1
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Nam KS, Piri A, Choi S, Jung J, Hwang J. Air sampling and simultaneous detection of airborne influenza virus via gold nanorod-based plasmonic PCR. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 477:135180. [PMID: 39067289 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.135180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Reliable and sensitive virus detection is essential to prevent airborne virus transmission. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is one of the most compelling and effective diagnostic techniques for detecting airborne pathogens. However, most PCR diagnostics rely on thermocycling, which involves a time-consuming Peltier block heating methodology. Plasmonic PCR is based on light-driven photothermal heating of plasmonic nanostructures to address the key drawbacks of traditional PCR. This study introduces a methodology for plasmonic PCR detection of air-sampled influenza virus (H1N1). An electrostatic air sampler was used to collect the aerosolized virus in a carrier liquid for 10 min. Simultaneously, the viruses collected in the liquid were transferred to a tube containing gold (Au) nanorods (aspect ratio = 3.6). H1N1 viruses were detected in 12 min, which is the total time required for reverse transcription, fast thermocycling via plasmonic heating through gold nanorods, and in situ fluorescence detection. This methodology showed a limit of detection of three RNA copies/μL liquid for H1N1 influenza virus, which is comparable to that of commercially available PCR devices. This methodology can be used for the rapid and precise identification of pathogens on-site, while significantly reducing the time required for monitoring airborne viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Sik Nam
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Amin Piri
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea; Institute of Engineering Research, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangsoo Choi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiwoo Jung
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungho Hwang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Chernofsky A, Bosch RJ, Lok JJ. Causal mediation analysis with mediator values below an assay limit. Stat Med 2024; 43:2299-2313. [PMID: 38556761 PMCID: PMC11207996 DOI: 10.1002/sim.10065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Causal indirect and direct effects provide an interpretable method for decomposing the total effect of an exposure on an outcome into the indirect effect through a mediator and the direct effect through all other pathways. A natural choice for a mediator in a randomized clinical trial is the treatment's targeted biomarker. However, when the mediator is a biomarker, values can be subject to an assay lower limit. The mediator is affected by the treatment and is a putative cause of the outcome, so the assay lower limit presents a compounded problem in mediation analysis. We propose two approaches to estimate indirect and direct effects with a mediator subject to an assay limit: (1) extrapolation and (2) numerical optimization and integration of the observed likelihood. Since these estimation methods solely rely on the so-called Mediation Formula, they apply to most approaches to causal mediation analysis: natural, separable, and organic indirect, and direct effects. A simulation study compares the two estimation approaches to imputing with half the assay limit. Using HIV interruption study data from the AIDS Clinical Trials Group described in Li et al 2016, AIDS; Lok and Bosch 2021, Epidemiology, we illustrate our methods by estimating the organic/pure indirect effect of a hypothetical HIV curative treatment on viral suppression mediated by two HIV persistence measures: cell-associated HIV-RNA and single-copy plasma HIV-RNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel Chernofsky
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ronald J. Bosch
- Center for Biostatistics in AIDS Research, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Judith J. Lok
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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3
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Zhou X, Liu X, Zhao H, Guo G, Jiang X, Liu S, Sun X, Yang H. Research advances in microfluidic collection and detection of virus, bacterial, and fungal bioaerosols. Mikrochim Acta 2024; 191:132. [PMID: 38351367 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-024-06213-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Bioaerosols are airborne suspensions of fine solid or liquid particles containing biological substances such as viruses, bacteria, cellular debris, fungal spores, mycelium, and byproducts of microbial metabolism. The global Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and the previous emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), and influenza have increased the need for reliable and effective monitoring tools for bioaerosols. Bioaerosol collection and detection have aroused considerable attention. Current bioaerosol sampling and detection techniques suffer from long response time, low sensitivity, and high costs, and these drawbacks have forced the development of novel monitoring strategies. Microfluidic technique is considered a breakthrough for high performance analysis of bioaerosols. In recent years, several emerging methods based on microfluidics have been developed and reported for collection and detection of bioaerosols. The unique advantages of microfluidic technique have enabled the integration of bioaerosol collection and detection, which has a higher efficiency over conventional methods. This review focused on the research progress of bioaerosol collection and detection methods based on microfluidic techniques, with special attention on virus aerosols and bacterial aerosols. Different from the existing reviews, this work took a unique perspective of the targets to be collected and detected in bioaerosols, which would provide a direct index of bioaerosol categories readers may be interested in. We also discussed integrated microfluidic monitoring system for bioaerosols. Additionally, the application of bioaerosol detection in biomedicine was presented. Finally, the current challenges in the field of bioaerosol monitoring are presented and an outlook given of future developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Zhou
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Fourth Hospital of China Medical University, No. 4, Chongshan East Road, Huanggu District, Shenyang, 110032, Liaoning, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Fourth Hospital of China Medical University, No. 4, Chongshan East Road, Huanggu District, Shenyang, 110032, Liaoning, China
| | - Haiyang Zhao
- Teaching Center for Basic Medical Experiment, China Medical University, No.77, Puhe Road, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Guanqi Guo
- Teaching Center for Basic Medical Experiment, China Medical University, No.77, Puhe Road, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Xiran Jiang
- School of Intelligent Medicine, China Medical University, No.77, Puhe Road, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning Province, China.
