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Du H, Dang X, Chen R, Li Y, Cui N, Yang H. A universal three-dimensional hydrogel electrode for electrochemical detection of SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein and hydrogen peroxide. Biosens Bioelectron 2024; 259:116355. [PMID: 38754196 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2024.116355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a highly contagious illness caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), resulting in a global health crisis. The primary diagnostic method for COVID-19 is quantitative reverse transcription PCR, which is time-consuming and requires expensive instrumentation. Here, we developed an electrochemical biosensor for detecting SARS-CoV-2 biomarkers using a 3D porous polyacrylamide/polyaniline hydrogel (PPG) electrode prepared by UV photopolymerization and in situ polymerization. The electrochemical immunosensor for detecting SARS-CoV-2 N protein via the immune sandwich principle demonstrated a lower detection limit of 42 pg/mL and comparable specificity to a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, which was additionally validated in pseudoviruses. The electrochemical sensor for hydrogen peroxide showed a low detection limit of 0.5 μM and excellent selectivity, which was further confirmed in cancer cells under oxidative stress. The biomarkers of SARS-CoV-2 were successfully detected due to the signal amplification capability provided by 3D porous electrodes and the high sensitivity of the antigen-antibody specific binding. This study introduces a novel three-dimensional electrode with great potential for the early detection of SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoze Du
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Biological Diagnosis, Treatment and Protection Technology and Equipment, Xi'an, 710072, PR China; Center for Advanced Biomaterials and Technology Transformation, Suzhou Ningrao Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Suzhou, 215000, PR China
| | - Xinmin Dang
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Biological Diagnosis, Treatment and Protection Technology and Equipment, Xi'an, 710072, PR China; Center for Advanced Biomaterials and Technology Transformation, Suzhou Ningrao Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Suzhou, 215000, PR China
| | - Ran Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Biological Diagnosis, Treatment and Protection Technology and Equipment, Xi'an, 710072, PR China; Center for Advanced Biomaterials and Technology Transformation, Suzhou Ningrao Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Suzhou, 215000, PR China
| | - Yiwei Li
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Biological Diagnosis, Treatment and Protection Technology and Equipment, Xi'an, 710072, PR China
| | - Ning Cui
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Biological Diagnosis, Treatment and Protection Technology and Equipment, Xi'an, 710072, PR China; Center for Advanced Biomaterials and Technology Transformation, Suzhou Ningrao Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Suzhou, 215000, PR China.
| | - Hui Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Biological Diagnosis, Treatment and Protection Technology and Equipment, Xi'an, 710072, PR China.
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Viter R, Tepliakova I, Drobysh M, Zbolotnii V, Rackauskas S, Ramanavicius S, Grundsteins K, Liustrovaite V, Ramanaviciene A, Ratautaite V, Brazys E, Chen CF, Prentice U, Ramanavicius A. Photoluminescence-based biosensor for the detection of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 virus proteins by ZnO tetrapod structure integrated within microfluidic system. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 939:173333. [PMID: 38763199 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
This paper reports on development of an optical biosensor for the detection of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 virus proteins in blood serum. ZnO nanotetrapods with high surface area and stable room temperature photoluminescence (PL) were selected as transducers. Structure and optical properties of the ZnO tetrapods have been studied by XRD, SEM and Raman spectroscopy. Crystallinity, dimensions and emission peaks of the ZnO tetrapods were determined. The ZnO tetrapods were fixed on glass chip. Silanization of ZnO tetrapods surface resulted in forming of functional surface groups suitable for the immobilization of bioselective layer. Two types of recombinant proteins (rS and rN) have been used to form bioselective layer on the surface of the ZnO tetrapods. Flow through microfluidic system, integrated with optical system, has been used for the determination of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 virus proteins present in blood samples. The SARS-CoV-2 probes, prepared in PBS solution, have been injected into the measurement chamber with a constant pumping speed. Steady-state photoluminescence spectra and photoluminescence kinetics have been studied before and after injection of the probes. The biosensor signal has been tested to anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in the range of 0.001 nM-1 nM. Control measurements have been performed with blood serum of healthy person. ZnO-SARS-CoV-2-rS and ZnO-SARS-CoV-2-rN biosensors showed high stability and sensitivity to anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in the range of 0.025-0.5 nM (LOD 0.01 nM) and 0.3-1 nM (LOD 0.3 nM), respectively. Gibbs free energy of interaction between ZnO/SARS-CoV-2-rS and ZnO/SARS-CoV-2-rN bioselective layers with anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies showed -35.5 and -21.4 kJ/mol, respectively. Average detection time of biosensor integrated within microfluidic system was 15-20 min. The detection time and pumping speed (50 μL/min) were optimized to make detection faster. The developed system and ZnO-SARS-CoV-2-rS nanostructures have good potential for detection of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies from patient's probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Viter
- Institute of Atomic Physics and Spectroscopy, University of Latvia, LV-1004 Riga, Latvia; NanoTechnas-Center of Nanotechnology and Materials Science, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University, 03225 Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - Iryna Tepliakova
- Institute of Atomic Physics and Spectroscopy, University of Latvia, LV-1004 Riga, Latvia; NanoTechnas-Center of Nanotechnology and Materials Science, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University, 03225 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Maryia Drobysh
- State Research Institute Center for Physical and Technological Sciences, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania; NanoTechnas-Center of Nanotechnology and Materials Science, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University, 03225 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Viktor Zbolotnii
- Institute of Atomic Physics and Spectroscopy, University of Latvia, LV-1004 Riga, Latvia; NanoTechnas-Center of Nanotechnology and Materials Science, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University, 03225 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Simas Rackauskas
- Institute of Materials Science, Kaunas University of Technology, K. Baršausko St. 59, LT-51423 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Simonas Ramanavicius
- Institute of Atomic Physics and Spectroscopy, University of Latvia, LV-1004 Riga, Latvia; State Research Institute Center for Physical and Technological Sciences, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Karlis Grundsteins
- Institute of Atomic Physics and Spectroscopy, University of Latvia, LV-1004 Riga, Latvia; NanoTechnas-Center of Nanotechnology and Materials Science, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University, 03225 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Viktorija Liustrovaite
- NanoTechnas-Center of Nanotechnology and Materials Science, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University, 03225 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Almira Ramanaviciene
- NanoTechnas-Center of Nanotechnology and Materials Science, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University, 03225 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Vilma Ratautaite
- State Research Institute Center for Physical and Technological Sciences, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania; NanoTechnas-Center of Nanotechnology and Materials Science, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University, 03225 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Ernestas Brazys
- NanoTechnas-Center of Nanotechnology and Materials Science, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University, 03225 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Chien-Fu Chen
- Institute of Applied Mechanics, National Taiwan University, Taipei City 106, Taiwan
| | - Urte Prentice
- State Research Institute Center for Physical and Technological Sciences, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Arunas Ramanavicius
- State Research Institute Center for Physical and Technological Sciences, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania; NanoTechnas-Center of Nanotechnology and Materials Science, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University, 03225 Vilnius, Lithuania.
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Duan S, Cai T, Liu F, Li Y, Yuan H, Yuan W, Huang K, Hoettges K, Chen M, Lim EG, Zhao C, Song P. Automatic offline-capable smartphone paper-based microfluidic device for efficient biomarker detection of Alzheimer's disease. Anal Chim Acta 2024; 1308:342575. [PMID: 38740448 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2024.342575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a prevalent neurodegenerative disease with no effective treatment. Efficient and rapid detection plays a crucial role in mitigating and managing AD progression. Deep learning-assisted smartphone-based microfluidic paper analysis devices (μPADs) offer the advantages of low cost, good sensitivity, and rapid detection, providing a strategic pathway to address large-scale disease screening in resource-limited areas. However, existing smartphone-based detection platforms usually rely on large devices or cloud servers for data transfer and processing. Additionally, the implementation of automated colorimetric enzyme-linked immunoassay (c-ELISA) on μPADs can further facilitate the realization of smartphone μPADs platforms for efficient disease detection. RESULTS This paper introduces a new deep learning-assisted offline smartphone platform for early AD screening, offering rapid disease detection in low-resource areas. The proposed platform features a simple mechanical rotating structure controlled by a smartphone, enabling fully automated c-ELISA on μPADs. Our platform successfully applied sandwich c-ELISA for detecting the β-amyloid peptide 1-42 (Aβ 1-42, a crucial AD biomarker) and demonstrated its efficacy in 38 artificial plasma samples (healthy: 19, unhealthy: 19, N = 6). Moreover, we employed the YOLOv5 deep learning model and achieved an impressive 97 % accuracy on a dataset of 1824 images, which is 10.16 % higher than the traditional method of curve-fitting results. The trained YOLOv5 model was seamlessly integrated into the smartphone using the NCNN (Tencent's Neural Network Inference Framework), enabling deep learning-assisted offline detection. A user-friendly smartphone application was developed to control the entire process, realizing a streamlined "samples in, answers out" approach. SIGNIFICANCE This deep learning-assisted, low-cost, user-friendly, highly stable, and rapid-response automated offline smartphone-based detection platform represents a good advancement in point-of-care testing (POCT). Moreover, our platform provides a feasible approach for efficient AD detection by examining the level of Aβ 1-42, particularly in areas with low resources and limited communication infrastructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sixuan Duan
- School of Advanced Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, 111 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, 215000, China; Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Liverpool, Foundation Building, Brownlow Hill, Liverpool, L69 7ZX, UK; Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Jilin University, 5988 Renmin Street, Changchun, 130022, China
| | - Tianyu Cai
- School of Advanced Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, 111 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, 215000, China
| | - Fuyuan Liu
- School of Advanced Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, 111 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, 215000, China; Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Liverpool, Foundation Building, Brownlow Hill, Liverpool, L69 7ZX, UK
| | - Yifan Li
- School of Advanced Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, 111 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, 215000, China; Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Liverpool, Foundation Building, Brownlow Hill, Liverpool, L69 7ZX, UK
| | - Hang Yuan
- School of Advanced Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, 111 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, 215000, China
| | - Wenwen Yuan
- School of Advanced Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, 111 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, 215000, China; Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Liverpool, Foundation Building, Brownlow Hill, Liverpool, L69 7ZX, UK; State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No.28 Xianning West Road, Xi'an, 710079, China
| | - Kaizhu Huang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke Kunshan University, 8 Duke Avenue, Kunshan, 215316, China
| | - Kai Hoettges
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Liverpool, Foundation Building, Brownlow Hill, Liverpool, L69 7ZX, UK
| | - Min Chen
- School of Advanced Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, 111 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, 215000, China; Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Liverpool, Foundation Building, Brownlow Hill, Liverpool, L69 7ZX, UK
| | - Eng Gee Lim
- School of Advanced Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, 111 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, 215000, China; Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Liverpool, Foundation Building, Brownlow Hill, Liverpool, L69 7ZX, UK
| | - Chun Zhao
- School of Advanced Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, 111 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, 215000, China; Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Liverpool, Foundation Building, Brownlow Hill, Liverpool, L69 7ZX, UK
| | - Pengfei Song
- School of Advanced Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, 111 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, 215000, China; Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Liverpool, Foundation Building, Brownlow Hill, Liverpool, L69 7ZX, UK.
