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Hussain A, Parveen F, Saxena A, Ashfaque M. A review of nanotechnology in enzyme cascade to address challenges in pre-treating biomass. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 270:132466. [PMID: 38761904 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
Nanotechnology has become a revolutionary technique for improving the preliminary treatment of lignocellulosic biomass in the production of biofuels. Traditional methods of pre-treatment have encountered difficulties in effectively degrading the intricate lignocellulosic composition, thereby impeding the conversion of biomass into fermentable sugars. Nanotechnology has enabled the development of enzyme cascade processes that present a potential solution for addressing the limitations. The focus of this review article is to delve into the utilization of nanotechnology in the pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass through enzyme cascade processes. The review commences with an analysis of the composition and structure of lignocellulosic biomass, followed by a discussion on the drawbacks associated with conventional pre-treatment techniques. The subsequent analysis explores the importance of efficient pre-treatment methods in the context of biofuel production. We thoroughly investigate the utilization of nanotechnology in the pre-treatment of enzyme cascades across three distinct sections. Nanomaterials for enzyme immobilization, enhanced enzyme stability and activity through nanotechnology, and nanocarriers for controlled enzyme delivery. Moreover, the techniques used to analyse nanomaterials and the interactions between enzymes and nanomaterials are introduced. This review emphasizes the significance of comprehending the mechanisms underlying the synergy between nanotechnology and enzymes establishing sustainable and environmentally friendly nanotechnology applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhtar Hussain
- Lignocellulose & Biofuel Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, Integral University, Lucknow 226026, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Fouziya Parveen
- Lignocellulose & Biofuel Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, Integral University, Lucknow 226026, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ayush Saxena
- Lignocellulose & Biofuel Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, Integral University, Lucknow 226026, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mohammad Ashfaque
- Lignocellulose & Biofuel Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, Integral University, Lucknow 226026, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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Chaoua S, Flahaut S, Cornu B, Hiligsmann S, Chaouche NK. Unlocking the potential of Algerian lignocellulosic biomass: exploring indigenous microbial diversity for enhanced enzyme and sugar production. Arch Microbiol 2024; 206:277. [PMID: 38789671 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-024-04011-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Nowadays, natural resources like lignocellulosic biomass are gaining more and more attention. This study was conducted to analyse chemical composition of dried and ground samples (500 μm) of various Algerian bioresources including alfa stems (AS), dry palms (DP), olive pomace (OP), pinecones (PC), and tomato waste (TW). AS exhibited the lowest lignin content (3.60 ± 0.60%), but the highest cellulose (58.30 ± 2.06%), and hemicellulose (20.00 ± 3.07%) levels. DP, OP, and PC had around 30% cellulose, and 10% hemicellulose. OP had the highest lignin content (29.00 ± 6.40%), while TW contained (15.70 ± 2.67% cellulose, 13.70 ± 0.002% hemicellulose, and 17.90 ± 4.00% lignin). Among 91 isolated microorganisms, nine were selected for cellulase, xylanase, and/or laccase production. The ability of Bacillus mojavensis to produce laccase and cellulase, as well as B. safensis to produce cellulase and xylanase, is being reported for the first time. In submerged conditions, TW was the most suitable substrate for enzyme production. In this conditions, T. versicolor K1 was the only strain able to produce laccase (4,170 ± 556 U/L). Additionally, Coniocheata hoffmannii P4 exhibited the highest cellulase activity (907.62 ± 26.22 U/L), and B. mojavensis Y3 the highest xylanase activity (612.73 ± 12.73 U/L). T. versicolor K1 culture showed reducing sugars accumulation of 18.87% compared to initial concentrations. Sucrose was the predominant sugar detected by HPLC analysis (13.44 ± 0.02 g/L). Our findings suggest that T. versicolor K1 holds promise for laccase production, while TW represents a suitable substrate for sucrose production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samah Chaoua
- Laboratoire de Mycologie, de Biotechnologie et de l'Activité Microbienne (LaMyBAM), Département de Biologie Appliquée, Université des Frères Mentouri Constantine 1, Constantine, Algeria.
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie Appliquée, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Sigrid Flahaut
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie Appliquée, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Serge Hiligsmann
- Bioengineering Department, CELABOR Research Center, Herve, Belgium
| | - Noreddine Kacem Chaouche
- Laboratoire de Mycologie, de Biotechnologie et de l'Activité Microbienne (LaMyBAM), Département de Biologie Appliquée, Université des Frères Mentouri Constantine 1, Constantine, Algeria
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3
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Gaur S, Kaur M, Kalra R, Rene ER, Goel M. Application of microbial resources in biorefineries: Current trend and future prospects. Heliyon 2024; 10:e28615. [PMID: 38628756 PMCID: PMC11019186 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
The recent growing interest in sustainable and alternative sources of energy and bio-based products has driven the paradigm shift to an integrated model termed "biorefinery." Biorefinery framework implements the concepts of novel eco-technologies and eco-efficient processes for the sustainable production of energy and value-added biomolecules. The utilization of microbial resources for the production of various value-added products has been documented in the literatures. However, the appointment of these microbial resources in integrated resource management requires a better understanding of their status. The main of aim of this review is to provide an overview on the defined positioning and overall contribution of the microbial resources, i.e., algae, fungi and bacteria, for various bioprocesses and generation of multiple products from a single biorefinery. By utilizing waste material as a feedstock, biofuels can be generated by microalgae while sequestering environmental carbon and producing value added compounds as by-products. In parallel, fungal biorefineries are prolific producers of lignocellulose degrading enzymes along with pharmaceutically important novel products. Conversely, bacterial biorefineries emerge as a preferred platform for the transformation of standard cells into proficient bio-factories, developing chassis and turbo cells for enhanced target compound production. This comprehensive review is poised to offer an intricate exploration of the current trends, obstacles, and prospective pathways of microbial biorefineries, for the development of future biorefineries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suchitra Gaur
- Sustainable Agriculture Program, The Energy and Resources Institute, TERI-Gram, Gurugram, 122001, Haryana, India
| | - Mehak Kaur
- Sustainable Agriculture Program, The Energy and Resources Institute, TERI-Gram, Gurugram, 122001, Haryana, India
| | - Rishu Kalra
- Sustainable Agriculture Program, The Energy and Resources Institute, TERI-Gram, Gurugram, 122001, Haryana, India
| | - Eldon R. Rene
- Department of Water Supply, Sanitation and Environmental Engineering, IHE Delft Institute for Water Education, Westvest 7, Delft, 2601DA, the Netherlands
| | - Mayurika Goel
- Sustainable Agriculture Program, The Energy and Resources Institute, TERI-Gram, Gurugram, 122001, Haryana, India
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Singh B, Soni SK, Vaish S, Mathur P, Garg N. Immobilization of microbial multienzyme preparation on calcium alginate beads as well as lyophilization with mosambi peel matrix improved its shelf-life and stability. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2024; 69:383-393. [PMID: 37498405 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-023-01079-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the functional activity and storage viability (at 4 °C and 35 °C) of an immobilized as well as lyophilized multienzyme, viz., pectinase, cellulase, and amylase (PCA) that was produced by Bacillus subtilis NG105 under solid state fermentation (SSF) at 35 ℃ for 10 days using mosambi peel as a substrate. After SSF, the culture media was divided into two aliquots. From the first aliquot, the produced ME was extracted, precipitated, and further immobilized on calcium alginate beads (MEICA). In order to immobilize on mosambi peel matrix, the second aliquot was mixed with acetone and subsequently lyophilized (MELMP). Thus, ready MEICA and MELMP extracted 87.5 and 91.5% juice from mango pulp, respectively. In the reusability study, after 5 cycles, MEICA exhibited 23.8%, 24.4%, and 36.5% PCA activity, respectively. The PCA activity of MEICA and MELMP was examined after 60 days of storage at 4 ℃. The result revealed that the PCA for MEICA declined from 100 to 66%, 58.2%, and 64.5%, respectively, while for MELMP, it dropped from 100 to 84.2%, 82.1%, and 69.7%, respectively. Further, after 60 days of storage, the reduction of total protein content (TPC) in free multienzyme (FME), MEICA, and MELMP was 92.2%, 91.5%, and 36.3% observed, respectively. In the localization study, the maximum levels of multienzyme activity were found in cell exudates. This study demonstrated that immobilizing of multienzyme through lyophilization on waste substrates like mosambi peel boosted its stability and shelf-life along with greatly reducing the cost of products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balvindra Singh
- Division of Post Harvest Management, ICAR-Central Institute for Subtropical Horticulture, Rehmankhera, P.O. Kakori, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226101, India
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow Campus, Lucknow, 227105, India
| | - Sumit K Soni
- Crop Improvement and Biotechnology Division, ICAR-Central Institute for Subtropical Horticulture, Rehmankhera, P.O. Kakori, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226101, India.
| | - Supriya Vaish
- Division of Post Harvest Management, ICAR-Central Institute for Subtropical Horticulture, Rehmankhera, P.O. Kakori, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226101, India
| | - Priti Mathur
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow Campus, Lucknow, 227105, India
| | - Neelima Garg
- Division of Post Harvest Management, ICAR-Central Institute for Subtropical Horticulture, Rehmankhera, P.O. Kakori, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226101, India.