| | - Shuo Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Fourth Hospital of China Medical University, No. 4, Chongshan East Road, Huanggu District, Shenyang, 110032, Liaoning, China.
| | - Xiaoting Sun
- School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, No.77, Puhe Road, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning Province, China.
| | - Huazhe Yang
- School of Intelligent Medicine, China Medical University, No.77, Puhe Road, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning Province, China.
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4
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Qiu G, Zhang X, deMello AJ, Yao M, Cao J, Wang J. On-site airborne pathogen detection for infection risk mitigation. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:8531-8579. [PMID: 37882143 PMCID: PMC10712221 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00417a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Human-infecting pathogens that transmit through the air pose a significant threat to public health. As a prominent instance, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that caused the COVID-19 pandemic has affected the world in an unprecedented manner over the past few years. Despite the dissipating pandemic gloom, the lessons we have learned in dealing with pathogen-laden aerosols should be thoroughly reviewed because the airborne transmission risk may have been grossly underestimated. From a bioanalytical chemistry perspective, on-site airborne pathogen detection can be an effective non-pharmaceutic intervention (NPI) strategy, with on-site airborne pathogen detection and early-stage infection risk evaluation reducing the spread of disease and enabling life-saving decisions to be made. In light of this, we summarize the recent advances in highly efficient pathogen-laden aerosol sampling approaches, bioanalytical sensing technologies, and the prospects for airborne pathogen exposure measurement and evidence-based transmission interventions. We also discuss open challenges facing general bioaerosols detection, such as handling complex aerosol samples, improving sensitivity for airborne pathogen quantification, and establishing a risk assessment system with high spatiotemporal resolution for mitigating airborne transmission risks. This review provides a multidisciplinary outlook for future opportunities to improve the on-site airborne pathogen detection techniques, thereby enhancing the preparedness for more on-site bioaerosols measurement scenarios, such as monitoring high-risk pathogens on airplanes, weaponized pathogen aerosols, influenza variants at the workplace, and pollutant correlated with sick building syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyu Qiu
- Institute of Medical Robotics, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zürich, Zürich 8093, Switzerland
- Laboratory for Advanced Analytical Technologies, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf 8600, Switzerland
| | - Xiaole Zhang
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zürich, Zürich 8093, Switzerland
- Laboratory for Advanced Analytical Technologies, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf 8600, Switzerland
| | - Andrew J deMello
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg1, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Maosheng Yao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, China
| | - Junji Cao
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zürich, Zürich 8093, Switzerland
- Laboratory for Advanced Analytical Technologies, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf 8600, Switzerland
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5
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Han JJ, Song HA, Pierson SL, Shen-Gunther J, Xia Q. Emerging Infectious Diseases Are Virulent Viruses-Are We Prepared? An Overview. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2618. [PMID: 38004630 PMCID: PMC10673331 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11112618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The recent pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 affected the global population, resulting in a significant loss of lives and global economic deterioration. COVID-19 highlighted the importance of public awareness and science-based decision making, and exposed global vulnerabilities in preparedness and response systems. Emerging and re-emerging viral outbreaks are becoming more frequent due to increased international travel and global warming. These viral outbreaks impose serious public health threats and have transformed national strategies for pandemic preparedness with global economic consequences. At the molecular level, viral mutations and variations are constantly thwarting vaccine efficacy, as well as diagnostic, therapeutic, and prevention strategies. Here, we discuss viral infectious diseases that were epidemic and pandemic, currently available treatments, and surveillance measures, along with their limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine J. Han
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Gynecologic Surgery and Obstetrics, Department of Clinical Investigation, Brooke Army Medical Center, San Antonio, TX 78234, USA
| | - Hannah A. Song
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA;
| | - Sarah L. Pierson
- Department of Clinical Investigation, Brooke Army Medical Center, San Antonio, TX 78234, USA;
| | - Jane Shen-Gunther
- Gynecologic Oncology & Clinical Investigation, Department of Clinical Investigation, Brooke Army Medical Center, San Antonio, TX 78234, USA;
| | - Qingqing Xia
- Department of Clinical Investigation, Brooke Army Medical Center, San Antonio, TX 78234, USA;
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6
