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Weber SJ, Kawa AB, Moutier AL, Beutler MM, Koyshman LM, Moreno CD, Westlake JG, Wunsch AM, Wolf ME. Dopamine transmission at D1 and D2 receptors in the nucleus accumbens contributes to the expression of incubation of cocaine craving. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.26.600812. [PMID: 38979157 PMCID: PMC11230461 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.26.600812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Relapse represents a consistent clinical problem for individuals with substance use disorder. In the incubation of craving model of persistent craving and relapse, cue-induced drug seeking progressively intensifies or 'incubates' during the first weeks of abstinence from drug self-administration and then remains high for months. Previously, we and others have demonstrated that expression of incubated cocaine craving requires strengthening of excitatory synaptic transmission in the nucleus accumbens core (NAcc). However, despite the importance of dopaminergic signaling in the NAcc for motivated behavior, little is known about the role that dopamine (DA) plays in the incubation of cocaine craving. Here we used fiber photometry to measure DA transients in the NAcc of male and female rats during cue-induced seeking tests conducted in early abstinence from cocaine self-administration, prior to incubation, and late abstinence, after incubation of craving has plateaued. We observed DA transients time-locked to cue-induced responding but their magnitude did not differ significantly when measured during early versus late abstinence seeking tests. Next, we tested for a functional role of these DA transients by injecting DA receptor antagonists into the NAcc just before the cue-induced seeking test. Blockade of either D1 or D2 DA receptors reduced cue-induced cocaine seeking after but not before incubation. We found no main effect of sex in our experiments. These results suggest that DA contributes to incubated cocaine seeking but the emergence of this role reflects changes in postsynaptic responsiveness to DA rather than presynaptic alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia J Weber
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239
| | - Alex B Kawa
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239
| | - Alana L Moutier
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239
| | - Madelyn M Beutler
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239
| | - Lara M Koyshman
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239
| | - Cloe D Moreno
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239
| | - Jonathan G Westlake
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239
| | - Amanda M Wunsch
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239
| | - Marina E Wolf
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239
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2
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Chellian R, Behnood-Rod A, Wilson R, Lin K, Wing-Yan King G, Bruijnzeel AW. The D1/D2-like receptor antagonist flupentixol and the D2-like receptor antagonist L-741626 decrease operant responding for nicotine and food and locomotor activity in male and female rats. J Psychopharmacol 2023; 37:216-228. [PMID: 36680471 DOI: 10.1177/02698811221147141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The reinforcing properties of nicotine play a critical role in smoking and vaping. There is a need for treatments that decrease the reinforcing properties of nicotine and thereby improve smoking and vaping rates. Dopamine plays a role in the reinforcing properties of nicotine, but little is known about the role of dopamine D2-like receptors in nicotine intake and whether there are sex differences in the effects of dopaminergic drugs on nicotine intake. AIM The goal of the present studies was to investigate the effects of the D1/D2-like receptor antagonist flupentixol and the D2-like receptor antagonist L-741626 on nicotine self-administration in male and female rats. METHODS The effects of flupentixol and L-741626 on operant responding for nicotine and food and locomotor activity in a small open field were investigated. RESULTS There were no sex differences in baseline nicotine intake. The D1/D2-like receptor antagonist flupentixol and the D2-like receptor antagonist L-741626 decreased operant responding for nicotine. Blockade of D1/D2-like receptors and blockade of D2-like receptors also decreased operant responding for food and decreased locomotor activity. Flupentixol induced a greater decrease in operant responding for food in males than females. However, in the other tests, there were no sex differences in the effects of the dopamine receptor antagonists. CONCLUSIONS Blockade of D1/D2-like receptors with flupentixol and D2-like receptors with L-741626 decreases nicotine and food intake in rats of both sexes. These compounds also decrease locomotor activity which might be indicative of a sedative effect.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Azin Behnood-Rod
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Ryann Wilson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Karen Lin
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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3
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Myslivecek J. Dopamine and Dopamine-Related Ligands Can Bind Not Only to Dopamine Receptors. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12050606. [PMID: 35629274 PMCID: PMC9147915 DOI: 10.3390/life12050606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The dopaminergic system is one of the most important neurotransmitter systems in the central nervous system (CNS). It acts mainly by activation of the D1-like receptor family at the target cell. Additionally, fine-tuning of the signal is achieved via pre-synaptic modulation by the D2-like receptor family. Some dopamine drugs (both agonists and antagonists) bind in addition to DRs also to α2-ARs and 5-HT receptors. Unfortunately, these compounds are often considered subtype(s) specific. Thus, it is important to consider the presence of these receptor subtypes in specific CNS areas as the function virtually elicited by one receptor type could be an effect of other—or the co-effect of multiple receptors. However, there are enough molecules with adequate specificity. In this review, we want to give an overview of the most common off-targets for established dopamine receptor ligands. To give an overall picture, we included a discussion on subtype selectivity. Molecules used as antipsychotic drugs are reviewed too. Therefore, we will summarize reported affinities and give an outline of molecules sufficiently specific for one or more subtypes (i.e., for subfamily), the presence of DR, α2-ARs, and 5-HT receptors in CNS areas, which could help avoid ambiguous results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaromir Myslivecek
- Institute of Physiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Albertov 5, 128 00 Prague, Czech Republic
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4
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Zingales V, Torrisi SA, Leggio GM, Bucolo C, Drago F, Salomone S. Pharmacological and Genetic Evidence of Dopamine Receptor 3-Mediated Vasoconstriction in Isolated Mouse Aorta. Biomolecules 2021; 11:418. [PMID: 33799860 PMCID: PMC8001456 DOI: 10.3390/biom11030418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dopamine receptors (DRs) are generally considered as mediators of vasomotor functions. However, when used in pharmacological studies, dopamine and/or DR agonists may not discriminate among different DR subtypes and may even stimulate alpha1 and beta-adrenoceptors. Here, we tested the hypothesis that D2R and/or D3R may specifically induce vasoconstriction in isolated mouse aorta. Aorta, isolated from wild-type (WT) and D3R-/- mice, was mounted in a wire myograph and challenged with cumulative concentrations of phenylephrine (PE), acetylcholine (ACh), and the D3R agonist 7-hydrxy-N,N-dipropyl-2-aminotetralin (7-OH-DPAT), with or without the D2R antagonist L741,626 and the D3R antagonist SB-277011-A. The vasoconstriction to PE and the vasodilatation to ACh were not different in WT and D3R-/-; in contrast, the contractile responses to 7-OH-DPAT were significantly weaker in D3R-/-, though not abolished. L741,626 did not change the contractile response induced by 7-OH-DPAT in WT or in D3R-/-, whereas SB-277011-A significantly reduced it in WT but did not in D3R-/-. D3R mRNA (assessed by qPCR) was about 5-fold more abundant than D2R mRNA in aorta from WT and undetectable in aorta from D3R-/-. Following transduction with lentivirus (72-h incubation) delivering synthetic microRNAs to specifically inactivate D2R (LV-miR-D2) or D3R (LV-miR-D3), the contractile response to 7-OH-DPAT was unaffected by LV-miR-D2, while it was significantly reduced by LV-miR-D3. These data indicate that, at least in mouse aorta, D3R stimulation induces vasoconstriction, while D2R stimulation does not. This is consistent with the higher expression level of D3R. The residual vasoconstriction elicited by high concentration D3R agonist in D3R-/- and/or in the presence of D3R antagonist is likely to be unrelated to DRs.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Aorta/drug effects
- Aorta/physiology
- Indoles/pharmacology
- Male
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Nitriles/pharmacology
- Piperidines/pharmacology
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Dopamine D2/genetics
- Receptors, Dopamine D2/metabolism
- Receptors, Dopamine D3/agonists
- Receptors, Dopamine D3/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Dopamine D3/genetics
- Receptors, Dopamine D3/metabolism
- Tetrahydroisoquinolines/pharmacology
- Tetrahydronaphthalenes/pharmacology
- Vasoconstriction/drug effects
- Vasoconstriction/genetics
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Salvatore Salomone
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, via S. Sofia 97, 95123 Catania, Italy; (V.Z.); (S.A.T.); (G.M.L.); (C.B.); (F.D.)