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Li Y, Zhao H, Wang L, Bai Y, Tang T, Liang H, Gao D. New insights in the biodegradation of high-cyclic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with crude enzymes of Trametes versicolor. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2024; 45:2243-2254. [PMID: 36647685 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2023.2169639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
High-cyclic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), with complex fused aromatic structures, are widespread, refractory and harmful in soil, but the current remediation technologies for high-cyclic PAHs are often inefficient and costly. This study focused on the biodegradation process of high-cyclic benzo[a]pyrene by Trametes versicolor crude enzymes. The crude enzymes exhibited high laccase activity (22112 U/L) and benzo[a]pyrene degradation efficiency (42.21%) within a short reaction time. Through the actual degradation and degradation kinetics, the degradation efficiency of PAHs decreased with the increase of aromatic rings. And the degradation conditions (temperature, pH, Cu2+ concentration, mediator) were systematically optimised. The optimum degradation conditions (1.5 mM Cu2+, 28℃ and pH 6) showed significant degradation efficiency for the low and medium concentrations of benzo[a]pyrene. In addition, complete degradation of benzo[a]pyrene could be achieved using only 0.2 mM of HBT mediator compared with crude enzymes alone. Collectively, these results showed the high-cyclic PAHs degradation potential of Trametes versicolor crude enzymes, and provided references to evaluate applicable prospects of white rot fungus crude enzymes in PAHs-contaminated soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- Centre for Urban Environmental Remediation, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Energy Conservation & Sustainable Urban and Rural Development Provincial and Ministry Co-construction Collaboration Innovation Center, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Huan Zhao
- Centre for Urban Environmental Remediation, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Energy Conservation & Sustainable Urban and Rural Development Provincial and Ministry Co-construction Collaboration Innovation Center, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Litao Wang
- Centre for Urban Environmental Remediation, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Energy Conservation & Sustainable Urban and Rural Development Provincial and Ministry Co-construction Collaboration Innovation Center, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhong Bai
- Centre for Urban Environmental Remediation, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Energy Conservation & Sustainable Urban and Rural Development Provincial and Ministry Co-construction Collaboration Innovation Center, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Teng Tang
- Centre for Urban Environmental Remediation, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Energy Conservation & Sustainable Urban and Rural Development Provincial and Ministry Co-construction Collaboration Innovation Center, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Liang
- Centre for Urban Environmental Remediation, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Energy Conservation & Sustainable Urban and Rural Development Provincial and Ministry Co-construction Collaboration Innovation Center, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Dawen Gao
- Centre for Urban Environmental Remediation, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Energy Conservation & Sustainable Urban and Rural Development Provincial and Ministry Co-construction Collaboration Innovation Center, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Hagemann MM, Wieduwilt EK, Hedegård ED. Understanding the initial events of the oxidative damage and protection mechanisms of the AA9 lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase family. Chem Sci 2024; 15:2558-2570. [PMID: 38362420 PMCID: PMC10866358 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc05933b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase (LPMO) is a new class of oxidoreductases that boosts polysaccharide degradation employing a copper active site. This boost may facilitate the cost-efficient production of biofuels and high-value chemicals from polysaccharides such as lignocellulose. Unfortunately, self-oxidation of the active site inactivates LPMOs. Other oxidoreductases employ hole-hopping mechanisms as protection against oxidative damage, but little is generally known about the details of these mechanisms. Herein, we employ highly accurate theoretical models based on density functional theory (DFT) molecular mechanics (MM) hybrids to understand the initial steps in LPMOs' protective measures against self-oxidation; we identify several intermediates recently proposed from experiment, and quantify which are important for protective hole-hopping pathways. Investigations on two different LPMOs show consistently that a tyrosine residue close to copper is crucial for protection: this explains recent experiments, showing that LPMOs without this tyrosine are more susceptible to self-oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlisa M Hagemann
- Department of Physics, Chemistry, and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark Campusvej 55 5230 Odense Denmark
| | - Erna K Wieduwilt
- Department of Physics, Chemistry, and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark Campusvej 55 5230 Odense Denmark
| | - Erik D Hedegård
- Department of Physics, Chemistry, and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark Campusvej 55 5230 Odense Denmark
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7
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Kaur G, Taggar MS, Kalia A. Cellulase-immobilized chitosan-coated magnetic nanoparticles for saccharification of lignocellulosic biomass. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:111627-111647. [PMID: 37280490 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-27919-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Devising and consolidating cost-effective and greener technologies for sustainable energy production pertain to some of the most pressing needs of the present times. Bioconversion of abundantly available lignocellulosic materials into fermentable sugars to produce biofuels involves the cost-extensive requirement of hydrolytic enzymes called cellulases. Cellulases are highly selective and eco-friendly biocatalysts responsible for deconstruction of complex polysaccharides into simple sugars. Currently, immobilization of cellulases is being carried out on magnetic nanoparticles functionalized with suitable biopolymers such as chitosan. Chitosan, a biocompatible polymer, exhibits high surface area, chemical/thermal stability, functionality, and reusability. The chitosan-functionalized magnetic nanocomposites (Ch-MNCs) present a nanobiocatalytic system that enables easy retrieval, separation, and recycling of cellulases, thereby offering a cost-effective and sustainable approach for biomass hydrolysis. These functional nanostructures show enormous potential owing to certain physicochemical and structural features that have been discussed in a comprehensive manner in this review. It provides an insight into the synthesis, immobilization, and application of cellulase immobilized Ch-MNCs for biomass hydrolysis. This review aims to bridge the gap between sustainable utilization and economic viability of employing replenishable agro-residues for cellulosic ethanol production by incorporating the recently emerging nanocomposite immobilization approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurkanwal Kaur
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Basic Sciences & Humanities, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana-141004, Punjab, India.
| | - Monica Sachdeva Taggar
- Department of Renewable Energy Engineering, College of Agricultural Engineering & Technology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana-141004, Punjab, India
| | - Anu Kalia
- Electron Microscopy and Nanoscience Laboratory, Department of Soil Science, College of Agriculture, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana-141004, Punjab, India
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Gao L, Yu Z, Wang S, Hou Y, Zhang S, Zhou C, Wu X. A new paradigm in lignocellulolytic enzyme cocktail optimization: Free from expert-level prior knowledge and experimental datasets. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 388:129758. [PMID: 37717701 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.129758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Effectively pairing diverse lignocellulolytic enzyme cocktails with intricately structured lignocellulosic substrates is an enduring challenge for science and technology. To date, extensive trial-and-error remains the primary approach and no deep-learning methods were developed to address it due to limited experimental data and incomplete expert-level knowledge of enzyme-cocktail-substrate structure-dynamics-function relationships. Here, a novel model is developed to tackle this issue in efficient, cost-effective, and high-throughput manners. It needs no pre-labeled datasets, instead utilizing simple features, eliminating the reliance on expert-level prior knowledge of reaction mechanisms. Experimentally optimal combinations were found within predicted ranges of tailor-made combinations with precision of 91.98%, covering 80.00% of overall top-100. Practical tests demonstrated its effectiveness in narrowing down potential optimal combinations, speeding up targeted screening, and enabling efficient degradation of lignocellulosic biomass. The method has good applications in artificial proteins biosynthesis from low-value lignocellulosic straw, providing alternative solutions for biomass biorefining challenges in complex enzyme-cocktail-substrate interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Gao
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Zhuohang Yu
- School of Engineering, Dali University, Dali, Yunnan 671003, China
| | - Shengjie Wang
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Yuejie Hou
- School of Engineering, Dali University, Dali, Yunnan 671003, China
| | - Shouchang Zhang
- School of Engineering, Dali University, Dali, Yunnan 671003, China
| | - Chichun Zhou
- School of Engineering, Dali University, Dali, Yunnan 671003, China.
| | - Xin Wu
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin 300308, China.
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Okereke OE, Gupta M, Ogunyewo OA, Sharma K, Kapoor S, Sinha T, Yazdani SS. Profiling of the β-glucosidases identified in the genome of Penicillium funiculosum: insights from genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and homology-modeling studies. Appl Environ Microbiol 2023; 89:e0070423. [PMID: 37610233 PMCID: PMC10537656 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00704-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The enzymatic conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to bioethanol depends on efficient enzyme systems with β-glucosidase as one of the key components. In this study, we performed in-depth profiling of the various β-glucosidases present in the genome of the hypercellulolytic fungus Penicillium funiculosum using genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and molecular dynamics simulation approaches. Of the eight β-glucosidase genes identified in the P. funiculosum genome, three were predicted to be extracellular based on signal peptide prediction and abundance in the secretome. Among the three secreted β-glucosidases, two belonged to the GH3 family and one belonged to the GH1 family. Homology models of these proteins predicted a deep and narrow active site for the GH3 β-glucosidases (PfBgl3A and PfBgl3B) and a shallow open active site for the GH1 β-glucosidase (PfBgl1A). The enzymatic assays indicated that P. funiculosum-secreted proteins showed high β-glucosidase activities with prominent bands on the 4-methylumbelliferyl β-D-glucopyranoside zymogram. To understand the contributory effects of each of the three secreted β-glucosidases (PfBgls), the corresponding gene was deleted separately, and the effect of the deletion on the β-glucosidase activity of the secretome was examined. Although not the most abundant, PfBgl3A was found to be one of the most important β-glucosidases, as evidenced by a 42% reduction in β-glucosidase activity in the ΔPfBgl3A strain. Our results advance the understanding of the genetic and biochemical nature of all β-glucosidases produced by P. funiculosum and pave the way to design a superior biocatalyst for the hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass. IMPORTANCE Commercially available cellulases are primarily produced from Trichoderma reesei. However, external supplementation of the cellulase cocktail from this host with exogenous β-glucosidase is often required to achieve the desired optimal saccharification of cellulosic feedstocks. This challenge has led to the exploration of other cellulase-producing strains. The nonmodel hypercellulolytic fungus Penicillium funiculosum has been studied in recent times and identified as a promising source of industrial cellulases mainly due to its ability to produce a balanced concoction of cellulolytic enzymes, including β-glucosidases. Various genetic interventions targeted at strain improvement for cellulase production have been performed; however, the β-glucosidases of this strain have remained largely understudied. This study, therefore, reports profiling of all eight β-glucosidases of P. funiculosum via molecular and computational approaches. The results of this study provide useful insights that will establish the background for future engineering strategies to transform this fungus into an industrial workhorse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omoaruemike Ebele Okereke
- Microbial Engineering Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
- Biotechnology Advanced Research Centre, Sheda Science and Technology Complex (SHESTCO), Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Mayank Gupta
- Microbial Engineering Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