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Seok Y, Mauk MG, Li R, Qian C. Trends of respiratory virus detection in point-of-care testing: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1264:341283. [PMID: 37230728 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In resource-limited conditions such as the COVID-19 pandemic, on-site detection of diseases using the Point-of-care testing (POCT) technique is becoming a key factor in overcoming crises and saving lives. For practical POCT in the field, affordable, sensitive, and rapid medical testing should be performed on simple and portable platforms, instead of laboratory facilities. In this review, we introduce recent approaches to the detection of respiratory virus targets, analysis trends, and prospects. Respiratory viruses occur everywhere and are one of the most common and widely spreading infectious diseases in the human global society. Seasonal influenza, avian influenza, coronavirus, and COVID-19 are examples of such diseases. On-site detection and POCT for respiratory viruses are state-of-the-art technologies in this field and are commercially valuable global healthcare topics. Cutting-edge POCT techniques have focused on the detection of respiratory viruses for early diagnosis, prevention, and monitoring to protect against the spread of COVID-19. In particular, we highlight the application of sensing techniques to each platform to reveal the challenges of the development stage. Recent POCT approaches have been summarized in terms of principle, sensitivity, analysis time, and convenience for field applications. Based on the analysis of current states, we also suggest the remaining challenges and prospects for the use of the POCT technique for respiratory virus detection to improve our protection ability and prevent the next pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngung Seok
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea; Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, 216 Towne Building, 220 S. 33rd Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| | - Michael G Mauk
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, 216 Towne Building, 220 S. 33rd Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Ruijie Li
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 29 Zhongguancun East Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Cheng Qian
- Key Laboratory for Food Microbial Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310018, China
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7
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Chang Y, Wang Y, Li W, Wei Z, Tang S, Chen R. Mechanisms, Techniques and Devices of Airborne Virus Detection: A Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:ijerph20085471. [PMID: 37107752 PMCID: PMC10138381 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20085471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Airborne viruses, such as COVID-19, cause pandemics all over the world. Virus-containing particles produced by infected individuals are suspended in the air for extended periods, actually resulting in viral aerosols and the spread of infectious diseases. Aerosol collection and detection devices are essential for limiting the spread of airborne virus diseases. This review provides an overview of the primary mechanisms and enhancement techniques for collecting and detecting airborne viruses. Indoor virus detection strategies for scenarios with varying ventilations are also summarized based on the excellent performance of existing advanced comprehensive devices. This review provides guidance for the development of future aerosol detection devices and aids in the control of airborne transmission diseases, such as COVID-19, influenza and other airborne transmission viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Chang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Occupational Safety and Health, Institute of Urban Safety and Environmental Science, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology, Beijing 100054, China; (Y.C.); (Y.W.); (S.T.)
| | - Yuqian Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Occupational Safety and Health, Institute of Urban Safety and Environmental Science, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology, Beijing 100054, China; (Y.C.); (Y.W.); (S.T.)
| | - Wen Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (W.L.); (Z.W.)
| | - Zewen Wei
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (W.L.); (Z.W.)
| | - Shichuan Tang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Occupational Safety and Health, Institute of Urban Safety and Environmental Science, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology, Beijing 100054, China; (Y.C.); (Y.W.); (S.T.)
| | - Rui Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Occupational Safety and Health, Institute of Urban Safety and Environmental Science, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology, Beijing 100054, China; (Y.C.); (Y.W.); (S.T.)
- Correspondence:
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8
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Mantri D, Wymenga L, van Turnhout J, van Zeijl H, Zhang G. Manipulation, Sampling and Inactivation of the SARS-CoV-2 Virus Using Nonuniform Electric Fields on Micro-Fabricated Platforms: A Review. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:345. [PMID: 36838044 PMCID: PMC9967285 DOI: 10.3390/mi14020345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Micro-devices that use electric fields to trap, analyze and inactivate micro-organisms vary in concept, design and application. The application of electric fields to manipulate and inactivate bacteria and single-celled organisms has been described extensively in the literature. By contrast, the effect of such fields on viruses is not well understood. This review explores the possibility of using existing methods for manipulating and inactivating larger viruses and bacteria, for smaller viruses, such as SARS-CoV-2. It also provides an overview of the theoretical background. The findings may be used to implement new ideas and frame experimental parameters that optimize the manipulation, sampling and inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 electrically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devashish Mantri
- Department Biomedical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Luutzen Wymenga
- Department Microelectronics, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Jan van Turnhout
- Department Material Science Engineering, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Henk van Zeijl
- Department Microelectronics, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Guoqi Zhang
- Department Microelectronics, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands
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9