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Valerio TL, Anastácio R, da Silva SS, de Oliveira CC, Vidotti M. An overview of electrochemical biosensors used for COVID-19 detection. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2024; 16:2164-2176. [PMID: 38536084 DOI: 10.1039/d3ay02042h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
This short review presents the latest advances in the field of electrochemical biosensors, focusing particularly on impedimetric biosensors for the direct measurement of analytes. As a source of study we have chosen to describe these advances in the latest global health crisis originated from the COVID-19 pandemic, initiated by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. In this period, the necessity for swift and precise detection methods has grown rapidly due to an imminent need for the development of an analytical method to identify and isolate infected patients as an attempt to control the spreading of the disease. Traditional approaches such as the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), were extensively used during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, but their drawbacks, including slow response time, became evident. In this context, the potential of electrochemical biosensors as an alternative for COVID-19 detection was emphasized. These biosensors merge electrochemical technology with bioreceptors, offering benefits such as rapidity, accuracy, portability, and real-time result provision. Additionally, we present instances of electrochemical biosensors modified with conductive polymers, eliminating the necessity for an electrochemical probe. The adaptability of the developed materials and devices facilitated the prompt production of electrochemical biosensors during the pandemic, creating opportunities for broader applications in infectious disease diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Lima Valerio
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Macromoléculas e Interfaces, Universidade Federal Do Paraná (UFPR), 81531-980, Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
| | - Raquel Anastácio
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Macromoléculas e Interfaces, Universidade Federal Do Paraná (UFPR), 81531-980, Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
| | - Stella Schuster da Silva
- Laboratório de Células Inflamatórias e Neoplásicas (LCIN) e Laboratório de Investigação de Polissacarídeos Sulfatados (LIPS), Universidade Federal Do Paraná (UFPR), 81531-980, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Carolina Camargo de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Células Inflamatórias e Neoplásicas (LCIN) e Laboratório de Investigação de Polissacarídeos Sulfatados (LIPS), Universidade Federal Do Paraná (UFPR), 81531-980, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Marcio Vidotti
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Macromoléculas e Interfaces, Universidade Federal Do Paraná (UFPR), 81531-980, Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
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Krishna SBN, Jakmunee J, Mishra YK, Prakash J. ZnO based 0-3D diverse nano-architectures, films and coatings for biomedical applications. J Mater Chem B 2024; 12:2950-2984. [PMID: 38426529 DOI: 10.1039/d4tb00184b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Thin-film nano-architecting is a promising approach that controls the properties of nanoscale surfaces to increase their interdisciplinary applications in a variety of fields. In this context, zinc oxide (ZnO)-based various nano-architectures (0-3D) such as quantum dots, nanorods/nanotubes, nanothin films, tetrapods, nanoflowers, hollow structures, etc. have been extensively researched by the scientific community in the past decade. Owing to its unique surface charge transport properties, optoelectronic properties and reported biomedical applications, ZnO has been considered as one of the most important futuristic bio-nanomaterials. This review is focused on the design/synthesis and engineering of 0-3D nano-architecture ZnO-based thin films and coatings with tunable characteristics for multifunctional biomedical applications. Although ZnO has been extensively researched, ZnO thin films composed of 0-3D nanoarchitectures with promising thin film device bio-nanotechnology applications have rarely been reviewed. The current review focuses on important details about the technologies used to make ZnO-based thin films, as well as the customization of properties related to bioactivities, characterization, and device fabrication for modern biomedical uses that are relevant. It features biosensing, tissue engineering/wound healing, antibacterial, antiviral, and anticancer activity, as well as biomedical diagnosis and therapy with an emphasis on a better understanding of the mechanisms of action. Eventually, key issues, experimental parameters and factors, open challenges, etc. in thin film device fabrications and applications, and future prospects will be discussed, followed by a summary and conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh Babu Naidu Krishna
- Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology, Durban University of Technology, Durban-4000, South Africa
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Technology, Durban University of Technology, Durban-4000, South Africa
| | - Jaroon Jakmunee
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Yogendra Kumar Mishra
- Mads Clausen Institute, NanoSYD, University of Southern Denmark, Alsion 2, 6400, Sønderborg, Denmark
| | - Jai Prakash
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Hamirpur, Hamirpur 177005, (H.P.), India.
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6
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Baradoke A, Jarusaitis A, Reinikovaite V, Jafarov A, Elsakova A, Franckevicius M, Skapas M, Slibinskas R, Drobysh M, Liustrovaite V, Ramanavicius A. Detection of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein by screen-printed carbon electrodes modified by colloidal gold nanoparticles. Talanta 2024; 268:125279. [PMID: 37857108 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.125279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
In this work, electrochemical bioanalytical systems for the determination of antibodies against the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Spike protein (anti-rS) is reported. Environmentally friendly chemicals were applied in the synthesis of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). The AuNPs were integrated onto the screen-printed carbon electrodes (SPE), and the biological recognition part was based on recombinant SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein (rS), which during the immobilization was cross-linked by glutaraldehyde. Immobilized rS protein based biological recognition part enabled selective recognition of anti-rS antibodies. The current flux of AuNPs reduction (at +200 mV) in a pure phosphate buffer (PB) was employed as the transduction signal. It has been reported that the formation of anti-rS layers on the surface of AuNPs delays the electrode response time (ts), tracked at the current flux density values of 80 μA cm-2. Using the AuNP-modified SPE, we demonstrated a rapid anti-rS detection within a detection limit of 2 ng mL-1 (0.125 binding antibody units mL-1, 17 pM). This system can be applied to track the response of immune system towards SARS-CoV-2 infection and monitoring of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ausra Baradoke
- State Research Institute Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Sauletekio ave. 3, 10007, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Ainis Jarusaitis
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University, Naugarduko str. 24, 03225, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Viktorija Reinikovaite
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University, Naugarduko str. 24, 03225, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Ali Jafarov
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University, Naugarduko str. 24, 03225, Vilnius, Lithuania; Institute of Technology, Nooruse 1, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Alexandra Elsakova
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University, Naugarduko str. 24, 03225, Vilnius, Lithuania; Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Ravila 19, 50412, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Marius Franckevicius
- State Research Institute Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Sauletekio ave. 3, 10007, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Martynas Skapas
- State Research Institute Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Sauletekio ave. 3, 10007, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Rimantas Slibinskas
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University, Naugarduko str. 24, 03225, Vilnius, Lithuania; Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Sauletekio ave. 7, LT-10257, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Maryia Drobysh
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University, Naugarduko str. 24, 03225, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Viktorija Liustrovaite
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University, Naugarduko str. 24, 03225, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Arunas Ramanavicius
- State Research Institute Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Sauletekio ave. 3, 10007, Vilnius, Lithuania; Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University, Naugarduko str. 24, 03225, Vilnius, Lithuania.
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7
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Drobysh M, Liustrovaite V, Kanetski Y, Brasiunas B, Zvirbliene A, Rimkute A, Gudas D, Kucinskaite-Kodze I, Simanavicius M, Ramanavicius S, Slibinskas R, Ciplys E, Plikusiene I, Ramanavicius A. Electrochemical biosensing based comparative study of monoclonal antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 908:168154. [PMID: 37923263 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we are reporting an electrochemical biosensor for the determination of three different clones of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) recombinant nucleocapsid protein (rN). The nucleocapsid protein was chosen as a system component identifying and discriminating antibodies that occur after virus infection instead of S protein used in serological tests to measure antibodies raised after vaccination and infection. The sensing platform was based on a screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) covered with gold nanoparticles (AuNP) and subsequently modified with a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) to ensure the covalent immobilization of the rN. The interaction between the protein and three clones of mAbs against SARS-CoV-2 rN with clone numbers 4G6, 7F10, and 1A6, were electrochemically registered in the range of concentrations. Three techniques, cyclic voltammetry (CV), differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), and pulse amperometric detection (PAD) were used for the detection. A gradual change in the responses with an increase in mAbs concentration for all techniques was observed. To assess the performance of the developed electrochemical biosensor, 'complexation constant' (KC), limit of detection (LOD), and limit of quantification (LOQ) were calculated for all assessed clones of mAbs and all used techniques. Our results indicated that DPV possessing higher fitting accuracy illustrated more significant differences in KC constants and LOD/LOQ values. According to the DPV results, 7F10 clone was characterized with the highest KC value of 1.47 ± 0.07 μg/mL while the lowest LOD and LOQ values belonged to the 4G6 clone and equaled 0.08 ± 0.01 and 0.25 ± 0.01 μg/mL, respectively. Overall, these results demonstrate the potential of electrochemical techniques for the detection and distinguishing of different clones of mAbs against SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryia Drobysh
- State Research Institute Center for Physical and Technological Sciences, Sauletekio ave. 3, Vilnius, Lithuania; Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University, Naugarduko str. 24, 03225 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Viktorija Liustrovaite
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University, Naugarduko str. 24, 03225 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Yahor Kanetski
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University, Naugarduko str. 24, 03225 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Benediktas Brasiunas
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University, Naugarduko str. 24, 03225 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Aurelija Zvirbliene
- Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Sauletekio ave. 7, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Agne Rimkute
- Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Sauletekio ave. 7, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Dainius Gudas
- Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Sauletekio ave. 7, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | | | | | - Simonas Ramanavicius
- State Research Institute Center for Physical and Technological Sciences, Sauletekio ave. 3, Vilnius, Lithuania; Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University, Naugarduko str. 24, 03225 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Rimantas Slibinskas
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University, Naugarduko str. 24, 03225 Vilnius, Lithuania; Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Sauletekio ave. 7, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Evaldas Ciplys
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University, Naugarduko str. 24, 03225 Vilnius, Lithuania; Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Sauletekio ave. 7, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Ieva Plikusiene
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University, Naugarduko str. 24, 03225 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Arunas Ramanavicius
- State Research Institute Center for Physical and Technological Sciences, Sauletekio ave. 3, Vilnius, Lithuania; Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University, Naugarduko str. 24, 03225 Vilnius, Lithuania.
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8
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Zhao X, Ding Z, Chen H, Xiao Y, Hou J, Huang L, Wu J, Hao N. Acoustofluidics-Assisted Multifunctional Paper-Based Analytical Devices. Anal Chem 2024; 96:496-504. [PMID: 38153375 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c04603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (μPADs) feature an economic and sensitive nature, while acoustofluidics displays contactless and versatile virtue, and both of them gained tremendous interest in the past decades. Integrating μPADs with acoustofluidic techniques provides great potential to overcome the inherent shortcomings and make appealing achievements. Here, we present acoustofluidics-assisted multifunctional paper-based analytical devices that leverage bulk acoustic waves to realize multiple applications on paper substrates, including uniform colorimetric detection, microparticle/cell enrichment, fluorescence amplification, homogeneous mixing, and nanomaterial synthesis. The glucose detection in the range of 5-15 mM was conducted to perform uniform colorimetric detection. Various types (brass powder, copper powder, diamond powder, and yeast cells) and sizes (5-200 μm) of solid particles and biological cells can be enriched on paper in a few seconds or minutes; thus, fluorescence amplification by 3 times was realized with the enrichment. The high-throughput and homogeneous mixing of two fluids can be achieved, and based on the mixing, nanomaterials (ZnO nanosheets) were synthesized on paper. We analyzed the underlying mechanisms of these applications in the devices, which are attributed to Faraday waves and Chladni patterns. With their simple fabrication and prominent effectiveness, the devices open up new possibilities for paper-based microfluidic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiong Zhao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 28 Xianning West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 865 Changning Road, Shanghai 200050, P.R. China
| | - Zihan Ding
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 28 Xianning West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, P.R. China
| | - Hongqiang Chen
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 28 Xianning West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, P.R. China
| | - Yaxuan Xiao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 28 Xianning West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Education Ministry for Modern Design and Rotor-Bearing System, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 28 Xianning West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, P.R. China
| | - Junsheng Hou
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 28 Xianning West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, P.R. China
| | - Lei Huang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 28 Xianning West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, P.R. China
| | - Junjie Wu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 28 Xianning West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, P.R. China
| | - Nanjing Hao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 28 Xianning West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 865 Changning Road, Shanghai 200050, P.R. China
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9
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Wang R, Zhu B, Young P, Luo Y, Taylor J, Cameron AJ, Squire CJ, Travas-Sejdic J. A Portable and Disposable Electrochemical Sensor Utilizing Laser-Scribed Graphene for Rapid SARS-CoV-2 Detection. BIOSENSORS 2023; 14:10. [PMID: 38248387 PMCID: PMC10813335 DOI: 10.3390/bios14010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic caused by the virus SARS-CoV-2 was the greatest global threat to human health in the last three years. The most widely used methodologies for the diagnosis of COVID-19 are quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and rapid antigen tests (RATs). PCR is time-consuming and requires specialized instrumentation operated by skilled personnel. In contrast, RATs can be used in-home or at point-of-care but are less sensitive, leading to a higher rate of false negative results. In this work, we describe the development of a disposable, electrochemical, and laser-scribed graphene-based biosensor strips for COVID-19 detection that exploits a split-ester bond ligase system (termed 'EsterLigase') for immobilization of a virus-specific nanobody to maintain the out-of-plane orientation of the probe to ensure the efficacy of the probe-target recognition process. An anti-spike VHH E nanobody, genetically fused with the EsterLigase domain, was used as the specific probe for the spike receptor-binding domain (SP-RBD) protein as the target. The recognition between the two was measured by the change in the charge transfer resistance determined by fitting the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) spectra. The developed LSG-based biosensor achieved a linear detection range for the SP-RBD from 150 pM to 15 nM with a sensitivity of 0.0866 [log(M)]-1 and a limit of detection (LOD) of 7.68 pM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runzhong Wang
- Centre for Innovative Materials and Health, School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand; (R.W.); (B.Z.)
| | - Bicheng Zhu
- Centre for Innovative Materials and Health, School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand; (R.W.); (B.Z.)