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5
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Jordan CJ, Humburg BA, Thorndike EB, Shaik AB, Xi ZX, Baumann MH, Newman AH, Schindler CW. Newly Developed Dopamine D 3 Receptor Antagonists, R-VK4-40 and R-VK4-116, Do Not Potentiate Cardiovascular Effects of Cocaine or Oxycodone in Rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2019; 371:602-614. [PMID: 31562201 PMCID: PMC6863462 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.119.259390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Opioid and cocaine abuse are major public health burdens. Existing medications for opioid use disorder are limited by abuse liability and side effects, whereas no treatments are currently approved in the United States for cocaine use disorder. Dopamine D3 receptor (D3R) antagonists have shown promise in attenuating opioid and cocaine reward and mitigating relapse in preclinical models. However, translation of D3R antagonists to the clinic has been hampered by reports that the D3R antagonists GSK598,809 (5-(5-((3-((1S,5R)-1-(2-fluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexan-3-yl)propyl)thio)-4-methyl-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)-4-methyloxazole) and SB-277,011A (2-(2-((1r,4r)-4-(2-oxo-2-(quinolin-4-yl)ethyl)cyclohexyl)ethyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-6-carbonitrile) have adverse cardiovascular effects in the presence of cocaine. Recently, we developed two structurally novel D3R antagonists, R-VK4-40 and R-VK4-116, which are highly selective for D3R and display translational potential for treatment of opioid use disorder. Here, we tested whether R-VK4-40 ((R)-N-(4-(4-(2-Chloro-3-ethylphenyl)piperazin-1-yl)-3-hydroxybutyl)-1H-indole-2-carboxamide) and R-VK4-116 ((R)-N-(4-(4-(3-Chloro-5-ethyl-2-methoxyphenyl)piperazin-1-yl)-3-hydroxybutyl)-1H-indole-2-carboxamide) have unwanted cardiovascular effects in the presence of oxycodone, a prescription opioid, or cocaine in freely moving rats fitted with surgically implanted telemetry transmitters. We also examined cardiovascular effects of the D3R antagonist, SB-277,011A, and L-741,626 (1-((1H-indol-3-yl)methyl)-4-(4-chlorophenyl)piperidin-4-ol), a dopamine D2 receptor-selective antagonist, for comparison. Consistent with prior reports, SB-277,011A increased blood pressure, heart rate, and locomotor activity alone and in the presence of cocaine. L-741,626 increased blood pressure and heart rate. In contrast, R-VK4-40 alone dose-dependently reduced blood pressure and heart rate and attenuated oxycodone-induced increases in blood pressure and oxycodone or cocaine-induced increases in heart rate. Similarly, R-VK4-116 alone dose-dependently reduced cocaine-induced increases in blood pressure and heart rate. These results highlight the safety of new D3R antagonists and support the continued development of R-VK4-40 and R-VK4-116 for the treatment of opioid and cocaine use disorders. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Opioid and cocaine abuse are major public health challenges and new treatments that do not adversely impact the cardiovascular system are needed. Here, we show that two structurally novel dopamine D3 receptor antagonists, R-VK4-40 and R-VK4-116, do not potentiate, and may even protect against, oxycodone- or cocaine-induced changes in blood pressure and heart rate, supporting their further development for the treatment of opioid and/or cocaine use disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe J Jordan
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch (C.J.J., B.A.H., A.B.S., Z.-X.X., A.H.N.), Designer Drug Research Unit (M.H.B., C.W.S.), and Preclinical Pharmacology Section (E.B.T., C.W.S.), Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Bree A Humburg
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch (C.J.J., B.A.H., A.B.S., Z.-X.X., A.H.N.), Designer Drug Research Unit (M.H.B., C.W.S.), and Preclinical Pharmacology Section (E.B.T., C.W.S.), Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Eric B Thorndike
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch (C.J.J., B.A.H., A.B.S., Z.-X.X., A.H.N.), Designer Drug Research Unit (M.H.B., C.W.S.), and Preclinical Pharmacology Section (E.B.T., C.W.S.), Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Anver Basha Shaik
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch (C.J.J., B.A.H., A.B.S., Z.-X.X., A.H.N.), Designer Drug Research Unit (M.H.B., C.W.S.), and Preclinical Pharmacology Section (E.B.T., C.W.S.), Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Zheng-Xiong Xi
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch (C.J.J., B.A.H., A.B.S., Z.-X.X., A.H.N.), Designer Drug Research Unit (M.H.B., C.W.S.), and Preclinical Pharmacology Section (E.B.T., C.W.S.), Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Michael H Baumann
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch (C.J.J., B.A.H., A.B.S., Z.-X.X., A.H.N.), Designer Drug Research Unit (M.H.B., C.W.S.), and Preclinical Pharmacology Section (E.B.T., C.W.S.), Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Amy Hauck Newman
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch (C.J.J., B.A.H., A.B.S., Z.-X.X., A.H.N.), Designer Drug Research Unit (M.H.B., C.W.S.), and Preclinical Pharmacology Section (E.B.T., C.W.S.), Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Charles W Schindler
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch (C.J.J., B.A.H., A.B.S., Z.-X.X., A.H.N.), Designer Drug Research Unit (M.H.B., C.W.S.), and Preclinical Pharmacology Section (E.B.T., C.W.S.), Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, Maryland
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6
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Manvich DF, Petko AK, Branco RC, Foster SL, Porter-Stransky KA, Stout KA, Newman AH, Miller GW, Paladini CA, Weinshenker D. Selective D 2 and D 3 receptor antagonists oppositely modulate cocaine responses in mice via distinct postsynaptic mechanisms in nucleus accumbens. Neuropsychopharmacology 2019; 44:1445-1455. [PMID: 30879021 PMCID: PMC6785094 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-019-0371-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The dopamine D3 receptor (D3R) has emerged as a promising pharmacotherapeutic target for the treatment of several diseases including schizophrenia, Parkinson's disease, and substance use disorders. However, studies investigating the D3R's precise role in dopamine neurotransmission or how it may be exploited to modulate responses to drugs of abuse have produced contrasting results, in part because most D3R-targeted compounds often also interact with D2 receptors (D2R). To resolve this issue, we set out to systematically characterize and compare the consequences of selective D2R or D3R antagonists on the behavioral-stimulant properties of cocaine in mice, and to identify putative neurobiological mechanisms underlying their behavior-modifying effects. Pretreatment with the selective D2R antagonist L-741,626 attenuated, while pretreatment with the selective D3R antagonist PG01037 enhanced, the locomotor-activating effects of both acute cocaine administration as well as sensitization following repeated cocaine dosing. While both antagonists potentiated cocaine-induced increases in presynaptic dopamine release, we report for the first time that D3R blockade uniquely facilitated dopamine-mediated excitation of D1-expressing medium spiny neurons in the nucleus accumbens. Collectively, our results demonstrate that selective D3R antagonism potentiates the behavioral-stimulant effects of cocaine in mice, an effect that is in direct opposition to that produced by selective D2R antagonism or nonselective D2-like receptor antagonists, and is likely mediated by facilitating D1-mediated excitation in the nucleus accumbens. These findings provide novel insights into the neuropharmacological actions of D3R antagonists on mesolimbic dopamine neurotransmission and their potential utility as pharmacotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel F Manvich
