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Sakaguchi K, Tawata S. Giftedness and atypical sexual differentiation: enhanced perceptual functioning through estrogen deficiency instead of androgen excess. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1343759. [PMID: 38752176 PMCID: PMC11094242 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1343759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Syndromic autism spectrum conditions (ASC), such as Klinefelter syndrome, also manifest hypogonadism. Compared to the popular Extreme Male Brain theory, the Enhanced Perceptual Functioning model explains the connection between ASC, savant traits, and giftedness more seamlessly, and their co-emergence with atypical sexual differentiation. Overexcitability of primary sensory inputs generates a relative enhancement of local to global processing of stimuli, hindering the abstraction of communication signals, in contrast to the extraordinary local information processing skills in some individuals. Weaker inhibitory function through gamma-aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA) receptors and the atypicality of synapse formation lead to this difference, and the formation of unique neural circuits that process external information. Additionally, deficiency in monitoring inner sensory information leads to alexithymia (inability to distinguish one's own emotions), which can be caused by hypoactivity of estrogen and oxytocin in the interoceptive neural circuits, comprising the anterior insular and cingulate gyri. These areas are also part of the Salience Network, which switches between the Central Executive Network for external tasks and the Default Mode Network for self-referential mind wandering. Exploring the possibility that estrogen deficiency since early development interrupts GABA shift, causing sensory processing atypicality, it helps to evaluate the co-occurrence of ASC with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, dyslexia, and schizophrenia based on phenotypic and physiological bases. It also provides clues for understanding the common underpinnings of these neurodevelopmental disorders and gifted populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kikue Sakaguchi
- Research Department, National Institution for Academic Degrees and Quality Enhancement of Higher Education (NIAD-QE), Kodaira-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shintaro Tawata
- Graduate School of Human Sciences, Sophia University, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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2
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Kim HJ, Kim SY, Kim GE, Jin HJ. Association between genetic polymorphisms of synaptophysin (SYP) gene and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in Korean subjects. Genes Genomics 2023; 45:1097-1105. [PMID: 37133725 DOI: 10.1007/s13258-023-01393-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common childhood neurodevelopmental disorder, and the prevalence of ADHD among Korean children has attained about 8.5%. Various genetic factors can contribute to the etiology of the disease. Synaptophysin (SYP) regulates neurotransmitter release and synaptic plasticity. According to previous studies, several genetic polymorphisms on SYP were risk factors for ADHD. OBJECTIVE We investigated the effect of the SYP gene polymorphisms (rs2293945 and rs3817678) on ADHD in Korean children. METHODS In this study, we examined the case-control study in 150 ADHD cases and 322 controls. The genotyping of SYP gene polymorphisms was performed using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). RESULTS Significant associations in the genotype and genetic models of SYP rs2293945 polymorphism between girls with ADHD and control girls were found. The girls with ADHD having the C/T genotype were significantly associated with ADHD. In the dominant model of rs3817678, C/T + T/T genotypes were significantly associated with ADHD. The haplotype analyses showed significant associations from haplotypes of rs2293945 T-rs3817678 G and rs2293945 C-rs3817678 A. CONCLUSION Our results imply that the SYP rs2293945 C/T polymorphism in female participants may provide a possible effect on the genetic etiology of ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung Jun Kim
- Department of Biological Science, College of Science & Technology, Dankook University, 31116, Cheonan, South Korea
| | - Seong Yong Kim
- Department of Biological Science, College of Science & Technology, Dankook University, 31116, Cheonan, South Korea
| | - Ga Eun Kim
- Department of Biological Science, College of Science & Technology, Dankook University, 31116, Cheonan, South Korea
| | - Han Jun Jin
- Department of Biological Science, College of Science & Technology, Dankook University, 31116, Cheonan, South Korea.
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3
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Jung DH, Lee HJ, Choi YW, Shin HK, Choi BT. Sex-specific responses to juvenile stress on the dopaminergic system in an animal model of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 160:114352. [PMID: 36738506 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The etiology of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) strongly suggests a genetic component as the main cause; however, environmental factors such as early adverse experiences in childhood may play an interactive role with the genetic susceptibility. Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs), a genetic ADHD model, and control Wistar Kyoto rats (WKYs) were subjected to chronic unpredictable mild stress during the juvenile period. The behavioral characteristics were monitored, and dopamine-related factors in the core regions of dopaminergic pathways were measured. Higher ADHD symptom-related behaviors were observed in response to juvenile stress in male SHRs than control WKYs. For the SHRs subjected to juvenile stress, hyperactivity in males, recognition in females, and depressant potential in both sexes were markedly observed. In the expression of 17 dopamine-related genes and proteins, greater changes were detected in male SHRs subjected to juvenile stress, especially in dopamine metabolic factors. Dopamine clearance factors involved in dopamine degradation and transport, especially catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) and dopamine transporter (DAT), showed sex-specific differences induced by juvenile stress in dopamine metabolite assays. Moreover, stressed male SHRs treated with methylphenidate showed better improvement in behavior than the females, resulting in different levels of COMT and DAT amelioration. These results suggest that juvenile stress potentially increased the incidence of ADHD in a genetic rat model, which showed sex-specific differences based on the expression of COMT and DAT. Therefore, our results could help develop gender-specific diagnostics and healthcare options for juvenile stress in patients with ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Hee Jung
- Department of Korean Medical Science, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea; Graduate Training Program of Korean Medical Therapeutics for Healthy Aging, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Ju Lee
- Department of Korean Medical Science, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea; Graduate Training Program of Korean Medical Therapeutics for Healthy Aging, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Whan Choi
- Department of Horticultural Bioscience, College of Natural Resource and Life Science, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwa Kyoung Shin
- Department of Korean Medical Science, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea; Graduate Training Program of Korean Medical Therapeutics for Healthy Aging, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea.
| | - Byung Tae Choi
- Department of Korean Medical Science, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea; Graduate Training Program of Korean Medical Therapeutics for Healthy Aging, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea.
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4
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de Ruijter MJT, Dahlén AD, Rukh G, Schiöth HB. Job satisfaction has differential associations with delay discounting and risk-taking. Sci Rep 2023; 13:754. [PMID: 36641497 PMCID: PMC9840618 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-27601-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Low job satisfaction has been associated with both negative health and negative organizational outcomes. Knowledge on which factors influence job satisfaction remains limited. This study assesses the associations between job satisfaction and three personality traits related to cognitive- and inhibitory control: delay discounting, risk-taking and sensation seeking (DRS-traits). Delay discounting and sensation seeking were inferred using self-reported behavioral data and health measurements for 80,676 participants in the UK Biobank. Multiple linear regression analysis produced beta coefficients and confidence intervals for each DRS-trait and job satisfaction. Analyses were adjusted for age, socioeconomic status and sleep quality. A combination of the three DRS-traits (CDRS) was assessed as well. Delay discounting and risk-taking were associated with, respectively, lower and higher job satisfaction in both sexes. Sensation seeking had no significant association with job satisfaction for either sex. The combined score, CDRS, was only negatively associated with job satisfaction in females but not in males. We discuss that the negative association between delay discounting and job satisfaction may be due to career related delay discounting effects, but also highlight that low job satisfaction itself may also lead to increased delay discounting. Additionally, we discuss why increased risk-taking behavior may have a positive effect on job satisfaction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amelia D Dahlén
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Geriatrics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gull Rukh
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Helgi B Schiöth
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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5
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Sex differences in cognitive processing: An integrative review of electrophysiological findings. Biol Psychol 2022; 172:108370. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2022.108370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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6
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Harris T, Hagg J, Pletzer B. Eye-Movements During Navigation in a Virtual Environment: Sex Differences and Relationship to Sex Hormones. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:755393. [PMID: 35573293 PMCID: PMC9100804 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.755393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex differences in spatial navigation have been related to different navigation strategies. For example, women are more likely to utilize local landmark-information in the environment compared to men. Furthermore, sex differences appear to be more pronounced when distances need to be judged in Euclidian terms and an allocentric representation of the environment is necessary. This suggests differential attentional processes during spatial navigation in men and women. However, eye-tracking studies on spatial navigation exploring these attentional processes are rare. The present study (39 men and 36 women) set out to investigate sex differences in eye-movements during spatial navigation in a 3D environment using virtual reality goggles. While we observed the expected sex differences in overall navigation performance, women did not benefit from the landmark-based instructions. Gaze fixations were in accordance with the preferred Euclidian strategy in men, but did not confirm the expected landmark-based strategy in women. However, high estradiol levels where related to an increased focus on landmark information. Surprisingly, women showed longer gaze distances than men, although the utilization of distal landmarks has been related to allocentric representations preferred by men. In fact, larger gaze distances related to slower navigation, even though previous studies suggest that the utilization of distal landmarks is beneficial for navigation. The findings are discussed with respect to the utility of virtual reality presentation for studies on sex differences in navigation. While virtual reality allows a full first-person immersion in the environment, proprioceptive and vestibular information is lacking.
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7
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[A Multidimensional Assessment of Emotion Regulation in Adolescent Non-Suicidal Self-Injury]. Prax Kinderpsychol Kinderpsychiatr 2021; 70:699-727. [PMID: 34898404 DOI: 10.13109/prkk.2021.70.8.699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The ability to regulate one's emotions (emotion regulation, ER) with regard to individual short- and long-term goals presents one of the most central human skills. A disrupted development of ER skills is associated with psychopathological outcomes. Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) presents a frequent and impairing phenomenon among young individuals. Disruptions regarding various aspects of ER are involved in the development and maintenance of NSSI. In the present study, we examined ER from a multidimensional perspective, including a sample of female adolescents meeting DSM-5 criteria for NSSI disorder (N = 30) and a psychologically healthy control group (N = 30). In line with results from previous studies, female adolescents with NSSI exhibited considerable difficulties regarding all aspects of ER investigated. Furthermore, various aspects of ER were distinctly linked with depressive and BPD symptomatology. Differences in NSSI frequency between participants largely went back to difficulties regarding specific aspects of ER, in combination with the self-rated severity of exposure to early life maltreatment. With regard to clinical practice, the use of interventions to improve particular aspects of ER, under simultaneous consideration of the individual developmental history and psychopathological impairment, might provide an efficient approach to mediate long-lasting change in the treatment of deliberate self-harm.