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand;
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
| | - Paul Young
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand; (P.Y.); (J.T.); (C.J.S.)
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Yu Luo
- Micro- and Nano-Technology Research Center, State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China;
| | - John Taylor
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand; (P.Y.); (J.T.); (C.J.S.)
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Alan J. Cameron
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand;
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand; (P.Y.); (J.T.); (C.J.S.)
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Christopher J. Squire
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand; (P.Y.); (J.T.); (C.J.S.)
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Jadranka Travas-Sejdic
- Centre for Innovative Materials and Health, School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand; (R.W.); (B.Z.)
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand;
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
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10
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Reinikovaite V, Matulevicius M, Elsakova A, Drobysh M, Liustrovaite V, Luksa A, Jafarov A, Slibinskas R, Ramanavicius A, Baradoke A. Electrochemical capacitance spectroscopy based determination of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 virus spike protein. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 903:166447. [PMID: 37604377 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we are reporting a novel electrochemical capacitance spectroscopy (ECS) platform designed for the sensitive and label-free detection of antibodies against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus spike protein (anti-rS) in diluted blood serum. The determination of anti-rS is crucial for identification individuals who have been infected by SARS-CoV-2 virus and may have acquired immunity. The rS protein was immobilized on a screen-printed carbon electrode, which was incubated in diluted blood serum containing anti-rS antibodies. Label-free ECS was applied for the determination of interaction between immobilized rS and free-standing anti-rS. Here reported bioanalytical platform demonstrated high sensitivity and specificity in detecting anti-rS, achieving a limit of detection of 4.38 nM. This versatile platform could be further enhanced by applying various electrode materials and adapting this platform to detect antibodies against some other proteins. Our findings have significant implications for the development of affordable, scalable biosensing platforms capable to provide rapid and accurate public health screening and monitoring, particularly in the context of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktorija Reinikovaite
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University, Naugarduko str. 24, 03225 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Matas Matulevicius
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University, Naugarduko str. 24, 03225 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Alexandra Elsakova
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University, Naugarduko str. 24, 03225 Vilnius, Lithuania; Institute of Technology, Nooruse 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Maryia Drobysh
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University, Naugarduko str. 24, 03225 Vilnius, Lithuania; State Research Institute Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Sauletekio ave. 3, 10007 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Viktorija Liustrovaite
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University, Naugarduko str. 24, 03225 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Algirdas Luksa
- State Research Institute Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Sauletekio ave. 3, 10007 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Ali Jafarov
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University, Naugarduko str. 24, 03225 Vilnius, Lithuania; Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Ravila 19, 50412 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Rimantas Slibinskas
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University, Naugarduko str. 24, 03225 Vilnius, Lithuania; Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Sauletekio ave. 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Arunas Ramanavicius
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University, Naugarduko str. 24, 03225 Vilnius, Lithuania; State Research Institute Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Sauletekio ave. 3, 10007 Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - Ausra Baradoke
- State Research Institute Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Sauletekio ave. 3, 10007 Vilnius, Lithuania
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11
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Liu C, Busse S, Liu J, Godin R. Aminosilanized Interface Promotes Electrochemically Stable Carbon Nitride Films with Fewer Trap States on FTO for (Photo)electrochemical Systems. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:46902-46915. [PMID: 37774114 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c09284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
We have demonstrated the direct growth of a CNx layer on a plasma-cleaned and aminosilanized F-doped SnO2 (FTO) electrode to study the CNx|FTO interface that is critical for (photo)electrocatalytic systems. The (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES) was chosen as a bifunctional organosilane, with the amino end incorporating into CNx and the silane end connecting to the hydroxylated FTO surface. Plasma cleaning and aminosilanization resulted in a highly hydrophilic surface, which leads to better contact of melted thiourea to the aminosilanized FTO (p-FTONH2) during CNx polymer condensation, thus generating a thinner and more compact CNx layer. The modification at the interface was shown to influence the CNx growth on length scales of tens of micrometers. We grew CNx thin films on p-FTONH2 (CNx/p-FTONH2) and nonaminosilanized p-FTO (CNx/p-FTO). CNx/p-FTONH2 had a smaller density of trap states and passed 2.4 times the charges before failure compared to CNx/p-FTO. Additionally, a 40% decrease in interfacial charge transfer resistance at the CNx|electrolyte interface was measured for CNx/p-FTONH2 compared to CNx/p-FTO under -0.5 V vs RHE in 0.1 M Na2SO4. Furthermore, with the CNx surface coated with a Pt cocatalyst, Pt/CNx/p-FTONH2 exhibited faster hydrogen evolution rates and larger current densities than Pt/CNx/p-FTO. The highest Faraday efficiency toward electrochemical hydrogen evolution (FEH2) in 0.1 M Na2SO4 (pH = 7) was 46.1%, 37.3%, 57.7%, and 70.5% for Pt/CNx/p-FTONH2, Pt/CNx/p-FTO, CNx/p-FTONH2, and CNx/p-FTO, respectively. The increase in hydrogen evolution rate did not follow the magnitude of the current density change, indicating electrochemical processes other than proton reduction. Overall, we have carefully investigated the CNx|FTO interface and suggested potential solutions to make CNx films better (photo)electrodes for (photo)electrochemical systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Liu
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 3247 University Way, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Stephanie Busse
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 3247 University Way, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Jian Liu
- School of Engineering, Faculty of Applied Science, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada
- Clean Energy Research Center, University of British Columbia, 2360 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Robert Godin
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 3247 University Way, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada
- Clean Energy Research Center, University of British Columbia, 2360 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
- Okanagan Institute for Biodiversity, Resilience, and Ecosystem Services, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada
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12
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Fu H, Qin Z, Li X, Pan Y, Xu H, Pan P, Song P, Liu X. Paper-Based All-in-One Origami Nanobiosensor for Point-of-Care Detection of Cardiac Protein Markers in Whole Blood. ACS Sens 2023; 8:3574-3584. [PMID: 37705448 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.3c01221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Rapid and accurate diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) at the earliest stage is of paramount importance to improve the treatment outcomes and avoid irreversible damage to a patient's cardiovascular system. Microfluidic paper-based devices (μPADs) represent a promising platform for rapid CVD diagnosis at the point of care (POC). This paper presents an electrochemical μPAD (E-μPAD) with an all-in-one origami design for rapid and POC testing of cardiac protein markers in whole blood. Based on the label-free, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) immunoassay, the E-μPAD integrates all essential components on a single chip, including three electrochemical cells, a plasma separation membrane, and a buffer absorption pad, enabling easy and streamlined operations for multiplexed detection of three cardiac protein markers [cardiac troponin I (cTnI), brain natriuretic peptide (BNP)-32, and D-Dimer] on a finger-prick whole blood sample within 46 min. Superior analytical performance is achieved through sensitive EIS measurement on carbon electrodes decorated with semiconductor zinc oxide nanowires (ZnO NWs). Using spiked human plasma samples, ultralow limits of detection (LODs) of E-μPAD are achieved at 4.6 pg/mL (190 fM) for cTnI, 1.2 pg/mL (40 fM) for BNP-32, and 146 pg/mL (730 fM) for D-Dimer. Real human blood samples spiked with purified proteins are also tested, and the device's analytical performance was proven to be comparable to commercial ELISA kits. The all-in-one E-μPAD will allow rapid and sensitive testing of cardiac protein markers through easy operations, which holds great potential for on-site screening of acute CVDs in nonlaboratory settings such as emergency rooms, doctor's offices, or patient homes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Fu
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0C3, Canada
- Shenzhen Mindray Bio-Medical Electronics Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, Guangdong 518058, China
| | - Zhen Qin
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Xiao Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0C3, Canada
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Yueyue Pan
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Haitong Xu
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Peng Pan
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Pengfei Song
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0C3, Canada
- School of Advanced Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Xinyu Liu
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G9, Canada
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13
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Yadav SK, Verma D, Yadav U, Kalkal A, Priyadarshini N, Kumar A, Mahato K. Point-of-Care Devices for Viral Detection: COVID-19 Pandemic and Beyond. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:1744. [PMID: 37763907 PMCID: PMC10535693 DOI: 10.3390/mi14091744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
The pandemic of COVID-19 and its widespread transmission have made us realize the importance of early, quick diagnostic tests for facilitating effective cure and management. The primary obstacles encountered were accurately distinguishing COVID-19 from other illnesses including the flu, common cold, etc. While the polymerase chain reaction technique is a robust technique for the determination of SARS-CoV-2 in patients of COVID-19, there arises a high demand for affordable, quick, user-friendly, and precise point-of-care (POC) diagnostic in therapeutic settings. The necessity for available tests with rapid outcomes spurred the advancement of POC tests that are characterized by speed, automation, and high precision and accuracy. Paper-based POC devices have gained increasing interest in recent years because of rapid, low-cost detection without requiring external instruments. At present, microfluidic paper-based analysis devices have garnered public attention and accelerated the development of such POCT for efficient multistep assays. In the current review, our focus will be on the fabrication of detection modules for SARS-CoV-2. Here, we have included a discussion on various strategies for the detection of viral moieties. The compilation of these strategies would offer comprehensive insight into the detection of the causative agent preparedness for future pandemics. We also provide a descriptive outline for paper-based diagnostic platforms, involving the determination mechanisms, as well as a commercial kit for COVID-19 as well as their outlook.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit K. Yadav
- Department of Biotechnology, Vinoba Bhave University, Hazaribagh 825301, Jharkhand, India
| | - Damini Verma
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Ujala Yadav
- Department of Life Sciences, Central University of Jharkhand, Ranchi 835205, Jharkhand, India
| | - Ashish Kalkal
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Nivedita Priyadarshini
- Department of Zoology, DAV PG College Siwan, Jai Prakash University, Chhapra 841226, Bihar, India
| | - Ashutosh Kumar
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46637, USA
| | - Kuldeep Mahato
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
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14
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Ataide VN, Pradela-Filho LA, Ameku WA, Negahdary M, Oliveira TG, Santos BG, Paixão TRLC, Angnes L. Paper-based electrochemical biosensors for the diagnosis of viral diseases. Mikrochim Acta 2023; 190:276. [PMID: 37368054 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-023-05856-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Paper-based electrochemical analytical devices (ePADs) have gained significant interest as promising analytical units in recent years because they can be fabricated in simple ways, are low-cost, portable, and disposable platforms that can be applied in various fields. In this sense, paper-based electrochemical biosensors are attractive analytical devices since they can promote diagnose several diseases and potentially allow decentralized analysis. Electrochemical biosensors are versatile, as the measured signal can be improved by using mainly molecular technologies and nanomaterials to attach biomolecules, resulting in an increase in their sensitivity and selectivity. Additionally, they can be implemented in microfluidic devices that drive and control the flow without external pumping and store reagents, and improve the mass transport of analytes, increasing sensor sensitivity. In this review, we focus on the recent developments in electrochemical paper-based devices for viruses' detection, including COVID-19, Dengue, Zika, Hepatitis, Ebola, AIDS, and Influenza, among others, which have caused impacts on people's health, especially in places with scarce resources. Also, we discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the main electrode's fabrication methods, device designs, and biomolecule immobilization strategies. Finally, the perspectives and challenges that need to be overcome to further advance paper-based electrochemical biosensors' applications are critically presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa N Ataide
- Department of Fundamental Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof Lineu Prestes, 748, 05508-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Lauro A Pradela-Filho
- Department of Fundamental Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof Lineu Prestes, 748, 05508-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Wilson A Ameku
- Department of Fundamental Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof Lineu Prestes, 748, 05508-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Masoud Negahdary
- Department of Fundamental Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof Lineu Prestes, 748, 05508-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Thawan G Oliveira
- Department of Fundamental Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof Lineu Prestes, 748, 05508-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Berlane G Santos
- Department of Fundamental Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof Lineu Prestes, 748, 05508-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Thiago R L C Paixão
- Department of Fundamental Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof Lineu Prestes, 748, 05508-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Lúcio Angnes
- Department of Fundamental Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof Lineu Prestes, 748, 05508-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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15
