1
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Zhong YL, Ji Y, Wang H, Wang X, Gauthier DR. Highly Enantioselective Rhodium-Catalyzed Transfer Hydrogenation of Tetrasubstituted Olefins: Application toward the Synthesis of GPR40 Agonist MK-2305. Org Lett 2022; 24:3254-3258. [PMID: 35467884 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c01021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A highly efficient enantioselective synthesis for the potent G-protein-coupled receptor 40 agonist MK-2305 was developed. The key tetrasubstituted olefin was prepared via a stereoselective Mukaiyama aldol reaction/elimination sequence. The highly enantioselective rhodium-catalyzed transfer hydrogenation of the tetrasubstituted olefin afforded the target compound MK-2305 in excellent optical and chemical purity. The key asymmetric transfer hydrogenation proceeds in excellent yields and enantioselectivities for a variety of substrates. The superior reactivity of the tethered catalysts was revealed by NMR studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Li Zhong
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Yining Ji
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Heather Wang
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Xiao Wang
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Donald R Gauthier
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
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2
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Wang X, Ji G, Han X, Hao H, Liu W, Xue Q, Guo Q, Wang S, Lei K, Liu Y. Thiazolidinedione derivatives as novel GPR120 agonists for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. RSC Adv 2022; 12:5732-5742. [PMID: 35424534 PMCID: PMC8981563 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra08925k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
GPR120, also called FFAR4, is preferentially expressed in the intestines, and can be stimulated by long-chain free fatty acids to increase the secretion of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) from intestinal endocrine cells. It is known that GLP-1, as an incretin, can promote the insulin secretion from pancreatic cells in a glucose-dependent manner. Therefore, GPR120 is a potential drug target to treat type 2 diabetes. In this study, thiazolidinedione derivatives were found to be novel potent GPR120 agonists. Compound 5g, with excellent agonistic activity, selectivity, and metabolic stability, improved oral glucose tolerance in normal C57BL/6 mice in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, compound 5g exhibited anti-diabetic activity by promoting insulin secretion in diet-induced obese mice. In summary, compound 5g might be a promising drug candidate for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. GPR120 has emerged as an attractive target for the treatment of type 2 diabetes and obesity. Thiazolidinedione derivatives were found to be novel potent GPR120 agonists.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuekun Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaocheng University, 1 Hunan Street, Liaocheng 252059, China
| | - Guoxia Ji
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaocheng University, 1 Hunan Street, Liaocheng 252059, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, 1 Hunan Street, Liaocheng 252059, China
| | - Xinyu Han
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaocheng University, 1 Hunan Street, Liaocheng 252059, China
| | - Huiran Hao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaocheng University, 1 Hunan Street, Liaocheng 252059, China
| | - Wenjing Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaocheng University, 1 Hunan Street, Liaocheng 252059, China
| | - Qidi Xue
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaocheng University, 1 Hunan Street, Liaocheng 252059, China
| | - Qinghua Guo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaocheng University, 1 Hunan Street, Liaocheng 252059, China
| | - Shiben Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaocheng University, 1 Hunan Street, Liaocheng 252059, China
| | - Kang Lei
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaocheng University, 1 Hunan Street, Liaocheng 252059, China
| | - Yadi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
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3
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An X, Bai Q, Bing Z, Liu H, Yao X. Insights into the molecular mechanism of positive cooperativity between partial agonist MK-8666 and full allosteric agonist AP8 of hGPR40 by Gaussian accelerated molecular dynamics (GaMD) simulations. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2021; 19:3978-3989. [PMID: 34377364 PMCID: PMC8313488 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2021.