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8
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Klaus K, Vaht M, Pennington K, Harro J. Interactive effects of DRD2 rs6277 polymorphism, environment and sex on impulsivity in a population-representative study. Behav Brain Res 2021; 403:113131. [PMID: 33444693 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Previous research has shown that dopaminergic dysregulation and early life stress interact to impact on aspects of impulse control. This study aimed to explore the potentially interactive effects of the rs6277 polymorphism of the dopamine D2 receptor gene (DRD2), stressful or supportive environment and sex on behavioural and self-reported measures of impulsivity, as well as alcohol use - a condition characterised by a deficit in impulse control. The sample consisted of the younger cohort (n = 583) of the longitudinal Estonian Children Personality, Behaviour and Health Study. The results showed that the CC homozygotes (suggested to have decreased striatal D2 receptor availability) who had experienced stressful life events (SLE) or maltreatment in the family prior to age 15 showed higher self-reported maladaptive impulsivity at age 15. The genotype-SLE interaction and further association with sex was also evident in the frequency of alcohol use at age 15. Lack of warmth in the family contributed to significantly higher levels of thoughtlessness and more frequent alcohol use in CC carriers at age 25, whereas family support was associated with lower thoughtlessness scores in CC males, which may suggest a protective effect of supportive family environment in this group. Together the findings suggest that DRD2 rs6277 polymorphism, in interaction with environmental factors experienced in childhood and youth may affect facets of impulsivity. Future work should aim to further clarify the sex and age-specific effects of stressful and supportive environment on the development of neuronal systems that are compromised in disorders characterised by deficits in impulse control.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Klaus
- School of Psychology, University of Lincoln, Brayford Wharf, Lincoln, LN5 7AT, England, UK; MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, 15 Chaucer Road, Cambridge, CB3 0HH, England, UK.
| | - M Vaht
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Riia 23b, 51010, Tartu, Estonia
| | - K Pennington
- School of Psychology, University of Lincoln, Brayford Wharf, Lincoln, LN5 7AT, England, UK
| | - J Harro
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ravila 14A, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
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9
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Aarde SM, Genner RM, Hrncir H, Arnold AP, Jentsch JD. Sex chromosome complement affects multiple aspects of reversal-learning task performance in mice. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2020; 20:e12685. [PMID: 32648356 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Determining the mechanisms by which the sex-chromosome complement (SCC) affects learning, attention, and impulsivity has implications for observed sex differences in prevalence, severity, and prognosis of psychiatric/neurodevelopmental disorders and syndromes associated with sex-chromosome aneuploidy. Here, Four Core Genotypes (FCG) mice were evaluated in order to assess the separable and/or interacting effects of gonads (testes vs. ovaries) and their secretions and/or SCC (XX vs. XY) acting via non-gonadal mechanisms on behavior. We tested FCG mice on a reversal-learning task that enables the quantification of aspects of learning, attention and impulsivity. Across testing phases (involving the initial acquisition of a spatial discrimination and subsequent reversal learning), overall error rate was larger in XY compared with XX mice. Although XX and XY groups did not differ in the total number of trials required in order to reach a preset performance criterion, analyses of reversal error types showed more perseverative errors in XY than XX mice, with no difference in regressive errors. Additionally, prepotent-response latencies during the reversal phase were shorter in XY males, as compared with both XX gonadal males and females of either SCC, and failures to sustain the observing response were more frequent in XY mice than XX mice during the acquisition phase. These results indicate that SCC affects the characteristic pattern of response selection during acquisition and reversal performance without affecting the overall learning rate. More broadly, these results show direct effects of the SCC on cognitive processes that are relevant to psychiatric/neurodevelopmental disorders and syndromes associated with sex-chromosome aneuploidies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn M Aarde
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, and Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology of the Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Rylee M Genner
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, and Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology of the Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Haley Hrncir
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, and Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology of the Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Arthur P Arnold
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, and Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology of the Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - James D Jentsch
- Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York, USA
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10
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Bayard F, Abé C, Wrobel N, Ingvar M, Henje E, Petrovic P. Emotional Instability Relates to Ventral Striatum Activity During Reward Anticipation in Females. Front Behav Neurosci 2020; 14:76. [PMID: 32547375 PMCID: PMC7274270 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2020.00076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Both non-emotional symptoms, such as inattention, and symptoms of emotional instability (EI) are partially co-varying and normally distributed in the general population. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), which is associated with both inattention and emotional instability, has been related to lower reward anticipation activation in the ventral striatum. However, it is not known whether non-emotional dysregulation, such as inattention, or EI—or both—are associated with this effect. We hypothesized that altered reward processing relates specifically to EI. To test this, 29 healthy participants were recruited to this functional MRI study (n = 15 females). Reward processing was studied using a modified version of the Monetary Incentive Delay (MID) task. Brown Attention-Deficit Disorder Scales questionnaire was used to assess EI and inattention symptoms on a trait level. We observed less ventral striatal activation during reward anticipation related to the EI trait in females, also when controlling for the inattention trait, but not in the whole sample or males only. Our study suggests the existence of sex differences in the relationship between reward processing and EI/inattention traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frida Bayard
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christoph Abé
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nathalie Wrobel
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martin Ingvar
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Neuroradiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eva Henje
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Science, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Predrag Petrovic
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Predrag Petrovic
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11
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Jupp B, Pitzoi S, Petretto E, Mar AC, Oliver YP, Jordan ER, Taylor S, Atanur SS, Srivastava PK, Saar K, Hubner N, Sommer WH, Staehlin O, Spanagel R, Robinson ES, Schumann G, Moreno M, Everitt BJ, Robbins TW, Aitman TJ, Dalley JW. Impulsivity is a heritable trait in rodents and associated with a novel quantitative trait locus on chromosome 1. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6684. [PMID: 32317713 PMCID: PMC7174407 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63646-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Impulsivity describes the tendency to act prematurely without appropriate foresight and is symptomatic of a number of neuropsychiatric disorders. Although a number of genes for impulsivity have been identified, no study to date has carried out an unbiased, genome-wide approach to identify genetic markers associated with impulsivity in experimental animals. Herein we report a linkage study of a six-generational pedigree of adult rats phenotyped for one dimension of impulsivity, namely premature responding on the five-choice serial reaction time task, combined with genome wide sequencing and transcriptome analysis to identify candidate genes associated with the expression of the impulsivity trait. Premature responding was found to be heritable (h2 = 13-16%), with significant linkage (LOD 5.2) identified on chromosome 1. Fine mapping of this locus identified a number of polymorphic candidate genes, however only one, beta haemoglobin, was differentially expressed in both the founder strain and F6 generation. These findings provide novel insights into the genetic substrates and putative neurobiological mechanisms of impulsivity with broader translational relevance for impulsivity-related disorders in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Jupp
- 0000000121885934grid.5335.0Department of Psychology and Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Silvia Pitzoi
- 0000 0001 2113 8111grid.7445.2MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Enrico Petretto
- 0000 0001 2113 8111grid.7445.2MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK ,0000 0004 0385 0924grid.428397.3Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Adam C. Mar
- 0000000121885934grid.5335.0Department of Psychology and Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK ,0000 0004 1936 8753grid.137628.9NYU School of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Yolanda Pena Oliver
- 0000 0004 1936 7590grid.12082.39School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | - Emily R. Jordan
- 0000000121885934grid.5335.0Department of Psychology and Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Stephanie Taylor
- 0000000121885934grid.5335.0Department of Psychology and Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Santosh S. Atanur
- 0000 0001 2113 8111grid.7445.2MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Prashant K. Srivastava
- 0000 0001 2113 8111grid.7445.2MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Kathrin Saar
- 0000 0001 1014 0849grid.419491.0Max Delbruck Centre for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Norbert Hubner
- 0000 0001 1014 0849grid.419491.0Max Delbruck Centre for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Wolfgang H. Sommer
- 0000 0004 0477 2235grid.413757.3Institute of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Oliver Staehlin
- 0000 0004 0477 2235grid.413757.3Institute of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Rainer Spanagel
- 0000 0004 0477 2235grid.413757.3Institute of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Emma S. Robinson
