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Zieniuk B. Dihydrocaffeic Acid-Is It the Less Known but Equally Valuable Phenolic Acid? Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13050859. [PMID: 37238728 DOI: 10.3390/biom13050859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Dihydrocaffeic acid (DHCA) is a phenolic acid bearing a catechol ring and three-carbon side chain. Despite its being found in minor amounts in numerous plants and fungi of different origins, it has attracted the interest of various research groups in many fields of science, from food to biomedical applications. The review article presented herein aims to show a wider audience the health benefits and therapeutic, industrial, and nutritional potential of dihydrocaffeic acid, by sheddinglight on its occurrence, biosynthesis, bioavailability, and metabolism. The scientific literature describes at least 70 different derivatives of dihydrocaffeic acid, both those occurring naturally and those obtained via chemical and enzymatic methods. Among the most frequently used enzymes that were applied for the modification of the parent DHCA structure, there are lipases that allow for obtaining esters and phenolidips, tyrosinases used for the formation of the catechol ring, and laccases to functionalize this phenolic acid. In many studies, both in vitro and in vivo, the protective effect of DHCA and its derivatives on cells subjected to oxidative stress and inflammation were acknowledged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartłomiej Zieniuk
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Food Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, 159c Nowoursynowska St., 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
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2
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Martínková L, Grulich M, Pátek M, Křístková B, Winkler M. Bio-Based Valorization of Lignin-Derived Phenolic Compounds: A Review. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13050717. [PMID: 37238587 DOI: 10.3390/biom13050717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Lignins are the most abundant biopolymers that consist of aromatic units. Lignins are obtained by fractionation of lignocellulose in the form of "technical lignins". The depolymerization (conversion) of lignin and the treatment of depolymerized lignin are challenging processes due to the complexity and resistance of lignins. Progress toward mild work-up of lignins has been discussed in numerous reviews. The next step in the valorization of lignin is the conversion of lignin-based monomers, which are limited in number, into a wider range of bulk and fine chemicals. These reactions may need chemicals, catalysts, solvents, or energy from fossil resources. This is counterintuitive to green, sustainable chemistry. Therefore, in this review, we focus on biocatalyzed reactions of lignin monomers, e.g., vanillin, vanillic acid, syringaldehyde, guaiacols, (iso)eugenol, ferulic acid, p-coumaric acid, and alkylphenols. For each monomer, its production from lignin or lignocellulose is summarized, and, mainly, its biotransformations that provide useful chemicals are discussed. The technological maturity of these processes is characterized based on, e.g., scale, volumetric productivities, or isolated yields. The biocatalyzed reactions are compared with their chemically catalyzed counterparts if the latter are available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludmila Martínková
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Grulich
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Pátek
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Křístková
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Margit Winkler
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Chemical and Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 14, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Austrian Center of Industrial Biotechnology GmbH, Krenngasse 37, 8010 Graz, Austria
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3
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Velotti F, Bernini R. Hydroxytyrosol Interference with Inflammaging via Modulation of Inflammation and Autophagy. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15071774. [PMID: 37049611 PMCID: PMC10096543 DOI: 10.3390/nu15071774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammaging refers to a chronic, systemic, low-grade inflammation, driven by immune (mainly macrophages) and non-immune cells stimulated by endogenous/self, misplaced or altered molecules, belonging to physiological aging. This age-related inflammatory status is characterized by increased inflammation and decreased macroautophagy/autophagy (a degradation process that removes unnecessary or dysfunctional cell components). Inflammaging predisposes to age-related diseases, including obesity, type-2 diabetes, cancer, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative disorders, as well as vulnerability to infectious diseases and vaccine failure, representing thus a major target for anti-aging strategies. Phenolic compounds-found in extra-virgin olive oil (EVOO)-are well known for their beneficial effect on longevity. Among them, hydroxytyrosol (HTyr) appears to greatly contribute to healthy aging by its documented potent antioxidant activity. In addition, HTyr can modulate inflammation and autophagy, thus possibly counteracting and reducing inflammaging. In this review, we reference the literature on pure HTyr as a modulatory agent of inflammation and autophagy, in order to highlight its possible interference with inflammaging. This HTyr-mediated activity might contribute to healthy aging and delay the development or progression of diseases related to aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Velotti