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Bhardwaj J, Ngo ND, Lee J, Jang J. High enrichment and near real-time quantification of airborne viruses using a wet-paper-based electrochemical immunosensor under an electrostatic field. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 442:130006. [PMID: 36162308 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Conventional airborne virus measurement usually requires appreciable sampling and detection times. Viral aerosols should also be collected or prepared in a liquid medium whose volume typically ranges from milliliters to tens of milliliters; hence, many sampling and detection steps need to be taken with the unit horizontal or immobile. Moreover, viral aerosols need to be sufficiently enriched, which makes real-time monitoring difficult. Herein, we present a near real-time enrichment and quantification system of airborne viruses that consists of a wet-paper-based electrochemical immunosensor with a gel electrolyte and a modified electrostatic particle concentrator. A small amount of phosphate-buffered saline flowed on the electrode, which resulted in sensor electrodes that are barely wet (covered in a thin buffer film measuring several micrometers) to ensure antigen-antibody interaction and the removal of non-target particles on the electrode surface. This system ensures that airborne viruses are highly enriched on the working electrode of the immunosensor, and it is possible to measure the MS2 virus particle concentrations every 10 min for 60 min stably and selectively against non-target airborne viruses and bacteria at horizontal and tilted measurement configurations. This system thus has the potential to be used in the real-time mobile monitoring of airborne microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Bhardwaj
- Sensors and Aerosols Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, the Republic of Korea
| | - Nhan Dinh Ngo
- Sensors and Aerosols Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, the Republic of Korea
| | - Jaegil Lee
- Sensors and Aerosols Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, the Republic of Korea
| | - Jaesung Jang
- Sensors and Aerosols Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, the Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Engineering & Department of Urban and Environmental Engineering, UNIST, Ulsan 44919, the Republic of Korea.
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10
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Lee I, Jeon E, Lee J. On-site bioaerosol sampling and detection in microfluidic platforms. Trends Analyt Chem 2023; 158:116880. [PMID: 36514783 PMCID: PMC9731818 DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
As the recent coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic and several severe illnesses such as Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), Influenza A virus (IAV) flu, and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) have been found to be airborne, the importance of monitoring bioaerosols for the control and prevention of airborne epidemic diseases outbreaks is increasing. However, current aerosol collection and detection technologies may be limited to on-field use for real-time monitoring because of the relatively low concentrations of targeted bioaerosols in air samples. Microfluidic devices have been used as lab-on-a-chip platforms and exhibit outstanding capabilities in airborne particulate collection, sample processing, and target molecule analysis, thereby highlighting their potential for on-site bioaerosol monitoring. This review discusses the measurement of airborne microorganisms from air samples, including sources and transmission of bioaerosols, sampling strategies, and analytical methodologies. Recent advancements in microfluidic platforms have focused on bioaerosol sample preparation strategies, such as sorting, concentrating, and extracting, as well as rapid and field-deployable detection methods for analytes on microfluidic chips. Furthermore, we discuss an integrated platform for on-site bioaerosol analyses. We believe that our review significantly contributes to the literature as it assists in bridging the knowledge gaps in bioaerosol monitoring using microfluidic platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inae Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, South Korea.,Research Institute for Convergence of Basic Sciences, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-Ro, Seongdong-Gu, Seoul, 04763, South Korea
| | - Eunyoung Jeon
- Department of Chemistry, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, South Korea
| | - Joonseok Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, South Korea.,Research Institute for Convergence of Basic Sciences, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-Ro, Seongdong-Gu, Seoul, 04763, South Korea.,Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, South Korea
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11
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Beduk T, Beduk D, Hasan MR, Guler Celik E, Kosel J, Narang J, Salama KN, Timur S. Smartphone-Based Multiplexed Biosensing Tools for Health Monitoring. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12080583. [PMID: 36004979 PMCID: PMC9406027 DOI: 10.3390/bios12080583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Many emerging technologies have the potential to improve health care by providing more personalized approaches or early diagnostic methods. In this review, we cover smartphone-based multiplexed sensors as affordable and portable sensing platforms for point-of-care devices. Multiplexing has been gaining attention recently for clinical diagnosis considering certain diseases require analysis of complex biological networks instead of single-marker analysis. Smartphones offer tremendous possibilities for on-site detection analysis due to their portability, high accessibility, fast sample processing, and robust imaging capabilities. Straightforward digital analysis and convenient user interfaces support networked health care systems and individualized health monitoring. Detailed biomarker profiling provides fast and accurate analysis for disease diagnosis for limited sample volume collection. Here, multiplexed smartphone-based assays with optical and electrochemical components are covered. Possible wireless or wired communication actuators and portable and wearable sensing integration for various sensing applications are discussed. The crucial features and the weaknesses of these devices are critically evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tutku Beduk
- Silicon Austria Labs GmbH: Sensor Systems, 9524 Villach, Austria;
| | - Duygu Beduk
- Central Research Test and Analysis Laboratory Application and Research Center, Ege University, 35100 Izmir, Turkey;
| | - Mohd Rahil Hasan
- Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India; (M.R.H.); (J.N.)
