Lee MK, Yang S, Lee SK, Sung YA, Chung HW, Cho NH, Shin C, Sung J, Kim HL. GWA meta-analysis of personality in Korean cohorts. J Hum Genet 2015; 60:455-60. [PMID: 25994864 DOI: 10.1038/jhg.2015.52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Revised: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Personality is a determinant of behavior and lifestyle that is associated with health and human diseases. Despite the heritability of personality traits is well established, the understanding of the genetic contribution to personality trait variation is extremely limited. To identify genetic variants associated with each of the five dimensions of personality, we performed a genome-wide association (GWA) meta-analysis of three cohorts, followed by comparison of a family cohort. Personality traits were measured with the Revised NEO Personality Inventory for the five-factor model (FFM) of personality. We investigated the top five single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for each trait, and revealed the most highly association with neuroticism and TACC2 (rs1010657, P=8.79 × 10(-7)), extraversion and PTPN12 (rs12537271, P=1.47 × 10(-7)), openness and IMPAD1 (rs16921695, P=5 × 10(-8)), agreeableness and RPS29 (rs8015351, P=1.27 × 10(-6)) and conscientiousness and LMO4 (rs912765, P=2.91 × 10(-6)). It had no SNP reached the GWA study threshold (P<5 × 10(-8)). When expanded the SNPs up to top 100, the correlation of PTPRD (rs1029089) and agreeableness was confirmed in Healthy Twin cohort with other 13 SNPs. This GWA meta-analysis on FFM personality traits is meaningful as it was the first on a non-Caucasian population targeted to FFM of personality traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Hye Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Han-Na Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Ju Roh
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Kyeong Lee
- Complex Disease and Genetic Epidemiology Branch, Department of Epidemiology and Institute of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sarah Yang
- Complex Disease and Genetic Epidemiology Branch, Department of Epidemiology and Institute of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Ku Lee
- Institute of Human Genomic Study, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Ansan, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon-Ah Sung
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Won Chung
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam H Cho
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Ajou University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Chol Shin
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Hospital, Ansan, Republic of Korea
| | - Joohon Sung
- Complex Disease and Genetic Epidemiology Branch, Department of Epidemiology and Institute of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Lae Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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The extraversion continuum in evolutionary perspective: A review of recent theory and evidence. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2015.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Kim HN, Kim BH, Cho J, Ryu S, Shin H, Sung J, Shin C, Cho NH, Sung YA, Choi BO, Kim HL. Pathway analysis of genome-wide association datasets of personality traits. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2015; 14:345-56. [PMID: 25809424 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Revised: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Although several genome-wide association (GWA) studies of human personality have been recently published, genetic variants that are highly associated with certain personality traits remain unknown, due to difficulty reproducing results. To further investigate these genetic variants, we assessed biological pathways using GWA datasets. Pathway analysis using GWA data was performed on 1089 Korean women whose personality traits were measured with the Revised NEO Personality Inventory for the 5-factor model of personality. A total of 1042 pathways containing 8297 genes were included in our study. Of these, 14 pathways were highly enriched with association signals that were validated in 1490 independent samples. These pathways include association of: Neuroticism with axon guidance [L1 cell adhesion molecule (L1CAM) interactions]; Extraversion with neuronal system and voltage-gated potassium channels; Agreeableness with L1CAM interaction, neurotransmitter receptor binding and downstream transmission in postsynaptic cells; and Conscientiousness with the interferon-gamma and platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta polypeptide pathways. Several genes that contribute to top-ranked pathways in this study were previously identified in GWA studies or by pathway analysis in schizophrenia or other neuropsychiatric disorders. Here we report the first pathway analysis of all five personality traits. Importantly, our analysis identified novel pathways that contribute to understanding the etiology of personality traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- H-N Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Colodro-Conde L, Zhu G, Power RA, Henders A, Heath AC, Madden PAF, Montgomery GW, Medland S, Ordoñana JR, Martin NG. A twin study of breastfeeding with a preliminary genome-wide association scan. Twin Res Hum Genet 2015; 18:61-72. [PMID: 25475840 PMCID: PMC4416224 DOI: 10.1017/thg.2014.