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences (DEB), University of Tuscia, Largo dell'Università, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Roberta Bernini
- Department of Agriculture and Forest Sciences (DAFNE), University of Tuscia, Via S. Camillo de Lellis, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
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4
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Lipase-Catalyzed Synthesis, Antioxidant Activity, Antimicrobial Properties and Molecular Docking Studies of Butyl Dihydrocaffeate. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27155024. [PMID: 35956977 PMCID: PMC9370587 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27155024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Green chemistry approaches, such as lipase-catalyzed esterification, are promising methods for obtaining valuable chemical compounds. In the case of the use of lipases, unlike in aqueous environments, the processes of the ester bond formations are encountered in organic solvents. The aim of the current research was to carry out the lipase-catalyzed synthesis of an ester of dihydrocaffeic acid. The synthesized compound was then evaluated for antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. However, the vast majority of its antioxidant activity was retained, which was demonstrated by means of DPPH· (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and CUPRAC (cupric ion reducing antioxidant capacity) methods. Regarding its antimicrobial properties, the antifungal activity against Rhizopus oryzae is worth mentioning. The minimum inhibitory and fungicidal concentrations were 1 and 2 mM, respectively. The high antifungal activity prompted the use of molecular docking studies to verify potential protein targets for butyl ester of dihydrocaffeic ester. In the case of one fungal protein, namely 14-α sterol demethylase B, it was observed that the ester had comparable binding energy to the triazole medication, isavuconazole, but the interacted amino acid residues were different.
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Tomaino E, Capecchi E, Piccinino D, Saladino R. Lignin nanoparticles support lipase‐tyrosinase enzymatic cascade in the synthesis of lipophilic hydroxytyrosol ester derivatives. ChemCatChem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202200380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Tomaino
- University of Tuscia: Universita degli Studi della Tuscia Department of Biological and Ecological Sciences Via S.C De Lellis s.n.c. 01100 Viterbo ITALY
| | - Eliana Capecchi
- University of Tuscia: Universita degli Studi della Tuscia Department of Biological and Ecological Sciences Via S.C. De Lellis s.n.c. 01100 Viterbo ITALY
| | - Davide Piccinino
- University of Tuscia: Universita degli Studi della Tuscia Department of Biological and Ecological Sciences 01100 Viterbo ITALY
| | - Raffaele Saladino
- University of Tuscia: Universita degli Studi della Tuscia Department of Biological and Ecological Sciences Via S. Camillo de Lellis 00100 Viterbo ITALY
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Martínková L, Křístková B, Křen V. Laccases and Tyrosinases in Organic Synthesis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:3462. [PMID: 35408822 PMCID: PMC8998183 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Laccases (Lac) and tyrosinases (TYR) are mild oxidants with a great potential in research and industry. In this work, we review recent advances in their use in organic synthesis. We summarize recent examples of Lac-catalyzed oxidation, homocoupling and heterocoupling, and TYR-catalyzed ortho-hydroxylation of phenols. We highlight the combination of Lac and TYR with other enzymes or chemical catalysts. We also point out the biological and pharmaceutical potential of the products, such as dimers of piceid, lignols, isorhamnetin, rutin, caffeic acid, 4-hydroxychalcones, thiols, hybrid antibiotics, benzimidazoles, benzothiazoles, pyrimidine derivatives, hydroxytyrosols, alkylcatechols, halocatechols, or dihydrocaffeoyl esters, etc. These products include radical scavengers; antibacterial, antiviral, and antitumor compounds; and building blocks for bioactive compounds and drugs. We summarize the available enzyme sources and discuss the scalability of their use in organic synthesis. In conclusion, we assume that the intensive use of laccases and tyrosinases in organic synthesis will yield new bioactive compounds and, in the long-term, reduce the environmental impact of industrial organic chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludmila Martínková
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ-142 20 Prague, Czech Republic; (B.K.); (V.K.)
| | - Barbora Křístková
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ-142 20 Prague, Czech Republic; (B.K.); (V.K.)
- Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technická 5, CZ-166 28 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Křen
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ-142 20 Prague, Czech Republic; (B.K.); (V.K.)