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rowan University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, NJ, 08084, USA
| | - Alyssa K Petko
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio Neuroscience Institute, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78249, USA
| | - Rachel C Branco
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Stephanie L Foster
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Kirsten A Porter-Stransky
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Western Michigan University Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, MI, 49008, USA
| | - Kristen A Stout
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Amy H Newman
- Medicinal Chemistry Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse-Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Gary W Miller
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Department of Neurology, Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Carlos A Paladini
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio Neuroscience Institute, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78249, USA
| | - David Weinshenker
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
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7
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Odagaki Y, Kinoshita M, Ota T, Meana JJ, Callado LF, García-Sevilla JA. Optimization and pharmacological characterization of receptor-mediated G i/o activation in postmortem human prefrontal cortex. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2019; 124:649-659. [PMID: 30507034 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.13183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The biochemical abnormalities in transmembrane signal transduction mediated through G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have been postulated as underlying pathophysiology of psychiatric diseases such as schizophrenia and mood disorders. In the present study, the experimental conditions of agonist-induced [35 S]GTPγS binding in postmortem human brain membranes were optimized, and the responses induced by a series of agonists were pharmacologically characterized. The [35 S]GTPγS binding assay was performed in postmortem human prefrontal cortical membranes by means of filtration techniques, and standardized as to GDP concentration, membrane protein content, MgCl2 and NaCl concentrations in assay buffer, incubation period and effect of white matter contamination. Under the standard assay conditions, the specific [35 S]GTPγS binding was stimulated by the addition of 15 compounds in a concentration-dependent manner. Of these agonists, R(+)-8-OH-DPAT, UK-14,304, DAMGO and DPDPE showed apparently biphasic concentration-response curves. As for these four responses, only higher-potency site was pharmacologically characterized. The receptors involved in the responses investigated were 5-HT1A receptor (probed with R(+)-8-OH-DPAT or 5-HT), α2A -adrenoceptor (UK-14,304 or (-)-epinephrine), M2 /M4 mAChRs (carbachol), adenosine A1 receptor (adenosine), histamine H3 receptor (histamine), group II mGlu (l-glutamate), GABAB receptor (baclofen), μ-opioid receptor (DAMGO or endomophin-1), δ-opioid receptor (DPDPE or SNC-80) and NOP (nociceptin). Although dopamine also activated specific [35 S]GTPγS binding, this response was likely mediated via α2A -adrenoceptor, but not dopamine receptor subtypes. The present study provides us with fundamental aspects of the strategy for elucidation of probable abnormalities of neural signalling mediated by G proteins activated through multiple GPCRs in the brain of psychiatric patients.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Binding, Competitive
- Female
- GTP-Binding Proteins/agonists
- GTP-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Guanosine 5'-O-(3-Thiotriphosphate)/metabolism
- Humans
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Prefrontal Cortex/metabolism
- Protein Binding
- Receptor, Adenosine A1/metabolism
- Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2C/metabolism
- Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-2/metabolism
- Receptors, GABA-B/metabolism
- Receptors, Histamine H3/metabolism
- Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate/metabolism
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/metabolism
- Receptors, sigma/metabolism
- Young Adult
- Sigma-1 Receptor
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Odagaki
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Masakazu Kinoshita
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Toshio Ota
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - J Javier Meana
- Department of Pharmacology, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Leioa, Bizkaia
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, Spain
| | - Luis F Callado
- Department of Pharmacology, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Leioa, Bizkaia
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, Spain
| | - Jesús A García-Sevilla
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Institut Universitari d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut (IUNICS), University of the Balearic Islands (UIB), Balearic Islands Health Research Institute (IdISBa), Palma de Mallorca, Spain
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8
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Lewis MH, Primiani CT, Muehlmann AM. Targeting Dopamine D 2, Adenosine A 2A, and Glutamate mGlu 5 Receptors to Reduce Repetitive Behaviors in Deer Mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2019; 369:88-97. [PMID: 30745415 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.118.256081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Repetitive behaviors are seemingly purposeless patterns of behavior that vary little in form and are characteristic of many neurodevelopmental, psychiatric, and neurologic disorders. Our work has identified an association between hypofunctioning of the indirect basal ganglia pathway and the expression of repetitive behavior in the deer mouse model. In this study, we targeted indirect pathway cells of the striatum with single drugs and drug combinations that bind to dopamine D2, adenosine A2A, and glutamate mGlu5 receptors. These receptors function both individually and as receptor heteromers. We found that only the triple drug cocktail (L-741,626+CGS21680+CDPPB) that was designed to increase striatal indirect basal ganglia pathway cell function reduced repetitive behavior in adult male deer mice. No single drug or double drug combinations were effective at selectively reducing repetitive behavior. We found this triple drug cocktail reduced repetitive behavior in both short-acting and long-acting formulations and was effective throughout 7 days of daily administration. Conversely, another triple drug cocktail (quinpirole+SCH58261+MTEP) that was designed to further reduce striatal indirect basal ganglia pathway cell function caused a significant increase in repetitive behavior. Significant and behaviorally selective effects on repetitive behavior were only achieved with the triple drug cocktails that included doses of L-741,626 and quinpirole that have off-target effects (e.g., dopamine D3 receptors). These data further a role for decreased indirect basal ganglia pathway activation in repetitive behavior and suggest that targeting these receptors and/or heteromeric complexes on the indirect pathway neurons of the striatum may offer pharmacotherapeutic benefit for individuals with repetitive behavior disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark H Lewis
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | | | - Amber M Muehlmann
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
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9