- 0000 0004 1936 7603grid.5337.2School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Gunter Schumann
- 0000 0001 2322 6764grid.13097.3cCentre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King¹s College, London, UK
| | - Margarita Moreno
- 0000000101969356grid.28020.38Department of Psychology & Health Research Centre (CEINSA), University of Almería, Almería, Spain
| | - Barry J. Everitt
- 0000000121885934grid.5335.0Department of Psychology and Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Trevor W. Robbins
- 0000000121885934grid.5335.0Department of Psychology and Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Timothy J. Aitman
- 0000 0004 1936 7988grid.4305.2Centre for Genomics and Experimental Medicine, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jeffrey W. Dalley
- 0000000121885934grid.5335.0Department of Psychology and Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK ,0000000121885934grid.5335.0Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
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12
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Sigurdardottir HL, Lanzenberger R, Kranz GS. Genetics of sex differences in neuroanatomy and function. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2020; 175:179-193. [PMID: 33008524 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-64123-6.00013-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
Sex differences are observed at many distinct biologic levels, such as in the anatomy and functioning of the brain, behavior, and susceptibility to neuropsychiatric disorders. Previously, these differences were believed to entirely result from the secretion of gonadal hormones; however, recent research has demonstrated that differences are also the consequence of direct or nonhormonal effects of genes located on the sex chromosomes. This chapter reviews the four core genotype model that separates the effects of hormones and sex chromosomes and highlights a few genes that are believed to be partly responsible for sex dimorphism of the brain, in particular, the Sry gene. Genetics of the brain's neurochemistry is discussed and the susceptibility to certain neurologic and psychiatric disorders is reviewed. Lastly, we discuss the sex-specific genetic contribution in disorders of sexual development. The precise molecular mechanisms underlying these differences are currently not entirely known. An increased knowledge and understanding of the role of candidate genes will undeniably be of great aid in elucidating the molecular basis of sex-biased disorders and potentially allow for more sex-specific therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen L Sigurdardottir
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Rupert Lanzenberger
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Georg S Kranz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China; The State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
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13
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Pallayova M, Brandeburova A, Tokarova D. Update on Sexual Dimorphism in Brain Structure–Function Interrelationships: A Literature Review. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback 2019; 44:271-284. [DOI: 10.1007/s10484-019-09443-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Wang LJ, Lee SY, Chou MC, Lee MJ, Chou WJ. Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, free testosterone, and sex hormone-binding globulin on susceptibility to attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2019; 103:212-218. [PMID: 30711898 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The neuroendocrine system may affect the pathophysiology of gender differences in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This study examines whether the relationships among dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S), free testosterone, or sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) and ADHD presentations exhibit gender differences. A total of 113 boys and 35 girls with ADHD (all drug naïve) and 46 and 26 healthy control boys and girls, respectively, were recruited. Blood samples were obtained to measure the serum levels of DHEA-S, free testosterone, and SHBG in each child. The Swanson, Nolan, and Pelham Scale for ADHD Version IV (SNAP-IV) was used to evaluate behavioral symptoms and the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Fourth Edition (WISC-IV) and the Conners' Continuous Performance Test (CPT) were utilized to assess neurocognitive functions. Patients with ADHD had lower DHEA-S levels than male and female healthy control subjects, and no significant differences were observed in free testosterone and SHBG levels between the patients and the controls. DHEA-S levels were negatively correlated with children's impulsivity performance in the CPT. SHBG levels were negatively correlated with ADHD behavior symptoms among boys. Free testosterone levels were not significantly correlated with either ADHD clinical symptoms or neuropsychological functions. We propose that DHEA-S serves as a potential biomarker of ADHD and is consistently involved in the pathogenesis of ADHD in both boys and girls. SHBG may be involved in behaviors associated with ADHD in boys. Additional studies with basic scientific measures are warranted to elucidate the relationship between androgen hormones and clinical presentations of ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang-Jen Wang
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Yu Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Miao-Chun Chou
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Min-Jing Lee
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Wen-Jiun Chou
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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Darling JS, Daniel JM. Pubertal hormones mediate sex differences in levels of myelin basic protein in the orbitofrontal cortex of adult rats. Neuroscience 2019; 406:487-495. [PMID: 30926549 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Previous work from our lab revealed that adult female rats have increased levels of myelin basic protein (MBP), a marker for myelination, in the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) as compared to adult males. The goal of the present study was to determine the role of gonadal hormones, acting either in adulthood or at puberty, in the development of an adult sex difference in OFC levels of MBP. In an initial experiment, we replicated our previous results demonstrating that gonadally intact female rats have increased levels of MBP in the OFC as compared to males. In a second experiment, gonadectomy in adulthood did not alter MBP levels in rats of either sex. In a third experiment, gonadectomy immediately prior to pubertal onset resulted in significant reduction of levels of MBP in adult females but not males. This reduction eliminated the sex difference in adult MBP levels in the OFC. These results reveal puberty to be an organizational time point for a sex difference in the OFC of adult rats in levels of a marker of myelination. This neuroanatomical difference may contribute to observed sex differences in OFC-associated behaviors including in inhibitory control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey S Darling
- Neuroscience Program, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA; Tulane Brain Institute, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA.
| | - Jill M Daniel
- Neuroscience Program, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA; Tulane Brain Institute, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA; Psychology Department, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA
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16
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Dey SK, Kamle A, Dereddi RR, Thomas SM, Thummala SR, Kumar A, Chakravarty S, Jesudasan RA. Mice With Partial Deletion of Y-Heterochromatin Exhibits Stress Vulnerability. Front Behav Neurosci 2018; 12:215. [PMID: 30297990 PMCID: PMC6160548 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of Y chromosome in sex determination and male fertility is well established. It is also known that infertile men are prone to psychological disturbances. Earlier studies in the laboratory identified genes expressed in testes that are putatively regulated by Y chromosome in man and mouse. With the availability of a Y-deleted mouse model, that is subfertile, we studied the effect of a partial deletion of Y-chromosomal heterochromatin on mouse behavior when compared to its wild type. The partial Y-deleted mice exhibited anxiety like phenotype under stress when different anxiety (open field test and elevated plus maze, EPM test) and depression related tests (tail suspension and force swim) were performed. The mutant mice also showed reduction in hippocampal neurogenesis and altered expression of neurogenesis markers such as Nestin, Sox2, Gfap, NeuroD1 and Dcx using quantitative real time PCR (qPCR) analysis. The genes with altered expression contained short stretches of homology to Y-derived transcripts only in their Untranslated Regions (UTRs). Our study suggests putative regulation of these genes by the Y chromosome in mouse brain altering stress related behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Kumar Dey
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India
| | - Avijeet Kamle
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India
| | | | - Shiju M. Thomas
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India
| | | | - Arvind Kumar
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India
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Rincón-Pérez I, Sánchez-Carmona AJ, Albert J, Hinojosa JA. The association of monoamine-related gene polymorphisms with behavioural correlates of response inhibition: A meta-analytic review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2018; 84:49-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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18
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Billino J, Hennig J, Gegenfurtner KR. Association between COMT genotype and the control of memory guided saccades: Individual differences in healthy adults reveal a detrimental role of dopamine. Vision Res 2017; 141:170-180. [DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Behforooz B, Newman J, Gallo MV, Schell LM. PCBs and measures of attention and impulsivity on a continuous performance task of young adults. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2017; 64:29-36. [PMID: 28882586 PMCID: PMC5754016 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2017.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The present study examines the relationship between current body burden of persistent PCBs and attention and impulsivity in 140 Akwesasne Mohawk young adults aged 17 to 21 whose environment has been contaminated by industrial effluent. Attention and impulsivity were measured by errors of omission, errors of commission, and patterns of reaction time responses on the Conners Continuous Performance Test. The PCB measure was the sum of those persistent PCB congeners detected in 50% of the participants. After adjusting for multiple covariates, regression analyses showed a significant positive relationship between PCB levels and omission scores, but only for males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bita Behforooz
- Educational Psychology and Methodology, University at Albany, SUNY, 1400 Washington Ave., Albany, NY 1222, USA.