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Breastfeeding has been an important survival trait during human history, though it has long been recognized that individuals differ in their exact breastfeeding behavior. Here our aims were, first, to explore to what extent genetic and environmental influences contributed to the individual differences in breastfeeding behavior; second, to detect possible genetic variants related to breastfeeding; and lastly, to test if the genetic variants associated with breastfeeding have been previously found to be related with breast size. Data were collected from a large community-based cohort of Australian twins, with 3,364 women participating in the twin modelling analyses and 1,521 of them included in the genome-wide association study (GWAS). Monozygotic (MZ) twin correlations (r MZ = 0.52, 95% CI 0.46-0.57) were larger than dizygotic (DZ) twin correlations (r DZ = 0.35, 95% CI 0.25-0.43) and the best-fitting model was the one composed by additive genetics and unique environmental factors, explaining 53% and 47% of the variance in breastfeeding behavior, respectively. No breastfeeding-related genetic variants reached genome-wide significance. The polygenic risk score analyses showed no significant results, suggesting breast size does not influence breastfeeding. This study confers a replication of a previous one exploring the sources of variance of breastfeeding and, to our knowledge, is the first one to conduct a GWAS on breastfeeding and look at the overlap with variants for breast size.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gu Zhu
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute,Brisbane,Queensland,Australia
| | - Robert A Power
- MRC Social Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre,Institute of Psychiatry,King's College London,DeCrespigny Park,Denmark Hill,London,UK
| | - Anjali Henders
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute,Brisbane,Queensland,Australia
| | - Andrew C Heath
- School of Psychiatry,Washington University School of Medicine,St. Louis,MO,USA
| | - Pamela A F Madden
- School of Psychiatry,Washington University School of Medicine,St. Louis,MO,USA
| | | | - Sarah Medland
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute,Brisbane,Queensland,Australia
| | - Juan R Ordoñana
- Murcia Twin Registry,Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology,University of Murcia,IMIB-Arrixaca,Murcia,Spain
| | - Nicholas G Martin
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute,Brisbane,Queensland,Australia
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Using a prison sample to assess the association between the general factor of personality and general intelligence. INTELLIGENCE 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2014.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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36
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Text mining and network analysis of molecular interaction in non-small cell lung cancer by using natural language processing. Mol Biol Rep 2014; 41:8071-9. [PMID: 25205120 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-014-3705-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Lung cancer including non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and small cell lung cancer is one of the most aggressive tumors with high incidence and low survival rate. The typical NSCLC patients account for 80-85 % of the total lung cancer patients. To systemically explore the molecular mechanisms of NSCLC, we performed a molecular network analysis between human and mouse to identify key genes (pathways) involved in the occurrence of NSCLC. We automatically extracted the human-to-mouse orthologous interactions using the GeneWays system by natural language processing and further constructed molecular (gene and its products) networks by mapping the human-to-mouse interactions to NSCLC-related mammalian phenotypes, followed by module analysis using ClusterONE of Cytoscape and pathway enrichment analysis using the database for annotation, visualization and integrated discovery (DAVID) successively. A total of 70 genes were proven to be related to the mammalian phenotypes of NSCLC, and seven genes (ATAD5, BECN1, CDKN2A, FNTB, E2F1, KRAS and PTEN) were found to have a bearing on more than one mammalian phenotype (MP) each. Four network clusters centered by four genes thyroglobulin (TG), neurofibromatosis type-1 (NF1 ), neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2 ) and E2F transcription factor 1 (E2F1) were generated. Genes in the four network modules were enriched in eight KEGG pathways (p value < 0.05), including pathways in cancer, small cell lung cancer, cell cycle and p53 signaling pathway. Genes p53 and E2F1 may play important roles in NSCLC occurrence, and thus can be considered as therapeutic targets for NSCLC.