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Moritz AE, Free RB, Sibley DR. Advances and challenges in the search for D 2 and D 3 dopamine receptor-selective compounds. Cell Signal 2017; 41:75-81. [PMID: 28716664 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2017.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Compounds that target D2-like dopamine receptors (DRs) are currently used as therapeutics for several neuropsychiatric disorders including schizophrenia (antagonists) and Parkinson's disease (agonists). However, as the D2R and D3R subtypes are highly homologous, creating compounds with sufficient subtype-selectivity as well as drug-like properties for therapeutic use has proved challenging. This review summarizes the progress that has been made in developing D2R- or D3R-selective antagonists and agonists, and also describes the experimental conditions that need to be considered when determining the selectivity of a given compound, as apparent selectivity can vary widely depending on assay conditions. Future advances in this field may take advantage of currently available structural data to target alternative secondary binding sites through creating bivalent or bitopic chemical structures. Alternatively, the use of high-throughput screening techniques to identify novel scaffolds that might bind to the D2R or D3R in areas other than the highly conserved orthosteric site, such as allosteric sites, followed by iterative medicinal chemistry will likely lead to exceptionally selective compounds in the future. More selective compounds will provide a better understanding of the normal and pathological functioning of each receptor subtype, as well as offer the potential for improved therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy E Moritz
- Molecular Neuropharmacology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, 35 Convent Drive, MSC-3723, Bethesda, MD 20892-3723, United States
| | - R Benjamin Free
- Molecular Neuropharmacology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, 35 Convent Drive, MSC-3723, Bethesda, MD 20892-3723, United States
| | - David R Sibley
- Molecular Neuropharmacology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, 35 Convent Drive, MSC-3723, Bethesda, MD 20892-3723, United States.
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10
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Luchi AM, Angelina EL, Andujar SA, Enriz RD, Peruchena NM. Halogen bonding in biological context: a computational study of D2 dopamine receptor. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.3586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Adriano M. Luchi
- Lab. Estructura Molecular y Propiedades, IQUIBA-NEA; Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, CONICET, FACENA; Av. Libertad 5470 Corrientes 3400 Argentina
| | - Emilio L. Angelina
- Lab. Estructura Molecular y Propiedades, IQUIBA-NEA; Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, CONICET, FACENA; Av. Libertad 5470 Corrientes 3400 Argentina
| | - Sebastián A. Andujar
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas San Luis; Universidad Nacional de San Luis, CONICET, FQBF; Chacabuco 917 San Luis 5700 Argentina
| | - Ricardo D. Enriz
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas San Luis; Universidad Nacional de San Luis, CONICET, FQBF; Chacabuco 917 San Luis 5700 Argentina
| | - Nélida M. Peruchena
- Lab. Estructura Molecular y Propiedades, IQUIBA-NEA; Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, CONICET, FACENA; Av. Libertad 5470 Corrientes 3400 Argentina
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11
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Butini S, Nikolic K, Kassel S, Brückmann H, Filipic S, Agbaba D, Gemma S, Brogi S, Brindisi M, Campiani G, Stark H. Polypharmacology of dopamine receptor ligands. Prog Neurobiol 2016; 142:68-103. [PMID: 27234980 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2016.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Most neurological diseases have a multifactorial nature and the number of molecular mechanisms discovered as underpinning these diseases is continuously evolving. The old concept of developing selective agents for a single target does not fit with the medical need of most neurological diseases. The development of designed multiple ligands holds great promises and appears as the next step in drug development for the treatment of these multifactorial diseases. Dopamine and its five receptor subtypes are intimately involved in numerous neurological disorders. Dopamine receptor ligands display a high degree of cross interactions with many other targets including G-protein coupled receptors, transporters, enzymes and ion channels. For brain disorders like Parkinsońs disease, schizophrenia and depression the dopaminergic system, being intertwined with many other signaling systems, plays a key role in pathogenesis and therapy. The concept of designed multiple ligands and polypharmacology, which perfectly meets the therapeutic needs for these brain disorders, is herein discussed as a general ligand-based concept while focusing on dopaminergic agents and receptor subtypes in particular.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Butini
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - K Nikolic
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - S Kassel
- Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Universitaetsstr. 1, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - H Brückmann
- Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Universitaetsstr. 1, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - S Filipic
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - D Agbaba
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - S Gemma
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - S Brogi
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - M Brindisi
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - G Campiani
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - H Stark
- Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Universitaetsstr. 1, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany.
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12
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Sethi SK, Varshney R, Rangaswamy S, Chadha N, Hazari PP, Kaul A, Chuttani K, Milton MD, Mishra AK. Design, synthesis and preliminary evaluation of a novel SPECT DTPA-bis-triazaspirodecanone conjugate for D2receptor imaging. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra07004f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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13
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Kucukoglu K, Mete E, Cetin-Atalay R, Gul HI. Synthesis of 3-aroyl-4-aryl-1-isopropylamino-4-piperidinols and evaluation of the cytotoxicities of the compounds against human hepatoma and breast cancer cell lines. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2014; 30:564-8. [DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2014.951350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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14
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Xiao J, Free RB, Barnaeva E, Conroy JL, Doyle T, Miller B, Bryant-Genevier M, Taylor MK, Hu X, Dulcey AE, Southall N, Ferrer M, Titus S, Zheng W, Sibley DR, Marugan JJ. Discovery, optimization, and characterization of novel D2 dopamine receptor selective antagonists. J Med Chem 2014; 57:3450-63. [PMID: 24666157 PMCID: PMC4315423 DOI: 10.1021/jm500126s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
![]()
The
D2 dopamine receptor (D2 DAR) is one of the most validated drug targets
for neuropsychiatric and endocrine disorders. However, clinically
approved drugs targeting D2 DAR display poor selectivity between the
D2 and other receptors, especially the D3 DAR. This lack of selectivity
may lead to undesirable side effects. Here we describe the chemical
and pharmacological characterization of a novel D2 DAR antagonist
series with excellent D2 versus D1, D3, D4, and D5 receptor selectivity.