| | - Emine Guler Celik
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ege University, 35100 Izmir, Turkey;
| | - Jurgen Kosel
- Silicon Austria Labs GmbH: Sensor Systems, 9524 Villach, Austria;
| | - Jagriti Narang
- Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India; (M.R.H.); (J.N.)
| | - Khaled Nabil Salama
- Sensors Lab, Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Suna Timur
- Central Research Test and Analysis Laboratory Application and Research Center, Ege University, 35100 Izmir, Turkey;
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Ege University, 35100 Izmir, Turkey
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12
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Tao Y, Zhang X, Qiu G, Spillmann M, Ji Z, Wang J. SARS-CoV-2 and other airborne respiratory viruses in outdoor aerosols in three Swiss cities before and during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 164:107266. [PMID: 35512527 PMCID: PMC9060371 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been affecting the world since the end of 2019. While virus-laden particles have been commonly detected and studied in the aerosol samples from indoor healthcare settings, studies are scarce on air surveillance of the virus in outdoor non-healthcare environments, including the correlations between SARS-CoV-2 and other respiratory viruses, between viruses and environmental factors, and between viruses and human behavior changes due to the public health measures against COVID-19. Therefore, in this study, we collected airborne particulate matter (PM) samples from November 2019 to April 2020 in Bern, Lugano, and Zurich. Among 14 detected viruses, influenza A, HCoV-NL63, HCoV-HKU1, and HCoV-229E were abundant in air. SARS-CoV-2 and enterovirus were moderately common, while the remaining viruses occurred only in low concentrations. SARS-CoV-2 was detected in PM10 (PM below 10 µm) samples of Bern and Zurich, and PM2.5 (PM below 2.5 µm) samples of Bern which exhibited a concentration positively correlated with the local COVID-19 case number. The concentration was also correlated with the concentration of enterovirus which raised the concern of coinfection. The estimated COVID-19 infection risks of an hour exposure at these two sites were generally low but still cannot be neglected. Our study demonstrated the potential functionality of outdoor air surveillance of airborne respiratory viruses, especially at transportation hubs and traffic arteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yile Tao
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8093, Switzerland; Laboratory for Advanced Analytical Technologies, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf 8600, Switzerland
| | - Xiaole Zhang
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8093, Switzerland; Laboratory for Advanced Analytical Technologies, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf 8600, Switzerland
| | - Guangyu Qiu
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8093, Switzerland; Laboratory for Advanced Analytical Technologies, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf 8600, Switzerland
| | - Martin Spillmann
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8093, Switzerland; Laboratory for Advanced Analytical Technologies, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf 8600, Switzerland
| | - Zheng Ji
- School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8093, Switzerland; Laboratory for Advanced Analytical Technologies, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf 8600, Switzerland.
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13
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A Smart System for the Contactless Measurement of Energy Expenditure. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22041355. [PMID: 35214262 PMCID: PMC8963031 DOI: 10.3390/s22041355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Energy Expenditure (EE) (kcal/day), a key element to guide obesity treatment, is measured from CO2 production, VCO2 (mL/min), and/or O2 consumption, VO2 (mL/min). Current technologies are limited due to the requirement of wearable facial accessories. A novel system, the Smart Pad, which measures EE via VCO2 from a room’s ambient CO2 concentration transients was evaluated. Resting EE (REE) and exercise VCO2 measurements were recorded using Smart Pad and a reference instrument to study measurement duration’s influence on accuracy. The Smart Pad displayed 90% accuracy (±1 SD) for 14–19 min of REE measurement and for 4.8–7.0 min of exercise, using known room’s air exchange rate. Additionally, the Smart Pad was validated measuring subjects with a wide range of body mass indexes (BMI = 18.8 to 31.4 kg/m2), successfully validating the system accuracy across REE’s measures of ~1200 to ~3000 kcal/day. Furthermore, high correlation between subjects’ VCO2 and λ for CO2 accumulation was observed (p < 0.00001, R = 0.785) in a 14.0 m3 sized room. This finding led to development of a new model for REE measurement from ambient CO2 without λ calibration using a reference instrument. The model correlated in nearly 100% agreement with reference instrument measures (y = 1.06x, R = 0.937) using an independent dataset (N = 56).