| | - Joan Newman
- Educational Psychology and Methodology, University at Albany, SUNY, 1400 Washington Ave., Albany, NY 1222, USA
| | - Mia V Gallo
- Department of Anthropology, and Center for the Elimination of Minority Health Disparities, University at Albany, SUNY, 1400 Washington Ave., Albany, NY 1222, USA
| | - Lawrence M Schell
- Department of Anthropology, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Center for the Elimination of Minority Health Disparities, 1400 Washington Ave., Albany, NY 1222, USA
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20
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Karmakar A, Goswami R, Saha T, Maitra S, Roychowdhury A, Panda CK, Sinha S, Ray A, Mohanakumar KP, Rajamma U, Mukhopadhyay K. Pilot study indicate role of preferentially transmitted monoamine oxidase gene variants in behavioral problems of male ADHD probands. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2017; 18:109. [PMID: 28982350 PMCID: PMC5629801 DOI: 10.1186/s12881-017-0469-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Background Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is an etiologically complex childhood onset neurobehavioral disorder characterized by age-inappropriate inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. Symptom severity varies widely and boys are diagnosed more frequently than girls. ADHD probands were reported to have abnormal transmissions of dopamine, serotonin, and/or noradrenaline. Monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) and B (MAOB), mitochondrial outer membrane bound two isoenzymes, mediate degradation of these neurotransmitters and thus regulating their circulating levels. Case-control analyses in different populations, including Indians, suggested involvement of MAOA and MAOB genes in the etiology of ADHD. Due to high heritability rate of ADHD, we tested familial transmission of MAOA and MAOB variants to ADHD probands in 190 nuclear families having ADHD probands from Indo-Caucasoid ethnicity. Methods Subjects were recruited following the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-4th edition (DSM-IV). Appropriate scales were used for measuring the behavioral traits in probands. Genotyping was performed through PCR-based amplification of target sites followed by DNA-sequencing and/or gel-electrophoresis. Data obtained were analyzed by family based statistical methods. Results Out of 58 variants present in the analyzed sites only 15 were found to be polymorphic (30 bp-uVNTR, rs5906883, rs1465107, rs1465108, rs5905809, rs5906957, rs6323, rs1137070 from MAOA and rs4824562, rs56220155, rs2283728, rs2283727, rs3027441, rs6324, rs3027440 from MAOB). Statistically significant maternal transmission of alleles to male probands was observed for MAOA rs5905809 ‘G’ (p = 0.04), rs5906957 ‘A’ (p = 0.04), rs6323 ‘G’ (p = 0.0001) and MAOB rs56220155 ‘A’ (p = 0.002), rs2283728 ‘C’ (p = 0.0008), rs2283727 ‘C’ (p = 0.0008), rs3027441 ‘T’ (p = 0.003), rs6324 ‘C’ (p = 0.003), rs3027440 ‘T’ (p = 0.0002). Significantly preferential maternal transmissions of different haplotype combinations to male probands were also noticed (p < 0.05), while female probands did not reveal such transmission bias. Behavioral traits of male probands exhibited significant association with gene variants. Age of the mother at pregnancy also revealed association with risk variants of male probands. Conclusions It may be inferred that the MAOA and MAOB variants may contribute to the etiology of ADHD in the Indo-Caucasoid population and could be responsible for higher occurrence of ADHD in the boys. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12881-017-0469-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arijit Karmakar
- Manovikas Biomedical Research and Diagnostic Centre, 482, Madudah, Plot: I-24, Sector-J, Manovikas Kendra, E.M. Bypass, Kolkata, 700 107, India
| | - Rishov Goswami
- Manovikas Biomedical Research and Diagnostic Centre, 482, Madudah, Plot: I-24, Sector-J, Manovikas Kendra, E.M. Bypass, Kolkata, 700 107, India
| | - Tanusree Saha
- Manovikas Biomedical Research and Diagnostic Centre, 482, Madudah, Plot: I-24, Sector-J, Manovikas Kendra, E.M. Bypass, Kolkata, 700 107, India
| | - Subhamita Maitra
- Manovikas Biomedical Research and Diagnostic Centre, 482, Madudah, Plot: I-24, Sector-J, Manovikas Kendra, E.M. Bypass, Kolkata, 700 107, India
| | - Anirban Roychowdhury
- Department of Oncogene Regulation, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, 37 S.P. Mukherjee Road, Kolkata, 700 026, India
| | - Chinmay Kumar Panda
- Department of Oncogene Regulation, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, 37 S.P. Mukherjee Road, Kolkata, 700 026, India
| | - Swagata Sinha
- Manovikas Biomedical Research and Diagnostic Centre, 482, Madudah, Plot: I-24, Sector-J, Manovikas Kendra, E.M. Bypass, Kolkata, 700 107, India
| | - Anirban Ray
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education & Research, Kolkata, 700 020, India
| | - Kochupurackal P Mohanakumar
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Laboratory of Clinical & Experimental Neurosciences, Cell Biology & Physiology Division, 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata, 700 032, India.,Inter University Centre for Biomedical Research & Super Specialty Hospital, Mahatma Gandhi University Campus at Thalappady, Rubber Board PO, Kottayam, 686 009, Kerala State, India
| | - Usha Rajamma
- Manovikas Biomedical Research and Diagnostic Centre, 482, Madudah, Plot: I-24, Sector-J, Manovikas Kendra, E.M. Bypass, Kolkata, 700 107, India.,Inter University Centre for Biomedical Research & Super Specialty Hospital, Mahatma Gandhi University Campus at Thalappady, Rubber Board PO, Kottayam, 686 009, Kerala State, India
| | - Kanchan Mukhopadhyay
- Manovikas Biomedical Research and Diagnostic Centre, 482, Madudah, Plot: I-24, Sector-J, Manovikas Kendra, E.M. Bypass, Kolkata, 700 107, India.
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21
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Green T, Naylor PE, Davies W. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in phenotypically similar neurogenetic conditions: Turner syndrome and the RASopathies. J Neurodev Disord 2017; 9:25. [PMID: 28694877 PMCID: PMC5502326 DOI: 10.1186/s11689-017-9205-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background ADHD (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder. There has been extensive clinical and basic research in the field of ADHD over the past 20 years, but the mechanisms underlying ADHD risk are multifactorial, complex and heterogeneous and, as yet, are poorly defined. In this review, we argue that one approach to address this challenge is to study well-defined disorders to provide insights into potential biological pathways that may be involved in idiopathic ADHD. Main body To address this premise, we selected two neurogenetic conditions that are associated with significantly increased ADHD risk: Turner syndrome and the RASopathies (of which Noonan syndrome and neurofibromatosis type 1 are the best-defined with regard to ADHD-related phenotypes). These syndromes were chosen for two main reasons: first, because intellectual functioning is relatively preserved, and second, because they are strikingly phenotypically similar but are etiologically distinct. We review the cognitive, behavioural, neural and cellular phenotypes associated with these conditions and examine their relevance as a model for idiopathic ADHD. Conclusion We conclude by discussing current and future opportunities in the clinical and basic research of these conditions, which, in turn, may shed light upon the biological pathways underlying idiopathic ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamar Green
- Center for Interdisciplinary Brain Sciences Research, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, USA
| | - Paige E Naylor
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Palo Alto University, Palo Alto, CA USA
| | - William Davies
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics and Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.,School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Tower Building, 70, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT UK.,Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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22
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Liu L, Cheng J, Li H, Su Y, Sun L, Yang L, Qian Q, Wang Y. Association of Y-linked variants with impulsivity and aggression in boys with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder of Chinese Han descent. Psychiatry Res 2017; 252:185-187. [PMID: 28284086 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2017.02.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Revised: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Y chromosome plays important role in brain function and may help to explain the sex difference in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). A total of 857 boys with ADHD and 574 male controls were genotyped for 14 Y-linked markers. Analyses for both dichotomous phenotype and quantitative traits and the interaction effects with MAOA were performed. The results indicated significant association of four markers (M88, M95, M175, and M119) with inhibition function and aggression in boys with ADHD. Positive interaction effects with MAOA were also detected. In conclusion, some Y-linked variants may be associated with the impulsivity and aggression in boys with ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Liu
- Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health, Beijing, China; National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health (Peking University), Beijing, China
| | - Jia Cheng
- Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health, Beijing, China; National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health (Peking University), Beijing, China
| | - Haimei Li
- Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health, Beijing, China; National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health (Peking University), Beijing, China
| | - Yi Su
- Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health, Beijing, China; National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health (Peking University), Beijing, China
| | - Li Sun
- Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health, Beijing, China; National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health (Peking University), Beijing, China
| | - Li Yang
- Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health, Beijing, China; National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health (Peking University), Beijing, China
| | - Qiujin Qian
- Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health, Beijing, China; National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health (Peking University), Beijing, China.
| | - Yufeng Wang
- Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health, Beijing, China; National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health (Peking University), Beijing, China.
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23
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Xu B, Jia T, Macare C, Banaschewski T, Bokde ALW, Bromberg U, Büchel C, Cattrell A, Conrod PJ, Flor H, Frouin V, Gallinat J, Garavan H, Gowland P, Heinz A, Ittermann B, Martinot JL, Paillère Martinot ML, Nees F, Orfanos DP, Paus T, Poustka L, Smolka MN, Walter H, Whelan R, Schumann G, Desrivières S. Impact of a Common Genetic Variation Associated With Putamen Volume on Neural Mechanisms of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2017; 56:436-444.e4. [PMID: 28433093 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2017.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In a recent genomewide association study of subcortical brain volumes, a common genetic variation at rs945270 was identified as having the strongest effect on putamen volume, a brain measurement linked to familial risk for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). To determine whether rs945270 might be a genetic determinant of ADHD, its effects on ADHD-related symptoms and neural mechanisms of ADHD, such as response inhibition and reward sensitivity, were explored. METHOD A large population sample of 1,834 14-year-old adolescents was used to test the effects of rs945270 on ADHD symptoms assessed through the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire and region-of-interest analyses of putamen activation by functional magnetic resonance imaging using the stop signal and monetary incentive delay tasks, assessing response inhibition and reward sensitivity, respectively. RESULTS There was a significant link between rs945270 and ADHD symptom scores, with the C allele associated with lower symptom scores, most notably hyperactivity. In addition, there were sex-specific effects of this variant on the brain. In boys, the C allele was associated with lower putamen activity during successful response inhibition, a brain response that was not associated with ADHD symptoms. In girls, putamen activation during reward anticipation increased with the number of C alleles, most significantly in the right putamen. Remarkably, right putamen activation during reward anticipation tended to negatively correlate with ADHD symptoms. CONCLUSION These results indicate that rs945270 might contribute to the genetic risk of ADHD partly through its effects on hyperactivity and reward processing in girls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Xu
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - Tianye Jia
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - Christine Macare
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Clinical Faculty Mannheim, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Arun L W Bokde
- Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and the Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Uli Bromberg
- University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
| | | | - Anna Cattrell
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - Patricia J Conrod
- Université de Montreal, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Montreal, Canada
| | - Herta Flor
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Germany
| | - Vincent Frouin
- Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, CEA-Saclay Center, Paris, France
| | - Jürgen Gallinat
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Penny Gowland
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, UK
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernd Ittermann
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany
| | - Jean-Luc Martinot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 Neuroimaging and Psychiatry, University Paris Sud, University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité and Maison de Solenn, Paris
| | - Marie-Laure Paillère Martinot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 Neuroimaging and Psychiatry, University Paris Sud, University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité and Maison de Solenn, Paris; Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris
| | - Frauke Nees
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Germany
| | | | - Tomáš Paus
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest and the University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Luise Poustka
- Clinical Faculty Mannheim, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Henrik Walter
- Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Gunter Schumann
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - Sylvane Desrivières
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK.