The final probe 65 was obtained through a quantitative
high-throughput screening campaign, followed by medicinal chemistry
optimization, to yield a selective molecule with good in vitro physical
properties, metabolic stability, and in vivo pharmacokinetics. The
optimized molecule may be a useful in vivo probe for studying D2 DAR
signal modulation and could also serve as a lead compound for the
development of D2 DAR-selective druglike molecules for the treatment
of multiple neuropsychiatric and endocrine disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingbo Xiao
- Discovery Innovation, NIH Chemical Genomics Center, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health , 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
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15
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Baladi MG, Newman AH, France CP. Feeding condition and the relative contribution of different dopamine receptor subtypes to the discriminative stimulus effects of cocaine in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2014; 231:581-91. [PMID: 24030470 PMCID: PMC3947133 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-013-3271-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The contribution of dopamine receptor subtypes in mediating the discriminative stimulus effects of cocaine is not fully established. Many drug discrimination studies use food to maintain responding, necessitating food restriction, which can alter drug effects. OBJECTIVE This study established stimulus control with cocaine (10 mg/kg) in free-feeding and food-restricted rats responding under a schedule of stimulus shock termination (SST) and in food-restricted rats responding under a schedule of food presentation to examine whether feeding condition or the reinforcer used to maintain responding impacts the effects of cocaine. METHOD Dopamine receptor agonists and antagonists were examined for their ability to mimic or attenuate, respectively, the effects of cocaine. RESULTS Apomorphine, quinpirole, and lisuride occasioned >90 % responding on the cocaine-associated lever in free-feeding rats responding under a schedule of SST; apomorphine, but not quinpirole or lisuride, occasioned >90 % responding on the cocaine lever in food-restricted rats responding under a schedule of SST. In food-restricted rats responding for food these drugs occasioned little cocaine lever responding and were comparatively more potent in decreasing responding. In free-feeding rats, the effects of cocaine were attenuated by the D2/D3 receptor antagonist raclopride and the D3 receptor-selective antagonist PG01037. In food-restricted rats, raclopride and the D2 receptor-selective antagonist L-741,626 attenuated the effects of cocaine. Raclopride antagonized quinpirole in all groups while PG01037 antagonized quinpirole only in free-feeding rats. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate significant differences in the discriminative stimulus of cocaine that are due to feeding conditions and not to the use of different reinforcers across procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle G Baladi
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, Mail Code 7764, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
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16
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Alexander SPH, Benson HE, Faccenda E, Pawson AJ, Sharman JL, Spedding M, Peters JA, Harmar AJ. The Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2013/14: G protein-coupled receptors. Br J Pharmacol 2013; 170:1459-581. [PMID: 24517644 PMCID: PMC3892287 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 505] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2013/14 provides concise overviews of the key properties of over 2000 human drug targets with their pharmacology, plus links to an open access knowledgebase of drug targets and their ligands (www.guidetopharmacology.org), which provides more detailed views of target and ligand properties. The full contents can be found at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.12444/full. G protein-coupled receptors are one of the seven major pharmacological targets into which the Guide is divided, with the others being G protein-coupled receptors, ligand-gated ion channels, ion channels, catalytic receptors, nuclear hormone receptors, transporters and enzymes. These are presented with nomenclature guidance and summary information on the best available pharmacological tools, alongside key references and suggestions for further reading. A new landscape format has easy to use tables comparing related targets. It is a condensed version of material contemporary to late 2013, which is presented in greater detail and constantly updated on the website www.guidetopharmacology.org, superseding data presented in previous Guides to Receptors and Channels. It is produced in conjunction with NC-IUPHAR and provides the official IUPHAR classification and nomenclature for human drug targets, where appropriate. It consolidates information previously curated and displayed separately in IUPHAR-DB and the Guide to Receptors and Channels, providing a permanent, citable, point-in-time record that will survive database updates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen PH Alexander
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical SchoolNottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Helen E Benson
- The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Elena Faccenda
- The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Adam J Pawson
- The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Joanna L Sharman
- The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | | | - John A Peters
- Neuroscience Division, Medical Education Institute, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of DundeeDundee, DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Anthony J Harmar
- The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
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17
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Ye N, Neumeyer JL, Baldessarini RJ, Zhen X, Zhang A. Update 1 of: Recent Progress in Development of Dopamine Receptor Subtype-Selective Agents: Potential Therapeutics for Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders. Chem Rev 2013; 113:PR123-78. [DOI: 10.1021/cr300113a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Na Ye
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, and Synthetic Organic & Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory (SOMCL), Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica (SIMM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China 201203
| | - John L. Neumeyer
- Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory,
McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts 02478, United States
| | | | - Xuechu Zhen
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China 215123
| | - Ao Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, and Synthetic Organic & Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory (SOMCL), Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica (SIMM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China 201203
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18
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Selective blockade of dopamine D3 receptors enhances while D2 receptor antagonism impairs social novelty discrimination and novel object recognition in rats: a key role for the prefrontal cortex. Neuropsychopharmacology 2012; 37:770-86. [PMID: 22030711 PMCID: PMC3261029 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2011.254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Dopamine D(3) receptor antagonists exert pro-cognitive effects in both rodents and primates. Accordingly, this study compared the roles of dopamine D(3) vs D(2) receptors in social novelty discrimination (SND), which relies on olfactory cues, and novel object recognition (NOR), a visual-recognition task. The dopamine D(3) receptor antagonist, S33084 (0.04-0.63 mg/kg), caused a dose-related reversal of delay-dependent impairment in both SND and NOR procedures in adult rats. Furthermore, mice genetically deficient in dopamine D(3) receptors displayed enhanced discrimination in the SND task compared with wild-type controls. In contrast, acute treatment with the preferential dopamine D(2) receptor antagonist, L741,626 (0.16-5.0 mg/kg), or with the dopamine D(3) agonist, PD128,907 (0.63-40 μg/kg), caused a dose-related impairment in performance in rats in both tasks after a short inter-trial delay. Bilateral microinjection of S33084 (2.5 μg/side) into the prefrontal cortex (PFC) of rats increased SND and caused a dose-related (0.63-2.5 μg/side) improvement in NOR, while intra-striatal injection (2.5 μg/side) had no effect on either. In contrast, bilateral microinjection of L741,626 into the PFC (but not striatum) caused a dose-related (0.63-2.5 μg/side) impairment of NOR. These observations suggest that blockade of dopamine D(3) receptors enhances both SND and NOR, whereas D(3) receptor activation or antagonism of dopamine D(2) receptor impairs cognition in these paradigms. Furthermore, these actions are mediated, at least partly, by the PFC. These data have important implications for exploitation of dopaminergic mechanisms in the treatment of schizophrenia and other CNS disorders, and support the potential therapeutic utility of dopamine D(3) receptor antagonism.