- DBT-ICGEB Centre for Advanced Bioenergy Research, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Olusola A. Ogunyewo
- Microbial Engineering Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
- DBT-ICGEB Centre for Advanced Bioenergy Research, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Kanika Sharma
- Microbial Engineering Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
- DBT-ICGEB Centre for Advanced Bioenergy Research, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Sonal Kapoor
- Microbial Engineering Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Tulika Sinha
- Microbial Engineering Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Syed Shams Yazdani
- Microbial Engineering Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
- DBT-ICGEB Centre for Advanced Bioenergy Research, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
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10
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Abbas M, Ejaz U, Shafique M, Naz SA, Sohail M. Biological pretreatment of sugarcane bagasse for the production of fungal laccase and bacterial cellulase. J Basic Microbiol 2023. [PMID: 36856084 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.202200684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
Sugarcane bagasse (SB) is a promising source of appreciable quantities of fermentable sugars. However, the presence of lignin hinders utilization of these carbohydrates and hence pretreatment to remove lignin is necessarily carried out. Here, a biological pretreatment method was synchronized with the production of a thermostable cellulase using SB as a raw material. Initially, bagasse was fermented by a laccase producing fungus, Trametes pubescens MB 89 under solid state fermentation (SSF) and a titer of 1758 IU mL-1 of laccase was obtained. Investigations of nine factors affecting laccase production through Plackett Burman design improved the titers to 6539 IU mL-1 . Five factors (incubation period, concentration of CuSO4 , temperature, moisture content, and particle size) were found significant which were optimized through Central Composite design leading to an improvement in the titers by ~5 folds (8841 IU mL-1 ). Biologically pretreated SB was fermented by a thermophilic bacterium, Neobacillus sedimentimangrovi UE25, that yielded 8.64 IU mL-1 of cellulase. Delignification and cellulose utilization were affirmed by structural analysis through FTIR and SEM. The synchronized process yielded higher titers of laccase and cellulase under SSF of SB with the minimum use of corrosive chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustansir Abbas
- Department of Microbiology, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Uroosa Ejaz
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Institute of Science and Technology (SZABIST), Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Maryam Shafique
- Department of Microbiology, Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science and Technology, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Sehar A Naz
- Department of Microbiology, Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science and Technology, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Sohail
- Department of Microbiology, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
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11
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Integrating 1G with 2G Bioethanol Production by Using Distillers’ Dried Grains with Solubles (DDGS) as the Feedstock for Lignocellulolytic Enzyme Production. FERMENTATION-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation8120705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
First-generation (1G) bioethanol is one of the most used liquid biofuels in the transport industry. It is generated by using sugar- or starch-based feedstocks, while second-generation (2G) bioethanol is generated by using lignocellulosic feedstocks. Distillers’ dried grains with solubles (DDGS) is a byproduct of first-generation bioethanol production with a current annual production of 22.6 million tons in the USA. DDGS is rich in fiber and valuable nutrients contents, which can be used to produce lignocellulolytic enzymes such as cellulases and hemicellulases for 2G bioethanol production. However, DDGS needs a pretreatment method such as dilute acid, ammonia soaking, or steam hydrolysis to release monosaccharides and short-length oligosaccharides as fermentable sugars for use in microbial media. These fermentable sugars can then induce microbial growth and enzyme production compared to only glucose or xylose in the media. In addition, selection of one or more suitable microbial strains, which work best with the DDGS for enzyme production, is also needed. Media optimization and fermentation process optimization strategies can then be applied to find the optimum conditions for the production of cellulases and hemicellulases needed for 2G bioethanol production. Therefore, in this review, a summary of all such techniques is compiled with a special focus on recent findings obtained in previous pieces of research conducted by the authors and by others in the literature. Furthermore, a comparison of such techniques applied to other feedstocks and process improvement strategies is also provided. Overall, dilute acid pretreatment is proven to be better than other pretreatment methods, and fermentation optimization strategies can enhance enzyme production by considerable folds with a suitable feedstock such as DDGS. Future studies can be further enhanced by the technoeconomic viability of DDGS as the on-site enzyme feedstock for the manufacture of second-generation bioethanol (2G) in first-generation (1G) ethanol plants, thus bridging the two processes for the efficient production of bioethanol using corn or other starch-based lignocellulosic plants.
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Ashwini S, Bhavani PV, Deepa N, Sowmya N, Raghavendra MP. Development of sequence-characterized amplified region (SCAR) markers for accurate and differential identification of multienzyme-producing and non-enzymatic Aspergillus strains of industrial importance. Arch Microbiol 2022; 205:2. [PMID: 36436138 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-022-03340-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Aspergillus strains are known to produce multiple enzymes of industrial importance. To screen Aspergillus isolates and select a strain with the ability to produce multiple enzymes and discriminate it from non-enzymatic strains, a rapid and accurate approach is required. With this background, a DNA fingerprinting-based study was conducted to develop a simple but accurate molecular detection method with the potential to discriminate multienzyme-producing Aspergillus strains from non-enzymatic strains, irrespective of species. To achieve this, Enterobacterial Repetitive Intergenic Consensus (ERIC) PCR was employed to derive group-specific Sequence Characterized Amplified Region (SCAR) markers (i.e., markers corresponding to PCR amplicons of known DNA sequence). To this end, both group-specific (multienzyme-producing and non-enzymatic Aspergillus group) SCAR markers were sought by comparing the ERIC fingerprint profiles and used to develop primers for use in specific and differential identification of multienzyme-producing Aspergillus isolates. As an outcome, the two SCAR-PCR formats were developed. One format is for specific identification of multienzyme-producing Aspergillus strains (SCAR-PCR1), and the other for identifying non-enzymatic Aspergillus strains (SCAR-PCR2). Both SCAR-PCRs were able to discriminate between these two contrasting groups. These formats are simple but accurate and rapid compared to the time-consuming and laborious conventional methods. Therefore, they could be efficient as an alternative strategy for the high-throughput screening of industrially important Aspergillus strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shankar Ashwini
- Postgraduate Department of Microbiology, Maharani's Science College for Women, JLB Road, Mysuru, Karnataka, 570005, India.,Department of Microbiology, Bharathiyar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641046, India
| | | | - Nagaraj Deepa
- Department of Studies in Microbiology, University of Mysore, Manasagangothri, Mysuru, 570006, India
| | - Nagaraj Sowmya
- Pentavalent Bio Sciences Private Limited, Electronic City, Phase 1, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560100, India
| | - Maddur Puttaswamy Raghavendra
- Postgraduate Department of Microbiology, Maharani's Science College for Women, JLB Road, Mysuru, Karnataka, 570005, India.
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The Disposition of Bioactive Compounds from Fruit Waste, Their Extraction, and Analysis Using Novel Technologies: A Review. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10102014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Fruit waste contains several bioactive components such as polyphenols, polysaccharides, and numerous other phytochemicals, including pigments. Furthermore, new financial opportunities are created by using fruit ‘leftovers’ as a basis for bioactivities that may serve as new foods or food ingredients, strengthening the circular economy’s properties. From a technical standpoint, organic phenolic substances have become more appealing to industry, in addition to their application as nutritional supplements or functional meals. Several extraction methods for recovering phenolic compounds from fruit waste have already been published, most of which involve using different organic solvents. However, there is a growing demand for eco-friendly and sustainable techniques that result in phenolic-rich extracts with little ecological impact. Utilizing these new and advanced green extraction techniques will reduce the global crisis caused by fruit waste management. Using modern techniques, fruit residue is degraded to sub-zero scales, yielding bio-based commodities such as bioactive elements. This review highlights the most favorable and creative methods of separating bioactive materials from fruit residue. Extraction techniques based on environmentally friendly technologies such as bioreactors, enzyme-assisted extraction, ultrasound-assisted extraction, and their combination are specifically covered.
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Wu L, Wei W, Liu X, Wang D, Ni BJ. Potentiality of recovering bioresource from food waste through multi-stage Co-digestion with enzymatic pretreatment. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 319:115777. [PMID: 35982572 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Food waste (FW) is not only a major social, nutritional and environmental issue, but also an underutilized resource with significant energy, which has not been fully explored currently. Considering co-digestion can adjust carbon to nitrogen ratio (C/N) of the feedstock and improve the synergetic interactions among microorganisms, anaerobic co-digestion (AnCoD) is then becoming an emerging approach to achieve higher energy recovery from FW while ensuring the stability of the system. To obtain higher economic gain from such biodegradable wastes, increasing attention has been paid on optimizing the system configuration or applying enzymatic hydrolysis before digesting FW. A better understanding on the potentiality of correlating enzymatic pretreatment and AnCoD operated in various system configuration would enhance the bioresource recovery from FW and increase revenue through treating this organic waste. Specifically, the biobased chemicals outputs from FW-related co-digestion system with different configuration were firstly compared in this review. A deep discussion concerning the challenges for achieving bioresources recovery from FW co-digestion systems with enzymatic pretreatment was then given. Recommendations for future studies regarding FW co-digestion were then proposed at last.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Wu
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Wei Wei
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Xuran Liu
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Dongbo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China.
| | - Bing-Jie Ni
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia.
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Singh G, Samuchiwal S, Hariprasad P, Sharma S. Melioration of Paddy Straw to produce cellulase-free xylanase and bioactives under Solid State Fermentation and deciphering its impact by Life Cycle Assessment. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 360:127493. [PMID: 35777645 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Aiming towards zero waste management of Paddy straw (PS), the study offers a novel route for production of cellulase-free xylanase, using consortia of Trichoderma spp. under Solid State Fermentation (SSF) of PS valorized using nitrogen rich de-oiled neem cake (NC). Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) for enzyme production, performed using SimaPro software, depicted adverse impacts due to electricity consumption (92.84%) and use of ammonium sulphate salt (6.17%). Nonetheless, employing renewable energy and reducing salt consumption could help minimize these impacts. OHR-LCMS study of the partially purified enzyme revealed the presence of β-xylanase and α-L-Arabinofuranosidase. Enzymatic saccharification of various substrates enhanced the release of reducing sugars (mg/g) from corn cob (137.54 ± 0.96), pine needle (41.43 ± 1), sugarcane bagasse (105.17 ± 0.7), and PS (76.66 ± 1.29), demonstrating its applicability in the biofuel domain. LC-MS, ICMPS, and EDX profiling of the residual spent unravelled the manifestation of bioactives, minerals, and silica, playing an essential role as biopesticide and biofertilizer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garima Singh
- Centre for Rural Development & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Saurabh Samuchiwal
- Centre for Rural Development & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), New Delhi 110016, India
| | - P Hariprasad
- Centre for Rural Development & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Satyawati Sharma
- Centre for Rural Development & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), New Delhi 110016, India.