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Polymorphisms of STS gene and SULT2A1 gene and neurosteroid levels in Han Chinese boys with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: an exploratory investigation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45595. [PMID: 28367959 PMCID: PMC5377367 DOI: 10.1038/srep45595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined the relationships among polymorphisms of the STS gene and SULT2A1 gene, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and its sulfated form (DHEA-S), and characteristics of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). We used cheek swabs to obtain the genomic DNA of 200 ADHD male probands (mean age: 8.7 years), 192 patients’ mothers and 157 patients’ fathers. Three SNPs in the STS gene (rs6639786, rs2270112, and rs17268988) and one SNP in the SULT2A1 gene (rs182420) were genotyped. Saliva samples were collected from the ADHD patients to analyze DHEA and DHEA-S levels. The behavioral symptoms were evaluated with the Swanson, Nolan, and Pelham, and Version IV Scale for ADHD (SNAP-IV), and the neuropsychological function was assessed using the Conners’ Continuous Performance Tests (CPT). We found the C allele of rs2270112 within the STS gene to be over-transmitted in males with ADHD. Polymorphisms of rs182420 within the SULT2A1 gene were not associated with ADHD. In addition, the C allele carriers of rs2270112 demonstrated significantly higher DHEA-S levels than the G allele carriers. Levels of DHEA were positively correlated with attention as measured by the CPT. These findings support a potential role in the underlying biological pathogenesis of ADHD with regard to STS polymorphisms and neurosteroid levels.
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25
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Karmakar A, Maitra S, Chakraborti B, Verma D, Sinha S, Mohanakumar KP, Rajamma U, Mukhopadhyay K. Monoamine oxidase B gene variants associated with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in the Indo-Caucasoid population from West Bengal. BMC Genet 2016; 17:92. [PMID: 27341797 PMCID: PMC4921030 DOI: 10.1186/s12863-016-0401-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is characterized by symptoms of inattention, excessive motor activity and impulsivity detected mostly during childhood. These traits are known to be controlled by monoamine neurotransmitters, chiefly dopamine, serotonin and norepinephrine. Monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) and B (MAOB), two isoenzymes bound to the outer membrane of mitochondria, are involved in the degradation of monoamines and were explored for association with ADHD in different ethnic groups. In the present study, few exonic as well as intronic MAOB variants were analyzed in ADHD probands (N = 150) and ethnically matched controls (N = 150) recruited following the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders-4th edition (DSM-IV). Appropriate scales were used for measuring the behavioural attributes. Gene variants were analyzed by amplification of target sites followed by DNA sequencing and data obtained were analyzed by population based statistical methods. Results Out of 34 variants present in the analyzed sites, only seven functional variants, rs4824562, rs56220155, rs2283728, rs2283727, rs3027441, rs6324 and rs3027440, were found to be polymorphic. rs2283728 ‘C’ (P = 3.45e-006) and rs3027440 ‘T’ (P = 0.02) alleles showed higher frequencies in ADHD probands as compared to controls. rs56220155 ‘A’ (P = 0.04) allele and ‘GA’ (P = 0.04) genotype showed higher frequencies in the male and female ADHD probands respectively as compared to sex-matched controls. Analysis of pairwise linkage disequilibrium revealed striking differences between probands and controls. Haplotype analysis revealed significantly higher occurrence of different haplotypes in the ADHD probands while some haplotypes were detected in the controls only. Higher scores for conduct problems were found to be associated with rs56220155 ‘A’ (P = 0.05) allele in the male ADHD probands. Multifactor dimensionality reduction analysis showed independent as well as interactive effects of polymorphic variants which were more robust in the male probands. Conclusions Since all the polymorphic variants analyzed were functional, it may be inferred that MAOB gene variants are contributing to the etiology of ADHD in the Indo-Caucasoid population from eastern India which merits further in depth analysis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12863-016-0401-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arijit Karmakar
- Manovikas Biomedical Research and Diagnostic Centre, 482, Madudah, Plot I-24, Sec.-J, E.M. Bypass, Kolkata, 700107, India
| | - Subhamita Maitra
- Manovikas Biomedical Research and Diagnostic Centre, 482, Madudah, Plot I-24, Sec.-J, E.M. Bypass, Kolkata, 700107, India
| | - Barnali Chakraborti
- Manovikas Biomedical Research and Diagnostic Centre, 482, Madudah, Plot I-24, Sec.-J, E.M. Bypass, Kolkata, 700107, India
| | - Deepak Verma
- Manovikas Biomedical Research and Diagnostic Centre, 482, Madudah, Plot I-24, Sec.-J, E.M. Bypass, Kolkata, 700107, India
| | - Swagata Sinha
- Manovikas Biomedical Research and Diagnostic Centre, 482, Madudah, Plot I-24, Sec.-J, E.M. Bypass, Kolkata, 700107, India
| | - Kochupurackal P Mohanakumar
- Indian Institute of Chemical Biology-Council of Scientific & Industrial Research, Jadavpur, Kolkata, 700 032, India
| | - Usha Rajamma
- Manovikas Biomedical Research and Diagnostic Centre, 482, Madudah, Plot I-24, Sec.-J, E.M. Bypass, Kolkata, 700107, India
| | - Kanchan Mukhopadhyay
- Manovikas Biomedical Research and Diagnostic Centre, 482, Madudah, Plot I-24, Sec.-J, E.M. Bypass, Kolkata, 700107, India.
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The impact of biological sex and sex hormones on cognition in a rat model of early, pre-motor Parkinson's disease. Neuroscience 2016; 345:297-314. [PMID: 27235739 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is well known for motor deficits such as bradykinesia. However, patients often experience additional deficits in working memory, behavioral selection, decision-making and other executive functions. Like other features of PD, the incidence and severity of these cognitive symptoms differ in males and females. However, preclinical models have not been used to systematically investigate the roles that sex or sex hormones may play in these complex signs. To address this, we used a Barnes maze spatial memory paradigm to compare the effects of a bilateral nigrostriatal dopamine lesion model of early PD on cognitive behaviors in adult male and female rats and in adult male rats that were gonadectomized or gonadectomized and supplemented with testosterone or estradiol. We found that dopamine lesions produced deficits in working memory and other executive operations, albeit only in male rats where circulating androgen levels were physiological. In males where androgen levels were depleted, lesions produced no additional Barnes maze deficits and attenuated those previously linked to androgen deprivation. We also found that while most measures of Barnes maze performance were unaffected by dopamine lesions in the females, lesions did induce dramatic shifts from their preferred use of thigmotactic navigation to the use of spatially guided place strategies similar to those normally preferred by males. These and other sex- and sex hormone-specific differences in the effects of nigrostriatal dopamine lesions on executive function highlight the potential of gonadal steroids as protective and/or therapeutic for the cognitive symptoms of PD. However, their complexity also indicates the need for a more thorough understanding of androgen and estrogen effects in guiding the development of hormone therapies that might effectively address these non-motor signs.
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Stoet G. Sex differences in the Simon task help to interpret sex differences in selective attention. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2016; 81:571-581. [PMID: 26957425 PMCID: PMC5397428 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-016-0763-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In the last decade, a number of studies have reported sex differences in selective attention, but a unified explanation for these effects is still missing. This study aims to better understand these differences and put them in an evolutionary psychological context. 418 adult participants performed a computer-based Simon task, in which they responded to the direction of a left or right pointing arrow appearing left or right from a fixation point. Women were more strongly influenced by task-irrelevant spatial information than men (i.e., the Simon effect was larger in women, Cohen's d = 0.39). Further, the analysis of sex differences in behavioral adjustment to errors revealed that women slow down more than men following mistakes (d = 0.53). Based on the combined results of previous studies and the current data, it is proposed that sex differences in selective attention are caused by underlying sex differences in core abilities, such as spatial or verbal cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gijsbert Stoet
- University of Glasgow, St. Andrew's Building, 11 Eldon Street, Glasgow, UK.
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Tonnaer F, Cima M, Arntz A. Modeling Impulsivity in Forensic Patients: A Three-Dimensional Model of Impulsivity. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2016; 129:429-441. [PMID: 29558051 DOI: 10.5406/amerjpsyc.129.4.0429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The current study investigated whether a multidimensional model could underlie impulsivity and its associations with various disorders in a forensic sample. Data were available from self-report and behavioral impulsivity instruments of 87 forensic patients. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to derive a dimensional impulsivity model, and the relationship between and possible predictive validity of impulsivity dimensions for psychopathology was investigated using product moment correlations and regression analysis. A 3-dimensional model of impulsivity was derived, with factors labeled impulsive decision making, sensation seeking, and response inhibition. Impulsive decision making was a predictor for a history of drug dependence, the impulsive lifestyle facet of psychopathy, and antisocial personality disorder. Sensation seeking was not related to any psychopathology. Inadequate response inhibition was a predictor for drug dependence, psychopathy, and antisocial personality disorder. Given the importance of the concept of impulsivity with regard to forensic risk assessment, the current results replicated earlier impulsivity models and imply that impulsivity is a crucial target for diagnosis and interventions and underlines the importance to consider impulsivity as a multidimensional construct.