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Briley DA, Tucker-Drob EM. Genetic and environmental continuity in personality development: a meta-analysis. Psychol Bull 2014; 140:1303-31. [PMID: 24956122 PMCID: PMC4152379 DOI: 10.1037/a0037091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The longitudinal stability of personality is low in childhood but increases substantially into adulthood. Theoretical explanations for this trend differ in the emphasis placed on intrinsic maturation and socializing influences. To what extent does the increasing stability of personality result from the continuity and crystallization of genetically influenced individual differences, and to what extent does the increasing stability of life experiences explain increases in personality trait stability? Behavioral genetic studies, which decompose longitudinal stability into sources associated with genetic and environmental variation, can help to address this question. We aggregated effect sizes from 24 longitudinal behavioral genetic studies containing information on a total of 21,057 sibling pairs from 6 types that varied in terms of genetic relatedness and ranged in age from infancy to old age. A combination of linear and nonlinear meta-analytic regression models were used to evaluate age trends in levels of heritability and environmentality, stabilities of genetic and environmental effects, and the contributions of genetic and environmental effects to overall phenotypic stability. Both the genetic and environmental influences on personality increase in stability with age. The contribution of genetic effects to phenotypic stability is moderate in magnitude and relatively constant with age, in part because of small-to-moderate decreases in the heritability of personality over child development that offset increases in genetic stability. In contrast, the contribution of environmental effects to phenotypic stability increases from near zero in early childhood to moderate in adulthood. The life-span trend of increasing phenotypic stability, therefore, predominantly results from environmental mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Briley
- Department of Psychology and Population Research Center, University of Texas
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Disentangling the molecular genetic basis of personality: From monoamines to neuropeptides. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2014; 43:228-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Revised: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Does Harm Avoidance mediate effects of recollected parental bonding on mental distress in adulthood? Compr Psychiatry 2014; 55:1007-14. [PMID: 24439633 DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2013.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Revised: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adverse early life conditions such as perceived low quality of parental bonding increase vulnerability to stress and psychopathology in adulthood. However, the mechanisms by which perceptions of parental bonding translate into vulnerability are unclear and remain sparsely investigated in healthy populations. We proposed a model, in which the personality trait Harm Avoidance would mediate effects of recollected parental bonding during the first sixteen years of life on measures of perceived stress and mental distress severity in adulthood. METHOD Five-hundred-eighteen adults (65.1 % women), aged 18-53years, completed questionnaires of parental bonding, perceived stress, trait Harm Avoidance, and severity of mental distress. Direct and indirect effects mediated through trait Harm Avoidance were examined in a structural equation model. RESULTS Under the causal assumptions of our proposed model, indirect effects of trait Harm Avoidance mediated the relationship between parental overprotection and severity of mental distress, while significantly attenuating the direct effects of parental care on severity of mental distress. Moreover, indirect effects of trait Harm Avoidance significantly attenuated the direct effects of parental overprotection and care on perceived stress. CONCLUSION In this large sample of mentally healthy adults, recollected parental bonding was significantly associated with levels of perceived stress and severity of mental distress. The results from our proposed model further suggest that trait Harm Avoidance may be a developmental link, by which the quality of recollected parental bonding in childhood translates into adult vulnerability to stress and mental distress.
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Calati R, Signorelli MS, Gressier F, Bianchini O, Porcelli S, Comings DE, Girolamo GD, Aguglia E, MacMurray J, Serretti A. Modulation of a number of genes on personality traits in a sample of healthy subjects. Neurosci Lett 2014; 566:320-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2014.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Revised: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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The Impact of Temperament and Character Inventory Personality Traits on Long-Term Outcome of Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass. Obes Surg 2014; 24:1647-55. [DOI: 10.1007/s11695-014-1229-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen B. Manuck
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260;
| | - Jeanne M. McCaffery
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, The Miriam Hospital, and Warren Alpert School of Medicine at Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02903;
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Levine MP, Smolak L. Paradigm clash in the field of eating disorders: a critical examination of the biopsychiatric model from a sociocultural perspective. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/21662630.2013.839202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael P. Levine
- Department of Psychology, Kenyon College, Gambier, OH 43022-9623, USA
| | - Linda Smolak
- Department of Psychology, Kenyon College, Gambier, OH 43022-9623, USA
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Greenwood TA, Badner JA, Byerley W, Keck PE, McElroy SL, Remick RA, Sadovnick AD, Kelsoe JR. Heritability and linkage analysis of personality in bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord 2013; 151:748-755. [PMID: 23972719 PMCID: PMC3797235 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2013.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The many attempts that have been made to identify genes for bipolar disorder (BD) have met with limited success, which may reflect an inadequacy of diagnosis as an informative and biologically relevant phenotype for genetic studies. Here we have explored aspects of personality as quantitative phenotypes for bipolar disorder through the use of the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI), which assesses personality in seven dimensions. Four temperament dimensions are assessed: novelty seeking (NS), harm avoidance (HA), reward dependence (RD), and persistence (PS). Three character dimensions are also included: self-directedness (SD), cooperativeness (CO), and self-transcendence (ST). METHODS We compared personality scores between diagnostic groups and assessed heritability in a sample of 101 families collected for genetic studies of BD. A genome-wide SNP linkage analysis was then performed in the subset of 51 families for which genetic data was available. RESULTS Significant group differences were observed between BD subjects, their first-degree relatives, and independent controls for all but RD and PS, and all but HA and RD were found to be significantly heritable in this sample. Linkage analysis of the heritable dimensions produced several suggestive linkage peaks for NS (chromosomes 7q21 and 10p15), PS (chromosomes 6q16, 12p13, and 19p13), and SD (chromosomes 4q35, 8q24, and 18q12). LIMITATIONS The relatively small size of our linkage sample likely limited our ability to reach genome-wide significance in this study. CONCLUSIONS While not genome-wide significant, these results suggest that aspects of personality may prove useful in the identification of genes underlying BD susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - William Byerley