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of human free fatty acid receptor 1 (FFAR1, also called hGPR40) enhances insulin secretion in a glucose-dependent manner. Hence, the development of selective agonist targeting hGPR40 has been proposed as a therapeutic strategy of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Some agonists targeting hGPR40 were reported. The radioligand-binding studies and the crystal structures reveal that there are multiple sites on GPR40, and there exists positive binding cooperativity between the partial agonist MK-8666 and full allosteric agonist (AgoPAM) AP8. In this work, we carried out long-time Gaussian accelerated molecular dynamics (GaMD) simulations on hGPR40 to shed light on the mechanism of the cooperativity between the two agonists at different sites. Our results reveal that the induced-fit conformational coupling is bidirectional between the two sites. The movements and rotations of TM3, TM4, TM5 and TM6 due to their inherent flexibility are crucial in coupling the conformational changes of the two agonists binding sites. These helices adopt similar conformational states upon alternative ligand or both ligands binding. The Leu1384.57, Leu1865.42 and Leu1905.46 play roles in coordinating the rearrangements of residues in the two pockets, which makes the movements of residues in the two sites like gear movements. These results provide detailed information at the atomic level about the conformational coupling between different sites of GPR40, and also provide the structural information for further design of new agonists of GPR40. In addition, these results suggest that it is necessary by considering the effect of other site bound in structure-based ligands discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli An
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Qifeng Bai
- School of Basic Medical Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhitong Bing
- Institute of Modern Physics of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
| | - Huanxiang Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xiaojun Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.,State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau, China
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4
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Hwang M, Kim HS, Jin SM, Hur KY, Kim JH, Lee MK. Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) enhance insulin secretory response via GPR40 and adenylate cyclase (AC). J Cell Physiol 2021; 236:8137-8147. [PMID: 34133753 PMCID: PMC9290135 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Thiazolidinediones are synthetic PPARγ ligands that enhance insulin sensitivity, and that could increase insulin secretion from β‐cells. However, the functional role and mechanism(s) of action in pancreatic β‐cells have not been investigated in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Hwang
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyo-Sup Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang-Man Jin
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyu Yeon Hur
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae-Hyeon Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Moon-Kyu Lee
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Eulji University Hospital, Uijeongbu Medical Center, Eulji University, Uijeongbu, Korea
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5
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Kuranov SO, Luzina OA, Salakhutdinov NF. FFA1 (GPR40) Receptor Agonists Based on Phenylpropanoic Acid as Hypoglycemic Agents: Structure–Activity Relationship. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162020060151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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6
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Synthesis of a novel series of (Z)-3,5-disubstituted thiazolidine-2,4-diones as promising anti-breast cancer agents. Bioorg Chem 2020; 96:103569. [PMID: 31978680 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.103569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
A novel series of (Z)-3,5-disubstituted thiazolidine-2,4-diones 4-16 has been designed and synthesized. Preliminary screening of these compounds for their anti-breast cancer activity revealed that compounds 5, 7, and 9 possess the highest anti-cancer activities. The anti-tumor effects of compounds 5, 7, and 9 were evaluated against human breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231) and human breast cancer cells. They were also evaluated against normal non-cancerous breast cells, isolated from the same patients, to conclude about their use in a potential targeted therapy. Using MTT uptake method, these three compounds 5, 7, and 9 blunt the proliferation of these cancer cells in a dose-dependent manner with an IC50 of 1.27, 1.50 and 1.31 µM respectively. Interestingly, using flow cytometry analysis these three compounds significantly mediated apoptosis of human breast cancer cells without affecting the survival of normal non-cancerous breast cells that were isolated from the same patients. Mechanistically, these compounds blunt the proliferation of MCF-7 breast cancer cells by robustly decreasing the phosphorylation of AKT, mTOR and the expression of VEGF and HIF-1α. Most importantly, compounds 5, 7, and 9 without affecting the phosphorylation and expression of these crucial cellular factors in normal non-cancerous breast cells that were isolated from the same patients. Additionally, using Western blot analysis the three compounds significantly (P < 0.05) decreased the expression of the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 members (Bcl-2, Bcl-XL and Mcl-1) and increased the expression of the pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 members (Bak, Bax and Bim) in MCF-7, MDA-MB-231 and human breast cancer cells making these breast cancer cells susceptible for apoptosis induction. Taken together, these data provide great evidences for the inhibitory activity of these compounds against breast cancer cells without affecting the normal breast cells.