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Crowley TJ, Dalwani MS, Mikulich-Gilbertson SK, Young SE, Sakai JT, Raymond KM, McWilliams SK, Roark MJ, Banich MT. Adolescents' Neural Processing of Risky Decisions: Effects of Sex and Behavioral Disinhibition. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0132322. [PMID: 26176860 PMCID: PMC4503769 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0132322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Accidental injury and homicide, relatively common among adolescents, often follow risky behaviors; those are done more by boys and by adolescents with greater behavioral disinhibition (BD). Hypothesis Neural processing during adolescents' risky decision-making will differ in youths with greater BD severity, and in males vs. females, both before cautious behaviors and before risky behaviors. Methodology/Principal Findings 81 adolescents (Patients with substance and conduct problems, and comparison youths (Comparisons)), assessed in a 2 x 2 design (Patients:Comparisons x Male:Female) repeatedly decided between doing a cautious behavior that earned 1 cent, or a risky one that either won 5 or lost 10 cents. Odds of winning after risky responses gradually decreased. Functional magnetic resonance imaging captured brain activity during 4-sec deliberation periods preceding responses. Most neural activation appeared in known decision-making structures. Patients, who had more severe BD scores and clinical problems than Comparisons, also had extensive neural hypoactivity. Comparisons' greater activation before cautious responses included frontal pole, medial prefrontal cortex, striatum, and other regions; and before risky responses, insula, temporal, and parietal regions. Males made more risky and fewer cautious responses than females, but before cautious responses males activated numerous regions more than females. Before risky behaviors female-greater activation was more posterior, and male-greater more anterior. Conclusions/Significance Neural processing differences during risky-cautious decision-making may underlie group differences in adolescents' substance-related and antisocial risk-taking. Patients reported harmful real-life decisions and showed extensive neural hypoactivity during risky-or-cautious decision-making. Males made more risky responses than females; apparently biased toward risky decisions, males (compared with females) utilized many more neural resources to make and maintain cautious decisions, indicating an important risk-related brain sexual dimorphism. The results suggest new possibilities for prevention and management of excessive, dangerous adolescent risk-taking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J. Crowley
- Division of Substance Dependence, Psychiatry Department, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Manish S. Dalwani
- Division of Substance Dependence, Psychiatry Department, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Susan K. Mikulich-Gilbertson
- Division of Substance Dependence, Psychiatry Department, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Susan E. Young
- Division of Substance Dependence, Psychiatry Department, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Joseph T. Sakai
- Division of Substance Dependence, Psychiatry Department, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Kristen M. Raymond
- Division of Substance Dependence, Psychiatry Department, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Shannon K. McWilliams
- Division of Substance Dependence, Psychiatry Department, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Melissa J. Roark
- Division of Substance Dependence, Psychiatry Department, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Marie T. Banich
- Institute of Cognitive Science, Departments of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
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Williams LJ, Butler JS, Molloy A, McGovern E, Beiser I, Kimmich O, Quinlivan B, O'Riordan S, Hutchinson M, Reilly RB. Young Women do it Better: Sexual Dimorphism in Temporal Discrimination. Front Neurol 2015. [PMID: 26217303 PMCID: PMC4497309 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2015.00160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The temporal discrimination threshold (TDT) is the shortest time interval at which two sensory stimuli presented sequentially are detected as asynchronous by the observer. TDTs are known to increase with age. Having previously observed shorter thresholds in young women than in men, in this work we sought to systematically examine the effect of sex and age on temporal discrimination. The aims of this study were to examine, in a large group of men and women aged 20–65 years, the distribution of TDTs with an analysis of the individual participant’s responses, assessing the “point of subjective equality” and the “just noticeable difference” (JND). These respectively assess sensitivity and accuracy of an individual’s response. In 175 participants (88 women) aged 20–65 years, temporal discrimination was faster in women than in men under the age of 40 years by a mean of approximately 13 ms. However, age-related decline in temporal discrimination was three times faster in women so that, in the age group of 40–65 years, the female superiority was reversed. The point of subjective equality showed a similar advantage in younger women and more marked age-related decline in women than men, as the TDT. JND values declined equally in both sexes, showing no sexual dimorphism. This observed sexual dimorphism in temporal discrimination is important for both (a) future clinical research assessing disordered mid-brain covert attention in basal-ganglia disorders, and (b) understanding the biology of this sexual dimorphism which may be genetic or hormonal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Jane Williams
- Department of Neurology, St. Vincent's University Hospital , Dublin , Ireland ; School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland
| | - John S Butler
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland ; School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Anna Molloy
- Department of Neurology, St. Vincent's University Hospital , Dublin , Ireland ; School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Eavan McGovern
- Department of Neurology, St. Vincent's University Hospital , Dublin , Ireland ; School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Ines Beiser
- Department of Neurology, St. Vincent's University Hospital , Dublin , Ireland ; School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Okka Kimmich
- Department of Neurology, St. Vincent's University Hospital , Dublin , Ireland ; School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Brendan Quinlivan
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland ; School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Sean O'Riordan
- Department of Neurology, St. Vincent's University Hospital , Dublin , Ireland ; School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Michael Hutchinson
- Department of Neurology, St. Vincent's University Hospital , Dublin , Ireland ; School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Richard B Reilly
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland ; School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland ; School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This article provides an overview of current controversies in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) research, with an emphasis on recent findings that are directly relevant to clinical practice. RECENT FINDINGS Over the past few years, a number of studies have added key evidence to ongoing debates about the epidemiology, nosology, and treatment of ADHD. Although the causes of the rising prevalence of ADHD in the USA are still not fully understood, recent research suggests that environmental factors and changes to the diagnostic criteria may have played a role. In addition, there continues to be controversy surrounding the clinical diagnosis of ADHD and newly recognized, related conditions such as sluggish cognitive tempo. Recent studies have also challenged previous assumptions about the long-term effects of stimulant treatment on growth, academic achievement, and substance use. Moreover, although most complementary and alternative therapies for ADHD appear to be ineffective, there is emerging evidence supporting the value of fatty acid supplementation. Although these findings are promising, more research is needed on all fronts. SUMMARY Although research has shed light on unanswered questions about the epidemiology, nosology, and treatment of ADHD, much is still not known. An understanding of the most important current controversies in ADHD research may aid pediatricians in clinical decision making and allow them to counsel patients more effectively.
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32
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Sex-dependent dissociation between emotional appraisal and memory: a large-scale behavioral and fMRI study. J Neurosci 2015; 35:920-35. [PMID: 25609611 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2384-14.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Extensive evidence indicates that women outperform men in episodic memory tasks. Furthermore, women are known to evaluate emotional stimuli as more arousing than men. Because emotional arousal typically increases episodic memory formation, the females' memory advantage might be more pronounced for emotionally arousing information than for neutral information. Here, we report behavioral data from 3398 subjects, who performed picture rating and memory tasks, and corresponding fMRI data from up to 696 subjects. We were interested in the interaction between sex and valence category on emotional appraisal, memory performances, and fMRI activity. The behavioral results showed that females evaluate in particular negative (p < 10(-16)) and positive (p = 2 × 10(-4)), but not neutral pictures, as emotionally more arousing (pinteraction < 10(-16)) than males. However, in the free recall females outperformed males not only in positive (p < 10(-16)) and negative (p < 5 × 10(-5)), but also in neutral picture recall (p < 3.4 × 10(-8)), with a particular advantage for positive pictures (pinteraction < 4.4 × 10(-10)). Importantly, females' memory advantage during free recall was absent in a recognition setting. We identified activation differences in fMRI, which corresponded to the females' stronger appraisal of especially negative pictures, but no activation differences that reflected the interaction effect in the free recall memory task. In conclusion, females' valence-category-specific memory advantage is only observed in a free recall, but not a recognition setting and does not depend on females' higher emotional appraisal.
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Scerif G, Baker K. Annual research review: Rare genotypes and childhood psychopathology--uncovering diverse developmental mechanisms of ADHD risk. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2015; 56:251-73. [PMID: 25494546 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.12374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Through the increased availability and sophistication of genetic testing, it is now possible to identify causal diagnoses in a growing proportion of children with neurodevelopmental disorders. In addition to developmental delay and intellectual disability, many genetic disorders are associated with high risks of psychopathology, which curtail the wellbeing of affected individuals and their families. Beyond the identification of significant clinical needs, understanding the diverse pathways from rare genetic mutations to cognitive dysfunction and emotional-behavioural disturbance has theoretical and practical utility. METHODS We overview (based on a strategic search of the literature) the state-of-the-art on causal mechanisms leading to one of the most common childhood behavioural diagnoses - attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) - in the context of specific genetic disorders. We focus on new insights emerging from the mapping of causal pathways from identified genetic differences to neuronal biology, brain abnormalities, cognitive processing differences and ultimately behavioural symptoms of ADHD. FINDINGS First, ADHD research in the context of rare genotypes highlights the complexity of multilevel mechanisms contributing to psychopathology risk. Second, comparisons between genetic disorders associated with similar psychopathology risks can elucidate convergent or distinct mechanisms at each level of analysis, which may inform therapeutic interventions and prognosis. Third, genetic disorders provide an unparalleled opportunity to observe dynamic developmental interactions between neurocognitive risk and behavioural symptoms. Fourth, variation in expression of psychopathology risk within each genetic disorder points to putative moderating and protective factors within the genome and the environment. CONCLUSION A common imperative emerging within psychopathology research is the need to investigate mechanistically how developmental trajectories converge or diverge between and within genotype-defined groups. Crucially, as genetic predispositions modify interaction dynamics from the outset, longitudinal research is required to understand the multi-level developmental processes that mediate symptom evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaia Scerif
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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34
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Bayless DW, Perez MC, Daniel JM. Comparison of the validity of the use of the spontaneously hypertensive rat as a model of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in males and females. Behav Brain Res 2015; 286:85-92. [PMID: 25724583 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Revised: 01/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) is a commonly used and well-studied rodent model of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Sex differences in the cognitive symptoms of ADHD are reported. However, the female SHR rat is much less studied than its male counterpart. The goal of the current study was to assess the validity of the SHR rodent model of ADHD by examining attentional performance, inhibitory control, and hyperactivity in both male and female SHR rats. Adult SHR and control Wistar-Kyoto rats were trained on the 5-choice serial reaction time task, a self-paced test of attention and inhibitory control. This task requires animals to identify the location of a brief light stimulus among five possible locations under several challenging conditions. Analyses of percent correct revealed that attentional performance in SHR females was not significantly different from control females, whereas attentional performance in SHR males was significantly different from control males. Analyses of the number of premature responses revealed that SHR rats made more inhibitory control errors than did control rats and that this decrease in inhibitory control was present in both SHR males and females. Analyses of activity in the open field revealed that SHR rats were more hyperactive than were control rats and that this increased hyperactivity was present in both SHR males and females. The current findings have implications for the study of sex differences in ADHD and for the use of SHR rats as a model of ADHD in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel W Bayless
- Department of Psychology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA.
| | - Maria C Perez
- Neuroscience Program, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA.
| | - Jill M Daniel
- Department of Psychology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA; Neuroscience Program, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA.