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Dorta-Gorrín A, Navas-Méndez J, Gozalo-Margüello M, Miralles L, García-Hevia L. Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Based on Nucleic Acid Amplification Tests (NAATs) and Its Integration into Nanomedicine and Microfluidic Devices as Point-of-Care Testing (POCT). Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10233. [PMID: 37373381 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241210233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 has highlighted the criticality of an accurate and rapid diagnosis in order to contain the spread of the virus. Knowledge of the viral structure and its genome is essential for diagnosis development. The virus is still quickly evolving and the global scenario could easily change. Thus, a greater range of diagnostic options is essential to face this threat to public health. In response to the global demand, there has been a rapid advancement in the understanding of current diagnostic methods. In fact, innovative approaches have emerged, leveraging the benefits of nanomedicine and microfluidic technologies. Although this development has been incredibly fast, several key areas require further investigation and optimization, such as sample collection and preparation, assay optimization and sensitivity, cost effectiveness, scalability device miniaturization, and portability and integration with smartphones. Addressing these gaps in the knowledge and these technological challenges will contribute to the development of reliable, sensitive, and user-friendly NAAT-based POCTs for the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 and other infectious diseases, facilitating rapid and effective patient management. This review aims to provide an overview of current SARS-CoV-2 detection methods based on nucleic acid detection tests (NAATs). Additionally, it explores promising approaches that combine nanomedicine and microfluidic devices with high sensitivity and relatively fast 'time to answer' for integration into point-of-care testing (POCT).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Dorta-Gorrín
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cantabria (UC), 39011 Santander, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Valdecilla (IDIVAL), 39011 Santander, Spain
- Environmental Genetics Department, Ecohydros S.L., 39600 Maliaño, Spain
| | - Jesús Navas-Méndez
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cantabria (UC), 39011 Santander, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Valdecilla (IDIVAL), 39011 Santander, Spain
| | - Mónica Gozalo-Margüello
- Instituto de Investigación Valdecilla (IDIVAL), 39011 Santander, Spain
- Microbiology Service of University Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla (HUMV), 39008 Santander, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas-CIBERINFEC (CB21/13/00068), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Miralles
- Environmental Genetics Department, Ecohydros S.L., 39600 Maliaño, Spain
- Department of Functional Biology, Area of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Lorena García-Hevia
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cantabria (UC), 39011 Santander, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Valdecilla (IDIVAL), 39011 Santander, Spain
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16
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Tageldeen MK, Pagkalos I, Ghoreishizadeh SS, Drakakis EM. Analogue circuit realisation of surface-confined redox reaction kinetics. Biosens Bioelectron 2023; 228:115190. [PMID: 36906991 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2023.115190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
The literature on voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) recognises the importance of using large-amplitude sinusoidal perturbations to better characterise electrochemical systems. To identify the parameters of a given reaction, various electrochemical models with different sets of values are simulated and compared against the experimental data to determine the best-fit set of parameters. However, the process of solving these nonlinear models is computationally expensive. This paper proposes analogue circuit elements for synthesising surface-confined electrochemical kinetics at the electrode interface. The resultant analogue model could be used as a solver to compute reaction parameters as well as a tracker for ideal biosensor behaviour. The performance of the analogue model was verified against numerical solutions to theoretical and experimental electrochemical models. Results show that the proposed analogue model has a high accuracy of at least 97% and a wide bandwidth of up to 2 kHz. The circuit consumed an average power of 9 μW.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Tageldeen
- Bioinspired VLSI Circuits and Systems Group, Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - I Pagkalos
- Bioinspired VLSI Circuits and Systems Group, Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - S S Ghoreishizadeh
- Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University College London, Malet Place, London, WC1E 7JE, UK
| | - E M Drakakis
- Bioinspired VLSI Circuits and Systems Group, Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
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17
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Karuppaiah G, Vashist A, Nair M, Veerapandian M, Manickam P. Emerging trends in point-of-care biosensing strategies for molecular architectures and antibodies of SARS-CoV-2. BIOSENSORS AND BIOELECTRONICS: X 2023; 13:100324. [PMID: 36844889 PMCID: PMC9941073 DOI: 10.1016/j.biosx.2023.100324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19, a highly contagious viral infection caused by the occurrence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), has turned out to be a viral pandemic then ravaged many countries worldwide. In the recent years, point-of-care (POC) biosensors combined with state-of-the-art bioreceptors, and transducing systems enabled the development of novel diagnostic tools for rapid and reliable detection of biomarkers associated with SARS-CoV-2. The present review thoroughly summarises and discusses various biosensing strategies developed for probing SARS-CoV-2 molecular architectures (viral genome, S Protein, M protein, E protein, N protein and non-structural proteins) and antibodies as a potential diagnostic tool for COVID-19. This review discusses the various structural components of SARS-CoV-2, their binding regions and the bioreceptors used for recognizing the structural components. The various types of clinical specimens investigated for rapid and POC detection of SARS-CoV-2 is also highlighted. The importance of nanotechnology and artificial intelligence (AI) approaches in improving the biosensor performance for real-time and reagent-free monitoring the biomarkers of SARS-CoV-2 is also summarized. This review also encompasses existing practical challenges and prospects for developing new POC biosensors for clinical monitoring of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopi Karuppaiah
- Electrodics and Electrocatalysis Division, CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute (CECRI), Karaikudi, 630 003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Arti Vashist
- Center for Personalized Nanomedicine, Institute of NeuroImmune Pharmacology, Department of Immunology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Madhavan Nair
- Center for Personalized Nanomedicine, Institute of NeuroImmune Pharmacology, Department of Immunology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Murugan Veerapandian
- Electrodics and Electrocatalysis Division, CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute (CECRI), Karaikudi, 630 003, Tamil Nadu, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, 201 002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Pandiaraj Manickam
- Electrodics and Electrocatalysis Division, CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute (CECRI), Karaikudi, 630 003, Tamil Nadu, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, 201 002, Uttar Pradesh, India
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18
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Curulli A. Functional Nanomaterials Enhancing Electrochemical Biosensors as Smart Tools for Detecting Infectious Viral Diseases. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28093777. [PMID: 37175186 PMCID: PMC10180161 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28093777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Electrochemical biosensors are known as analytical tools, guaranteeing rapid and on-site results in medical diagnostics, food safety, environmental protection, and life sciences research. Current research focuses on developing sensors for specific targets and addresses challenges to be solved before their commercialization. These challenges typically include the lowering of the limit of detection, the widening of the linear concentration range, the analysis of real samples in a real environment and the comparison with a standard validation method. Nowadays, functional nanomaterials are designed and applied in electrochemical biosensing to support all these challenges. This review will address the integration of functional nanomaterials in the development of electrochemical biosensors for the rapid diagnosis of viral infections, such as COVID-19, middle east respiratory syndrome (MERS), influenza, hepatitis, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and dengue, among others. The role and relevance of the nanomaterial, the type of biosensor, and the electrochemical technique adopted will be discussed. Finally, the critical issues in applying laboratory research to the analysis of real samples, future perspectives, and commercialization aspects of electrochemical biosensors for virus detection will be analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Curulli
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (ISMN), 00161 Rome, Italy
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19
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Chen H, Luo Z, Lin X, Zhu Y, Zhao Y. Sensors-integrated organ-on-a-chip for biomedical applications. NANO RESEARCH 2023; 16:1-28. [PMID: 37359077 PMCID: PMC10130312 DOI: 10.1007/s12274-023-5651-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
As a promising new micro-physiological system, organ-on-a-chip has been widely utilized for in vitro pharmaceutical study and tissues engineering based on the three-dimensional constructions of tissues/organs and delicate replication of in vivo-like microenvironment. To better observe the biological processes, a variety of sensors have been integrated to realize in-situ, real-time, and sensitive monitoring of critical signals for organs development and disease modeling. Herein, we discuss the recent research advances made with respect to sensors-integrated organ-on-a-chip in this overall review. Firstly, we briefly explore the underlying fabrication procedures of sensors within microfluidic platforms and several classifications of sensory principles. Then, emphasis is put on the highlighted applications of different types of organ-on-a-chip incorporated with various sensors. Last but not least, perspective on the remaining challenges and future development of sensors-integrated organ-on-a-chip are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanxu Chen
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096 China
| | - Zhiqiang Luo
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096 China
| | - Xiang Lin
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096 China
| | - Yujuan Zhu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096 China
| | - Yuanjin Zhao
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096 China
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, 325001 China
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20
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Kummari S, Panicker LR, Rao Bommi J, Karingula S, Sunil Kumar V, Mahato K, Goud KY. Trends in Paper-Based Sensing Devices for Clinical and Environmental Monitoring. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:bios13040420. [PMID: 37185495 PMCID: PMC10135896 DOI: 10.3390/bios13040420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Environmental toxic pollutants and pathogens that enter the ecosystem are major global issues. Detection of these toxic chemicals/pollutants and the diagnosis of a disease is a first step in efficiently controlling their contamination and spread, respectively. Various analytical techniques are available to detect and determine toxic chemicals/pathogens, including liquid chromatography, HPLC, mass spectroscopy, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. However, these sensing strategies have some drawbacks such as tedious sample pretreatment and preparation, the requirement for skilled technicians, and dependence on large laboratory-based instruments. Alternatively, biosensors, especially paper-based sensors, could be used extensively and are a cost-effective alternative to conventional laboratory testing. They can improve accessibility to testing to identify chemicals and pollutants, especially in developing countries. Due to its low cost, abundance, easy disposal (by incineration, for example) and biocompatible nature, paper is considered a versatile material for the development of environmentally friendly electrochemical/optical (bio) sensor devices. This review presents an overview of sensing platforms constructed from paper, pointing out the main merits and demerits of paper-based sensing systems, their fabrication techniques, and the different optical/electrochemical detection techniques that they exploit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shekher Kummari
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Palakkad, Palakkad 678557, Kerala, India
| | - Lakshmi R Panicker
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Palakkad, Palakkad 678557, Kerala, India
| | | | - Sampath Karingula
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Warangal 506004, Telangana, India
| | - Venisheety Sunil Kumar
- Department of Physical Sciences, Kakatiya Institute of Technology and Science, Warangal 506015, Telangana, India
| | - Kuldeep Mahato
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Kotagiri Yugender Goud
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Palakkad, Palakkad 678557, Kerala, India
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21
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Cetinkaya A, Kaya SI, Ozkan SA. A Comprehensive Overview of Sensors Applications for the Diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 and of Drugs Used in its Treatment. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2023:1-21. [PMID: 36877165 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2023.2186693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
During the COVID-19 process, determination-based analytical chemistry studies have had a major place at every stage. Many analytical techniques have been used in both diagnostic studies and drug analysis. Among these, electrochemical sensors are frequently preferred due to their high sensitivity, selectivity, short analysis time, reliability, ease of sample preparation, and low use of organic solvents. For the determination of drugs used in the SARS-CoV-2, such as favipiravir, molnupiravir, ribavirin, etc., electrochemical (nano)sensors are widely used in both pharmaceutical and biological samples. Diagnosis is the most critical step in the management of the disease, and electrochemical sensor tools are widely preferred for this purpose. Diagnostic electrochemical sensor tools can be biosensor-, nano biosensor-, or MIP-based sensors and utilize a wide variety of analytes such as viral proteins, viral RNA, antibodies, etc. This review overviews the sensor applications in SARS-CoV-2 in terms of diagnosis and determination of drugs by evaluating the most recent studies in the literature. In this way, it is aimed to compile the developments so far by shedding light on the most recent studies and giving ideas to researchers for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Cetinkaya
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Ankara University, Ankara, Türkiye
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Ankara University, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - S Irem Kaya
- Gulhane Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Health Sciences, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Sibel A Ozkan
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Ankara University, Ankara, Türkiye
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22
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Chen G, Xu M, He C. Preparation of an aptamer electrochemical sensor for the highly sensitive detection of glioma cells. INT J ELECTROCHEM SC 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijoes.2023.100129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
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23
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Drobysh M, Ramanavicius A, Baradoke A. Polyaniline-based electrochemical immunosensor for the determination of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 862:160700. [PMID: 36493838 PMCID: PMC9726207 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we report an impedimetric system for the detection of antibodies against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Spike protein. The sensing platform is based on recombinant Spike protein (SCoV2-rS) immobilized on the phytic acid doped polyaniline films (PANI-PA). The affinity interaction between immobilized SCoV2-rS protein and antibodies in the physiological range of concentrations was registered by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Analytical parameters of the sensing platform were tuned by the variation of electropolymerization times during the synthesis of PANI-PA films. The lowest limit of detection and quantification were obtained for electropolymerization time of 20 min and equalled 8.00 ± 0.20 nM and 23.93 ± 0.60 nM with an equilibrium dissociation constant of 3 nM. The presented sensing system is label-free and suitable for the direct detection of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in real patient serum samples after coronavirus disease 2019 and/or vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryia Drobysh
- State Research Institute Center for Physical and Technological Sciences, Sauletekio ave. 3, Vilnius, Lithuania; NanoTechnas-Center of Nanotechnology and Materials Science, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University, Naugarduko str. 24, 03225 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Arunas Ramanavicius
- State Research Institute Center for Physical and Technological Sciences, Sauletekio ave. 3, Vilnius, Lithuania; NanoTechnas-Center of Nanotechnology and Materials Science, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University, Naugarduko str. 24, 03225 Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - Ausra Baradoke