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7
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Nanjan MJ, Mohammed M, Prashantha Kumar BR, Chandrasekar MJN. Thiazolidinediones as antidiabetic agents: A critical review. Bioorg Chem 2018; 77:548-567. [PMID: 29475164 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2018.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) or Glitazones are an important class of insulin sensitizers used in the treatment of Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). TZDs were reported for their antidiabetic effect through antihyperglycemic, hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic agents. In time, these drugs were known to act by increasing the transactivation activity of Peroxisome Proliferators Activated Receptors (PPARs). The clinically used TZDs that suffered from several serious side effects and hence withdrawn/updated later, were full agonists of PPAR-γ and potent insulin sensitizers. These drugs were developed at a time when limited data were available on the structure and mechanism of PPARs. In recent years, however, PPAR-α/γ, PPAR-α/δ and PPAR-δ/γ dual agonists, PPAR pan agonists, selective PPAR-γ modulators and partial agonists have been investigated. In addition to these, several non PPAR protein alternatives of TZDs such as FFAR1 agonism, GPR40 agonism and ALR2, PTP1B and α-glucosidase inhibition have been investigated to address the problems associated with the TZDs. Using these rationalized approaches, several investigations have been carried out in recent years to develop newer TZDs devoid of side effects. This report critically reviews TZDs, their history, chemistry, mechanism mediated through PPAR, recent advances and future prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Nanjan
- TIFAC CORE, JSS College of Pharmacy, Ootacamund 643001, Tamil Nadu, India; JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research (Deemed to be University), Mysuru 570015, Karnataka, India
| | - Manal Mohammed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy, Ootacamund 643001, Tamil Nadu, India; JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research (Deemed to be University), Mysuru 570015, Karnataka, India
| | - B R Prashantha Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy, Mysuru 570015, Karnataka, India; JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research (Deemed to be University), Mysuru 570015, Karnataka, India
| | - M J N Chandrasekar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy, Ootacamund 643001, Tamil Nadu, India; JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research (Deemed to be University), Mysuru 570015, Karnataka, India.
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8
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Synthesis, docking, in vitro
and in vivo
antidiabetic activity of pyrazole-based 2,4-thiazolidinedione derivatives as PPAR-γ modulators. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2018; 351:e1700223. [DOI: 10.1002/ardp.201700223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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9
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Naim MJ, Alam O, Alam MJ, Hassan MQ, Siddiqui N, Naidu V, Alam MI. Design, synthesis and molecular docking of thiazolidinedione based benzene sulphonamide derivatives containing pyrazole core as potential anti-diabetic agents. Bioorg Chem 2018; 76:98-112. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2017.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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10
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Sanchez MB, Miranda-Perez E, Verjan JCG, de Los Angeles Fortis Barrera M, Perez-Ramos J, Alarcon-Aguilar FJ. Potential of the chlorogenic acid as multitarget agent: Insulin-secretagogue and PPAR α/γ dual agonist. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 94:169-175. [PMID: 28759754 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.07.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 07/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The chlorogenic acid (CGA) is a natural product isolated from Cecropia obtusifolia, which possesses several pharmacological properties, such as: anti-carcinogenic, neuroprotective, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hypoglycemic, and hypolipidemic. In relation to its effects on the hyperglycemia and hypertriglyceridemia, few is known about the mechanisms in which this compound may be acting, therefore, the aim of the present study was to determine if CGA acts as an insulin secretagogue increasing intracellular calcium concentrations ([Ca2+]i) in RINm5F cells; or as an insulin sensitizer and lipid-lowering agent stimulating the expression of PPARγ and PPARα, respectively, in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. As results, RINm5F cells treated with 200μM of CGA showed an increase in [Ca2+]i of 9-times versus control and 4-times as compared to positive control; in addition, an increase in insulin secretion was observed similarly to those of positive control. CGA also significantly increased the mRNA expression of PPARγ (150%) and GLUT4 (220%), as well PPARα (40%) and FATP (25%) as it was appreciated by RT-PCR. Additionally, a chemoinformatic analysis suggested that CGA has suitable physicochemical properties to be considered as leader bioactive molecule for the development of novel agents with similar properties. Together, our results indicate that CGA possesses multiple mechanisms of action for the development of highly effective therapeutics in the treatment of metabolic diseases such as type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maetzin Becerra Sanchez
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Health Sciences Department, D.C.B.S., UAM-I. Av. San Rafael Atlixco No. 186. Col. Vicentina, C.P. 09640 CDMX, Mexico
| | - Elizabeth Miranda-Perez
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Health Sciences Department, D.C.B.S., UAM-I. Av. San Rafael Atlixco No. 186. Col. Vicentina, C.P. 09640 CDMX, Mexico
| | - Juan Carlos Gomez Verjan
- Departamento de Investigación Básica, Instituto Nacional de Geriatria, Blvd. Adolfo Ruiz Cortines # 2767, Col. San Jerónimo Lídice, Del. La Magdalena Contreras, CDMX, Mexico
| | - Maria de Los Angeles Fortis Barrera
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Health Sciences Department, D.C.B.S., UAM-I. Av. San Rafael Atlixco No. 186. Col. Vicentina, C.P. 09640 CDMX, Mexico
| | - Julia Perez-Ramos
- Laboratory of Experimental Biology, Health Sciences Department, D.C.B.S., UAM-X, Calzada del Hueso 1100, Col. Villa Quietud, Coyoacán, C.P. 04960 CDMX, Mexico
| | - Francisco Javier Alarcon-Aguilar
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Health Sciences Department, D.C.B.S., UAM-I. Av. San Rafael Atlixco No. 186. Col. Vicentina, C.P. 09640 CDMX, Mexico.