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19
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Scaffold hopping for identification of novel D(2) antagonist based on 3D pharmacophore modelling of illoperidone analogs. Mol Divers 2011; 16:367-75. [PMID: 22161148 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-011-9349-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2011] [Accepted: 11/23/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
The dopamine D(2) receptor is involved in the etiology of a number of disorders, such as Parkinson's disease, Huntington's Chorea, tardive dyskinesia and schizophrenia. Antagonism of D(2) receptors is implicated in the treatment of various psychiatric disorders. In order to understand essential structural features required for D(2) antagonism, this research article elaborates on the generation of a four-point 3D pharmacophore model which was extracted from a series of 45 novel 3-[[(aryloxy)alkyl]piperidinyl]-1,2-benzisoxazole derivatives. The best pharmacophore model generated consisted of four PRRR features: a positively charged group (P), and three aromatic rings (R). Based on the model generated, a statistically valid 3D-QSAR with good predictability (Q(2) = 0.756) was derived. For the validation of the pharmacophore hypothesis, active compounds were docked against the 3D structure of the D(2) receptor which was constructed through homology modeling. Further, the derived pharmacophore was used as a query to search the Zinc 'clean drug-like' database. Hits retrieved were passed progressively through filters, such as fitness score, predicted activity and docking scores. The resulting hits present new scaffolds with a strong potential for D(2) antagonist.
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20
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Banala AK, Levy BA, Khatri SS, Furman CA, Roof RA, Mishra Y, Griffin SA, Sibley DR, Luedtke RR, Newman AH. N-(3-fluoro-4-(4-(2-methoxy or 2,3-dichlorophenyl)piperazine-1-yl)butyl)arylcarboxamides as selective dopamine D3 receptor ligands: critical role of the carboxamide linker for D3 receptor selectivity. J Med Chem 2011; 54:3581-94. [PMID: 21495689 PMCID: PMC3100590 DOI: 10.1021/jm200288r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
N-(3-fluoro-4-(4-(2,3-dichloro- or 2-methoxyphenyl)piperazine-1-yl)butyl)arylcarboxamides were prepared and evaluated for binding and function at dopamine D3 receptors (D3Rs) and dopamine D2 receptors (D2Rs). In this series, we discovered some of the most D3R selective compounds reported to date (e.g., 8d and 8j, >1000-fold D3R-selective over D2R). In addition, chimeric receptor studies further identified the second extracellular (E2) loop as an important contributor to D3R binding selectivity. Further, compounds lacking the carbonyl group in the amide linker were synthesized, and while these amine-linked analogues bound with similar affinities to the amides at D2R, this modification dramatically reduced binding affinities at D3R by >100-fold (e.g., D3R K(i) for 15b = 393 vs for 8j = 2.6 nM), resulting in compounds with significantly reduced D3R selectivity. This study supports a pivotal role for the D3R E2 loop and the carbonyl group in the 4-phenylpiperazine class of compounds and further reveals a point of separation between structure-activity relationships at D3R and D2R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwini K. Banala
- Medicinal Chemistry Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse – Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224
| | - Benjamin A. Levy
- Medicinal Chemistry Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse – Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224
| | - Sameer S. Khatri
- Medicinal Chemistry Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse – Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107
| | - Cheryse A. Furman
- Molecular Neuropharmacology Section, National Institute on Neurological Disorders & Stroke, National Institutes of Health, 5625 Fishers Lane, Rockville, MD 20852
| | - Rebecca A. Roof
- Molecular Neuropharmacology Section, National Institute on Neurological Disorders & Stroke, National Institutes of Health, 5625 Fishers Lane, Rockville, MD 20852
| | | | - Suzy A. Griffin
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107
| | - David R. Sibley
- Molecular Neuropharmacology Section, National Institute on Neurological Disorders & Stroke, National Institutes of Health, 5625 Fishers Lane, Rockville, MD 20852
| | - Robert R. Luedtke
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107
| | - Amy Hauck Newman
- Medicinal Chemistry Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse – Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224
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Wang Q, Mach RH, Luedtke RR, Reichert DE. Subtype selectivity of dopamine receptor ligands: insights from structure and ligand-based methods. J Chem Inf Model 2010; 50:1970-85. [PMID: 20936866 DOI: 10.1021/ci1002747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Subtype selective dopamine receptor ligands have long been sought after as therapeutic and/or imaging agents for the treatment and monitoring of neurologic disorders. We report herein on a combined structure- and ligand-based approach to explore the molecular mechanism of the subtype selectivity for a large class of D₂-like dopamine receptor ligands (163 ligands in total). Homology models were built for both human D(₂L) and D₃ receptors in complex with haloperidol. Other ligands, which included multiple examples of substituted phenylpiperazines, were aligned against the binding conformations of haloperidol, and three-dimensional quantitative structure activity relationship (3D-QSAR) analyses were carried out. The receptor models show that although D₂ and D₃ share highly similar folds and 3D conformations, the slight sequence differences at their extracellular loop regions result in the binding cavity in D₂ being comparably shallower than in D₃, which may explain why some larger ligands bind with greater affinity at D₃ compared to D₂ receptors. The QSAR models show excellent correlation and high predictive power even when evaluated by the most stringent criteria. They confirm that the origins of subtype selectivity for the ligands arise primarily due to differences in the contours of the two binding sites. The predictive models suggest that while both steric and electrostatic interactions contribute to the compounds' binding affinity, the major contribution arises from hydrophobic interactions, with hydrogen bonding conferring binding specificity. The current work provides clues for the development of more subtype selective dopamine receptor ligands. Furthermore, it demonstrates the possibility of being able to apply similar modeling methods to other subtypes or classes of receptors to study GPCR receptor-ligand interactions at a molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wang
- Division of Radiological Sciences, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 510 South Kingshighway Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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22
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Vangveravong S, Taylor M, Xu J, Cui J, Calvin W, Babic S, Luedtke RR, Mach RH. Synthesis and characterization of selective dopamine D2 receptor antagonists. 2. Azaindole, benzofuran, and benzothiophene analogs of L-741,626. Bioorg Med Chem 2010; 18:5291-300. [PMID: 20542439 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.05.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2010] [Revised: 05/15/2010] [Accepted: 05/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A series of indole, 7-azaindole, benzofuran, and benzothiophene compounds have been prepared and evaluated for affinity at D2-like dopamine receptors. These compounds share structural elements with the classical D2-like dopamine receptor antagonists haloperidol, N-methylspiperone and benperidol. Two new compounds, 4-(4-iodophenyl)-1-((4-methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)methyl)piperidin-4-ol (6) and 4-(4-iodophenyl)-1-((5-methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)methyl)piperidin-4-ol (7), were found to have high affinity to and selectivity for D2 versus D3 receptors. Changing the aromatic ring system from an indole to other heteroaromatic ring systems reduced the D2 binding affinity and the D2 versus D3 selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suwanna Vangveravong