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Hussain A, Rafeeq H, Qasim M, Jabeen Z, Bilal M, Franco M, Iqbal HMN. Engineered tyrosinases with broadened bio-catalysis scope: immobilization using nanocarriers and applications. 3 Biotech 2021; 11:365. [PMID: 34290948 PMCID: PMC8257883 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-021-02913-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Enzyme immobilization is a widely used technology for creating more stable, active, and reusable biocatalysts. The immobilization process also improves the enzyme's operating efficiency in industrial applications. Various support matrices have been designed and developed to enhance the biocatalytic efficiency of immobilized enzymes. Given their unique physicochemical attributes, including substantial surface area, rigidity, semi-conductivity, high enzyme loading, hyper catalytic activity, and size-assisted optical properties, nanomaterials have emerged as fascinating matrices for enzyme immobilization. Tyrosinase is a copper-containing monooxygenase that catalyzes the o-hydroxylation of monophenols to catechols and o-quinones. This enzyme possesses a wide range of uses in the medical, biotechnological, and food sectors. This article summarizes an array of nanostructured materials as carrier matrices for tyrosinase immobilization. Following a detailed background overview, various nanomaterials, as immobilization support matrices, including carbon nanotubes (CNTs), carbon dots (CDs), carbon black (CB), nanofibers, Graphene nanocomposite, platinum nanoparticles, nano-sized magnetic particles, lignin nanoparticles, layered double hydroxide (LDH) nanomaterials, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), and zinc oxide nanoparticles have been discussed. Next, applied perspectives have been spotlights with particular reference to environmental pollutant sensing, phenolic compounds detection, pharmaceutical, and food industry (e.g., cereal processing, dairy processing, and meat processing), along with other miscellaneous applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asim Hussain
- grid.414839.30000 0001 1703 6673Department of Biochemistry, Riphah International University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Hamza Rafeeq
- grid.414839.30000 0001 1703 6673Department of Biochemistry, Riphah International University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Qasim
- grid.411727.60000 0001 2201 6036International Islamic University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Zara Jabeen
- grid.414839.30000 0001 1703 6673Department of Biochemistry, Riphah International University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Bilal
- grid.417678.b0000 0004 1800 1941School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai’an, 223003 China
| | - Marcelo Franco
- grid.412324.20000 0001 2205 1915Departament of Exact Sciences and Technology, State University of Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, Brazil
| | - Hafiz M. N. Iqbal
- grid.419886.a0000 0001 2203 4701Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, 64849 Monterrey, Mexico
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Li S, Zhong L, Wang H, Li J, Cheng H, Ma Q. Process optimization of polyphenol oxidase immobilization: Isotherm, kinetic, thermodynamic and removal of phenolic compounds. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 185:792-803. [PMID: 34229015 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.06.188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Chitosan/montmorillonite (CTS/MMT) and chitosan‑gold nanoparticles/montmorillonite (CTS-Au/MMT) composites were prepared, characterized through Fourier transformed infrared (FT-IR), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and utilized as support for immobilization of polyphenol oxidase (PPO). PPO was immobilized on CTS/MMT (IPPO) and CTS-Au/MMT (IPPO-Au) by physical adsorption, respectively. In order to achieve simultaneous maximization of immobilization efficiency and enzyme activity, the immobilization process parameters were optimized by Taguchi-Grey relational analysis (TGRA) approach. Under the optimal immobilization condition, the immobilization efficiency and enzyme activity reached at 50.16% and 1.46 × 104 U/mg for IPPO, and 63.35% and 3.01 × 104 U/mg for IPPO-Au, respectively. The isotherm, kinetic and thermodynamics of PPO adsorption were investigated in detail. The adsorption process was better explained by Toth isotherm and Fractal-like pseudo second order model, respectively. Intra-particle diffusion and film diffusion were involved in the adsorption process and intra-particle diffusion was not the only rate-controlling step. The adsorption of PPO was exothermic, physical and spontaneous at the investigated temperature range. The immobilized PPO were used to oxidize phenolic compounds. All investigated phenolic compounds showed the higher conversion as catalyzed by IPPO-Au. For both IPPO and IPPO-Au, the conversion of substituted phenols was higher than that of phenol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiqian Li
- College of Ocean and Bio-chemical Engineering, Fujian provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Basin Environment, Fuqing Branch of Fujian Normal University, Fuqing 350300, China
| | - Lian Zhong
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Han Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Jin Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China.