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11
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Li Z, Xu X, Huang W, Qian H. Free Fatty Acid Receptor 1 (FFAR1) as an Emerging Therapeutic Target for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Recent Progress and Prevailing Challenges. Med Res Rev 2017; 38:381-425. [DOI: 10.1002/med.21441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Li
- Center of Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines; China Pharmaceutical University; 24 Tongjiaxiang Nanjing 210009 P.R. China
| | - Xue Xu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance; China Pharmaceutical University; 24 Tongjiaxiang Nanjing 210009 P.R. China
| | - Wenlong Huang
- Center of Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines; China Pharmaceutical University; 24 Tongjiaxiang Nanjing 210009 P.R. China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Disease; China Pharmaceutical University; 24 Tongjiaxiang Nanjing 210009 P.R. China
| | - Hai Qian
- Center of Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines; China Pharmaceutical University; 24 Tongjiaxiang Nanjing 210009 P.R. China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Disease; China Pharmaceutical University; 24 Tongjiaxiang Nanjing 210009 P.R. China
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12
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Hidalgo-Figueroa S, Navarrete-Vázquez G, Estrada-Soto S, Giles-Rivas D, Alarcón-Aguilar FJ, León-Rivera I, Giacoman-Martínez A, Miranda Pérez E, Almanza-Pérez JC. Discovery of new dual PPARγ-GPR40 agonists with robust antidiabetic activity: Design, synthesis and in combo drug evaluation. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 90:53-61. [PMID: 28342366 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The design of compounds 1 and 2 was based on the similar scaffold of pharmacophoric groups for PPARγ and GPR40 agonists. In order to find new compounds with improved biological activity, the current manuscript describes a new dual PPARγ-GPR40 agonist. We synthesized two compounds, which were prepared following a multistep synthetic route, and the relative mRNA expression levels of PPARγ, GLUT4, and GPR40 were quantified in cell culture, as well as insulin secretion and [Ca2+] intracellular levels. Compound 1 showed a 7-times increase in the mRNA expression of PPARγ, which in turn enhanced the expression levels of GLUT4 respect to control and pioglitazone. It also showed an increase of 2-fold in the [Ca2+]i level allowing an increment on insulin release, being as active as the positive control (glibenclamide), causing also an increase of 2-fold in mRNA expression of GPR40. Furthermore, the compound 2 showed lower activity than the compound 1. The ester of 1 showed antidiabetic activity at a 50mg/kg single dose in streptozotocin-nicotinamide-induced diabetic mice model. In addition, we achieved a molecular docking study of compound 1 on PPARγ and GPR40 receptors, showing a great affinity for both targets. We observed important polar interactions between the carboxylic group and main residues into the binding pocket. Therefore, the compound 1 has a potential for the development of antidiabetic agents with newfangled dual action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Hidalgo-Figueroa
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Depto. Ciencias de la Salud, D.C.B.S., Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana- Iztapalapa, Apdo.-Postal 55-535, CP 09340, México, D.F., Mexico.
| | - Gabriel Navarrete-Vázquez
- Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Av. Universidad 1001 Col. Chamilpa, C.P. 62209, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Samuel Estrada-Soto
- Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Av. Universidad 1001 Col. Chamilpa, C.P. 62209, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Diana Giles-Rivas
- Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Av. Universidad 1001 Col. Chamilpa, C.P. 62209, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Francisco J Alarcón-Aguilar
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Depto. Ciencias de la Salud, D.C.B.S., Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana- Iztapalapa, Apdo.-Postal 55-535, CP 09340, México, D.F., Mexico
| | - Ismael León-Rivera
- Centro de Investigaciones Químicas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Mor. 62209, Mexico
| | - Abraham Giacoman-Martínez
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Depto. Ciencias de la Salud, D.C.B.S., Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana- Iztapalapa, Apdo.-Postal 55-535, CP 09340, México, D.F., Mexico
| | - Elizabeth Miranda Pérez
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Depto. Ciencias de la Salud, D.C.B.S., Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana- Iztapalapa, Apdo.-Postal 55-535, CP 09340, México, D.F., Mexico
| | - Julio C Almanza-Pérez
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Depto. Ciencias de la Salud, D.C.B.S., Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana- Iztapalapa, Apdo.-Postal 55-535, CP 09340, México, D.F., Mexico.