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Mittal V, Talapatra KN, Ghosh UK. A comprehensive review on biodiesel production from microalgae through nanocatalytic transesterification process: lifecycle assessment and methodologies. INTERNATIONAL NANO LETTERS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s40089-022-00372-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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17
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Madubuike H, Ferry N. Characterisation of a Novel Acetyl Xylan Esterase (BaAXE) Screened from the Gut Microbiota of the Common Black Slug ( Arion ater). Molecules 2022; 27:2999. [PMID: 35566348 PMCID: PMC9104356 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27092999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetyl xylan esterases (AXEs) are enzymes capable of hydrolysing the acetyl bonds in acetylated xylan, allowing for enhanced activity of backbone-depolymerizing enzymes. Bioprospecting novel AXE is essential in designing enzyme cocktails with desired characteristics targeting the complete breakdown of lignocellulose. In this article, we report the characterisation of a novel AXE identified as Gene_id_40363 in the metagenomic library analysed from the gut microbiota of the common black slug. The conserved domain description was identified with an NCBI BLASTp search using the translated nucleotide sequence as a query. The activity of the recombinant enzyme was tested on various synthetic substrates and acetylated substrates. The protein sequence matched the conserved domain described as putative hydrolase and aligned closely to an uncharacterized esterase from Buttiauxella agrestis, hence the designation as BaAXE. BaAXE showed low sequence similarity among characterized CE family proteins with an available 3D structure. BaAXE was active on 4-nitrophenyl acetate, reporting a specific activity of 78.12 U/mg and a Km value of 0.43 mM. The enzyme showed optimal activity at 40 °C and pH 8 and showed high thermal stability, retaining over 40% activity after 2 h of incubation from 40 °C to 100 °C. BaAXE hydrolysed acetyl bonds, releasing acetic acid from acetylated xylan and β-D-glucose pentaacetate. BaAXE has great potential for biotechnological applications harnessing its unique characteristics. In addition, this proves the possibility of bioprospecting novel enzymes from understudied environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry Madubuike
- School of Science, Engineering and Environment, University of Salford, Manchester M5 4WT, UK
| | - Natalie Ferry
- School of Science, Engineering and Environment, University of Salford, Manchester M5 4WT, UK
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Kaur H, Kaur A, Soni SK, Rishi P. Microbially-derived cocktail of carbohydrases as an anti-biofouling agents: a 'green approach'. BIOFOULING 2022; 38:455-481. [PMID: 35673761 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2022.2085566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Enzymes, also known as biocatalysts, display vital properties like high substrate specificity, an eco-friendly nature, low energy inputs, and cost-effectiveness. Among their numerous known applications, enzymes that can target biofilms or their components are increasingly being investigated for their anti-biofouling action, particularly in healthcare, food manufacturing units and environmental applications. Enzymes can target biofilms at different levels like during the attachment of microorganisms, formation of exopolymeric substances (EPS), and their disruption thereafter. In this regard, a consortium of carbohydrases that can target heterogeneous polysaccharides present in the EPS matrix may provide an effective alternative to conventional chemical anti-biofouling methods. Further, for complete annihilation of biofilms, enzymes can be used alone or in conjunction with other antimicrobial agents. Enzymes hold the promise to replace the conventional methods with greener, more economical, and more efficient alternatives. The present article explores the potential and future perspectives of using carbohydrases as effective anti-biofilm agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harmanpreet Kaur
- Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Arashdeep Kaur
- Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | | | - Praveen Rishi
- Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
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Dharma Patria R, Rehman S, Vuppaladadiyam AK, Wang H, Lin CSK, Antunes E, Leu SY. Bioconversion of food and lignocellulosic wastes employing sugar platform: A review of enzymatic hydrolysis and kinetics. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 352:127083. [PMID: 35364238 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Bioenergy and biochemicals can be sustainably produced through fermentation and anaerobic digestion (AD). However, this bioconversion processes could be more economical if the hydrolysis rates of substrates in bioreactors can be accelerated. In this review, the feasibilities of including enzymatic hydrolysis (EH) in various bioconversion systems were studied to facilitate the biological synergy. The reaction kinetics of EH in bioconversion systems comparing pretreated lignocellulosic biomass (LCB) and food waste (FW) substrates were reviewed. Possible strategies to improve the hydrolysis efficiency were explored, including co-cultivation during enzyme production and replacement of pure enzyme with on-site produced fungal mash during EH. Key insights into improvement of current AD and fermentation technologies were summarized and further formed into suggestions of future directions in techno-economic feasibility of biorefinery using mixture of the first-generation food crop feedstock with FW; and/or co-digestion of FW with LCB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffel Dharma Patria
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
| | - Shazia Rehman
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
| | - Arun K Vuppaladadiyam
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
| | - Huaimin Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
| | - Carol Sze Ki Lin
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Elsa Antunes
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Australia
| | - Shao-Yuan Leu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong; Research Institute for Future Food, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong; Research Institute for Smart Energy, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong.
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20
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Bouchat R, Vélard F, Audonnet S, Rioult D, Delvigne F, Rémond C, Rakotoarivonina H. Xylanase production by Thermobacillus xylanilyticus is impaired by population diversification but can be mitigated based on the management of cheating behavior. Microb Cell Fact 2022; 21:39. [PMID: 35292016 PMCID: PMC8922903 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-022-01762-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The microbial production of hemicellulasic cocktails is still a challenge for the biorefineries sector and agro-waste valorization. In this work, the production of hemicellulolytic enzymes by Thermobacillus xylanilyticus has been considered. This microorganism is of interest since it is able to produce an original set of thermostable hemicellulolytic enzymes, notably a xylanase GH11, Tx-xyn11. However, cell-to-cell heterogeneity impairs the production capability of the whole microbial population. Results Sequential cultivations of the strain on xylan as a carbon source has been considered in order to highlight and better understand this cell-to-cell heterogeneity. Successive cultivations pointed out a fast decrease of xylanase activity (loss of ~ 75%) and Tx-xyn11 gene expression after 23.5 generations. During serial cultivations on xylan, flow cytometry analyses pointed out that two subpopulations, differing at their light-scattering properties, were present. An increase of the recurrence of the subpopulation exhibiting low forward scatter (FSC) signal was correlated with a progressive loss of xylanase activity over several generations. Cell sorting and direct observation of the sorted subpopulations revealed that the low-FSC subpopulation was not sporulating, whereas the high-FSC subpopulation contained cells at the onset of the sporulation stage. The subpopulation differences (growth and xylanase activity) were assessed during independent growth. The low-FSC subpopulation exhibited a lag phase of 10 h of cultivation (and xylanase activities from 0.15 ± 0.21 to 3.89 ± 0.14 IU/mL along the cultivation) and the high-FSC subpopulation exhibited a lag phase of 5 h (and xylanase activities from 0.52 ± 0.00 to 4.43 ± 0.61 over subcultivations). Serial cultivations on glucose, followed by a switch to xylan led to a ~ 1.5-fold to ~ 15-fold improvement of xylanase activity, suggesting that alternating cultivation conditions could lead to an efficient population management strategy for the production of xylanase. Conclusions Taken altogether, the data from this study point out that a cheating behavior is responsible for the progressive reduction in xylanase activity during serial cultivations of T. xylanilyticus. Alternating cultivation conditions between glucose and xylan could be used as an efficient strategy for promoting population stability and higher enzymatic productivity from this bacterium. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12934-022-01762-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Bouchat
- INRAE, FARE, UMR A 614, Chaire AFERE, Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, 51097, Reims, France.,Laboratory of Microbial Processes and Interactions, TERRA Teaching and Research Centre, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liege, Avenue de la Faculté 2B, B140, 5030, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Frédéric Vélard
- BIOS EA 4691 "Biomatériaux et Inflammation en site osseux", Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, 51097, Reims, France
| | - Sandra Audonnet
- URCACyt, Flow Cytometry Technical Platform, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51096, Reims, France
| | - Damien Rioult
- Plateau Technique Mobile de Cytométrie Environnementale MOBICYTE, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51097, Reims, France
| | - Frank Delvigne
- Laboratory of Microbial Processes and Interactions, TERRA Teaching and Research Centre, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liege, Avenue de la Faculté 2B, B140, 5030, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Caroline Rémond
- INRAE, FARE, UMR A 614, Chaire AFERE, Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, 51097, Reims, France
| | - Harivony Rakotoarivonina
- INRAE, FARE, UMR A 614, Chaire AFERE, Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, 51097, Reims, France.
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A parameter study of ultrasound assisted enzymatic esterification. Sci Rep 2022; 12:1421. [PMID: 35082368 PMCID: PMC8792013 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-05551-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
This work is focused on the study of the esterification parameters for the ultrasound assisted synthesis of isoamyl acetate catalyzed by lipase Lipozyme 435 in a continuous loop reactor. Investigating the influence of different parameters shows that a higher concentration of ester (462 mg/g mixture) can be obtained at a temperature of 50 °C, flow rate 0.16 mL/min. The best ultrasonication conditions are: sonication applied continuously for a short time (20 min), ultrasound power 32 mW and amplitude 20%. The enzyme can be successfully reused tree times without loss of enzyme activity. Reaction kinetics for isoamyl acetate ultrasound assisted production showed that satisfactory reaction concentration (close to the equilibrium concentrations) could be reached in short reaction times (2 h). Ultrasound assisted enzymatic esterification is consequently a cleaner and a faster process.