| | - Huali Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Qimin Ma
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
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Oliverio M, Nardi M, Di Gioia ML, Costanzo P, Bonacci S, Mancuso S, Procopio A. Semi-synthesis as a tool for broadening the health applications of bioactive olive secoiridoids: a critical review. Nat Prod Rep 2020; 38:444-469. [PMID: 33300916 DOI: 10.1039/d0np00084a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Covering: 2005 up to 2020Olive bioactive secoiridoids are recognized as natural antioxidants with multiple beneficial effects on human health. Nevertheless, the study of their biological activity has also disclosed some critical aspects associated with their application. Firstly, only a few of them can be extracted in large amounts from their natural matrix, namely olive leaves, drupes, oil and olive mill wastewater. Secondly, their application as preventive agents and drugs is limited by their low membrane permeability. Thirdly, the study of their biological fate after administration is complicated by the absence of pure analytical standards. Accordingly, efficient synthetic methods to obtain natural and non-natural bioactive phenol derivatives have been developed. Among them, semi-synthetic protocols represent efficient and economical alternatives to total synthesis, combining efficient extraction protocols with efficient catalytic conversions to achieve reasonable amounts of active molecules. The aim of this review is to summarize the semi-synthetic protocols published in the last fifteen years, covering 2005 up to 2020, which can produce natural olive bioactive phenols scarcely available by extractive procedures, and new biophenol derivatives with enhanced biological activity. Moreover, the semi-synthetic protocols to produce olive bioactive phenol derivatives as analytical standards are also discussed. A critical analysis of the advantages offered by semi-synthesis compared to classical extraction methods or total synthesis protocols is also performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Oliverio
- Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy.
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Biocatalyzed Reactions towards Functional Food Components 4-Alkylcatechols and Their Analogues. Catalysts 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/catal10091077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Catechols are antioxidants and radical scavengers with a broad medical potential. 4-Methylcatechol (1b) and 4-ethylcatechol (2b) (occurring in some traditional fermented and smoked foods) activate the cell defense against oxidative stress. We examined the biocatalyzed reactions towards 4-n-alkylcatechols with different side chains length, which is a factor important for the biological activities of catechols. 4-n-Alkylcatechols with methyl through heptyl side chains (1b–7b) were obtained in one pot by (i) oxidation of phenols 1a–7a with tyrosinase from Agaricus bisporus followed by (ii) reduction of ortho-quinones (intermediates) with L-ascorbic acid sodium salt. The conversions decreased with increasing side chain length. The preparative reactions were carried out with substrates 1a–5a. The isolated yields of the purified products decreased from 59% in 2b to 10% in 5b in correlation with logP of the substrates. Homology modeling indicated that the affinities of two tyrosinase isoforms (PPO3 and PPO4) to the substrates with side chains longer than C2 decreased with increasing side chain length. This was probably due to steric limitations and to missing interactions of the extended side chains in the active sites. We envisage using the model to predict further substrates of tyrosinase and testing the products, catechols, for radical-scavenging and biological activities.
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Liu H, He YN, Yin TP, Yang ZB, Dong JW, Shi GR, Zhang LS, Wu XM, Zhao Y, Xiao H. Rynchopeterine F, unique heterodimer of phenethanol-phenylacetyl linking with lactic acid from the medicinal insect Blaps rynchopetera. Fitoterapia 2019; 139:104389. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2019.104389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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12
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Meschini R, D'Eliseo D, Filippi S, Bertini L, Bizzarri BM, Botta L, Saladino R, Velotti F. Tyrosinase-Treated Hydroxytyrosol-Enriched Olive Vegetation Waste with Increased Antioxidant Activity Promotes Autophagy and Inhibits the Inflammatory Response in Human THP-1 Monocytes. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:12274-12284. [PMID: 30350961 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b03630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Treatment of olive vegetation waste with tyrosinase immobilized on multiwalled carbon nanotubes increased the antioxidant activity as a consequence of the conversion of phenols to corresponding catechol derivatives, as evaluated by DPPH, Comet assay, and micronucleus analyses. During this transformation, 4-hydroxyphenethyl alcohol (tyrosol) was quantitatively converted to bioactive 3,4-dihydroxyphenethyl alcohol (hydroxytyrosol). The hydroxytyrosol-enriched olive vegetation waste also promoted autophagy and inhibited the inflammatory response in human THP-1 monocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Meschini
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences (DEB) , University of Tuscia , Viterbo , Italy
| | - Donatella D'Eliseo
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences (DEB) , University of Tuscia , Viterbo , Italy
- Department of Experimental Medicine , Sapienza University of Rome , Rome , Italy
| | - Silvia Filippi
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences (DEB) , University of Tuscia , Viterbo , Italy
| | - Laura Bertini