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13
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Naim MJ, Alam MJ, Ahmad S, Nawaz F, Shrivastava N, Sahu M, Alam O. Therapeutic journey of 2,4-thiazolidinediones as a versatile scaffold: An insight into structure activity relationship. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 129:218-250. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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14
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Jurica EA, Wu X, Williams KN, Hernandez AS, Nirschl DS, Rampulla RA, Mathur A, Zhou M, Cao G, Xie C, Jacob B, Cai H, Wang T, Murphy BJ, Liu H, Xu C, Kunselman LK, Hicks MB, Sun Q, Schnur DM, Sitkoff DF, Dierks EA, Apedo A, Moore DB, Foster KA, Cvijic ME, Panemangalore R, Flynn NA, Maxwell BD, Hong Y, Tian Y, Wilkes JJ, Zinker BA, Whaley JM, Barrish JC, Robl JA, Ewing WR, Ellsworth BA. Discovery of Pyrrolidine-Containing GPR40 Agonists: Stereochemistry Effects a Change in Binding Mode. J Med Chem 2017; 60:1417-1431. [PMID: 28112924 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A novel series of pyrrolidine-containing GPR40 agonists is described as a potential treatment for type 2 diabetes. The initial pyrrolidine hit was modified by moving the position of the carboxylic acid, a key pharmacophore for GPR40. Addition of a 4-cis-CF3 to the pyrrolidine improves the human GPR40 binding Ki and agonist efficacy. After further optimization, the discovery of a minor enantiomeric impurity with agonist activity led to the finding that enantiomers (R,R)-68 and (S,S)-68 have differential effects on the radioligand used for the binding assay, with (R,R)-68 potentiating the radioligand and (S,S)-68 displacing the radioligand. Compound (R,R)-68 activates both Gq-coupled intracellular Ca2+ flux and Gs-coupled cAMP accumulation. This signaling bias results in a dual mechanism of action for compound (R,R)-68, demonstrating glucose-dependent insulin and GLP-1 secretion in vitro. In vivo, compound (R,R)-68 significantly lowers plasma glucose levels in mice during an oral glucose challenge, encouraging further development of the series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Jurica
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Co. , P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08540-4000, United States
| | - Ximao Wu
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Co. , P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08540-4000, United States
| | - Kristin N Williams
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Co. , P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08540-4000, United States
| | - Andres S Hernandez
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Co. , P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08540-4000, United States
| | - David S Nirschl
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Co. , P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08540-4000, United States
| | - Richard A Rampulla
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Co. , P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08540-4000, United States
| | - Arvind Mathur
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Co. , P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08540-4000, United States
| | - Min Zhou
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Co. , P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08540-4000, United States
| | - Gary Cao
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Co. , P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08540-4000, United States
| | - Chunshan Xie
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Co. , P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08540-4000, United States
| | - Biji Jacob
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Co. , P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08540-4000, United States
| | - Hong Cai
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Co. , P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08540-4000, United States
| | - Tao Wang
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Co. , P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08540-4000, United States
| | - Brian J Murphy
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Co. , P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08540-4000, United States
| | - Heng Liu
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Co. , P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08540-4000, United States
| | - Carrie Xu
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Co. , P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08540-4000, United States
| | - Lori K Kunselman
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Co. , P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08540-4000, United States
| | - Michael B Hicks
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Co. , P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08540-4000, United States
| | - Qin Sun
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Co. , P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08540-4000, United States
| | - Dora M Schnur
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Co. , P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08540-4000, United States
| | - Doree F Sitkoff
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Co. , P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08540-4000, United States
| | - Elizabeth A Dierks
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Co. , P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08540-4000, United States
| | - Atsu Apedo
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Co. , P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08540-4000, United States
| | - Douglas B Moore