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Singh N, Singhania RR, Nigam PS, Dong CD, Patel AK, Puri M. Global status of lignocellulosic biorefinery: Challenges and perspectives. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 344:126415. [PMID: 34838977 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The bioprocessing of lignocellulosic biomass to produce bio-based products under biorefinery setup is gaining global attention. The economic viability of this biorefinery would be inclined by the efficient bioconversion of all three major constituents of lignocellulosic biomass i.e. cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin for value-added biochemicals and biofuels production. Although the lignocellulosic biorefinery setup has a clear value proposition, the commercial success at the industrial scale is still inadequate. This can be attributed mainly to irregular biomass supply chain, market uncertainties, and scale-up challenges. Global research efforts are underway by public and private sectors to get deeper market penetration. A comprehensive account of important factors, limitations, and propositions are worth consideration for the commercial success of lignocellulosic biorefineries. In this article, the importance of integration of lignocellulosic biorefineries with existing petrochemical refineries, the technical challenges of industrialization, SWOT analysis, and future directions have been reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha Singh
- Department of Life Sciences, J. C. Bose University of Science & Technology, YMCA, Sector-8, Faridabad 121006, Haryana, India
| | - Reeta Rani Singhania
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science & Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Poonam S Nigam
- Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Cheng-Di Dong
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science & Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Anil Kumar Patel
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science & Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan.
| | - Munish Puri
- Bioprocessing Laboratory, Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Adelaide 5042, Australia
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Si J, Wu Y, Ma HF, Cao YJ, Sun YF, Cui BK. Selection of a pH- and temperature-stable laccase from Ganoderma australe and its application for bioremediation of textile dyes. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 299:113619. [PMID: 34467865 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
By virtue of screening, purification, and properties characterization, this study captures a new pH- and temperature-stable laccase, designated Galacc-F, from Ganoderma australe for dye bioremediating applications. The enzyme was purified to homogeneity by salt precipitation, ionic exchange, and size exclusion chromatography with a final specific activity of 22.214 U mg-1, yielding a purification fold of 23.989 and recovery of 38.44%. Its molecular weight was estimated to be 48.0 kDa by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, zymography, Sephadex G-100 column, and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry, which confirmed its monomeric nature. Galacc-F exhibited high levels of activity and stability over wide ranges of pH (5.0-8.0) and temperature (10-60 °C), which are highly valuable properties in industrial processes. Broad substrate specificity was observed, wherein a better affinity was found for 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) with a low value of Km (164.137 μM) and higher kcat/Km ratio (1.663 s-1 μM-1). Activity was stimulated by Cu2+ and β-mercaptoethanol but inhibited by ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, diethylpyrocarbonate, iodoacetic acid, phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, and Hg2+, indicating that Galacc-F is a metalloprotease containing a typical histidine-cysteine-serine catalytic triad. It had high tolerance to surfactants, oxidants, and salts. Additionally, a fabricated protocol for native Galacc-F immobilization onto Fe3O4@Chitosan composite nanoparticles using glutaraldehyde as a crosslinker was developed. Most importantly, the enzyme was determined to be ideal for use in efficient treatment of dye effluents as compared with the laccases requiring redox mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Si
- Institute of Microbiology, School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yi Wu
- Institute of Microbiology, School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Hong-Fei Ma
- Institute of Microbiology, School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yong-Jia Cao
- Institute of Microbiology, School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yi-Fei Sun
- Institute of Microbiology, School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Bao-Kai Cui
- Institute of Microbiology, School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China; Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.
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Plaza PE, Coca M, Lucas Yagüe S, Fernández‐Delgado M, López‐Linares JC, García‐Cubero MT. Exploring the use of high solid loadings in enzymatic hydrolysis to improve biobutanol production from brewers' spent grains. CAN J CHEM ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cjce.24150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro E. Plaza
- Institute of Sustainable Processes/Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology University of Valladolid Valladolid Spain
| | - Mónica Coca
- Institute of Sustainable Processes/Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology University of Valladolid Valladolid Spain
| | - Susana Lucas Yagüe
- Institute of Sustainable Processes/Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology University of Valladolid Valladolid Spain
| | - Marina Fernández‐Delgado
- Institute of Sustainable Processes/Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology University of Valladolid Valladolid Spain
| | - Juan C. López‐Linares
- Institute of Sustainable Processes/Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology University of Valladolid Valladolid Spain
| | - María T. García‐Cubero
- Institute of Sustainable Processes/Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology University of Valladolid Valladolid Spain
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Bioconversion of Lignocellulosic Biomass into Value Added Products under Anaerobic Conditions: Insight into Proteomic Studies. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212249. [PMID: 34830131 PMCID: PMC8624197 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Production of biofuels and other value-added products from lignocellulose breakdown requires the coordinated metabolic activity of varied microorganisms. The increasing global demand for biofuels encourages the development and optimization of production strategies. Optimization in turn requires a thorough understanding of the microbial mechanisms and metabolic pathways behind the formation of each product of interest. Hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass is a bottleneck in its industrial use and often affects yield efficiency. The accessibility of the biomass to the microorganisms is the key to the release of sugars that are then taken up as substrates and subsequently transformed into the desired products. While the effects of different metabolic intermediates in the overall production of biofuel and other relevant products have been studied, the role of proteins and their activity under anaerobic conditions has not been widely explored. Shifts in enzyme production may inform the state of the microorganisms involved; thus, acquiring insights into the protein production and enzyme activity could be an effective resource to optimize production strategies. The application of proteomic analysis is currently a promising strategy in this area. This review deals on the aspects of enzymes and proteomics of bioprocesses of biofuels production using lignocellulosic biomass as substrate.
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Nanomaterial conjugated lignocellulosic waste: cost-effective production of sustainable bioenergy using enzymes. 3 Biotech 2021; 11:480. [PMID: 34790504 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-021-03002-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The demand for novel and renewable sources of energy has increased as a result of rapid population growth, limited sources of bioenergy, and environmental pollution, caused by excessive use of fossil fuels. The need to meet future energy demands have motivated researchers to search for alternative and sustainable sources of energy. The bioconversion of lignocellulosic waste (agricultural and food waste) into biofuels shows competitive promises. Lignocellulosic waste is easily accessible and has a large enzyme system that can be immobilised onto nano-matrices. Consequently, resulting in higher biofuel production and process efficiency. However, the excessive production cost of the current procedures, which involve physical, chemical, and enzymatic reactions, is limited. The use of nanomaterials has recently been shown to concentrate lignocellulosic waste, therefore, reviewing the quest for efficient production of sustainable and cost-effective development of bioenergy from lignocellulosic wastes. This review paper explores the advanced strategies of using nanobiotechnology to combine enzyme-conjugated nanosystems for the cost-effective production of sustainable bioenergy solutions. This research will help to develop an inexpensive, eco-friendly technology for biofuels production and also help overcome the environmental burden of lignocellulosic waste worldwide.
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Biorefinery of exhausted olive pomace through the production of polygalacturonases and omega-3 fatty acids by Crypthecodinium cohnii. ALGAL RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2021.102470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Min K, Kim H, Park HJ, Lee S, Jung YJ, Yoon JH, Lee JS, Park K, Yoo YJ, Joo JC. Improving the catalytic performance of xylanase from Bacillus circulans through structure-based rational design. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 340:125737. [PMID: 34426235 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Endo-1,4-β-xylanase is one of the most important enzymes employed in biorefineries for obtaining fermentable sugars from hemicellulosic components. Herein, we aimed to improve the catalytic performance of Bacillus circulans xylanase (Bcx) using a structure-guided rational design. A systematic analysis of flexible motions revealed that the R49 component of Bcx (i) constrains the global conformational changes essential for substrate binding and (ii) is involved in modulating flexible motion. Site-saturated mutagenesis of the R49 residue led to the engineering of the active mutants with the trade-off between flexibility and rigidity. The most active mutant R49N improved the catalytic performance, including its catalytic efficiency (7.51-fold), conformational stability (0.7 °C improvement), and production of xylose oligomers (2.18-fold higher xylobiose and 1.72-fold higher xylotriose). The results discussed herein can be applied to enhance the catalytic performance of industrially important enzymes by controlling flexibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoungseon Min
- Gwangju Bio/Energy R&D Center, Korea Institute of Energy Research (KIER), Gwangju 61003, Republic of Korea
| | - Hoyong Kim
- Center for Bio-Based Chemistry, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Ulsan 44429, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun June Park
- Department of Biotechnology, Duksung Women's University, Seoul 01369, Republic of Korea
| | - Siseon Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Ye Jean Jung
- Department of Biotechnology, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do 14662, Republic of Korea; Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Hongik University, Sejong Ro 2639, Jochiwon, Sejong City, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hyun Yoon
- Department of Biotechnology, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Suk Lee
- Gwangju Bio/Energy R&D Center, Korea Institute of Energy Research (KIER), Gwangju 61003, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoungmoon Park
- Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Hongik University, Sejong Ro 2639, Jochiwon, Sejong City, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Je Yoo
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Chan Joo
- Center for Bio-Based Chemistry, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Ulsan 44429, Republic of Korea; Department of Biotechnology, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do 14662, Republic of Korea.
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Ramos L, Vasconcelos MH, Milagres AMF, Ferraz A, Dias MOS, Mendes FM, Dos Santos JC. High-solid enzymatic hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse and ethanol production in repeated batch process using column reactors. 3 Biotech 2021; 11:432. [PMID: 34603910 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-021-02932-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Alkaline sulfite pretreated sugarcane bagasse was enzymatically hydrolyzed in a packed-bed column reactor and a bubble column reactor was evaluated to produce ethanol from the hydrolysate. Initial solid loadings of 9-16% were used in column reactor in the hydrolysis step, and the use of lower value (9%) resulted in 41 g L-1 of glucose in the hydrolysate, corresponding to 87% of cellulose hydrolysis yield. This yield was reduced to 65% for a solid loading of 16%, corresponding to a glucose concentration of 54 g L-1. Subsequently, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Scheffersomyces stipitis were used for ethanol production in medium based on hydrolysate previously obtained, using different aeration flowrates (0.3, 0.5 and 0.7 vvm). In simple batch fermentation using S. cerevisiae, higher ethanol yield (0.40 g.g-1) and productivity (1.58 g.L-1.h-1) were achieved using 0.5 vvm. When S. stipitis was used in simple batch co-fermentations, the maximum ethanol productivities were obtained using 0.5 and 0.7 vvm (0.64 and 0.63 g.L-1.h-1, respectively). Successive repeated batches resulted in average ethanol concentration of 38 g.L-1 and fermentation efficiency of 82%, when using S. cerevisiae. For S. stipitis, those values were, respectively, 36 g.L-1 and 50%, with volumetric productivity increased along the cycles. Thus, the potential of the bioreactors as simple systems for use in the biological steps of biorefineries was demonstrated. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-021-02932-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Ramos
- Departamento de Biotecnologia, Escola de Engenharia de Lorena, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 12602-810 Brazil
| | - Marcelo H Vasconcelos
- Departamento de Biotecnologia, Escola de Engenharia de Lorena, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 12602-810 Brazil
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia de Rondônia (IFRO), Campus Guajará-Mirim, Rondônia, 76850-000 Brazil
| | - Adriane M F Milagres
- Departamento de Biotecnologia, Escola de Engenharia de Lorena, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 12602-810 Brazil
| | - André Ferraz
- Departamento de Biotecnologia, Escola de Engenharia de Lorena, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 12602-810 Brazil
| | - Marina O S Dias
- Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (ICT/UNIFESP), São José dos Campos, São Paulo, 12247-014 Brazil
| | - Fernanda M Mendes
- Laboratório Nacional de Biorenováveis (LNBR), Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais (CNPEM), Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-970 Brazil
| | - Júlio C Dos Santos
- Departamento de Biotecnologia, Escola de Engenharia de Lorena, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 12602-810 Brazil
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An Overview of the Classification, Production and Utilization of Biofuels for Internal Combustion Engine Applications. ENERGIES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/en14185687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Biofuel, a cost-effective, safe, and environmentally benign fuel produced from renewable sources, has been accepted as a sustainable replacement and a panacea for the damaging effects of the exploration for and consumption of fossil-based fuels. The current work examines the classification, generation, and utilization of biofuels, particularly in internal combustion engine (ICE) applications. Biofuels are classified according to their physical state, technology maturity, the generation of feedstock, and the generation of products. The methods of production and the advantages of the application of biogas, bioalcohol, and hydrogen in spark ignition engines, as well as biodiesel, Fischer–Tropsch fuel, and dimethyl ether in compression ignition engines, in terms of engine performance and emission are highlighted. The generation of biofuels from waste helps in waste minimization, proper waste disposal, and sanitation. The utilization of biofuels in ICEs improves engine performance and mitigates the emission of poisonous gases. There is a need for appropriate policy frameworks to promote commercial production and seamless deployment of these biofuels for transportation applications with a view to guaranteeing energy security.