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences (DEB) , University of Tuscia , Viterbo , Italy
| | - Bruno Mattia Bizzarri
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences (DEB) , University of Tuscia , Viterbo , Italy
| | - Lorenzo Botta
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences (DEB) , University of Tuscia , Viterbo , Italy
| | - Raffaele Saladino
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences (DEB) , University of Tuscia , Viterbo , Italy
| | - Francesca Velotti
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences (DEB) , University of Tuscia , Viterbo , Italy
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Antiviral Activities of Mulberry ( Morus alba) Juice and Seed against Influenza Viruses. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2018; 2018:2606583. [PMID: 30515232 PMCID: PMC6236660 DOI: 10.1155/2018/2606583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Antiviral activities of Morus alba (MA) juice and seed were examined using time-of-addition plaque assays against influenza viruses, A/Brisbane/59/2007 (H1N1) (BR59), pandemic A/Korea/01/2009(H1N1) (KR01), A/Brisbane/10/2007(H3N2) (BR10), and B/Florida/4/2006 (FL04). MA juice (MAJ) showed much higher antiviral activity than MA seed (MAS). In the pre- and cotreatment of virus, MAJ showed antiviral effects against BR59, KR01, and FL04 in a dose-dependent manner. In particular, MAJ at 4% concentration exhibited 1.3 log inhibition in the pre- and cotreatment of the virus against FL04, a type B virus. However, little or weak inhibition was observed in the posttreatment of MAJ. GSH levels in the virus-infected cells were also examined. The decreased levels by the viral infection were restored significantly by the addition of MAJ. MAJ also exhibited significant DPPH radical scavenging and ferric ion-reducing activities in a dose-dependent manner. Cyanidin-3-rutinoside, the most abundant polyphenol compound of MAJ identified by LC-MS in this study, showed weak inhibitory effects against FL04 in the pretreatment, whereas gallic acid, a minor compound of MAJ, revealed significant antiviral effect. These results suggest that MAJ can be developed as a novel plant-derived antiviral against influenza viruses.
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Celestino I, Checconi P, Amatore D, De Angelis M, Coluccio P, Dattilo R, Alunni Fegatelli D, Clemente AM, Matarrese P, Torcia MG, Mancinelli R, Mammola CL, Garaci E, Vestri AR, Malorni W, Palamara AT, Nencioni L. Differential Redox State Contributes to Sex Disparities in the Response to Influenza Virus Infection in Male and Female Mice. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1747. [PMID: 30105026 PMCID: PMC6077261 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus replicates intracellularly exploiting several pathways involved in the regulation of host responses. The outcome and the severity of the infection are thus strongly conditioned by multiple host factors, including age, sex, metabolic, and redox conditions of the target cells. Hormones are also important determinants of host immune responses to influenza and are recently proposed in the prophylaxis and treatment. This study shows that female mice are less susceptible than males to mouse-adapted influenza virus (A/PR8/H1N1). Compared with males, PR8-infected females display higher survival rate (+36%), milder clinical disease, and less weight loss. They also have milder histopathological signs, especially free alveolar area is higher than that in males, even if pro-inflammatory cytokine production shows slight differences between sexes; hormone levels, moreover, do not vary significantly with infection in our model. Importantly, viral loads (both in terms of viral M1 RNA copies and tissue culture infectious dose 50%) are lower in PR8-infected females. An analysis of the mechanisms contributing to sex disparities observed during infection reveals that the female animals have higher total antioxidant power in serum and their lungs are characterized by increase in (i) the content and biosynthesis of glutathione, (ii) the expression and activity of antioxidant enzymes (peroxiredoxin 1, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase), and (iii) the expression of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2. By contrast, infected males are characterized by high expression of NADPH oxidase 4 oxidase and phosphorylation of p38 MAPK, both enzymes promoting viral replication. All these factors are critical for cell homeostasis and susceptibility to infection. Reappraisal of the importance of the host cell redox state and sex-related effects may be useful in the attempt to develop more tailored therapeutic interventions in the fight against influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Celestino
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Pasteur Institute Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Checconi
- San Raffaele Pisana, IRCCS, Telematic University, Rome, Italy
| | - Donatella Amatore
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Pasteur Institute Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Marta De Angelis
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Pasteur Institute Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Coluccio
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Pasteur Institute Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Rosanna Dattilo
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Danilo Alunni Fegatelli
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Pasteur Institute Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Ann Maria Clemente
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Paola Matarrese
- Center for Gender-Specific Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Gabriella Torcia
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Romina Mancinelli