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA,San Francisco Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA
| | - Paul E. Keck
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Susan L. McElroy
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH,Lindner Center of HOPE, Mason, OH
| | | | | | - John R. Kelsoe
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA,San Diego Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, San Diego, CA,Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
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Chabris CF, Lee JJ, Benjamin DJ, Beauchamp JP, Glaeser EL, Borst G, Pinker S, Laibson DI. Why it is hard to find genes associated with social science traits: theoretical and empirical considerations. Am J Public Health 2013; 103 Suppl 1:S152-66. [PMID: 23927501 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2013.301327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We explain why traits of interest to behavioral scientists may have a genetic architecture featuring hundreds or thousands of loci with tiny individual effects rather than a few with large effects and why such an architecture makes it difficult to find robust associations between traits and genes. METHODS We conducted a genome-wide association study at 2 sites, Harvard University and Union College, measuring more than 100 physical and behavioral traits with a sample size typical of candidate gene studies. We evaluated predictions that alleles with large effect sizes would be rare and most traits of interest to social science are likely characterized by a lack of strong directional selection. We also carried out a theoretical analysis of the genetic architecture of traits based on R.A. Fisher's geometric model of natural selection and empirical analyses of the effects of selection bias and phenotype measurement stability on the results of genetic association studies. RESULTS Although we replicated several known genetic associations with physical traits, we found only 2 associations with behavioral traits that met the nominal genome-wide significance threshold, indicating that physical and behavioral traits are mainly affected by numerous genes with small effects. CONCLUSIONS The challenge for social science genomics is the likelihood that genes are connected to behavioral variation by lengthy, nonlinear, interactive causal chains, and unraveling these chains requires allying with personal genomics to take advantage of the potential for large sample sizes as well as continuing with traditional epidemiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher F Chabris
- Christopher F. Chabris is with the Department of Psychology, Union College, Schenectady, NY. James J. Lee, Gregoire Borst, and Steven Pinker are with the Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA. Daniel J. Benjamin is with the Department of Economics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY. Jonathan P. Beauchamp, Edward L. Glaeser, and David I. Laibson are with the Department of Economics, Harvard University
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Kim HN, Roh SJ, Sung YA, Chung HW, Lee JY, Cho J, Shin H, Kim HL. Genome-wide association study of the five-factor model of personality in young Korean women. J Hum Genet 2013; 58:667-74. [PMID: 23903073 DOI: 10.1038/jhg.2013.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2013] [Revised: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Personality is a determinant of behavior and lifestyle associated with health and human diseases. Although personality is known to be a heritable trait, its polygenic nature has made the identification of genetic variants elusive. We performed a genome-wide association study on 1089 Korean women aged 18-40 years whose personality traits were measured with the Revised NEO Personality Inventory for the five-factor model of personality. To reduce environmental factors that may influence personality traits, this study was restricted to young adult women. In the discovery phase, we identified variants of PTPRD (protein tyrosine phosphatase, receptor type D) that associated this gene with the Openness domain. Other genes that were previously reported to be associated with neurological phenotypes were also associated with personality traits. In particular, DRD1 and OR1A2 were linked to Neuroticism, NKAIN2 with Extraversion, HTR5A with Openness and DRD3 with Agreeableness. Data from our replication study of 2090 subjects confirmed the association between OR1A2 and Neuroticism. We first identified and confirmed a novel region on OR1A2 associated with Neuroticism [corrected]. Candidate genes for psychiatric disorders were also enriched. These findings contribute to our understanding of the genetic architecture of personality traits and provide critical clues to the neurobiological mechanisms that influence them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Na Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
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The implications of genotype-environment correlation for establishing causal processes in psychopathology. Dev Psychopathol 2013; 24:1253-64. [PMID: 23062295 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579412000685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The significance of genotype-environment interplay is its focus on how causal factors, whether environmental or genetic, have their effects. It is difficult to establish causality in observational research because of the potential for reverse causation and confounding. Most environmental measures are heritable, which means that their effects on the risk for psychopathology are potentially confounded by genotype. In contrast, genetic influences on psychopathology may be mediated by their effect on environmental exposures. The existence of genetic influences on putative environmental risk factors offers both possibilities and pitfalls for research into environmental epidemiology. We use the example of parenting and its influence on childhood externalizing problems to review how genotype-environment correlations can be exploited to demonstrate causal processes in pyschopathology.