- State Research Institute Center for Physical and Technological Sciences, Sauletekio ave. 3, Vilnius, Lithuania
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24
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Ong V, Soleimani A, Amirghasemi F, Khazaee Nejad S, Abdelmonem M, Razaviyayn M, Hosseinzadeh P, Comai L, Mousavi MPS. Impedimetric Sensing: An Emerging Tool for Combating the COVID-19 Pandemic. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:bios13020204. [PMID: 36831970 PMCID: PMC9953732 DOI: 10.3390/bios13020204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic revealed a pressing need for the development of sensitive and low-cost point-of-care sensors for disease diagnosis. The current standard of care for COVID-19 is quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). This method is sensitive, but takes time, effort, and requires specialized equipment and reagents to be performed correctly. This make it unsuitable for widespread, rapid testing and causes poor individual and policy decision-making. Rapid antigen tests (RATs) are a widely used alternative that provide results quickly but have low sensitivity and are prone to false negatives, particularly in cases with lower viral burden. Electrochemical sensors have shown much promise in filling this technology gap, and impedance spectroscopy specifically has exciting potential in rapid screening of COVID-19. Due to the data-rich nature of impedance measurements performed at different frequencies, this method lends itself to machine-leaning (ML) algorithms for further data processing. This review summarizes the current state of impedance spectroscopy-based point-of-care sensors for the detection of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. This article also suggests future directions to address the technology's current limitations to move forward in this current pandemic and prepare for future outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Ong
- Alfred E. Mann Department of Biomedical Engineering, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Ali Soleimani
- Alfred E. Mann Department of Biomedical Engineering, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Farbod Amirghasemi
- Alfred E. Mann Department of Biomedical Engineering, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Sina Khazaee Nejad
- Alfred E. Mann Department of Biomedical Engineering, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Mona Abdelmonem
- Alfred E. Mann Department of Biomedical Engineering, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Meisam Razaviyayn
- Daniel J. Epstein Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
- Ming Hsieh Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
- Department of Computer Science, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Parisa Hosseinzadeh
- Knight Campus Center Department of Bioengineering, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - Lucio Comai
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Maral P. S. Mousavi
- Alfred E. Mann Department of Biomedical Engineering, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
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25
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Li Q, Zhou X, Wang Q, Liu W, Chen C. Microfluidics for COVID-19: From Current Work to Future Perspective. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:163. [PMID: 36831930 PMCID: PMC9953302 DOI: 10.3390/bios13020163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has significantly impacted the public health and economic sectors. It is urgently necessary to develop rapid, convenient, and cost-effective point-of-care testing (POCT) technologies for the early diagnosis and control of the plague's transmission. Developing POCT methods and related devices is critical for achieving point-of-care diagnosis. With the advantages of miniaturization, high throughput, small sample requirements, and low actual consumption, microfluidics is an essential technology for the development of POCT devices. In this review, according to the different driving forces of the fluid, we introduce the common POCT devices based on microfluidic technology on the market, including paper-based microfluidic, centrifugal microfluidic, optical fluid, and digital microfluidic platforms. Furthermore, various microfluidic-based assays for diagnosing COVID-19 are summarized, including immunoassays, such as ELISA, and molecular assays, such as PCR. Finally, the challenges of and future perspectives on microfluidic device design and development are presented. The ultimate goals of this paper are to provide new insights and directions for the development of microfluidic diagnostics while expecting to contribute to the control of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410017, China
| | - Xingchen Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410017, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410017, China
| | - Wenfang Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410017, China
| | - Chuanpin Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410017, China
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26
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Parihar A, Yadav S, Sadique MA, Ranjan P, Kumar N, Singhal A, Khare V, Khan R, Natarajan S, Srivastava AK. Internet‐of‐medical‐things integrated point‐of‐care biosensing devices for infectious diseases: Toward better preparedness for futuristic pandemics. Bioeng Transl Med 2023; 8:e10481. [DOI: 10.1002/btm2.10481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Arpana Parihar
- Industrial Waste Utilization, Nano and Biomaterials, CSIR‐Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute (AMPRI) Bhopal Madhya Pradesh India
| | - Shalu Yadav
- Industrial Waste Utilization, Nano and Biomaterials, CSIR‐Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute (AMPRI) Bhopal Madhya Pradesh India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad India
| | - Mohd Abubakar Sadique
- Industrial Waste Utilization, Nano and Biomaterials, CSIR‐Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute (AMPRI) Bhopal Madhya Pradesh India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad India
| | - Pushpesh Ranjan
- Industrial Waste Utilization, Nano and Biomaterials, CSIR‐Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute (AMPRI) Bhopal Madhya Pradesh India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad India
| | - Neeraj Kumar
- Industrial Waste Utilization, Nano and Biomaterials, CSIR‐Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute (AMPRI) Bhopal Madhya Pradesh India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad India
| | - Ayushi Singhal
- Industrial Waste Utilization, Nano and Biomaterials, CSIR‐Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute (AMPRI) Bhopal Madhya Pradesh India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad India
| | - Vedika Khare
- School of Nanotechnology, UTD, RGPV Campus Bhopal Madhya Pradesh India
| | - Raju Khan
- Industrial Waste Utilization, Nano and Biomaterials, CSIR‐Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute (AMPRI) Bhopal Madhya Pradesh India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad India
| | - Sathish Natarajan
- Industrial Waste Utilization, Nano and Biomaterials, CSIR‐Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute (AMPRI) Bhopal Madhya Pradesh India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad India
| | - Avanish K. Srivastava
- Industrial Waste Utilization, Nano and Biomaterials, CSIR‐Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute (AMPRI) Bhopal Madhya Pradesh India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad India
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27
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Chen YS, Huang CH, Pai PC, Seo J, Lei KF. A Review on Microfluidics-Based Impedance Biosensors. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:bios13010083. [PMID: 36671918 PMCID: PMC9855525 DOI: 10.3390/bios13010083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Electrical impedance biosensors are powerful and continuously being developed for various biological sensing applications. In this line, the sensitivity of impedance biosensors embedded with microfluidic technologies, such as sheath flow focusing, dielectrophoretic focusing, and interdigitated electrode arrays, can still be greatly improved. In particular, reagent consumption reduction and analysis time-shortening features can highly increase the analytical capabilities of such biosensors. Moreover, the reliability and efficiency of analyses are benefited by microfluidics-enabled automation. Through the use of mature microfluidic technology, complicated biological processes can be shrunk and integrated into a single microfluidic system (e.g., lab-on-a-chip or micro-total analysis systems). By incorporating electrical impedance biosensors, hand-held and bench-top microfluidic systems can be easily developed and operated by personnel without professional training. Furthermore, the impedance spectrum provides broad information regarding cell size, membrane capacitance, cytoplasmic conductivity, and cytoplasmic permittivity without the need for fluorescent labeling, magnetic modifications, or other cellular treatments. In this review article, a comprehensive summary of microfluidics-based impedance biosensors is presented. The structure of this article is based on the different substrate material categorizations. Moreover, the development trend of microfluidics-based impedance biosensors is discussed, along with difficulties and challenges that may be encountered in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Shih Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hao Huang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Ping-Ching Pai
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan
| | - Jungmok Seo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
- Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Kin Fong Lei
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan
- Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea
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28
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Sarwar S, Lin MC, Amezaga C, Wei Z, Iyayi E, Polk H, Wang R, Wang H, Zhang X. Ultrasensitive electrochemical biosensors based on zinc sulfide/graphene hybrid for rapid detection of SARS-CoV-2. ADVANCED COMPOSITES AND HYBRID MATERIALS 2023; 6:49. [PMID: 36718472 PMCID: PMC9879254 DOI: 10.1007/s42114-023-00630-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a highly contagious and fatal disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). In general, the diagnostic tests for COVID-19 are based on the detection of nucleic acid, antibodies, and protein. Among different analytes, the gold standard of the COVID-19 test is the viral nucleic acid detection performed by the quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) method. However, the gold standard test is time-consuming and requires expensive instrumentation, as well as trained personnel. Herein, we report an ultrasensitive electrochemical biosensor based on zinc sulfide/graphene (ZnS/graphene) nanocomposite for rapid and direct nucleic acid detection of SARS-CoV-2. We demonstrated a simple one-step route for manufacturing ZnS/graphene by employing an ultrafast (90 s) microwave-based non-equilibrium heating approach. The biosensor assay involves the hybridization of target DNA or RNA samples with probes that are immersed into a redox active electrolyte, which are detectable by electrochemical measurements. In this study, we have performed the tests for synthetic DNA samples and, SARS-CoV-2 standard samples. Experimental results revealed that the proposed biosensor could detect low concentrations of all different SARS-CoV-2 samples, using such as S, ORF 1a, and ORF 1b gene sequences as targets. This microwave-synthesized ZnS/graphene-based biosensor could be reliably used as an on-site, real-time, and rapid diagnostic test for COVID-19. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s42114-023-00630-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shatila Sarwar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849 USA
| | - Mao-Chia Lin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849 USA
| | - Carolina Amezaga
- Department of Material Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849 USA
| | - Zhen Wei
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487 USA
| | - Etinosa Iyayi
- Department of Biology and Center for Cancer Research, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, AL 36088 USA
| | - Haseena Polk
- Department of Biology and Center for Cancer Research, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, AL 36088 USA
| | - Ruigang Wang
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487 USA
| | - Honghe Wang
- Department of Biology and Center for Cancer Research, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, AL 36088 USA
| | - Xinyu Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849 USA
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29
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Roychoudhury A, Allen RJ, Curk T, Farrell J, McAllister G, Templeton K, Bachmann TT. Amplification Free Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Using Multi-Valent Binding. ACS Sens 2022; 7:3692-3699. [PMID: 36482673 PMCID: PMC9743695 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.2c01340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We present the development of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS)-based biosensors for sensitive detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA using multi-valent binding. By increasing the number of probe-target binding events per target molecule, multi-valent binding is a viable strategy for improving the biosensor performance. As EIS can provide sensitive and label-free measurements of nucleic acid targets during probe-target hybridization, we used multi-valent binding to build EIS biosensors for targeting SARS-CoV-2 RNA. For developing the biosensor, we explored two different approaches including probe combinations that individually bind in a single-valent fashion and the probes that bind in a multi-valent manner on their own. While we found excellent biosensor performance using probe combinations, we also discovered unexpected signal suppression. We explained the signal suppression theoretically using inter- and intra-probe hybridizations which confirmed our experimental findings. With our best probe combination, we achieved a LOD of 182 copies/μL (303 aM) of SARS-CoV-2 RNA and used these for successful evaluation of patient samples for COVID-19 diagnostics. We were also able to show the concept of multi-valent binding with shorter probes in the second approach. Here, a 13-nt-long probe has shown the best performance during SARS-CoV-2 RNA binding. Therefore, multi-valent binding approaches using EIS have high utility for direct detection of nucleic acid targets and for point-of-care diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Appan Roychoudhury
- Infection
Medicine, Edinburgh Medical School: Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Chancellor’s Building, 49 Little France
Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16
4SB, United Kingdom
| | - Rosalind J. Allen
- School
of Physics and Astronomy, University of
Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FD, United Kingdom
| | - Tine Curk
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern
University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United
States
| | - James Farrell
- Institute
of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China,School
of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Gina McAllister
- Department
of Laboratory Medicine, Royal Infirmary
of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SA, United Kingdom
| | - Kate Templeton
- Department
of Laboratory Medicine, Royal Infirmary
of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SA, United Kingdom
| | - Till T. Bachmann
- Infection
Medicine, Edinburgh Medical School: Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Chancellor’s Building, 49 Little France
Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16
4SB, United Kingdom,E-mail:
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30
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Qin Z, Huang Z, Pan P, Pan Y, Zuo R, Sun Y, Liu X. A Nitrocellulose Paper-Based Multi-Well Plate for Point-of-Care ELISA. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13122232. [PMID: 36557531 PMCID: PMC9782299 DOI: 10.3390/mi13122232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Low-cost diagnostic tools for point-of-care immunoassays, such as the paper-based enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA), have become increasingly important, especially so in the recent COVID-19 pandemic. ELISA is the gold-standard antibody/antigen sensing method. This paper reports an easy-to-fabricate nitrocellulose (NC) paper plate, coupled with a desktop scanner for ELISA, which provides a higher protein immobilization efficiency than the conventional cellulose paper-based ELISA platforms. The experiments were performed using spiked samples for the direct ELISA of rabbit IgG with a limit of detection (LOD) of 1.016 μg/mL, in a measurement range of 10 ng/mL to 1 mg/mL, and for the sandwich ELISA of sperm protein (SP-10) with an LOD of 88.8 ng/mL, in a measurement range of 1 ng/mL to 100 μg/mL. The described fabrication method, based on laser-cutting, is a highly flexible one-step laser micromachining process, which enables the rapid production of low-cost NC paper-based multi-well plates with different sizes for the ELISA measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Qin
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Zongjie Huang
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Peng Pan
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Yueyue Pan
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Runze Zuo
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Yu Sun
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada
- Correspondence: (Y.S.); (X.L.)