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14
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Breshears LE, Nguyen BT, Mata Robles S, Wu L, Yoon JY. Biosensor detection of airborne respiratory viruses such as SARS-CoV-2. SLAS Technol 2022; 27:4-17. [PMID: 35058206 PMCID: PMC8720388 DOI: 10.1016/j.slast.2021.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Airborne SARS-CoV-2 transmission represents a significant route for possible human infection that is not yet fully understood. Viruses in droplets and aerosols are difficult to detect because they are typically present in low amounts. In addition, the current techniques used, such as RT-PCR and virus culturing, require large amounts of time to get results. Biosensor technology can provide rapid, handheld, and point-of-care systems that can identify virus presence quickly and accurately. This paper reviews the background of airborne virus transmission and the characteristics of SARS-CoV-2, its relative risk for transmission even at distances greater than the currently suggested 6 feet (or 2 m) physical distancing. Publications on biosensor technology that may be applied to the detection of airborne SARS-CoV-2 and other respiratory viruses are also summarized. Based on the current research we believe that there is a pressing need for continued research into handheld and rapid methods for sensitive collection and detection of airborne viruses. We propose a paper-based microfluidic chip and immunofluorescence assay as one method that could be investigated as a low-cost and portable option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lane E Breshears
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States
| | - Brandon T Nguyen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States
| | - Samantha Mata Robles
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States
| | - Lillian Wu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States
| | - Jeong-Yeol Yoon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States.
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15
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Abdeldayem OM, Dabbish AM, Habashy MM, Mostafa MK, Elhefnawy M, Amin L, Al-Sakkari EG, Ragab A, Rene ER. Viral outbreaks detection and surveillance using wastewater-based epidemiology, viral air sampling, and machine learning techniques: A comprehensive review and outlook. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 803:149834. [PMID: 34525746 PMCID: PMC8379898 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
A viral outbreak is a global challenge that affects public health and safety. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been spreading globally, affecting millions of people worldwide, and led to significant loss of lives and deterioration of the global economy. The current adverse effects caused by the COVID-19 pandemic demands finding new detection methods for future viral outbreaks. The environment's transmission pathways include and are not limited to air, surface water, and wastewater environments. The wastewater surveillance, known as wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE), can potentially monitor viral outbreaks and provide a complementary clinical testing method. Another investigated outbreak surveillance technique that has not been yet implemented in a sufficient number of studies is the surveillance of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) in the air. Artificial intelligence (AI) and its related machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) technologies are currently emerging techniques for detecting viral outbreaks using global data. To date, there are no reports that illustrate the potential of using WBE with AI to detect viral outbreaks. This study investigates the transmission pathways of SARS-CoV-2 in the environment and provides current updates on the surveillance of viral outbreaks using WBE, viral air sampling, and AI. It also proposes a novel framework based on an ensemble of ML and DL algorithms to provide a beneficial supportive tool for decision-makers. The framework exploits available data from reliable sources to discover meaningful insights and knowledge that allows researchers and practitioners to build efficient methods and protocols that accurately monitor and detect viral outbreaks. The proposed framework could provide early detection of viruses, forecast risk maps and vulnerable areas, and estimate the number of infected citizens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar M Abdeldayem
- Department of Water Supply, Sanitation and Environmental Engineering, IHE Delft Institute for Water Education, Westvest 7, 2611AX Delft, the Netherlands.
| | - Areeg M Dabbish
- Biotechnology Graduate Program, Biology Department, School of Science and Engineering, The American University in Cairo, New Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud M Habashy
- Department of Water Supply, Sanitation and Environmental Engineering, IHE Delft Institute for Water Education, Westvest 7, 2611AX Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Mohamed K Mostafa
- Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Cairo 11829, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Elhefnawy
- CanmetENERGY, 1615 Lionel-Boulet Blvd, P.O. Box 4800, Varennes, Québec J3X 1P7, Canada; Department of Mathematics and Industrial Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal 2500 Chemin de Polytechnique, Montréal, Québec H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Lobna Amin
- Department of Water Supply, Sanitation and Environmental Engineering, IHE Delft Institute for Water Education, Westvest 7, 2611AX Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Built Environment, Aalto University, PO Box 15200, FI-00076, Aalto, Finland
| | - Eslam G Al-Sakkari
- Chemical Engineering Department, Cairo University, Cairo University Road, 12613 Giza, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Ragab
- CanmetENERGY, 1615 Lionel-Boulet Blvd, P.O. Box 4800, Varennes, Québec J3X 1P7, Canada; Department of Mathematics and Industrial Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal 2500 Chemin de Polytechnique, Montréal, Québec H3T 1J4, Canada; Faculty of Electronic Engineering, Menoufia University, 32952, Menouf, Egypt
| | - Eldon R Rene
- Department of Water Supply, Sanitation and Environmental Engineering, IHE Delft Institute for Water Education, Westvest 7, 2611AX Delft, the Netherlands
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16
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López A, Fuentes E, Yusà V, López-Labrador FX, Camaró M, Peris-Martinez C, Llácer M, Ortolá S, Coscollà C. Indoor Air Quality including Respiratory Viruses. TOXICS 2021; 9:toxics9110274. [PMID: 34822665 PMCID: PMC8626032 DOI: 10.3390/toxics9110274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The detection of SARS-CoV-2 in indoor environments is a cause of increasing concern. In this study, three sampling methodologies have been used in order to collect SARS-CoV-2 and 17 other respiratory viruses in indoor air, combined with a new analytical process to analyze respiratory viruses. Different areas of an ophthalmological hospital were investigated for the presence of these airborne viruses. Moreover, indoor air quality (IAQ) parameters (carbon dioxide, CO2; carbon monoxide, CO; nitrogen dioxide, NO2; volatile organic compounds, VOCs; formaldehyde, HCHO; and particulate matter, PM) have been examined to study the relationship between IAQ and airborne viruses. All indoor air and surface samples assessed were found to be negative for SARS-CoV-2. Nevertheless, another airborne respiratory virus (HRV/ENV) was detected, illustrating that the methodology set out here is a suitable one. Regarding the results for the IAQ, chemical parameters studied in the hall and waiting room of the hospital presented acceptable values. However, in the doctor's consultation room VOCs and HCHO show some instantaneous levels higher than the recommended guide values. The methodological approach described in this paper, integrating conventional IAQ and the assessment of bioaerosols, can be used in research and control programs aimed at promoting a healthy indoor environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio López
- FISABIO-Public Health, Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research in the Valencian Region, 21, Avenida Catalunya, 46020 Valencia, Spain; (A.L.); (E.F.); (V.Y.); (F.X.L.-L.)