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Caterina Loredana Mammola
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Enrico Garaci
- San Raffaele Pisana, IRCCS, Telematic University, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Rita Vestri
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Pasteur Institute Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Walter Malorni
- Center for Gender-Specific Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Teresa Palamara
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Pasteur Institute Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- San Raffaele Pisana, IRCCS, Telematic University, Rome, Italy
| | - Lucia Nencioni
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Pasteur Institute Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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15
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Di Sotto A, Checconi P, Celestino I, Locatelli M, Carissimi S, De Angelis M, Rossi V, Limongi D, Toniolo C, Martinoli L, Di Giacomo S, Palamara AT, Nencioni L. Antiviral and Antioxidant Activity of a Hydroalcoholic Extract from Humulus lupulus L. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:5919237. [PMID: 30140367 PMCID: PMC6081516 DOI: 10.1155/2018/5919237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A hydroalcoholic extract from female inflorescences of Humulus lupulus L. (HOP extract) was evaluated for its anti-influenza activity. The ability of the extract to interfere with different phases of viral replication was assessed, as well as its effect on the intracellular redox state, being unbalanced versus the oxidative state in infected cells. The radical scavenging power, inhibition of lipoperoxidation, and ferric reducing activity were assayed as antioxidant mechanisms. A phytochemical characterization of the extract was also performed. We found that HOP extract significantly inhibited replication of various viral strains, at different time from infection. Viral replication was partly inhibited when virus was incubated with extract before infection, suggesting a direct effect on the virions. Since HOP extract was able to restore the reducing conditions of infected cells, by increasing glutathione content, its antiviral activity might be also due to an interference with redox-sensitive pathways required for viral replication. Accordingly, the extract exerted radical scavenging and reducing effects and inhibited lipoperoxidation and the tBOOH-induced cytotoxicity. At phytochemical analysis, different phenolics were identified, which altogether might contribute to HOP antiviral effect. In conclusion, our results highlighted anti-influenza and antioxidant properties of HOP extract, which encourage further in vivo studies to evaluate its possible application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Di Sotto
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology V. Erspamer, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Checconi
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
- IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele Roma Open University, Via di Val Cannuta 247, 00166 Rome, Italy
| | - Ignacio Celestino
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
- IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele Roma Open University, Via di Val Cannuta 247, 00166 Rome, Italy
| | - Marcello Locatelli
- Department of Pharmacy, University “G. D'Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Stefania Carissimi
- Department of Biochemical Sciences “A. Rossi Fanelli”, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Marta De Angelis
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Valeria Rossi
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Dolores Limongi
- IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele Roma Open University, Via di Val Cannuta 247, 00166 Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Toniolo
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Lucia Martinoli
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology V. Erspamer, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Di Giacomo
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology V. Erspamer, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Teresa Palamara
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
- IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele Roma Open University, Via di Val Cannuta 247, 00166 Rome, Italy
| | - Lucia Nencioni
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
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16
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Capecchi E, Piccinino D, Delfino I, Bollella P, Antiochia R, Saladino R. Functionalized Tyrosinase-Lignin Nanoparticles as Sustainable Catalysts for the Oxidation of Phenols. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 8:E438. [PMID: 29914085 PMCID: PMC6027214 DOI: 10.3390/nano8060438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Sustainable catalysts for the oxidation of phenol derivatives under environmentally friendly conditions were prepared by the functionalization of lignin nanoparticles with tyrosinase. Lignin, the most abundant polyphenol in nature, is the main byproduct in the pulp and paper manufacturing industry and biorefinery. Tyrosinase has been immobilized by direct adsorption, encapsulation, and layer-by-layer deposition, with or without glutaraldehyde reticulation. Lignin nanoparticles were found to be stable to the tyrosinase activity. After the enzyme immobilization, they showed a moderate to high catalytic effect in the synthesis of catechol derivatives, with the efficacy of the catalyst being dependent on the specific immobilization procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana Capecchi
- Department of Biological and Ecological Sciences, University of Tuscia, Via S. Camillo de Lellis snc, 01100 Viterbo, Italy.