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Zafar H, Rehman I, Ejaz U, Ansari A, Sohail M. Production of multienzyme by Bacillus aestuarii UE25 using ionic liquid pretreated sugarcane bagasse. J Basic Microbiol 2021; 61:1016-1028. [PMID: 34463967 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.202100323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The utilization of sugarcane bagasse (SB) in fermentation requires pretreatment processes to render fermentable components available to microorganisms. Pretreatment by using ionic liquids (ILs) is considered promising but the high cost is an impediment in its adoption, therefore, a mixture of IL pretreated and untreated SB was utilized to obtain bacterial multienzyme under solid-state fermentation (SSF). Bacillus aestuarii UE25, a thermophilic strain was utilized for that purpose. Fermentation conditions were optimized by adopting a central composite design. The model showed a good correlation between the predicted and the experimental values for amylase, xylanase, endoglucanase, and β-glucosidase. Volumetric and specific productivity of xylanase (4580 IU ml-1 h-1 , 244.25 IU mg-1 substrate, and 50 IU mg-1 protein) were higher than the other enzymes. Changes in lignin content and reduced cellulose crystallinity due to IL pretreatment, followed by fermentation, were visualized by scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and Nuclear magnetic resonance. The strategy adopted by utilizing a mixture of IL pretreated and untreated SB under SSF proved promising to obtain high titers of different enzymes simultaneously. Since the bacterial strain used is thermophilic, therefore, the multienzyme can find its application in commercial processes which are carried out at high temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hani Zafar
- Department of Microbiology, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Iqra Rehman
- Department of Microbiology, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Uroosa Ejaz
- Department of Microbiology, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan.,Department of Biosciences, Shaheed Zulfikar Ali Bhutto Institute of Science and Technology (SZABIST), Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Asma Ansari
- The Karachi Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Sohail
- Department of Microbiology, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
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Study of the Synchrotron Photoionization Oxidation of Alpha-Angelica Lactone (AAL) Initiated by O( 3P) at 298, 550, and 700 K. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26134070. [PMID: 34279410 PMCID: PMC8271512 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26134070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, biofuels have been receiving significant attention because of their potential for decreasing carbon emissions and providing a long-term renewable solution to unsustainable fossil fuels. Currently, lactones are some of the alternatives being produced. Many lactones occur in a range of natural substances and have many advantages over bioethanol. In this study, the oxidation of alpha-angelica lactone initiated by ground-state atomic oxygen, O(3P), was studied at 298, 550, and 700 K using synchrotron radiation coupled with multiplexed photoionization mass spectrometry at the Lawrence Berkeley National Lab (LBNL). Photoionization spectra and kinetic time traces were measured to identify the primary products. Ketene, acetaldehyde, methyl vinyl ketone, methylglyoxal, dimethyl glyoxal, and 5-methyl-2,4-furandione were characterized as major reaction products, with ketene being the most abundant at all three temperatures. Possible reaction pathways for the formation of the observed primary products were computed using the CBS–QB3 composite method.
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A Study of Energy and Environmental Parameters of a Diesel Engine Running on Hydrogenated Vegetable Oil (HVO) with Addition of Biobutanol and Castor Oil. ENERGIES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/en14133939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The article analyses energy and environmental operating parameters of a compression ignition internal combustion engine running on HVO-biobutanol and castor oil fuel blends, also comparing them with parameters of an engine running on convection diesel. Since biobutanol is known for poor lubrication characteristics, it was mixed with 5% of castor oil. The obtained blend of biobutanol and castor oil was mixed with HVO at 2/95, 10/90, and 20/80 v/v and fed to the compression ignition internal combustion engine. The presented physicochemical indicators justified the use of the said fuel blends. Constant engine crankshaft speed of 2000 rpm and a variable load expressed as BMEP of 0.1–0.9 MPa was selected in the research. When using the biobutanol–castor oil additive (hereafter simply biobutanol additive) in HVO, an increase in the rate of heat release (ROHR) and the convergence of its value to that of to conventional diesel fuel was observed. A decrease in BTE values was also observed with increasing biobutanol concentration in the blend. Increasing concentration of biobutanol in blends led to an increase in BSFC both in terms of volume and mass; HC and NOx emissions grew as well, but smoke emissions declined, and no material changes in CO and CO2 emissions were observed.
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Torres Castillo NE, Melchor-Martínez EM, Ochoa Sierra JS, Ramírez-Torres NM, Sosa-Hernández JE, Iqbal HMN, Parra-Saldívar R. Enzyme mimics in-focus: Redefining the catalytic attributes of artificial enzymes for renewable energy production. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 179:80-89. [PMID: 33667559 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Herein, the advantages of enzyme mimetics by redefining the catalytic attributes and implementing artificial enzymes (AEs) for energy-related applications have presented. The intrinsic enzyme-like catalytic characteristics of nanozymes have become a growing area of prime interest in bio-catalysis. The development of AEs has redefined the concept of catalytic activity, opening a wide range of possibilities in biotechnological and energy sectors. Nowadays, power-energy is one of the most valuable resources that enable the development and progress of humanity. Over the last 50 years, fossil fuels' burning has released greenhouse gases and negatively impacted the environment and health. In 2019, around 84% of global primary energy came from coal, oil, and gas. Therefore, a global energy transition to renewable and sustainable energy is urgently needed to generate clean energy as biofuels and biohydrogen. However, to achieve this, the implementation of natural enzymes brings more significant challenges because their practical application is limited by the low operational stability, harsh environmental conditions, and expensive preparation processes. Hence, to accelerate the transition, promising substitutes are AEs, well-defined structures made of organic or inorganic materials that can mimic the catalytic power of natural enzymes. Despite being still in the midst, enzyme mimics overcome the main obstacles for a conventional enzyme. It opens future opportunities to optimize the production of renewable energies with excellent performance, high efficiency, and increasingly competitive prices. Thus, this work is a comprehensive study covering the promising potential of AEs, as biocatalysts, specifically for renewable energy production.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Hafiz M N Iqbal
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Monterrey 64849, Mexico.
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Ngo K, Bruno da Silva F, Leite VBP, Contessoto VG, Onuchic JN. Improving the Thermostability of Xylanase A from Bacillus subtilis by Combining Bioinformatics and Electrostatic Interactions Optimization. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:4359-4367. [PMID: 33887137 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c01253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The rational improvement of the enzyme catalytic activity is one of the most significant challenges in biotechnology. Most conventional strategies used to engineer enzymes involve selecting mutations to increase their thermostability. Determining good criteria for choosing these substitutions continues to be a challenge. In this work, we combine bioinformatics, electrostatic analysis, and molecular dynamics to predict beneficial mutations that may improve the thermostability of XynA from Bacillus subtilis. First, the Tanford-Kirkwood surface accessibility method is used to characterize each ionizable residue contribution to the protein native state stability. Residues identified to be destabilizing were mutated with the corresponding residues determined by the consensus or ancestral sequences at the same locations. Five mutants (K99T/N151D, K99T, S31R, N151D, and K154A) were investigated and compared with 12 control mutants derived from experimental approaches from the literature. Molecular dynamics results show that the mutants exhibited folding temperatures in the order K99T > K99T/N151D > S31R > N151D > WT > K154A. The combined approaches employed provide an effective strategy for low-cost enzyme optimization needed for large-scale biotechnological and medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khoa Ngo
- Department of Physics, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77004, United States
| | - Fernando Bruno da Silva
- Departamento de Física, Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas UNESP - Univ. Estadual Paulista, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Vitor B P Leite
- Departamento de Física, Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas UNESP - Univ. Estadual Paulista, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Vinícius G Contessoto
- Departamento de Física, Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas UNESP - Univ. Estadual Paulista, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil
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Singh AK, Bilal M, Iqbal HMN, Raj A. Lignin peroxidase in focus for catalytic elimination of contaminants - A critical review on recent progress and perspectives. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 177:58-82. [PMID: 33577817 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Lignin peroxidase (LiP) seems to be a catalyst for cleaving high-redox potential non-phenolic compounds with an oxidative cleavage of CC and COC bonds. LiP has been picked to seek a practical and cost-effective alternative to the sustainable mitigation of diverse environmental contaminants. LiP has been an outstanding tool for catalytic cleaning and efficient mitigation of environmental pollutants, including lignin, lignin derivatives, dyes, endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs), and persistent organic pollutants (POPs) for the past couple of decades. The extended deployment of LiP has proved to be a promising method for catalyzing these environmentally related hazardous pollutants of supreme interest. The advantageous potential and capabilities to act at different pH and thermostability offer its working tendencies in extended environmental engineering applications. Such advantages led to the emerging demand for LiP and increasing requirements in industrial and biotechnological sectors. The multitude of the ability attributed to LiP is triggered by its stability in xenobiotic and non-phenolic compound degradation. However, over the decades, the catalytic activity of LiP has been continuing in focus enormously towards catalytic functionalities over the available physiochemical, conventional, catalyst mediated technology for catalyzing such molecules. To cover this literature gap, this became much more evident to consider the catalytic attributes of LiP. In this review, the existing capabilities of LiP and other competencies have been described with recent updates. Furthermore, numerous recently emerged applications, such as textile effluent treatment, dye decolorization, catalytic elimination of pharmaceutical and EDCs compounds, have been discussed with suitable examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Kumar Singh
- Environmental Microbiology Laboratory, Environmental Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Muhammad Bilal
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian 223003, China
| | - Hafiz M N Iqbal
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Monterrey 64849, Mexico.
| | - Abhay Raj
- Environmental Microbiology Laboratory, Environmental Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India.