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Perroud N, Baud P, Ardu S, Krejci I, Mouthon D, Vessaz M, Guillaume S, Jaussent I, Olié E, Malafosse A, Courtet P. Temperament personality profiles in suicidal behaviour: an investigation of associated demographic, clinical and genetic factors. J Affect Disord 2013; 146:246-53. [PMID: 23044284 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2012.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2012] [Revised: 09/13/2012] [Accepted: 09/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Personality traits have been suggested as possible risk factors for suicidal behaviours. Cloninger's model of personality (TCI), given its neurobiological background, might provide an ideal tool for the identification of dimensions associated with suicide attempt. METHODS A number of 1333 suicide attempters and 589 non-suicide attempters suffering from different DSM-IV Axis I disorders were assessed using either the temperament and character inventory (TCI) or the tridimensional personality questionnaire (TPQ), as well as other self-report questionnaires evaluating dimensions associated with suicidal behaviour, such as impulsivity and anger traits. The severity of suicide attempts and the methods used were also assessed. Subjects were genotyped for polymorphisms within the key genes involved in monoaminergic pathways and the HPA axis. RESULTS Compared with non-suicide attempters, suicide attempters scored higher for harm avoidance (HA) and novelty seeking (NS), and lower for self-directedness (SD). The difference was independent of Axis I disorders. Higher HA and NS scores were associated with a greater severity of suicidal behaviour. A multivariate model showed that HA was the single temperamental dimension independently related to suicide attempt history, beside impulsivity and anger-related traits. The genetic factors investigated did not play a significant role in modulating these temperamental dimensions. LIMITATIONS The TCI was available for only half of the sample. CONCLUSIONS Early detection of subjects displaying high HA and low SD, associated with high impulsivity and poor anger control, may help to prevent suicidal behaviours. Physicians should therefore be aware of these risk factors so that they can offer the best primary care intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nader Perroud
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
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van der Loos MJHM, Rietveld CA, Eklund N, Koellinger PD, Rivadeneira F, Abecasis GR, Ankra-Badu GA, Baumeister SE, Benjamin DJ, Biffar R, Blankenberg S, Boomsma DI, Cesarini D, Cucca F, de Geus EJC, Dedoussis G, Deloukas P, Dimitriou M, Eiriksdottir G, Eriksson J, Gieger C, Gudnason V, Höhne B, Holle R, Hottenga JJ, Isaacs A, Järvelin MR, Johannesson M, Kaakinen M, Kähönen M, Kanoni S, Laaksonen MA, Lahti J, Launer LJ, Lehtimäki T, Loitfelder M, Magnusson PKE, Naitza S, Oostra BA, Perola M, Petrovic K, Quaye L, Raitakari O, Ripatti S, Scheet P, Schlessinger D, Schmidt CO, Schmidt H, Schmidt R, Senft A, Smith AV, Spector TD, Surakka I, Svento R, Terracciano A, Tikkanen E, van Duijn CM, Viikari J, Völzke H, Wichmann HE, Wild PS, Willems SM, Willemsen G, van Rooij FJA, Groenen PJF, Uitterlinden AG, Hofman A, Thurik AR. The molecular genetic architecture of self-employment. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60542. [PMID: 23593239 PMCID: PMC3617140 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Economic variables such as income, education, and occupation are known to affect mortality and morbidity, such as cardiovascular disease, and have also been shown to be partly heritable. However, very little is known about which genes influence economic variables, although these genes may have both a direct and an indirect effect on health. We report results from the first large-scale collaboration that studies the molecular genetic architecture of an economic variable-entrepreneurship-that was operationalized using self-employment, a widely-available proxy. Our results suggest that common SNPs when considered jointly explain about half of the narrow-sense heritability of self-employment estimated in twin data (σ(g)(2)/σ(P)(2) = 25%, h(2) = 55%). However, a meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies across sixteen studies comprising 50,627 participants did not identify genome-wide significant SNPs. 58 SNPs with p<10(-5) were tested in a replication sample (n = 3,271), but none replicated. Furthermore, a gene-based test shows that none of the genes that were previously suggested in the literature to influence entrepreneurship reveal significant associations. Finally, SNP-based genetic scores that use results from the meta-analysis capture less than 0.2% of the variance in self-employment in an independent sample (p≥0.039). Our results are consistent with a highly polygenic molecular genetic architecture of self-employment, with many genetic variants of small effect. Although self-employment is a multi-faceted, heavily environmentally influenced, and biologically distal trait, our results are similar to those for other genetically complex and biologically more proximate outcomes, such as height, intelligence, personality, and several diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthijs J H M van der Loos
- Department of Applied Economics, Erasmus School of Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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