| | - Davide Piccinino
- Department of Biological and Ecological Sciences, University of Tuscia, Via S. Camillo de Lellis snc, 01100 Viterbo, Italy.
| | - Ines Delfino
- Department of Biological and Ecological Sciences, University of Tuscia, Via S. Camillo de Lellis snc, 01100 Viterbo, Italy.
| | - Paolo Bollella
- Department of Chemistry and Drug Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Riccarda Antiochia
- Department of Chemistry and Drug Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Raffaele Saladino
- Department of Biological and Ecological Sciences, University of Tuscia, Via S. Camillo de Lellis snc, 01100 Viterbo, Italy.
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17
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Leonel CA, Lima WG, dos Santos M, Ferraz AC, Taranto AG, de Magalhães JC, dos Santos LL, Ferreira JMS. Pharmacophoric characteristics of dengue virus NS2B/NS3pro inhibitors: a systematic review of the most promising compounds. Arch Virol 2017; 163:575-586. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-017-3641-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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18
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Five New Phenolic Compounds with Antioxidant Activities from the Medicinal Insect Blaps rynchopetera. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22081301. [PMID: 28777311 PMCID: PMC6152337 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22081301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Five new phenolic compounds rynchopeterines A–E (1–5), in addition to thirteen known phenolics, were isolated from Blaps rynchopetera Fairmaire, a kind of medicinal insect utilized by the Yi Nationality in Yunnan Province of China. Their structures were established on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analyses (1D and 2D NMR, HR-MS, IR) along with calculated electronic circular dichroism method. Rynchopeterines A–E (1–4) exhibited significant antioxidant activities with IC50 values of 7.67–12.3 μg/mL measured by the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. Besides, rynchopeterines B (2) and C (3) showed mild cytotoxicity against tumor cell Caco-2 and A549.
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Abstract
This first phytochemical study of leaves of Ocotea caudata led to the isolation of ten isoquinoline alkaloids, one of them previously unreported, S-(+)-9-O-demethylnorpreocoteine (1), three known flavonoids, two phenols, two eudesmane type sesquiterpenoids, one proline derivative, one fatty alcohol and a phytosterol. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of extensive 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic analyses including HSQC, HMBC, 1H-1H COSY, NOESY, as well as HRESIMS data in addition to comparison with reports in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luis Enrique Cuca Suárez
- b Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Química, Laboratorio de Investigación en Productos Naturales Vegetales , Universidad Nacional de Colombia , Bogotá DC , Colombia
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Botta L, Brunori F, Tulimieri A, Piccinino D, Meschini R, Saladino R. Laccase-Mediated Enhancement of the Antioxidant Activity of Propolis and Poplar Bud Exudates. ACS OMEGA 2017; 2:2515-2523. [PMID: 30023668 PMCID: PMC6044900 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b00294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The treatment of propolis and poplar bud exudates with laccase from Trametes versicolor and 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidinyloxy free radical increased the antioxidant activity, as evaluated by the 2,2'-diphenyl picrylhydrazyl (DPPH)- and t-butyl-OOH-induced DNA breakage comet assay analyses. The effect was highest for shorter reaction times. Propolis showed the highest antioxidant activity in the DPPH test, whereas poplar bud exudates were more active in reducing the t-butyl-OOH-induced lesions in the Chinese hamster ovary cell line. Even if the concentration of polyphenols decreased during the oxidation, the formation of low-molecular-weight phenols phloroglucinol 4 (1,3,5-trihydroxy benzene), hydroquinone 5 (1,4-dihydroxy benzene), and catechol 6 (1,2-dihydroxy benzene), characterized by the radical-scavenging activity, can account for the observed increase in the antioxidant activity.