| | - Xinyu Liu
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada
- Correspondence: (Y.S.); (X.L.)
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31
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Ali A, Zhang GF, Hu C, Yuan B, Jahan S, Kitsios GD, Morris A, Gao SJ, Panat R. Ultrarapid and ultrasensitive detection of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in COVID-19 patients via a 3D-printed nanomaterial-based biosensing platform. J Med Virol 2022; 94:5808-5826. [PMID: 35981973 PMCID: PMC9538259 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Rapid detection of antibodies during infection and after vaccination is critical for the control of infectious outbreaks, understanding immune response, and evaluating vaccine efficacy. In this manuscript, we evaluate a simple ultrarapid test for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in COVID-19 patients, which gives quantitative results (i.e., antibody concentration) in 10-12 s using a previously reported nanomaterial-based three-dimensional (3D)-printed biosensing platform. This platform consists of a micropillar array electrode fabricated via 3D printing of aerosolized gold nanoparticles and coated with nanoflakes of graphene and specific SARS-CoV-2 antigens, including spike S1, S1 receptor-binding domain (RBD) and nucleocapsid (N). The sensor works on the principle of electrochemical transduction, where the change of sensor impedance is realized by the interactions between the viral proteins attached to the sensor electrode surface and the antibodies. The three sensors were used to test samples from 17 COVID-19 patients and 3 patients without COVID-19. Unlike other serological tests, the 3D sensors quantitatively detected antibodies at a concentration as low as picomole within 10-12 s in human plasma samples. We found that the studied COVID-19 patients had higher concentrations of antibodies to spike proteins (RBD and S1) than to the N protein. These results demonstrate the enormous potential of the rapid antibody test platform for understanding patients' immunity, disease epidemiology and vaccine efficacy, and facilitating the control and prevention of infectious epidemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azahar Ali
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon
University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213 USA,Current address: Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences,
Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061 USA
| | - George Fei Zhang
- Cancer Virology Program, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center and
Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School
of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213 USA
| | - Chunshan Hu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon
University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213 USA
| | - Bin Yuan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon
University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213 USA
| | - Sanjida Jahan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon
University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213 USA
| | - Georgios D. Kitsios
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine,
Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA,
15213 USA
| | - Alison Morris
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine,
Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA,
15213 USA
| | - Shou-Jiang Gao
- Cancer Virology Program, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center and
Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School
of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213 USA,Corresponding Authors: R. Panat,
, phone: +1-412-268-2501; and S.-J. Gao,
, phone: +1-412-339-9484
| | - Rahul Panat
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon
University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213 USA,Corresponding Authors: R. Panat,
, phone: +1-412-268-2501; and S.-J. Gao,
, phone: +1-412-339-9484
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32
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McCourt KM, Cochran J, Abdelbasir SM, Carraway ER, Tzeng TRJ, Tsyusko OV, Vanegas DC. Potential Environmental and Health Implications from the Scaled-Up Production and Disposal of Nanomaterials Used in Biosensors. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:1082. [PMID: 36551049 PMCID: PMC9775545 DOI: 10.3390/bios12121082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Biosensors often combine biological recognition elements with nanomaterials of varying compositions and dimensions to facilitate or enhance the operating mechanism of the device. While incorporating nanomaterials is beneficial to developing high-performance biosensors, at the stages of scale-up and disposal, it may lead to the unmanaged release of toxic nanomaterials. Here we attempt to foster connections between the domains of biosensors development and human and environmental toxicology to encourage a holistic approach to the development and scale-up of biosensors. We begin by exploring the toxicity of nanomaterials commonly used in biosensor design. From our analysis, we introduce five factors with a role in nanotoxicity that should be considered at the biosensor development stages to better manage toxicity. Finally, we contextualize the discussion by presenting the relevant stages and routes of exposure in the biosensor life cycle. Our review found little consensus on how the factors presented govern nanomaterial toxicity, especially in composite and alloyed nanomaterials. To bridge the current gap in understanding and mitigate the risks of uncontrolled nanomaterial release, we advocate for greater collaboration through a precautionary One Health approach to future development and a movement towards a circular approach to biosensor use and disposal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelli M. McCourt
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
- Global Alliance for Rapid Diagnostics (GARD), Michigan State University, East Lancing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Jarad Cochran
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | - Sabah M. Abdelbasir
- Central Metallurgical Research and Development Institute, P.O. Box 87, Helwan 11421, Egypt
| | - Elizabeth R. Carraway
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - Tzuen-Rong J. Tzeng
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - Olga V. Tsyusko
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | - Diana C. Vanegas
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
- Global Alliance for Rapid Diagnostics (GARD), Michigan State University, East Lancing, MI 48824, USA
- Interdisciplinary Group for Biotechnology Innovation and Ecosocial Change (BioNovo), Universidad del Valle, Cali 76001, Colombia
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33
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Randviir EP, Banks CE. A review of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy for bioanalytical sensors. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2022; 14:4602-4624. [PMID: 36342043 DOI: 10.1039/d2ay00970f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is a powerful technique for both quantitative and qualitative analysis. This review uses a systematic approach to examine how electrodes are tailored for use in EIS-based applications, describing the chemistries involved in sensor design, and discusses trends in the use of bio-based and non-bio-based electrodes. The review finds that immunosensors are the most prevalent sensor strategy that employs EIS as a quantification technique for target species. The review also finds that bio-based electrodes, though capable of detecting small molecules, are most applicable for the detection of complex molecules. Non-bio-based sensors are more often employed for simpler molecules and less often have applications for complex systems. We surmise that EIS has advanced in terms of electrode designs since our last review on the subject, although there are still inconsistencies in terms of equivalent circuit modelling for some sensor types. Removal of ambiguity from equivalent circuit models may help advance EIS as a choice detection method, allowing for lower limits of detection than traditional electrochemical methods such as voltammetry or amperometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward P Randviir
- Department of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, Manchester M1 5GD, Lancs, UK.
| | - Craig E Banks
- Department of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, Manchester M1 5GD, Lancs, UK.
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34
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Ganesh PS, Kim SY. A comparison of conventional and advanced electroanalytical methods to detect SARS-CoV-2 virus: A concise review. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 307:135645. [PMID: 35817176 PMCID: PMC9270057 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory viruses are a serious threat to human wellbeing that can cause pandemic disease. As a result, it is critical to identify virus in a timely, sensitive, and precise manner. The present novel coronavirus-2019 (COVID-19) disease outbreak has increased these concerns. The research of developing various methods for COVID-19 virus identification is one of the most rapidly growing research areas. This review article compares and addresses recent improvements in conventional and advanced electroanalytical approaches for detecting COVID-19 virus. The popular conventional methods such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR), loop mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), serology test, and computed tomography (CT) scan with artificial intelligence require specialized equipment, hours of processing, and specially trained staff. Many researchers, on the other hand, focused on the invention and expansion of electrochemical and/or bio sensors to detect SARS-CoV-2, demonstrating that they could show a significant role in COVID-19 disease control. We attempted to meticulously summarize recent advancements, compare conventional and electroanalytical approaches, and ultimately discuss future prospective in the field. We hope that this review will be helpful to researchers who are interested in this interdisciplinary field and desire to develop more innovative virus detection methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pattan-Siddappa Ganesh
- Interaction Laboratory, Advanced Technology Research Center, Future Convergence Engineering, Korea University of Technology and Education (KoreaTech), Cheonan-si, Chungcheongnam-do, 330-708, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sang-Youn Kim
- Interaction Laboratory, Advanced Technology Research Center, Future Convergence Engineering, Korea University of Technology and Education (KoreaTech), Cheonan-si, Chungcheongnam-do, 330-708, Republic of Korea.
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35
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Sadique MA, Yadav S, Khare V, Khan R, Tripathi GK, Khare PS. Functionalized Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticle-Based Electrochemical Immunosensor for Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Antibody. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:2612. [PMID: 36359457 PMCID: PMC9689474 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12112612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The advancement in biosensors can overcome the challenges faced by conventional diagnostic techniques for the detection of the highly infectious severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Hence, the development of an accurate, rapid, sensitive, and selective diagnostic technique can mitigate adverse health conditions caused by SARS-CoV-2. This work proposes the development of an electrochemical immunosensor based on bio-nanocomposites for the sensitive detection of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies through the differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) electroanalytical method. The facile synthesis of chitosan-functionalized titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2-CS bio-nanocomposites) is performed using the sol-gel method. Characterization of the TiO2-CS bio-nanocomposite is accomplished using UV-vis spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The electrochemical performance is studied using cyclic voltammetry (CV), DPV, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) for its electroanalytical and biosensing capabilities. The developed immunosensing platform has a high sensitivity with a wide range of detection from 50 ag mL-1 to 1 ng mL-1. The detection limit of the SARS-CoV-2 antibody in buffer media is obtained to be 3.42 ag mL-1 and the limit of quantitation (LOQ) to be 10.38 ag mL-1. The electrochemical immunosensor has high selectivity in different interfering analytes and is stable for 10 days. The results suggest that the developed electrochemical immunosensor can be applicable for real sample analysis and further high-throughput testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Abubakar Sadique
- Industrial Waste Utilization, Nano and Biomaterials, CSIR-Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute (AMPRI), Bhopal 462026, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Shalu Yadav
- Industrial Waste Utilization, Nano and Biomaterials, CSIR-Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute (AMPRI), Bhopal 462026, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Vedika Khare
- School of Nanotechnology, Rajiv Gandhi Proudyogiki Vishwavidyalaya, Bhopal 462033, India
| | - Raju Khan
- Industrial Waste Utilization, Nano and Biomaterials, CSIR-Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute (AMPRI), Bhopal 462026, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Gagan Kant Tripathi
- School of Nanotechnology, Rajiv Gandhi Proudyogiki Vishwavidyalaya, Bhopal 462033, India
| | - Purnima Swarup Khare
- School of Nanotechnology, Rajiv Gandhi Proudyogiki Vishwavidyalaya, Bhopal 462033, India
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36
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KILIÇ NM, ODACI DEMİRKOL D. Virus detection using bio-based analysis systems: a review of biorecognition strategies. Turk J Chem 2022; 46:1802-1816. [PMID: 37621347 PMCID: PMC10446939 DOI: 10.55730/1300-0527.3481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious illnesses are on the rise in today's world, with serious consequences for animals, plants, and humans. Several infections, including the human immunodeficiency virus, affect a large number of individuals in various countries, particularly in the poorer portions of contemporary society, and continue to cause a variety of health problems. Viruses are tiny parasitic organisms. They are infectious agents that can only reproduce within a live cell of an organism. Viruses may infect any living organism. For clinical point-of-care applications, early detections for harmful agents such as bacteria, viruses are critical. The possibility of worldwide epidemics as a result of viral propagation emphasizes the importance of creating speedy, precise, and sensitive early detection systems. Furthermore, because certain viruses have a long latent phase and can evolve from one person to another, early detection during the incubation period is critical for improving recovery rates and avoiding pandemics. Nowadays, there has been various bio-based detection systems that have rapid reaction times, user-friendly, cost-effective, and repeatable. In this review, biological molecule-based detection technologies which focus on virus analysis are examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Melis KILIÇ
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Ege University, İzmir,
Turkey
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37
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Pan Y, Mao K, Hui Q, Wang B, Cooper J, Yang Z. Paper-based devices for rapid diagnosis and wastewater surveillance. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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38
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Progress in Electrochemical Biosensing of SARS-CoV-2 Virus for COVID-19 Management. CHEMOSENSORS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors10070287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Rapid and early diagnosis of lethal coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is an important issue considering global human health, economy, education, and other activities. The advancement of understanding of the chemistry/biochemistry and the structure of the SARS-CoV-2 virus has led to the development of low-cost, efficient, and reliable methods for COVID-19 diagnosis over “gold standard” real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) due to its several limitations. This led to the development of electrochemical sensors/biosensors for rapid, fast, and low-cost detection of the SARS-CoV-2 virus from the patient’s biological fluids by detecting the components of the virus, including structural proteins (antigens), nucleic acid, and antibodies created after COVID-19 infection. This review comprehensively summarizes the state-of-the-art research progress of electrochemical biosensors for COVID-19 diagnosis. They include the detection of spike protein, nucleocapsid protein, whole virus, nucleic acid, and antibodies. The review also outlines the structure of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, different detection methods, and design strategies of electrochemical SARS-CoV-2 biosensors by highlighting the current challenges and future perspectives.