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Borker SS, Thakur A, Kumar S, Kumari S, Kumar R, Kumar S. Comparative genomics and physiological investigation supported safety, cold adaptation, efficient hydrolytic and plant growth-promoting potential of psychrotrophic Glutamicibacter arilaitensis LJH19, isolated from night-soil compost. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:307. [PMID: 33910515 PMCID: PMC8082909 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-07632-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Night-soil compost (NSC) has traditionally been conserving water and a source of organic manure in northwestern Himalaya. Lately, this traditional method is declining due to modernization, its unhygienic conditions, and social apprehensions. Reduction in the age-old traditional practice has led to excessive chemical fertilizers and water shortage in the eco-sensitive region. In the current study, a bacterium has been analyzed for its safety, cold-adaptation, efficient degradation, and plant growth-promoting (PGP) attributes for its possible application as a safe bioinoculant in psychrotrophic bacterial consortia for improved night-soil composting. RESULTS Glutamicibacter arilaitensis LJH19, a psychrotrophic bacterium, was isolated from the NSC of Lahaul valley in northwestern Himalaya. The strain exhibited amylase (186.76 ± 19.28 U/mg), cellulase (21.85 ± 0.7 U/mg), and xylanase (11.31 ± 0.51 U/mg) activities at 10 °C. Possessing efficient hydrolytic activities at low-temperature garners the capability of efficient composting to LJH19. Additionally, the strain possessed multiple PGP traits such as indole acetic acid production (166.11 ± 5.7 μg/ml), siderophore production (85.72 ± 1.06% psu), and phosphate solubilization (44.76 ± 1.5 μg/ml). Enhanced germination index and germination rate of pea seeds under the LJH19 inoculation further supported the bacterium's PGP potential. Whole-genome sequencing (3,602,821 bps) and genome mining endorsed the cold adaptation, degradation of polysaccharides, and PGP traits of LJH19. Biosynthetic gene clusters for type III polyketide synthase (PKS), terpene, and siderophore supplemented the endorsement of LJH19 as a potential PGP bacterium. Comparative genomics within the genus revealed 217 unique genes specific to hydrolytic and PGP activity. CONCLUSION The physiological and genomic evidence promotes LJH19 as a potentially safe bio-inoculant to formulate psychrotrophic bacterial consortia for accelerated degradation and improved night-soil compost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruti Sinai Borker
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology Palampur, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, 176061, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR- Human Resource Development Centre, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201 002, India
| | - Aman Thakur
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology Palampur, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, 176061, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR- Human Resource Development Centre, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201 002, India
| | - Sanjeet Kumar
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology Palampur, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, 176061, India
| | - Sareeka Kumari
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology Palampur, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, 176061, India
| | - Rakshak Kumar
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology Palampur, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, 176061, India.
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology Palampur, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, 176061, India
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Unconventional β-Glucosidases: A Promising Biocatalyst for Industrial Biotechnology. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2021; 193:2993-3016. [PMID: 33871765 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-021-03568-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
β-Glucosidases primarily catalyze removal of terminal glucosyl residues from a variety of glucoconjugates and also perform transglycosylation and reverse hydrolysis. These catalytic properties can be readily exploited for degradation of lignocellulosic biomass as well as for pharmaceutical, food and flavor industries. β-Glucosidases have been either isolated in the native form from the producer organism or recombinantly expressed and gaged for their biochemical properties and substrate specificities. Although almond and Aspergillus niger have been instantly recognizable sources of β-glucosidases utilized for various applications, an intricate pool of novel β-glucosidases from different sources can provide their potent replacements. Moreover, one can envisage the better efficacy of these novel candidates in biofuel and biorefinery industries facilitating efficient degradation of biomass. This article reviews properties of the novel β-glucosidases such as glucose tolerance and activation, substrate specificity, and thermostability which can be useful for their applications in lignocellulose degradation, food industry, and pharmaceutical industry in comparison with the β-glucosidases from the conventional sources. Such β-glucosidases have potential for encouraging white biotechnology.
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Tarafdar A, Sirohi R, Gaur VK, Kumar S, Sharma P, Varjani S, Pandey HO, Sindhu R, Madhavan A, Rajasekharan R, Sim SJ. Engineering interventions in enzyme production: Lab to industrial scale. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 326:124771. [PMID: 33550211 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.124771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Commercial enzyme production has gained popularity due to its extensive applications in traditional and modern industrial sectors. Rigorous research activities are being conducted worldwide to make the enzyme production system more efficient, cost-effective and hence, sustainable. To overcome the lacunae in earlier enzyme production methods, new engineering interventions are being introduced to meet the growing demand for industrial enzymes. This review focuses initially on the current global scenario of the enzyme market followed by a discussion on different bioreactor design approaches. The use of novel membrane based, airlift and reciprocating plate bioreactors along with the emergence of micro-reactors have also been discussed. Further, the review covers different modelling and optimization strategies for the enzyme production process including advanced techniques like neural networks, adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference systems and genetic algorithms. Finally, the required thrust areas in the enzyme production sector have been highlighted with directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayon Tarafdar
- Divison of Livestock Production and Management, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243 122, India
| | - Ranjna Sirohi
- Centre for Energy and Environmental Sustainability, Lucknow 226 029, India; Technology Development Centre, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur 440 020, India; Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 136713, Republic of Korea
| | - Vivek Kumar Gaur
- Environmental Biotechnology Division, Environmental Toxicology Group, CSIR- Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow 226 001, India
| | - Sunil Kumar
- Technology Development Centre, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur 440 020, India
| | - Poonam Sharma
- Department of Bioengineering, Integral University, Lucknow 226 029, India
| | - Sunita Varjani
- Gujarat Pollution Control Board, Gandhinagar 382 010, Gujarat, India
| | - Hari Om Pandey
- Divison of Livestock Production and Management, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243 122, India
| | - Raveendran Sindhu
- Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology Thiruvananthapuram 695 019, India
| | - Aravind Madhavan
- Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Trivandrum 695 014, India
| | | | - Sang Jun Sim
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 136713, Republic of Korea.
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Hrůzová K, Matsakas L, Karnaouri A, Norén F, Rova U, Christakopoulos P. Valorization of outer tunic of the marine filter feeder Ciona intestinalis towards the production of second-generation biofuel and prebiotic oligosaccharides. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2021; 14:32. [PMID: 33509271 PMCID: PMC7841879 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-021-01875-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND One of the sustainable development goals focuses on the biomass-based production as a replacement for fossil-based commodities. A novel feedstock with vast potentials is tunicate biomass, which can be pretreated and fermented in a similar way to lignocellulose. Ciona intestinalis is a marine filter feeder that is cultivated to produce fish feed. While the inner tissue body is used for feed production, the surrounding tunic remains as a cellulose-rich by-product, which can be further separated into outer and inner tunic. Ethanol production from organosolv-pretreated whole-tunic biomass was recently validated. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the potential of organosolv pretreated outer-tunic biomass for the production of biofuels and cellobiose that is a disaccharide with prebiotic potential. RESULTS As a result, 41.4 g/L of ethanol by Saccharomyces cerevisiae, corresponding to a 90.2% theoretical yield, was achieved under the optimal conditions when the tunicate biomass was pretreated at 195 °C for 60 min at a liquid-to-solid ratio of 50. In addition, cellobiose production by enzymatic hydrolysis of the pretreated tunicate biomass was demonstrated with a maximum conversion yield of 49.7 wt. %. CONCLUSIONS The utilisation of tunicate biomass offers an eco-friendly and sustainable alternative for value-added biofuels and chemicals. The cultivation of tunicate biomass in shallow coastal sea improves the quality of the water and ensures sustainable production of fish feed. Moreover, there is no competition for arable land, which leaves the latter available for food and feed production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kateřina Hrůzová
- Biochemical Process Engineering, Division of Chemical Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, 971 87, Luleå, Sweden
| | - Leonidas Matsakas
- Biochemical Process Engineering, Division of Chemical Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, 971 87, Luleå, Sweden
| | - Anthi Karnaouri
- Biochemical Process Engineering, Division of Chemical Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, 971 87, Luleå, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Norén
- N-Research AB, Gränsgatan 17, 453 30, Lysekil, Sweden
| | - Ulrika Rova
- Biochemical Process Engineering, Division of Chemical Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, 971 87, Luleå, Sweden
| | - Paul Christakopoulos
- Biochemical Process Engineering, Division of Chemical Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, 971 87, Luleå, Sweden.
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The “Zero Miles Product” Concept Applied to Biofuel Production: A Case Study. ENERGIES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/en14030565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
To make biofuel production feasible from an economic point of view, several studies have investigated the main associated bottlenecks of the whole production process through approaches such as the “cradle to grave” approach or the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) analysis, being the main constrains the feedstock collection and transport. Whilst several feedstocks are interesting because of their high sugar content, very few of them are available all year around and moreover do not require high transportation’ costs. This work aims to investigate if the “zero miles” concept could bring advantages to biofuel production by decreasing all the associated transport costs on a locally established production platform. In particular, a specific case study applied to the Technical University of Denmark (DTU) campus is used as example to investigate the advantages and feasibility of using the spent coffee grounds generated at the main cafeteria for the production of bioethanol on site, which can be subsequently used to (partially) cover the campus’ energy demands.