| | - Esther Fuentes
- FISABIO-Public Health, Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research in the Valencian Region, 21, Avenida Catalunya, 46020 Valencia, Spain; (A.L.); (E.F.); (V.Y.); (F.X.L.-L.)
| | - Vicent Yusà
- FISABIO-Public Health, Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research in the Valencian Region, 21, Avenida Catalunya, 46020 Valencia, Spain; (A.L.); (E.F.); (V.Y.); (F.X.L.-L.)
- Public Health Laboratory of Valencia, 21, Avenida Catalunya, 46020 Valencia, Spain; (M.C.); (M.L.); (S.O.)
- Analytical Chemistry Department, University of Valencia, Edifici Jeroni Muñoz, Dr. Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | - F. Xavier López-Labrador
- FISABIO-Public Health, Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research in the Valencian Region, 21, Avenida Catalunya, 46020 Valencia, Spain; (A.L.); (E.F.); (V.Y.); (F.X.L.-L.)
- Microbiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Av. de Blasco Ibáñez, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- CIBERESP, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (Institute of Health Carlos III), Av. Monforte de Lemos, 5, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marisa Camaró
- Public Health Laboratory of Valencia, 21, Avenida Catalunya, 46020 Valencia, Spain; (M.C.); (M.L.); (S.O.)
| | - Cristina Peris-Martinez
- Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research in the Valencia Region, FISABIO-Mediterranean Ophthalmological Foundation (FOM), 12, Avenida Pío Baroja, 46015 Valencia, Spain;
- Surgery Department (Ophthalmology), Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, 17, Avenida Blasco Ibáñez, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Martin Llácer
- Public Health Laboratory of Valencia, 21, Avenida Catalunya, 46020 Valencia, Spain; (M.C.); (M.L.); (S.O.)
| | - Susana Ortolá
- Public Health Laboratory of Valencia, 21, Avenida Catalunya, 46020 Valencia, Spain; (M.C.); (M.L.); (S.O.)
| | - Clara Coscollà
- FISABIO-Public Health, Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research in the Valencian Region, 21, Avenida Catalunya, 46020 Valencia, Spain; (A.L.); (E.F.); (V.Y.); (F.X.L.-L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-961926333
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17
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Bhardwaj J, Hong S, Jang J, Han CH, Lee J, Jang J. Recent advancements in the measurement of pathogenic airborne viruses. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 420:126574. [PMID: 34252679 PMCID: PMC8256664 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Air-transmissible pathogenic viruses, such as influenza viruses and coronaviruses, are some of the most fatal strains and spread rapidly by air, necessitating quick and stable measurements from sample air volumes to prevent further spread of diseases and to take appropriate steps rapidly. Measurements of airborne viruses generally require their collection into liquids or onto solid surfaces, with subsequent hydrosolization and then analysis using the growth method, nucleic-acid-based techniques, or immunoassays. Measurements can also be performed in real time without sampling, where species-specific determination is generally disabled. In this review, we introduce some recent advancements in the measurement of pathogenic airborne viruses. Air sampling and measurement technologies for viral aerosols are reviewed, with special focus on the effects of air sampling on damage to the sampled viruses and their measurements. Measurement of pathogenic airborne viruses is an interdisciplinary research area that requires understanding of both aerosol technology and biotechnology to effectively address the issues. Hence, this review is expected to provide some useful guidelines regarding appropriate air sampling and virus detection methods for particular applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Bhardwaj
- Sensors and Aerosols Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Junbeom Jang
- Sensors and Aerosols Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Ho Han
- Sensors and Aerosols Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaegil Lee
- Sensors and Aerosols Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaesung Jang
- Sensors and Aerosols Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Engineering & Department of Urban and Environmental Engineering, UNIST, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea.