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35
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Gao Q, Liu L, Li HM, Tang YL, Wu ZM, Chen Y, Wang YF, Qian QJ. Interactions between MAOA and SYP polymorphisms were associated with symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in Chinese Han subjects. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2015; 168B:45-53. [PMID: 25487813 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
As candidate genes of attention--deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), monoamine oxidase A (MAOA), and synaptophysin (SYP) are both on the X chromosome, and have been suggested to be associated with the predominantly inattentive subtype (ADHD-I). The present study is to investigate the potential gene-gene interaction (G × G) between rs5905859 of MAOA and rs5906754 of SYP for ADHD in Chinese Han subjects. For family-based association study, 177 female trios were included. For case-control study, 1,462 probands and 807 normal controls were recruited. The ADHD Rating Scale-IV (ADHD-RS-IV) was used to evaluate ADHD symptoms. Pedigree-based generalized multifactor dimensionality reduction (PGMDR) for female ADHD trios indicated significant gene interaction effect of rs5905859 and rs5906754. Generalized multifactor dimensionality reduction (GMDR) indicated potential gene-gene interplay on ADHD RS-IV scores in female ADHD-I. No associations were observed in male subjects in case-control analysis. In conclusion, our findings suggested that the interaction of MAOA and SYP may be involved in the genetic mechanism of ADHD-I subtype and predict ADHD symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Gao
- Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
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Miró E, Martínez MP, Sánchez AI, Prados G, Lupiáñez J. Men and women with fibromyalgia: Relation between attentional function and clinical symptoms. Br J Health Psychol 2014; 20:632-47. [PMID: 25557603 DOI: 10.1111/bjhp.12128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2013] [Revised: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study was the first to explore whether individuals with fibromyalgia (FM) have different cognitive alterations (i.e., in alertness, orienting, and executive control) depending on their sex. We also analysed possible gender differences in the relationships between cognitive functioning and some of the main symptoms of FM. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. METHODS Two clinical groups with FM (n = 58 women and n = 20 men) and two healthy control groups (n = 21 women and n = 27 men) aged between 30 and 60 years old participated in this study. Pain intensity, sleep disturbance, depression, anxiety, pain catastrophizing, and daily functioning were evaluated with self-report measures. Attentional function was assessed with the ANT-I task (Attentional Network Test-Interactions). RESULTS Mixed ANOVAs showed impairment in vigilance and executive control in both male and female patients with FM compared with controls. Control men were faster than control women, but FM eliminated sex differences. In addition, attention deficit was associated with worse daily functioning in women but not in men with FM. Emotional distress and sleep disruption seemed to contribute differently to these cognitive alterations in both sexes. CONCLUSIONS Therapy strategies aimed at reducing emotional distress and sleep disruption are likely to improve cognitive function by enhancing vigilance. Therapies aimed at reducing emotional distress seem to improve attentional function more in women than in men; those aimed at improving sleep quality are likely to reduce a vigilance/alertness deficit in women and executive problems in men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Miró
- Department of Personality, Assessment and Psychological Treatment, Mind, Brain, and Behavior Research Center, University of Granada, Spain
| | - María P Martínez
- Department of Personality, Assessment and Psychological Treatment, Mind, Brain, and Behavior Research Center, University of Granada, Spain
| | - Ana I Sánchez
- Department of Personality, Assessment and Psychological Treatment, Mind, Brain, and Behavior Research Center, University of Granada, Spain
| | - Germán Prados
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virgen de Las Nieves University Hospital, Granada, Spain
| | - Juan Lupiáñez
- Department of Experimental Psychology and Physiology of Behaviour, Mind, Brain, and Behavior Research Center, University of Granada, Spain
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Turkheimer FE, Bodini B, Politis M, Pariante CM, Ciccarelli O, Yeo RA. The X-Linked Hypothesis of Brain Disorders. Neuroscientist 2014; 21:589-98. [DOI: 10.1177/1073858414545999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In this article, we propose an X-linked hypothesis of brain disorders that postulates a neuronal origin of those neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders with a greater male prevalence. The hypothesis is based on the accumulated genetics and genomic evidence linking X chromosome genes and transcripts to neuronal cells. The behavioral genetics literature has long pointed to the link between postsynaptic protein complexes coded on chromosome X and mental retardation. More recently, novel genomic evidence has emerged of X-linked mRNA overexpression of neuronal source in the human brain. We review the evidence for this hypothesis and its consistency with the distribution across genders of brain disorders of known aetiology. We then provide examples of the utilization of this hypothesis in the investigation of the pathophysiology of complex brain disorders in both the stratification of disease cohorts and the development of realistic preclinical models. We conclude by providing a general framework for testing its validity, which will be exploited in future studies, and provide future directions for research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Benedetta Bodini
- Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, UK
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, UPMC, Paris, France
| | - Marios Politis
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, King’s College London, UK
| | | | | | - Ronald A. Yeo
- Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
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38
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Davies W. Sex differences in attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: candidate genetic and endocrine mechanisms. Front Neuroendocrinol 2014; 35:331-46. [PMID: 24680800 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2014.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Revised: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a developmental condition characterised by severe inattention, pathological impulsivity and hyperactivity; it is relatively common affecting up to 6% of children, and is associated with a risk of long-term adverse educational and social consequences. Males are considerably more likely to be diagnosed with ADHD than females; the course of the disorder and its associated co-morbidities also appear to be sensitive to sex. Here, I discuss fundamental biological (genetic and endocrine) mechanisms that have been shown to, or could theoretically, contribute towards these sexually dimorphic phenomena. Greater understanding of how and why the sexes differ with respect to ADHD vulnerability should allow us to identify and characterise novel protective and risk factors for the disorder, and should ultimately facilitate improved diagnosis, prognosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Davies
- Behavioural Genetics Group, Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Schools of Psychology and Medicine, Cardiff University, Tower Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK; Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK.
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Hong SB, Dwyer D, Kim JW, Park EJ, Shin MS, Kim BN, Yoo HJ, Cho IH, Bhang SY, Hong YC, Pantelis C, Cho SC. Subthreshold attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder is associated with functional impairments across domains: a comprehensive analysis in a large-scale community study. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2014; 23:627-36. [PMID: 24318039 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-013-0501-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This study compared children who experience attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms but do not meet criteria (i.e., subthreshold ADHD) with those with the full syndrome and healthy controls. Presence of ADHD symptoms was determined in a nationwide community sample of 921 children, aged 8-11 years. The main outcome measures comprised attentional symptoms, comorbidity profiles, academic performance, and neurocognitive ability (i.e., ADHD Rating Scale, Child Behavior Checklist, Learning Disability Evaluation Scale, and Stroop Color-Word Test, respectively). Subthreshold ADHD was equally prevalent in boys and girls, and more prevalent in low-income families. Throughout all the outcome measurements, subthreshold ADHD was both a significantly milder condition than full syndrome ADHD and a significantly more severe condition than non-ADHD status. The findings were consistent across the total as well as the subtest scores, and after correction for multiple comparisons (p < 0.0017). Children with subthreshold ADHD were found to experience significant symptoms and functional impairments. The results of this study support the clinical relevance of subthreshold ADHD in a childhood population. Subthreshold diagnostic criteria for ADHD may be more sensitive in detecting ADHD symptoms in girls than the full syndrome criteria, and subthreshold clinical, cognitive, and behavioral symptoms of ADHD may occur in a subset of children who are possibly more sensitive to their environment. Further consideration about the diagnostic threshold for ADHD may particularly benefit girls and children in low-income families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soon-Beom Hong
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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Li H, Liu L, Tang Y, Ji N, Yang L, Qian Q, Wang Y. Sex-specific association of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) Val66Met polymorphism and plasma BDNF with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in a drug-naïve Han Chinese sample. Psychiatry Res 2014; 217:191-7. [PMID: 24713358 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2014.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Revised: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A functional polymorphism of the brain derived neurotrophic factor gene (BDNF) (Val66Met) has been suggested to be involved in the pathogenesis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). It also has an impact on peripheral BDNF levels in psychiatric disorders. This study examined the association of Val66Met with plasma BDNF level of ADHD in Han Chinese children (170 medication - naïve ADHD patients and 155 unaffected controls, aged 6-16 years). The Val allele was showed a higher frequency in females with ADHD (n=84) than controls (P=0.029) from the case-control association study. The analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) indicated that the mean plasma BDNF levels of ADHD patients were significantly higher than that of controls (P=0.001). We performed both total sample and sex stratified analyses to investigate the effect of Val66Met genotype on the plasma BDNF levels, but only a trend of association was found in females with ADHD (n=84), with a tendency of lower plasma BDNF level in Val allele carriers than Met/Met genotype carriers (P=0.071). Our results suggested a sex-specific association between BDNF and ADHD. Furthermore, there was a possible sex-specific relationship between the BDNF Val66Met genotype and plasma BDNF levels. However, further studies are required to elucidate the role of BDNF in ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haimei Li
- Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health, Beijing 100191, China; Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Lu Liu
- Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health, Beijing 100191, China; Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yilang Tang
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ning Ji
- Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health, Beijing 100191, China; Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Li Yang
- Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health, Beijing 100191, China; Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Qiujin Qian
- Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health, Beijing 100191, China; Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Yufeng Wang
- Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health, Beijing 100191, China; Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China.