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Tingley JP, Low KE, Xing X, Abbott DW. Combined whole cell wall analysis and streamlined in silico carbohydrate-active enzyme discovery to improve biocatalytic conversion of agricultural crop residues. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2021; 14:16. [PMID: 33422151 PMCID: PMC7797155 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-020-01869-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The production of biofuels as an efficient source of renewable energy has received considerable attention due to increasing energy demands and regulatory incentives to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Second-generation biofuel feedstocks, including agricultural crop residues generated on-farm during annual harvests, are abundant, inexpensive, and sustainable. Unlike first-generation feedstocks, which are enriched in easily fermentable carbohydrates, crop residue cell walls are highly resistant to saccharification, fermentation, and valorization. Crop residues contain recalcitrant polysaccharides, including cellulose, hemicelluloses, pectins, and lignin and lignin-carbohydrate complexes. In addition, their cell walls can vary in linkage structure and monosaccharide composition between plant sources. Characterization of total cell wall structure, including high-resolution analyses of saccharide composition, linkage, and complex structures using chromatography-based methods, nuclear magnetic resonance, -omics, and antibody glycome profiling, provides critical insight into the fine chemistry of feedstock cell walls. Furthermore, improving both the catalytic potential of microbial communities that populate biodigester reactors and the efficiency of pre-treatments used in bioethanol production may improve bioconversion rates and yields. Toward this end, knowledge and characterization of carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) involved in dynamic biomass deconstruction is pivotal. Here we overview the use of common "-omics"-based methods for the study of lignocellulose-metabolizing communities and microorganisms, as well as methods for annotation and discovery of CAZymes, and accurate prediction of CAZyme function. Emerging approaches for analysis of large datasets, including metagenome-assembled genomes, are also discussed. Using complementary glycomic and meta-omic methods to characterize agricultural residues and the microbial communities that digest them provides promising streams of research to maximize value and energy extraction from crop waste streams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey P Tingley
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 5403-1st Avenue South, Lethbridge, AB, T1J 4B1, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, T1K 6T5, Canada
| | - Kristin E Low
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 5403-1st Avenue South, Lethbridge, AB, T1J 4B1, Canada
| | - Xiaohui Xing
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 5403-1st Avenue South, Lethbridge, AB, T1J 4B1, Canada
| | - D Wade Abbott
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 5403-1st Avenue South, Lethbridge, AB, T1J 4B1, Canada.
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, T1K 6T5, Canada.
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Effect of Severity Factor on the Subcritical Water and Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Coconut Husk for Reducing Sugar Production. BULLETIN OF CHEMICAL REACTION ENGINEERING & CATALYSIS 2020. [DOI: 10.9767/bcrec.15.3.8870.786-797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Preventing the further degradation of monomeric or oligomeric sugar into by-product during biomass conversion is one of the challenges for fermentable sugar production. In this study, the performance of subcritical water (SCW) and enzymatic hydrolysis of coconut husk toward reducing sugar production was investigated using a severity factor (SF) approach. Furthermore, the optimal condition of SCW was optimized using response surface methodology (RSM), where the composition changes of lignocellulose and sugar yield as responses. From the results, at low SF of SCW, sugar yield escalated as increasing SF value. In the enzymatic hydrolysis process, the effect of SCW pressure is a significant factor enhancing sugar yield. A maximum total sugar yield was attained on the mild SF condition of 2.86. From this work, it was known that the SF approach is sufficient parameter to evaluate the SCW and enzymatic hydrolysis of coconut husk. Copyright © 2021 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).
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Singh N, Mathur AS, Gupta RP, Barrow CJ, Tuli DK, Puri M. Enzyme systems of thermophilic anaerobic bacteria for lignocellulosic biomass conversion. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 168:572-590. [PMID: 33309672 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Economic production of lignocellulose degrading enzymes for biofuel industries is of considerable interest to the biotechnology community. While these enzymes are widely distributed in fungi, their industrial production from other sources, particularly by thermophilic anaerobic bacteria (growth Topt ≥ 60 °C), is an emerging field. Thermophilic anaerobic bacteria produce a large number of lignocellulolytic enzymes having unique structural features and employ different schemes for biomass degradation, which can be classified into four systems namely; 'free enzyme system', 'cell anchored enzymes', 'complex cellulosome system', and 'multifunctional multimodular enzyme system'. Such enzymes exhibit high specific activity and have a natural ability to withstand harsh bioprocessing conditions. However, achieving a higher production of these thermostable enzymes at current bioprocessing targets is challenging. In this review, the research opportunities for these distinct enzyme systems in the biofuel industry and the associated technological challenges are discussed. The current status of research findings is highlighted along with a detailed description of the categorization of the different enzyme production schemes. It is anticipated that high temperature-based bioprocessing will become an integral part of sustainable bioenergy production in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha Singh
- Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3217, Australia; DBT-IOC Centre for Advance Bioenergy Research, Research & Development Centre, Indian Oil Corporation Limited, Sector-13, Faridabad 121007, India
| | - Anshu S Mathur
- DBT-IOC Centre for Advance Bioenergy Research, Research & Development Centre, Indian Oil Corporation Limited, Sector-13, Faridabad 121007, India
| | - Ravi P Gupta
- DBT-IOC Centre for Advance Bioenergy Research, Research & Development Centre, Indian Oil Corporation Limited, Sector-13, Faridabad 121007, India
| | - Colin J Barrow
- Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3217, Australia
| | - Deepak K Tuli
- DBT-IOC Centre for Advance Bioenergy Research, Research & Development Centre, Indian Oil Corporation Limited, Sector-13, Faridabad 121007, India
| | - Munish Puri
- Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3217, Australia; Medical Biotechnology, Centre for Marine Bioproducts Development, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Adelaide 5042, Australia.
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Kumar G, Kim SH, Lay CH, Ponnusamy VK. Recent developments on alternative fuels, energy and environment for sustainability. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 317:124010. [PMID: 32822890 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.124010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Enhancing energy and environmental systems through sustainable development, in particular integrating concepts of circular economy and cleaner production are important for the emerging needs of humankind. In recent years, the developments in alternative sources of renewable energy counterparts has been prompted to substitute the nonrenewable fossil fuel consumptions towards clearner environment. However, environmental problems arising currently must be carefully addressed and to be solved to conserve the energy, water and other environmental resources for the future. This article highlights the recent developments on alternative energy sources that mainly focus on energy and environmental sustainability, that has been discussed on "The 4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels & Energy (ICAFE-2019)", which was held at Taichung City, Taiwan on October 18-21, 2019. Additionally, it provides useful insights from some of the papers published on a virtual special issue (VSI) of the Bioresourse Technology Journal. The highlighted research works in this review can be used as route-map towards sustainable development and energy efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopalakrishnan Kumar
- Institute of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Stavanger, 4036 Stavanger, Norway; School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sang-Hyoun Kim
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Chyi-How Lay
- Master's Program of Green Energy Science and Technology, Feng Chia University, Taiwan
| | - Vinoth Kumar Ponnusamy
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry & Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City 807, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung City 807, Taiwan
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Cellulosic Ethanol: Improving Cost Efficiency by Coupling Semi-Continuous Fermentation and Simultaneous Saccharification Strategies. Processes (Basel) 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/pr8111459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel approach to improve ethanol production from sugarcane bagasse is proposed. Biomass was pretreated with sodium hydroxide, sulfuric, oxalic, and maleic acids (1% w/v) at different temperatures (130–170 °C) and times (10–30 min). The pretreatment with NaOH at 160 °C for 20 min was found to be the most efficient for further enzymatic saccharification. A semi-continuous fermentation system coupled with a simultaneous saccharification and fermentation strategy was used, attaining fermented liquor every 24 h. The amount of enzymes needed for saccharification was optimized, as well as the production time and ethanol concentration. The process occurred with near to complete depletion of glucose, obtaining ethanol concentrations ranging from 8.36 to 10.79% (v/v). The whole system, at bench scale, showed stability over 30 days, and ease of management and control. This strategy may improve cost efficiency in the production of cellulosic ethanol at industrial scale.
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Masran R, Bahrin EK, Ibrahim MF, Phang LY, Abd-Aziz S. Simultaneous pretreatment and saccharification of oil palm empty fruit bunch using laccase-cellulase cocktail. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2020.101824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Park Y, Sunwoo IY, Yang J, Jeong GT, Kim SK. Comparison of Ethanol Yield Coefficients Using Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida lusitaniae, and Kluyveromyces marxianus Adapted to High Concentrations of Galactose with Gracilaria verrucosa as Substrate. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 30:930-936. [PMID: 32238769 PMCID: PMC9728270 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2002.02014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The red seaweed Gracilaria verrucosa has been used for the production of bioethanol. Pretreatment for monosaccharide production was carried out with 12% (w/v) G. verrucosa slurry and 500 mM HNO3 at 121°C for 90 min. Enzymatic hydrolysis was performed with a mixture of commercial enzymes (Cellic C-Tec 2 and Celluclast 1.5 L; 16 U/ml) at 50°C and 150 rpm for 48 h. G. verrucosa was composed of 66.9% carbohydrates. In this study, 61.0 g/L monosaccharides were obtained from 120.0 g dw/l G. verrucosa. The fermentation inhibitors such as hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), levulinic acid, and formic acid were produced during pretreatment. Activated carbon was used to remove HMF. Wildtype and adaptively evolved Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida lusitaniae, and Kluyveromyces marxianus were used for fermentation to evaluate ethanol production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yurim Park
- Department of Biotechnology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - In Yung Sunwoo
- Department of Biotechnology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiwon Yang
- Department of Biotechnology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwi-Teak Jeong
- Department of Biotechnology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Koo Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea,Corresponding author Phone: +82-51-629-5868 Fax: + 82-51-629-5863 E-mail:
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Zhang P, Su X, Yi C, Chen H, Xu H, Geng L. Spray, atomization and combustion characteristics of oxygenated fuels in a constant volume bomb: A review. JOURNAL OF TRAFFIC AND TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING (ENGLISH EDITION) 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtte.2020.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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50
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Carrillo-Nieves D, Saldarriaga-Hernandez S, Gutiérrez-Soto G, Rostro-Alanis M, Hernández-Luna C, Alvarez AJ, Iqbal HMN, Parra-Saldívar R. Biotransformation of agro-industrial waste to produce lignocellulolytic enzymes and bioethanol with a zero waste. BIOMASS CONVERSION AND BIOREFINERY 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s13399-020-00738-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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