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18
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Xi H, Jiang H, Juhas M, Zhang Y. Multiplex Biosensing for Simultaneous Detection of Mutations in SARS-CoV-2. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:25846-25859. [PMID: 34632242 PMCID: PMC8491437 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c04024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 pandemic caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has become the world's largest public health emergency of the past few decades. Thousands of mutations were identified in the SARS-CoV-2 genome. Some mutants are more infectious and may replace the original strains. Recently, B.1.1.7(Alpha), B1.351(Beta), and B.1.617.2(Delta) strains, which appear to have increased transmissibility, were detected. These strains accounting for the high proportion of newly diagnosed cases spread rapidly over the world. Particularly, the Delta variant has been reported to account for a vast majority of the infections in several countries over the last few weeks. The application of biosensors in the detection of SARS-CoV-2 is important for the control of the COVID-19 pandemic. Due to high demand for SARS-CoV-2 genotyping, it is urgent to develop reliable and efficient systems based on integrated multiple biosensor technology for rapid detection of multiple SARS-CoV-2 mutations simultaneously. This is important not only for the detection and analysis of the current but also for future mutations. Novel biosensors combined with other technologies can be used for the reliable and effective detection of SARS-CoV-2 mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Xi
- College
of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology
(Shenzhen), Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Hanlin Jiang
- College
of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology
(Shenzhen), Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Mario Juhas
- Medical
and Molecular Microbiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Faculty of
Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg CH-1700, Switzerland
| | - Yang Zhang
- College
of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology
(Shenzhen), Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
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19
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Shin J, Kim HR, Bae PK, Yoo H, Kim J, Choi Y, Kang A, Yun WS, Shin YB, Hwang J, Hong S. Reusable surface amplified nanobiosensor for the sub PFU/mL level detection of airborne virus. Sci Rep 2021; 11:16776. [PMID: 34408220 PMCID: PMC8373909 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-96254-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We developed a reusable surface-amplified nanobiosensor for monitoring airborne viruses with a sub-PFU/mL level detection limit. Here, sandwich structures consisted of magnetic particles functionalized with antibodies, target viruses, and alkaline phosphatases (ALPs) were formed, and they were magnetically concentrated on Ni patterns near an electrochemical sensor transducer. Then, the electrical signals from electrochemical markers generated by ALPs were measured with the sensor transducer, enabling highly-sensitive virus detection. The sandwich structures in the used sensor chip could be removed by applying an external magnetic field, and we could reuse the sensor transducer chip. As a proof of concepts, the repeated detection of airborne influenza virus using a single sensor chip was demonstrated with a detection limit down to a sub-PFU/mL level. Using a single reusable sensor transducer chip, the hemagglutinin (HA) of influenza A (H1N1) virus with different concentrations were measured down to 10 aM level. Importantly, our sensor chip exhibited reliable sensing signals even after more than 18 times of the repeated HA sensing measurements. Furthermore, airborne influenza viruses collected from the air could be measured down to 0.01 PFU/mL level. Interestingly, the detailed quantitative analysis of the measurement results revealed the degradation of HA proteins on the viruses after the air exposure. Considering the ultrasensitivity and reusability of our sensors, it can provide a powerful tool to help preventing epidemics by airborne pathogens in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junghyun Shin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Hyeong Rae Kim
- Gas Metrology Group, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS), Daejeon, 34113, Korea
| | - Pan Kee Bae
- BioNano Health Guard Research Center (H-GUARD), Daejeon, 34141, Korea
| | - Haneul Yoo
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Jeongsu Kim
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Yoonji Choi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Aeyeon Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Korea
| | - Wan S Yun
- Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Korea
| | - Yong Beom Shin
- BioNano Health Guard Research Center (H-GUARD), Daejeon, 34141, Korea.,Bionanotechnology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology 10 (KRIBB), Daejeon, 34141, Korea.,Department of Bioengineering, KRIBB School, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, 34141, Korea
| | - Jungho Hwang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Seunghun Hong
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, and Institute of Applied Physics, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea.
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20
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Affiliation(s)
- Arben Merkoçi
- Nanobioelectronics & Biosensors Group, Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), BIST, Campus UAB, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain; ICREA, Institució Catalana de Recerca I Estudis Avançats, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Chen-Zhong Li
- Center of Cellular and Molecular Diagnosis, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA.
| | - Laura M Lechuga
- Nanobiosensors and Bioanalytical Applications (NanoB2A), Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC, BIST and CIBER-BBN, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Aydogan Ozcan
- Electrical & Computer Engineering and Bioengineering Departments, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
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