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Vande Voort JL, He JP, Jameson ND, Merikangas KR. Impact of the DSM-5 attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder age-of-onset criterion in the US adolescent population. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2014; 53:736-44. [PMID: 24954823 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2014.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Revised: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study aims to compare the prevalence and clinical correlates of DSM-IV versus DSM-5-defined attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and subtypes in a nationally representative sample of US youth based on the age-of-onset criterion. METHOD The sample includes 1,894 participants 12 to 15 years of age from cross-sectional National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) surveys conducted from 2001 to 2004. Data on DSM-IV and DSM-5 criteria for ADHD were derived from administration of the parental ADHD module of the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children, Version IV (DISC-IV). RESULTS Extension of the age-of-onset criterion from 7 to 12 years led to an increase in the prevalence rate of ADHD from 7.38% (DSM-IV) to 10.84% (DSM-5). Youth with later age of onset did not differ from those with earlier age of onset in terms of severity and patterns of comorbidity. However, the group with later age of onset was more likely to be from lower income and ethnic minority families. CONCLUSION The comparability of the clinical significance of the early and later age-of-onset groups supports the DSM-5 extension of the age-of-onset criterion in ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Vande Voort
- Genetic Epidemiology Research Branch in the Intramural Research Program at the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) in Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jian-Ping He
- Genetic Epidemiology Research Branch in the Intramural Research Program at the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) in Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Nicole D Jameson
- Genetic Epidemiology Research Branch in the Intramural Research Program at the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) in Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Kathleen R Merikangas
- Genetic Epidemiology Research Branch in the Intramural Research Program at the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) in Bethesda, Maryland.
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Karmakar A, Maitra S, Verma D, Chakraborti B, Goswami R, Ghosh P, Sinha S, Mohanakumar KP, Usha R, Mukhopadhyay K. Potential contribution of monoamine oxidase a gene variants in ADHD and behavioral co-morbidities: scenario in eastern Indian probands. Neurochem Res 2014; 39:843-52. [PMID: 24652311 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-014-1276-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Revised: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most frequently diagnosed behavioral disorder in children with a high frequency of co-morbid conditions like conduct disorder (CD) and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD). These traits are controlled by neurotransmitters like dopamine, serotonin and norepinephrine. Monoamine oxidase A (MAOA), a mitochondrial enzyme involved in the degradation of amines, has been reported to be associated with aggression, impulsivity, depression, and mood changes. We hypothesized that MAOA can have a potential role in ADHD associated CD/ODD and analyzed 24 markers in a group of Indo-Caucasoid subjects. ADHD probands and controls (N = 150 each) matched for ethnicity and gender were recruited following the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders-IV. Appropriate scales were used for measuring CD and ODD traits. Markers were genotyped by PCR-based methods and data obtained analyzed using the Cocaphase program under UNPHASED. Only eight markers were found to be polymorphic. rs6323 "G" allele showed higher frequencies in ADHD (P = 0.0023), ADHD + CD (P = 0.03) and ADHD + ODD (P = 0.01) as compared to controls. Haplotype analysis revealed statistically significant difference for three haplotypes in ADHD cases (P < 0.02). Statistically significant differences were also noticed for haplotypes in ADHD + CD and ADHD + ODD cases (P < 0.01). LD analysis showed significant variation in different groups. Multidimensionality reduction analysis showed independent as well as interactive effects of markers. Genotypes showed correlation with behavioral problems in ADHD and ADHD + CD. We interpret that MAOA gene variants may contribute to the etiology of ADHD as well as associated co-morbid CD and ODD in this ethnic group.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Karmakar
- Manovikas Biomedical Research and Diagnostic Centre, 482, Madudah, Plot I-24, Sec.-J, E.M. Bypass, Kolkata, 700107, India
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Effects of amphetamine exposure in adolescence or young adulthood on inhibitory control in adult male and female rats. Behav Brain Res 2014; 263:22-33. [PMID: 24462963 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Revised: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Heightened impulsivity is a feature of some psychiatric disorders, including addiction, that also have sex-specific patterns of expression. The relationship between addiction and impulsivity may be driven by drug-induced changes in behavior caused by long term adaptations in signaling within the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Here, we used a response inhibition task that is sensitive to changes in mPFC function to examine the effects of sex and exposure to amphetamine (AMPH) on impulsive action and vigilance. We also examined drug-induced alterations in glutamatergic and dopaminergic signaling through challenge injections with the NMDA receptor antagonist MK-801 (dizocilpine) and AMPH. Male and female Sprague Dawley rats were injected (i.p.) with saline or 3 mg/kg AMPH every other day during adolescence (postnatal day (P) 27-45) or adulthood (P85-103). Starting on P125-135, rats were tested for their ability to lever press for a food reward during periods of signaled availability and withhold responding during a "premature response" phase. In experiment 1, rats received challenge injections (i.p.) of MK-801 and AMPH followed by tests of task performance and locomotor activity. In experiment 2, rats received intra-mPFC infusion of MK-801. We found that females had better inhibitory control and poorer vigilance than males and that AMPH exposure had both sex- and age-of-exposure dependent effects on impulsivity. Systemic drug challenges disrupted task performance, particularly in females, and increased impulsivity while intra-mPFC infusions had modest effects. AMPH exposure did not affect responses to drug challenges. Together, these results suggest that sex mediates both trait and drug-induced impulsivity.
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Sharma A, Couture J. A Review of the Pathophysiology, Etiology, and Treatment of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Ann Pharmacother 2013; 48:209-25. [DOI: 10.1177/1060028013510699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To review the pathophysiology, etiology, and treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Data Sources and Data Extraction: A literature search was conducted in PubMed and EMBASE using the terms attention deficit hyperactive disorder, ADHD, pathophysiology, etiology, and neurobiology. Limits applied were the following: published in the past 10 years (January 2003 to August 2013), humans, review, meta-analysis, and English language. These yielded 63 articles in PubMed and 74 in EMBASE. After removing duplicate/irrelevant articles, 86 articles and their relevant reference citations were reviewed. Data Synthesis: ADHD is a neurological disorder that affects children, but symptoms may persist into adulthood. Individuals suffering from this disorder exhibit hyperactivity, inattention, impulsivity, and problems in social interaction and academic performance. Medications used to treat ADHD such as methylphenidate, amphetamine, and atomoxetine indicate a dopamine/norepinephrine deficit as the neurochemical basis of ADHD, but the etiology is more complex. Moreover, these agents have poor adverse effect profiles and a multitude of drug interactions. Because these drugs are also dispensed to adults who may have concomitant conditions or medications, a pharmacist needs to be aware of these adverse events and drug interactions. This review, therefore, focuses on the pathophysiology, etiology, and treatment of ADHD and details the adverse effects and drug interaction profiles of the drugs used to treat it. Conclusions: Published research shows the benefit of drug therapy for ADHD in children, but given the poor adverse effect and drug interaction profiles, these must be dispensed with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alok Sharma
- MCPHS University, Worcester/Manchester, NH, USA
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May T, Rinehart N, Wilding J, Cornish K. The Role of Attention in the Academic Attainment of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. J Autism Dev Disord 2013; 43:2147-58. [DOI: 10.1007/s10803-013-1766-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Impulsivity modulates performance under response uncertainty in a reaching task. Exp Brain Res 2012; 225:227-35. [PMID: 23239199 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-012-3363-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
We sought to explore the interaction of the impulsivity trait with response uncertainty. To this end, we used a reaching task (Pellizzer and Hedges in Exp Brain Res 150:276-289, 2003) where a motor response direction was cued at different levels of uncertainty (1 cue, i.e., no uncertainty, 2 cues or 3 cues). Data from 95 healthy adults (54 F, 41 M) were analysed. Impulsivity was measured using the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale version 11 (BIS-11). Behavioral variables recorded were reaction time (RT), errors of commission (referred to as 'early errors') and errors of precision. Data analysis employed generalised linear mixed models and generalised additive mixed models. For the early errors, there was an interaction of impulsivity with uncertainty and gender, with increased errors for high impulsivity in the one-cue condition for women and the three-cue condition for men. There was no effect of impulsivity on precision errors or RT. However, the analysis of the effect of RT and impulsivity on precision errors showed a different pattern for high versus low impulsives in the high uncertainty (3 cue) condition. In addition, there was a significant early error speed-accuracy trade-off for women, primarily in low uncertainty and a 'reverse' speed-accuracy trade-off for men in high uncertainty. These results extend those of past studies of impulsivity which help define it as a behavioural trait that modulates speed versus accuracy response styles depending on environmental constraints and highlight once more the importance of gender in the interplay of personality and behaviour.
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van den Bos R, Homberg J, de Visser L. A critical review of sex differences in decision-making tasks: focus on the Iowa Gambling Task. Behav Brain Res 2012; 238:95-108. [PMID: 23078950 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2012.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2012] [Revised: 10/04/2012] [Accepted: 10/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
It has been observed that men and women show performance differences in the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT), a task of decision-making in which subjects through exploration learn to differentiate long-term advantageous from long-term disadvantageous decks of cards: men choose more cards from the long-term advantageous decks than women within the standard number of 100 trials. Here, we aim at discussing psychological mechanisms and neurobiological substrates underlying sex differences in IGT-like decision-making. Our review suggests that women focus on both win-loss frequencies and long-term pay-off of decks, while men focus on long-term pay-off. Furthermore, women may be more sensitive to occasional losses in the long-term advantageous decks than men. As a consequence hereof, women need 40-60 trials in addition before they reach the same level of performance as men. These performance differences are related to differences in activity in the orbitofrontal cortex and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex as well as in serotonergic activity and left-right hemispheric activity. Sex differences in orbitofrontal cortex activity may be due to organisational effects of gonadal hormones early in life. The behavioural and neurobiological differences in the IGT between men and women are an expression of more general sex differences in the regulation of emotions. We discuss these findings in the context of sex differences in information processing related to evolutionary processes. Furthermore we discuss the relationship between these findings and real world decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruud van den Bos
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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