- Division of Radiological Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, 510 S. Kingshighway, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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23
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Achat-Mendes C, Grundt P, Cao J, Platt DM, Newman AH, Spealman RD. Dopamine D3 and D2 receptor mechanisms in the abuse-related behavioral effects of cocaine: studies with preferential antagonists in squirrel monkeys. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2010; 334:556-65. [PMID: 20494958 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.110.167619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Dopamine (DA) D3 and D2 receptor mechanisms are implicated in cocaine's abuse-related behavioral effects, but the relative contribution of the two receptor subtypes is only partially characterized. This study investigated the role of D3 and D2 subtype mechanisms by determining the degree to which the D3-preferring antagonist PG01037 [N-{4-[4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-piperazin- 1-yl]-trans-but-2-enyl}-4-pyridine-2-yl-benzamide HCl] and the D2-preferring antagonist L-741626 [3-[4-(4-chlorophenyl)-4- hydroxypiperidin-1-yl]methyl-1H-indole] attenuated several behavioral effects of cocaine in squirrel monkeys. Quantitative observational studies established doses of each antagonist that did not produce untoward effects, which were used in subsequent comparisons. In addition, the ability of the D3-preferring agonist PD128907 [(R-(+)-trans-3,4a,10b-tetrahydro-4-propyl-2H,5H-[1]benzopyrano[4,3-b]-1,4-oxazin-9-ol)] and the D2-preferring agonist sumanirole [(R)-5,6-dihydro-5-(methylamino)-4H- imidazo[4,5,1-ij]quinolin-2(1H)-one(Z)-2-butenedioate] to reproduce cocaine's discriminative stimulus (DS) and priming effects were compared. In monkeys trained to discriminate cocaine from vehicle, both DA antagonists attenuated and both DA agonists partially reproduced cocaine's DS effects. PG01037 also selectively attenuated the cocaine-like DS effects of PD128907, whereas L-741626 attenuated the cocaine-like DS effects of both agonists. In self-administration studies, L-741626 nonselectively reduced cocaine- and food-maintained responding, whereas PG01037 was ineffective against either reinforcer. In studies involving reinstatement of extinguished cocaine seeking, both antagonists attenuated cocaine-induced reinstatement of responding, and both agonists induced at least partial reinstatement of cocaine seeking. L-741626 also attenuated sumanirole-induced, but not PD128907-induced, reinstatement of responding, whereas PG01037 was ineffective against either DA agonist. The results are consistent with a role for D3 and D2 receptor mechanisms in cocaine's DS effects and cocaine-induced reinstatement of drug seeking, but provide no evidence for a major role of D3 receptors in the direct reinforcing effects of cocaine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Achat-Mendes
- Division of Neuroscience, New England Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Southborough, Massachusetts 01772, USA.
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Li SM, Collins GT, Paul NM, Grundt P, Newman AH, Xu M, Grandy DK, Woods JH, Katz JL. Yawning and locomotor behavior induced by dopamine receptor agonists in mice and rats. Behav Pharmacol 2010; 21:171-81. [PMID: 20463460 PMCID: PMC3103047 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0b013e32833a5c68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Dopaminergic (DA) agonist-induced yawning in rats seems to be mediated by DA D3 receptors, and low doses of several DA agonists decrease locomotor activity, an effect attributed to presynaptic D2 receptors. Effects of several DA agonists on yawning and locomotor activity were examined in rats and mice. Yawning was reliably produced in rats, and by the cholinergic agonist, physostigmine, in both the species. However, DA agonists were ineffective in producing yawning in Swiss-Webster or DA D2R and DA D3R knockout or wild-type mice. The drugs significantly decreased locomotor activity in rats at one or two low doses, with activity returning to control levels at higher doses. In mice, the drugs decreased locomotion across a 1000-10 000-fold range of doses, with activity at control levels (U-91356A) or above control levels [(+/-)-7-hydroxy-2-dipropylaminotetralin HBr, quinpirole] at the highest doses. Low doses of agonists decreased locomotion in all mice except the DA D2R knockout mice, but were not antagonized by DA D2R or D3R antagonists (L-741 626, BP 897, or PG01037). Yawning does not provide a selective in-vivo indicator of DA D3R agonist activity in mice. Decreases in mouse locomotor activity by the DA agonists seem to be mediated by D2 DA receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Min Li
- Psychobiology Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Gregory T. Collins
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Noel M. Paul
- Medicinal Chemistry Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Peter Grundt
- Medicinal Chemistry Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Amy H. Newman
- Medicinal Chemistry Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ming Xu
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, University of Chicago Medical Center, Maryland Avenue, Chicago, Illinois
| | - David K. Grandy
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - James H. Woods
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Jonathan L. Katz
- Psychobiology Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
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Baladi MG, Newman AH, France CP. Dopamine D3 receptors mediate the discriminative stimulus effects of quinpirole in free-feeding rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2009; 332:308-15. [PMID: 19797621 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.109.158394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The discriminative stimulus effects of dopamine (DA) D3/D2 receptor agonists are thought to be mediated by D2 receptors. To maintain responding, access to food is often restricted, which can alter neurochemical and behavioral effects of drugs acting on DA systems. This study established stimulus control with quinpirole in free-feeding rats and tested the ability of agonists to mimic and antagonists to attenuate the effects of quinpirole. The same antagonists were studied for their ability to attenuate quinpirole-induced yawning and hypothermia. DA receptor agonists apomorphine and lisuride, but not amphetamine and morphine, occasioned responding on the quinpirole lever. The discriminative stimulus effects of quinpirole were attenuated by the D3 receptor-selective antagonist N-{4-[4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-piperazin-1-yl]-trans-but-2-enyl}-4-pyridine-2-yl-benzamide HCl (PG01037) and the nonselective D3/D2 receptor antagonist raclopride, but not by the D2 receptor-selective antagonist 3-[4-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-hydroxypiperidin-1-yl]methyl-1H-indole (L-741,626); the potencies of PG01037 and raclopride to antagonize this effect of quinpirole paralleled their potencies to antagonize the ascending limb of the quinpirole yawning dose-response curve (thought to be mediated by D3 receptors). L-741,626 selectively antagonized the descending limb of the quinpirole yawning dose-response curve, and both L-741,626 and raclopride, but not PG01037, antagonized the hypothermic effects of quinpirole (thought to be mediated by D2 receptors). Food restriction (10 g/day/7 days) significantly decreased quinpirole-induced yawning without affecting the quinpirole discrimination. Many discrimination studies on DA receptor agonists use food-restricted rats; together with those studies, the current experiment using free-feeding rats suggests that feeding conditions affecting the behavioral effects of direct-acting DA receptor agonists might also have an impact on the effects of indirect-acting agonists such as cocaine and amphetamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle G Baladi