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39
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A Review on Potential Electrochemical Point-of-Care Tests Targeting Pandemic Infectious Disease Detection: COVID-19 as a Reference. CHEMOSENSORS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors10070269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Fast and accurate point-of-care testing (POCT) of infectious diseases is crucial for diminishing the pandemic miseries. To fight the pandemic coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), numerous interesting electrochemical point-of-care (POC) tests have been evolved to rapidly identify the causal organism SARS-CoV-2 virus, its nucleic acid and antigens, and antibodies of the patients. Many of those electrochemical biosensors are impressive in terms of miniaturization, mass production, ease of use, and speed of test, and they could be recommended for future applications in pandemic-like circumstances. On the other hand, self-diagnosis, sensitivity, specificity, surface chemistry, electrochemical components, device configuration, portability, small analyzers, and other features of the tests can yet be improved. Therefore, this report reviews the developmental trend of electrochemical POC tests (i.e., test platforms and features) reported for the rapid diagnosis of COVID-19 and correlates any significant advancements with relevant references. POCTs incorporating microfluidic/plastic chips, paper devices, nanomaterial-aided platforms, smartphone integration, self-diagnosis, and epidemiological reporting attributes are also surfed to help with future pandemic preparedness. This review especially screens the low-cost and easily affordable setups so that management of pandemic disease becomes faster and easier. Overall, the review is a wide-ranging package for finding appropriate strategies of electrochemical POCT targeting pandemic infectious disease detection.
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40
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Zambry NS, Obande GA, Khalid MF, Bustami Y, Hamzah HH, Awang MS, Aziah I, Manaf AA. Utilizing Electrochemical-Based Sensing Approaches for the Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in Clinical Samples: A Review. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12070473. [PMID: 35884276 PMCID: PMC9312918 DOI: 10.3390/bios12070473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The development of precise and efficient diagnostic tools enables early treatment and proper isolation of infected individuals, hence limiting the spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The standard diagnostic tests used by healthcare workers to diagnose severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection have some limitations, including longer detection time, the need for qualified individuals, and the use of sophisticated bench-top equipment, which limit their use for rapid SARS-CoV-2 assessment. Advances in sensor technology have renewed the interest in electrochemical biosensors miniaturization, which provide improved diagnostic qualities such as rapid response, simplicity of operation, portability, and readiness for on-site screening of infection. This review gives a condensed overview of the current electrochemical sensing platform strategies for SARS-CoV-2 detection in clinical samples. The fundamentals of fabricating electrochemical biosensors, such as the chosen electrode materials, electrochemical transducing techniques, and sensitive biorecognition molecules, are thoroughly discussed in this paper. Furthermore, we summarised electrochemical biosensors detection strategies and their analytical performance on diverse clinical samples, including saliva, blood, and nasopharyngeal swab. Finally, we address the employment of miniaturized electrochemical biosensors integrated with microfluidic technology in viral electrochemical biosensors, emphasizing its potential for on-site diagnostics applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nor Syafirah Zambry
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia; (N.S.Z.); (M.F.K.)
| | - Godwin Attah Obande
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia;
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Federal University of Lafia, Lafia PMB 146, Nasarawa State, Nigeria
| | - Muhammad Fazli Khalid
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia; (N.S.Z.); (M.F.K.)
| | - Yazmin Bustami
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor 11800, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia;
| | - Hairul Hisham Hamzah
- School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor 11800, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia;
| | - Mohd Syafiq Awang
- Collaborative Microelectronic Design Excellence Centre (CEDEC), Sains@USM, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bayan Lepas 11900, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia;
| | - Ismail Aziah
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia; (N.S.Z.); (M.F.K.)
- Correspondence: (I.A.); (A.A.M.)
| | - Asrulnizam Abd Manaf
- Collaborative Microelectronic Design Excellence Centre (CEDEC), Sains@USM, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bayan Lepas 11900, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia;
- Correspondence: (I.A.); (A.A.M.)
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魏 巍, 武 瑞, 桑 晓, 梁 天, 李 治, 李 陟, 杨 阳, 苏 月. [Visualization analysis of microfluidics research status]. SHENG WU YI XUE GONG CHENG XUE ZA ZHI = JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING = SHENGWU YIXUE GONGCHENGXUE ZAZHI 2022; 39:551-560. [PMID: 35788525 PMCID: PMC10950758 DOI: 10.7507/1001-5515.202201054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidics is the science and technology to manipulate small amounts of fluids in micro/nano-scale space. Multiple modules could be integrated into microfluidic device, and due to its advantages of microminiaturization and controllability, microfluidics has drawn extensive attention since its birth. In this paper, the literature data related to microfluidics research from January 1, 2006 to December 31, 2021 were obtained from Web of Science Core Collection database. CiteSpace 5.8.R3 software was used for bibliometrics analysis, so as to explore the research progress and development trends of microfluidics research at home and abroad. Based on the analysis of 50 129 articles, it could be seen that microfluidics was a hot topic of global concern, and the United States had a certain degree of authority in this field. Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University not only had a high number of publications, but also had strong influence and extensive cooperation network. Combined with ultrasonic, surface modification and sensor technology, researchers constructed paper-based microfluidic, droplet microfluidic and digital microfluidic platforms, which were applied in the field of immediate diagnosis, nucleic acid and circulating tumor cell analysis of in vitro diagnosis and organ-on-a-chip. China was one of the countries with a high level of research in the field of microfluidics, while the industrialization of high-end products needed to be improved. As people's demand for disease risk prediction and health management increased, promoting microfluidic technological innovation and achievement transformation is of great significance to safeguard people's life and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- 巍 魏
- 中国生物技术发展中心(北京 100039)China National Center for Biotechnology Development, Beijing 100039, P. R. China
| | - 瑞君 武
- 中国生物技术发展中心(北京 100039)China National Center for Biotechnology Development, Beijing 100039, P. R. China
| | - 晓冬 桑
- 中国生物技术发展中心(北京 100039)China National Center for Biotechnology Development, Beijing 100039, P. R. China
| | - 天宇 梁
- 中国生物技术发展中心(北京 100039)China National Center for Biotechnology Development, Beijing 100039, P. R. China
| | - 治非 李
- 中国生物技术发展中心(北京 100039)China National Center for Biotechnology Development, Beijing 100039, P. R. China
| | - 陟 李
- 中国生物技术发展中心(北京 100039)China National Center for Biotechnology Development, Beijing 100039, P. R. China
| | - 阳 杨
- 中国生物技术发展中心(北京 100039)China National Center for Biotechnology Development, Beijing 100039, P. R. China
| | - 月 苏
- 中国生物技术发展中心(北京 100039)China National Center for Biotechnology Development, Beijing 100039, P. R. China
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42
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Abstract
Interpretation of impedance spectroscopy data requires both a description of the chemistry and physics that govern the system and an assessment of the error structure of the measurement. The approach presented here includes use of graphical methods to guide model development, use of a measurement model analysis to assess the presence of stochastic and bias errors, and a systematic development of interpretation models in terms of the proposed reaction mechanism and physical description. Application to corrosion, batteries, and biological systems is discussed, and emerging trends in interpretation and implementation of impedance spectroscopy are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Vivier
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Réactivité de Surface, 4 place Jussieu, Paris 75005 Cedex 05, France
| | - Mark E Orazem
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
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43
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Electrochemical Methodologies for Investigating the Antioxidant Potential of Plant and Fruit Extracts: A Review. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11061205. [PMID: 35740101 PMCID: PMC9220340 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11061205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the growing research interests in the applications of plant and fruit extracts (synthetic/stabilization materials for the nanomaterials, medicinal applications, functional foods, and nutraceuticals) have led to the development of new analytical techniques to be utilized for identifying numerous properties of these extracts. One of the main properties essential for the applicability of these plant extracts is the antioxidant capacity (AOC) that is conventionally determined by spectrophotometric techniques. Nowadays, electrochemical methodologies are emerging as alternative tools for quantifying this particular property of the extract. These methodologies address numerous drawbacks of the conventional spectroscopic approach, such as the utilization of expensive and hazardous solvents, extensive sample pre-treatment requirements, long reaction times, low sensitivity, etc. The electrochemical methodologies discussed in this review include cyclic voltammetry (CV), square wave voltammetry (SWV), differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), and chronoamperometry (CAP). This review presents a critical comparison between both the conventional and electrochemical approaches for the quantification of the parameter of AOC and discusses the numerous applications of the obtained bioextracts based on the AOC parameter.
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44
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Tsukahara A, Yamaguchi T, Tanaka Y, Ueno A. FPGA-Based Processor for Continual Capacitive-Coupling Impedance Spectroscopy and Circuit Parameter Estimation. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:4406. [PMID: 35746187 PMCID: PMC9228433 DOI: 10.3390/s22124406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In principle, the recently proposed capacitive-coupling impedance spectroscopy (CIS) has the capability to acquire frequency spectra of complex electrical impedance sequentially on a millisecond timescale. Even when the measured object with time-varying unknown resistance Rx is capacitively coupled with the measurement electrodes with time-varying unknown capacitance Cx, CIS can be measured. As a proof of concept, this study aimed to develop a prototype that implemented the novel algorithm of CIS and circuit parameter estimation to verify whether the frequency spectra and circuit parameters could be obtained in milliseconds and whether time-varying impedance could be measured. This study proposes a dedicated processor that was implemented as field-programmable gate arrays to perform CIS, estimate Rx and Cx, and their digital-to-analog conversions at a certain time, and to repeat them continually. The proposed processor executed the entire sequence in the order of milliseconds. Combined with a front-end nonsinusoidal oscillator and interfacing circuits, the processor estimated the fixed Rx and fixed Cx with reasonable accuracy. Additionally, the combined system with the processor succeeded in detecting a quick optical response in the resistance of the cadmium sulfide (CdS) photocell connected in series with a capacitor, and in reading out their resistance and capacitance independently as voltages in real-time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiko Tsukahara
- School of Science and Engineering, Division of Electronic Engineering, Tokyo Denki, Saitama 350-0394, Japan
| | - Tomiharu Yamaguchi
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Tokyo Denki University, Tokyo 120-8551, Japan; (T.Y.); (Y.T.); (A.U.)
| | - Yuho Tanaka
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Tokyo Denki University, Tokyo 120-8551, Japan; (T.Y.); (Y.T.); (A.U.)
| | - Akinori Ueno
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Tokyo Denki University, Tokyo 120-8551, Japan; (T.Y.); (Y.T.); (A.U.)