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21
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Sgarbanti R, Amatore D, Celestino I, Marcocci ME, Fraternale A, Ciriolo MR, Magnani M, Saladino R, Garaci E, Palamara AT, Nencioni L. Intracellular redox state as target for anti-influenza therapy: are antioxidants always effective? Curr Top Med Chem 2015; 14:2529-41. [PMID: 25478883 PMCID: PMC4435240 DOI: 10.2174/1568026614666141203125211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Revised: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Influenza virus infections represent a big issue for public health since effective treatments are still lacking. In particular, the emergence of strains resistant to drugs limits the effectiveness of anti-influenza agents. For this reason, many efforts have been dedicated to the identification of new therapeutic strategies aimed at targeting the virus-host cell interactions. Oxidative stress is a characteristic of some viral infections including influenza. Because antioxidants defend cells from damage caused by reactive oxygen species induced by different stimuli including pathogens, they represent interesting molecules to fight infectious diseases. However, most of the available studies have found that these would-be panaceas could actually exacerbate the diseases they claim to prevent, and have thus revealed "the dark side" of these molecules. This review article discusses the latest opportunities and drawbacks of the antioxidants used in anti-influenza therapy and new perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Lucia Nencioni
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
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22
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Botta G, Bizzarri BM, Garozzo A, Timpanaro R, Bisignano B, Amatore D, Palamara AT, Nencioni L, Saladino R. Carbon nanotubes supported tyrosinase in the synthesis of lipophilic hydroxytyrosol and dihydrocaffeoyl catechols with antiviral activity against DNA and RNA viruses. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:5345-51. [PMID: 26260341 PMCID: PMC7125559 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.07.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Revised: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Hydroxytyrosol and dihydrocaffeoyl catechols with lipophilic properties have been synthesized in high yield using tyrosinase immobilized on multi-walled carbon nanotubes by the Layer-by-Layer technique. All synthesized catechols were evaluated against a large panel of DNA and RNA viruses, including Poliovirus type 1, Echovirus type 9, Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2), Coxsackievirus type B3 (Cox B3), Adenovirus type 2 and type 5 and Cytomegalovirus (CMV). A significant antiviral activity was observed in the inhibition of HSV-1, HSV-2, Cox B3 and CMV. The mechanism of action of the most active dihydrocaffeoyl derivative was investigated against a model of HSV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Botta
- Department of Ecology and Biology, University of Tuscia, Largo dell’Università, 01100 Viterbo (VT), Italy
| | - Bruno Mattia Bizzarri
- Department of Ecology and Biology, University of Tuscia, Largo dell’Università, 01100 Viterbo (VT), Italy
| | - Adriana Garozzo
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Microbiological Section, University of Catania (CT), Via Androne, 81 95124 Catania, Italy
| | - Rossella Timpanaro
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Microbiological Section, University of Catania (CT), Via Androne, 81 95124 Catania, Italy
| | - Benedetta Bisignano
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Microbiological Section, University of Catania (CT), Via Androne, 81 95124 Catania, Italy
| | - Donatella Amatore
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, ‘Sapienza’ University, 00185 Rome, Italy
- IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Telematic University, 00166 Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Teresa Palamara
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, ‘Sapienza’ University, 00185 Rome, Italy
- IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Telematic University, 00166 Rome, Italy
| | - Lucia Nencioni
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, ‘Sapienza’ University, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Raffaele Saladino
- Department of Ecology and Biology, University of Tuscia, Largo dell’Università, 01100 Viterbo (VT), Italy
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23
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Microbial tyrosinases: promising enzymes for pharmaceutical, food bioprocessing, and environmental industry. Biochem Res Int 2014; 2014:854687. [PMID: 24895537 PMCID: PMC4033337 DOI: 10.1155/2014/854687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tyrosinase is a natural enzyme and is often purified to only a low degree and it is involved in a variety of functions which mainly catalyse the o-hydroxylation of monophenols into their corresponding o-diphenols and the oxidation of o-diphenols to o-quinones using molecular oxygen, which then polymerizes to form brown or black pigments. The synthesis of o-diphenols is a potentially valuable catalytic ability and thus tyrosinase has attracted a lot of attention with respect to industrial applications. In environmental technology it is used for the detoxification of phenol-containing wastewaters and contaminated soils, as biosensors for phenol monitoring, and for the production of L-DOPA in pharmaceutical industries, and is also used in cosmetic and food industries as important catalytic enzyme. Melanin pigment synthesized by tyrosinase has found applications for protection against radiation cation exchangers, drug carriers, antioxidants, antiviral agents, or immunogen. The recombinant V. spinosum tryosinase protein can be used to produce tailor-made melanin and other polyphenolic materials using various phenols and catechols as starting materials. This review compiles the recent data on biochemical and molecular properties of microbial tyrosinases, underlining their importance in the industrial use of these enzymes. After that, their most promising applications in pharmaceutical, food processing, and environmental fields are presented.
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