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA
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Wang YT, Su ZY, Hsieh CH, Chen CL. Predictions of Binding for Dopamine D2 Receptor Antagonists by the SIE Method. J Chem Inf Model 2009; 49:2369-75. [DOI: 10.1021/ci9002238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yeng-Tseng Wang
- National Center for High-performance Computing, Hsin-Shi, Tainan County 741, Taiwan, and The Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan, and The Department of Information Management, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy & Science, Tainan 717, Taiwan
| | - Zhi-Yuan Su
- National Center for High-performance Computing, Hsin-Shi, Tainan County 741, Taiwan, and The Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan, and The Department of Information Management, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy & Science, Tainan 717, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Huain Hsieh
- National Center for High-performance Computing, Hsin-Shi, Tainan County 741, Taiwan, and The Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan, and The Department of Information Management, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy & Science, Tainan 717, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Lung Chen
- National Center for High-performance Computing, Hsin-Shi, Tainan County 741, Taiwan, and The Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan, and The Department of Information Management, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy & Science, Tainan 717, Taiwan
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Silva VLM, Silva AMS, Pinto DCGA, Elguero J, Cavaleiro JAS. Synthesis of New 1H-Indazoles through Diels-Alder Transformations of 4-Styrylpyrazoles under Microwave Irradiation Conditions. European J Org Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200900513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Koffarnus MN, Greedy B, Husbands SM, Grundt P, Newman AH, Woods JH. The discriminative stimulus effects of dopamine D2- and D3-preferring agonists in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2009; 203:317-27. [PMID: 18807248 PMCID: PMC3065021 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-008-1323-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2008] [Accepted: 08/30/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Previous research has found the stimulus effects of dopamine D2- and D3-preferring agonists difficult to distinguish in drug discrimination studies. Antagonism studies suggest that the stimulus effects of both types of agonists may be mediated primarily through D2 receptors. OBJECTIVES The current study was designed to further assess the receptors mediating the stimulus effects of these agonists and to attempt to train rats to discriminate directly between D2- and D3-preferring dopamine agonists. MATERIALS AND METHODS Four groups of eight rats were trained to discriminate either 0.1 mg/kg of the D3-preferring agonist pramipexole from saline, 1.0 mg/kg of the D2-preferring agonist sumanirole from saline, 0.1 mg/kg pramipexole from either saline or 1.0 mg/kg sumanirole, or 1.0 mg/kg sumanirole from either saline or 0.1 mg/kg pramipexole. RESULTS Three of eight rats in the 0.1 mg/kg pramipexole vs. 1.0 mg/kg sumanirole or saline failed to meet the training criteria, and the discrimination in this group was tenuous. The D2-preferring antagonist L-741,626 at 1.0 mg/kg was more effective at shifting to the right the pramipexole dose-response curve in pramipexole-trained rats, while 32 mg/kg of the selective D3 antagonist PG01037 had little effect. Quinpirole and 7-OH-DPAT fully or partially substituted for both pramipexole and sumanirole in each group tested, while cocaine did not substitute in any group. CONCLUSIONS Antagonist data along with the pattern of training and substitution data suggested that D2 receptor activation is primarily responsible for the stimulus effects of both sumanirole and pramipexole with D3 receptor activation playing little or no role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail N Koffarnus
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, 1301 MSRB III, 1150 W Medical Center Dr., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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Sikazwe DMN, Nkansah NT, Altundas R, Zhu XY, Roth BL, Setola V, Ablordeppey SY. Synthesis and evaluation of ligands for D2-like receptors: the role of common pharmacophoric groups. Bioorg Med Chem 2008; 17:1716-23. [PMID: 19155177 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.12.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2008] [Revised: 12/17/2008] [Accepted: 12/19/2008] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Arylcycloalkylamines, such as phenyl piperidines and piperazines and their arylalkyl substituents, constitute pharmacophoric groups exemplified in several antipsychotic agents. A review of previous reports indicates that arylalkyl substituents can improve the potency and selectivity of the binding affinity at D(2)-like receptors. In this paper, we explored the contributions of two key pharmacophoric groups, that is, 4'-fluorobutyrophenones and 3-methyl-7-azaindoles, to the potency and selectivity of synthesized agents at D(2)-like receptors. Preliminary observation of binding affinities indicates that there is little predictability of specific effects of the arylalkyl moieties but the composite structure is responsible for selectivity and potency at these receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald M N Sikazwe
- Division of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA.
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Paul NM, Taylor M, Kumar R, Deschamps JR, Luedtke RR, Newman AH. Structure-activity relationships for a novel series of dopamine D2-like receptor ligands based on N-substituted 3-aryl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-ol. J Med Chem 2008; 51:6095-109. [PMID: 18774793 DOI: 10.1021/jm800532x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Discovering dopamine D2-like receptor subtype-selective ligands has been a focus of significant investigation. The D2R-selective antagonist 3-[4-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-hydroxypiperidinyl]methylindole (1, L741,626; K(i)(D2R/D3R) = 11.2:163 nM) has previously provided a lead template for chemical modification. Herein, analogues have been synthesized where the piperidine was replaced by a tropane ring that reversed the selectivity seen in the parent compound, in human hD2(L)R- or hD3R-transfected HEK 293 cells (31, K(i)(D2R/D3R) = 33.4:15.5 nM). Further exploration of both N-substituted and aryl ring-substituted analogues resulted in the discovery of several high affinity D2R/D3R ligands with 3-benzofurylmethyl-substituents (e.g., 45, K(i)(D2R/D3R) = 1.7:0.34 nM) that induced high affinity not achieved in similarly N-substituted piperidine analogues and significantly (470-fold) improved D3R binding affinity compared to the parent ligand 1. X-ray crystallographic data revealed a distinctive spatial arrangement of pharmacophoric elements in the piperidinol vs tropine analogues, providing clues for the diversity in SAR at the D2 and D3 receptor subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noel M Paul
- Medicinal Chemistry Section, National Institute on Drug Abuses, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Schmidt
- Clausthal University of Technology, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leibnizstrasse 6, 38678 Clausthal‐Zellerfeld, Germany, Fax: +49‐5323‐722858
| | - Ariane Beutler
- Clausthal University of Technology, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leibnizstrasse 6, 38678 Clausthal‐Zellerfeld, Germany, Fax: +49‐5323‐722858
| | - Bohdan Snovydovych
- Clausthal University of Technology, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leibnizstrasse 6, 38678 Clausthal‐Zellerfeld, Germany, Fax: +49‐5323‐722858
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