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45
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Soto D, Orozco J. Peptide-based simple detection of SARS-CoV-2 with electrochemical readout. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1205:339739. [PMID: 35414399 PMCID: PMC8935448 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.339739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is considered one of the worst pandemic outbreaks worldwide. This ongoing pandemic urgently requires rapid, accurate, and specific testing devices to detect the virus. We report a simple electrochemical biosensor based on a highly specific synthetic peptide to detect SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein. Unlike other reported electrochemical biosensors involving nanomaterials or complex approaches, our electrochemical platform uses screen-printed gold electrodes functionalized with the thiolated peptide, whose interaction with the Spike protein is directly followed by Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy. The electrochemical platform was Spike protein concentration-dependent, with high sensitivity and reproducibility and a limit of detection of 18.2 ng/mL when tested in Spike protein commercial solutions and 0.01 copies/mL in lysed SARS-CoV-2 particles. The label-free biosensor successfully detected the Spike protein in samples from infected patients straightforwardly in only 15 min. The simplicity of the proposed format combined with an on-demand designed peptide opens the path for detecting other pathogen-related antigens.
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46
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Gutiérrez Rodelo C, Salinas RA, Armenta JaimeArmenta E, Armenta S, Galdámez-Martínez A, Castillo-Blum SE, Astudillo-de la Vega H, Nirmala Grace A, Aguilar-Salinas CA, Gutiérrez Rodelo J, Christie G, Alsanie WF, Santana G, Thakur VK, Dutt A. Zinc associated nanomaterials and their intervention in emerging respiratory viruses: Journey to the field of biomedicine and biomaterials. Coord Chem Rev 2022; 457:214402. [PMID: 35095109 PMCID: PMC8788306 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.214402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory viruses represent a severe public health risk worldwide, and the research contribution to tackle the current pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 is one of the main targets among the scientific community. In this regard, experts from different fields have gathered to confront this catastrophic pandemic. This review illustrates how nanotechnology intervention could be valuable in solving this difficult situation, and the state of the art of Zn-based nanostructures are discussed in detail. For virus detection, learning from the experience of other respiratory viruses such as influenza, the potential use of Zn nanomaterials as suitable sensing platforms to recognize the S1 spike protein in SARS-CoV-2 are shown. Furthermore, a discussion about the antiviral mechanisms reported for ZnO nanostructures is included, which can help develop surface disinfectants and protective coatings. At the same time, the properties of Zn-based materials as supplements for reducing viral activity and the recovery of infected patients are illustrated. Within the scope of noble adjuvants to improve the immune response, the ZnO NPs properties as immunomodulators are explained, and potential prototypes of nanoengineered particles with metallic cations (like Zn2+) are suggested. Therefore, using Zn-associated nanomaterials from detection to disinfection, supplementation, and immunomodulation opens a wide area of opportunities to combat these emerging respiratory viruses. Finally, the attractive properties of these nanomaterials can be extrapolated to new clinical challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Citlaly Gutiérrez Rodelo
- Healthcare Business and Computer Technology, Mexico
- Nanopharmacia Diagnostica, Tlaxcala No. 146/705, Col. Roma Sur, Cuauhtémoc, Cuidad de México, C.P. 06760, Mexico
| | - Rafael A Salinas
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Aplicada del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CIBA-IPN), Tlaxcala 72197, Mexico
| | - Erika Armenta JaimeArmenta
- Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, DF 04510, México
| | - Silvia Armenta
- Department of Biology, McGill University, 3649 Sir William Osler, Montreal, QC H3G 0B1, Canada
| | - Andrés Galdámez-Martínez
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacan, México City, C.P. 04510, Mexico
| | - Silvia E Castillo-Blum
- Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, DF 04510, México
| | - Horacio Astudillo-de la Vega
- Healthcare Business and Computer Technology, Mexico
- Nanopharmacia Diagnostica, Tlaxcala No. 146/705, Col. Roma Sur, Cuauhtémoc, Cuidad de México, C.P. 06760, Mexico
| | - Andrews Nirmala Grace
- Centre for Nanotechnology Research, VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632 014, India
| | - Carlos A Aguilar-Salinas
- Unidad de Investigación de Enfermedades Metabólicas y Dirección de Nutrición. Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico
| | - Juliana Gutiérrez Rodelo
- Instituto Méxicano del Seguro Social, Hospital General de SubZona No. 4, C.P. 80370, Navolato, Sinaloa, México
| | - Graham Christie
- Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QT, UK
| | - Walaa F Alsanie
- Department of Clinical Laboratories Sciences, The Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Guillermo Santana
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacan, México City, C.P. 04510, Mexico
| | - Vijay Kumar Thakur
- Biorefining and Advanced Materials Research Center, SRUC, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, UK
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, Shiv Nadar University, Uttar Pradesh 201314, India
- School of Engineering, University of Petroleum & Energy Studies (UPES), Dehradun 248007, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Ateet Dutt
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacan, México City, C.P. 04510, Mexico
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47
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Flores-Contreras EA, González-González RB, Rodríguez-Sánchez IP, Yee-de León JF, Iqbal HMN, González-González E. Microfluidics-Based Biosensing Platforms: Emerging Frontiers in Point-of-Care Testing SARS-CoV-2 and Seroprevalence. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12030179. [PMID: 35323449 PMCID: PMC8946853 DOI: 10.3390/bios12030179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) caused the ongoing COVID-19 (coronavirus disease-2019) outbreak and has unprecedentedly impacted the public health and economic sector. The pandemic has forced researchers to focus on the accurate and early detection of SARS-CoV-2, developing novel diagnostic tests. Among these, microfluidic-based tests stand out for their multiple benefits, such as their portability, low cost, and minimal reagents used. This review discusses the different microfluidic platforms applied in detecting SARS-CoV-2 and seroprevalence, classified into three sections according to the molecules to be detected, i.e., (1) nucleic acid, (2) antigens, and (3) anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. Moreover, commercially available alternatives based on microfluidic platforms are described. Timely and accurate results allow healthcare professionals to perform efficient treatments and make appropriate decisions for infection control; therefore, novel developments that integrate microfluidic technology may provide solutions in the form of massive diagnostics to control the spread of infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elda A. Flores-Contreras
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Monterrey 64849, Nuevo León, Mexico; (E.A.F.-C.); (R.B.G.-G.)
| | | | - Iram P. Rodríguez-Sánchez
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Molecular y Estructural, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza 66455, Nuevo León, Mexico;
| | | | - Hafiz M. N. Iqbal
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Monterrey 64849, Nuevo León, Mexico; (E.A.F.-C.); (R.B.G.-G.)
- Correspondence: (H.M.N.I.); (E.G.-G.)
| | - Everardo González-González
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Molecular y Estructural, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza 66455, Nuevo León, Mexico;
- Correspondence: (H.M.N.I.); (E.G.-G.)
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48
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Kumar N, Shetti NP, Jagannath S, Aminabhavi TM. Electrochemical sensors for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 virus. CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL (LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND : 1996) 2022; 430:132966. [PMID: 34690533 PMCID: PMC8525496 DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2021.132966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus (COVID-19), a deadly pandemic has spread worldwide and created many global health issues. Though methods of its detection are being continuously developed for the early detection and monitoring of COVID-19, still there is need for more novel methods. The presently used methods include rapid antigen tests, serological surveys, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), artificial intelligence-based techniques, and assays based on sensors/biosensors. Of all these, RT-PCR test has high sensitivity and specificity though it requires more time for testing and need for skilled technicians. Recently, electrochemical sensors have been developed for rapid monitoring and detection of SARS-CoV-2 from the patient's biological fluid samples. This review covers the recently developed electrochemical sensors that are focused on the detection of viral nucleic acid, immunoglobulin, antigen, and the entire viral particles. In addition, we also compare and assess their detection limits, sensitivities and specificities for the identification and monitoring of COVID-19. Furthermore, this review will address the best practices for the development of electrochemical sensors such as electrode fouling, limit of detection/limit of quantification determination and verification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeraj Kumar
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Nagaraj P Shetti
- School of Advanced Sciences, KLE Technological University, Hubballi 580 031, India
| | - Somanath Jagannath
- Laboratory of Molecular and Chemical Biology of Neurodegeneration, Brain Mind Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Tejraj M Aminabhavi
- School of Advanced Sciences, KLE Technological University, Hubballi 580 031, India
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49
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Peng R, Pan Y, Li Z, Qin Z, Rini JM, Liu X. SPEEDS: A portable serological testing platform for rapid electrochemical detection of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 197:113762. [PMID: 34773750 PMCID: PMC8558107 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in a worldwide health crisis. Rapid diagnosis, new therapeutics and effective vaccines will all be required to stop the spread of COVID-19. Quantitative evaluation of serum antibody levels against the SARS-CoV-2 virus provides a means of monitoring a patient's immune response to a natural viral infection or vaccination, as well as evidence of a prior infection. In this paper, a portable and low-cost electrochemical immunosensor is developed for the rapid and accurate quantification of SARS-CoV-2 serum antibodies. The immunosensor is capable of quantifying the concentrations of immunoglobulin G (IgG) and immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies against the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein in human serum. For IgG and IgM, it provides measurements in the range of 10.1 ng/mL − 60 μg/mL and 1.64 ng/mL − 50 μg/mL, respectively, both with an assay time of 13 min. We also developed device stabilization and storage strategies to achieve stable performance of the immunosensor over 24-week storage at room temperature. We evaluated the performance of the immunosensor using COVID-19 patient serum samples collected at different time points after symptom onset. The rapid and sensitive detection of IgG and IgM provided by our immunosensor fulfills the need of rapid COVID-19 serological testing for both point-of-care diagnosis and population immunity screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Peng
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Yueyue Pan
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Zhijie Li
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, 361 University Ave, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1M1, Canada
| | - Zhen Qin
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - James M Rini
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, 361 University Ave, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1M1, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, 361 University Ave, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1M1, Canada
| | - Xinyu Liu
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G8, Canada; Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 164 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G9, Canada.
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50
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Ramanathan S, Gopinath SCB, Ismail ZH, Md Arshad MK, Poopalan P. Aptasensing nucleocapsid protein on nanodiamond assembled gold interdigitated electrodes for impedimetric SARS-CoV-2 infectious disease assessment. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 197:113735. [PMID: 34736114 PMCID: PMC8550887 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In an aim of developing portable biosensor for SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, which facilitates the point-of-care aptasensing, a strategy using 10 μm gap-sized gold interdigitated electrode (AuIDE) is presented. The silane-modified AuIDE surface was deposited with ∼20 nm diamond and enhanced the detection of SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein (NCP). The characteristics of chemically modified diamond were evidenced by structural analyses, revealing the cubic crystalline nature at (220) and (111) planes as observed by XRD. XPS analysis denotes a strong interaction of carbon element, composed ∼95% as seen in EDS analysis. The C-C, CC, CO, CN functional groups were well-refuted from XPS spectra of carbon and oxygen elements in diamond. The interrelation between elements through FTIR analysis indicates major intrinsic bondings at 2687-2031 cm-1. The aptasensing was evaluated through electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements, using NCP spiked human serum. With a good selectivity the lower detection limit was evidenced as 0.389 fM, at a linear detection range from 1 fM to 100 pM. The stability, and reusability of the aptasensor were demonstrated, showing ∼30% and ∼33% loss of active state, respectively, after ∼11 days. The detection of NCP was evaluated by comparing anti-NCP aptamer and antibody as the bioprobes. The determination coefficients of R2 = 0.9759 and R2 = 0.9772 were obtained for aptamer- and antibody-based sensing, respectively. Moreover, the genuine interaction of NCP aptamer and protein was validated by enzyme linked apta-sorbent assay. The aptasensing strategy proposed with AuIDE/diamond enhanced sensing platform is highly recommended for early diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santheraleka Ramanathan
- Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), 01000, Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia
| | - Subash C B Gopinath
- Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), 01000, Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia; Faculty of Chemical Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), 02600, Arau, Perlis, Malaysia.
| | - Zool Hilmi Ismail
- Centre for Artificial Intelligence and Robotics, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, 54100, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - M K Md Arshad
- Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), 01000, Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia; Faculty of Electronic Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), 02600, Arau, Pauh Putra, Perlis, Malaysia
| | - Prabakaran Poopalan
- Faculty of Electronic Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), 02600, Arau, Pauh Putra, Perlis, Malaysia
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