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Co. , P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08540-4000, United States
| | - Kimberly A Foster
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Co. , P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08540-4000, United States
| | - Mary Ellen Cvijic
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Co. , P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08540-4000, United States
| | - Reshma Panemangalore
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Co. , P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08540-4000, United States
| | - Neil A Flynn
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Co. , P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08540-4000, United States
| | - Brad D Maxwell
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Co. , P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08540-4000, United States
| | - Yang Hong
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Co. , P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08540-4000, United States
| | - Yuan Tian
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Co. , P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08540-4000, United States
| | - Jason J Wilkes
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Co. , P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08540-4000, United States
| | - Bradley A Zinker
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Co. , P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08540-4000, United States
| | - Jean M Whaley
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Co. , P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08540-4000, United States
| | - Joel C Barrish
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Co. , P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08540-4000, United States
| | - Jeffrey A Robl
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Co. , P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08540-4000, United States
| | - William R Ewing
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Co. , P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08540-4000, United States
| | - Bruce A Ellsworth
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Co. , P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08540-4000, United States
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15
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Agarwal S, Sasane S, Deshmukh P, Rami B, Bandyopadhyay D, Giri P, Giri S, Jain M, Desai RC. Identification of an Orally Efficacious GPR40/FFAR1 Receptor Agonist. ACS Med Chem Lett 2016; 7:1134-1138. [PMID: 27994752 PMCID: PMC5150676 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.6b00331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
GPR40/FFAR1 is a G protein-coupled receptor predominantly expressed in pancreatic β-cells and activated by long-chain free fatty acids, mediating enhancement of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. A novel series of substituted 3-(4-aryloxyaryl)propanoic acid derivatives were prepared and evaluated for their activities as GPR40 agonists, leading to the identification of compound 5, which is highly potent in in vitro assays and exhibits robust glucose lowering effects during an oral glucose tolerance test in nSTZ Wistar rat model of diabetes (ED50 = 0.8 mg/kg; ED90 = 3.1 mg/kg) with excellent pharmacokinetic profile, and devoid of cytochromes P450 isoform inhibitory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameer Agarwal
- Zydus Research
Centre, Cadila Healthcare Ltd., Sarkhej-Bavla N.H. No. 8 A, Moraiya, Ahmedabad-382 210, India
| | - Santosh Sasane
- Zydus Research
Centre, Cadila Healthcare Ltd., Sarkhej-Bavla N.H. No. 8 A, Moraiya, Ahmedabad-382 210, India
| | - Prashant Deshmukh
- Zydus Research
Centre, Cadila Healthcare Ltd., Sarkhej-Bavla N.H. No. 8 A, Moraiya, Ahmedabad-382 210, India
| | - Bhadresh Rami
- Zydus Research
Centre, Cadila Healthcare Ltd., Sarkhej-Bavla N.H. No. 8 A, Moraiya, Ahmedabad-382 210, India
| | - Debdutta Bandyopadhyay
- Zydus Research
Centre, Cadila Healthcare Ltd., Sarkhej-Bavla N.H. No. 8 A, Moraiya, Ahmedabad-382 210, India
| | - Poonam Giri
- Zydus Research
Centre, Cadila Healthcare Ltd., Sarkhej-Bavla N.H. No. 8 A, Moraiya, Ahmedabad-382 210, India
| | - Suresh Giri
- Zydus Research
Centre, Cadila Healthcare Ltd., Sarkhej-Bavla N.H. No. 8 A, Moraiya, Ahmedabad-382 210, India
| | - Mukul Jain
- Zydus Research
Centre, Cadila Healthcare Ltd., Sarkhej-Bavla N.H. No. 8 A, Moraiya, Ahmedabad-382 210, India
| | - Ranjit C. Desai
- Zydus Research
Centre, Cadila Healthcare Ltd., Sarkhej-Bavla N.H. No. 8 A, Moraiya, Ahmedabad-382 210, India
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16
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Hyde AM, Liu Z, Kosjek B, Tan L, Klapars A, Ashley ER, Zhong YL, Alvizo O, Agard NJ, Liu G, Gu X, Yasuda N, Limanto J, Huffman MA, Tschaen DM. Synthesis of the GPR40 Partial Agonist MK-8666 through a Kinetically Controlled Dynamic Enzymatic Ketone Reduction. Org Lett 2016; 18:5888-5891. [PMID: 27802043 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b02910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A scalable and efficient synthesis of the GPR40 agonist MK-8666 was developed from a simple pyridine building block. The key step to set the stereochemistry at two centers relied on an enzymatic dynamic kinetic reduction of an unactivated ketone. Directed evolution was leveraged to generate an optimized ketoreductase that provided the desired trans alcohol in >30:1 dr and >99% ee. Further, it was demonstrated that all four diastereomers of this hydroxy-ester could be prepared in high yield and selectivity. Subsequently, a challenging intramolecular displacement was carried out to form the cyclopropane ring system with perfect control of endo/exo selectivity. The endgame coupling strategy relied on a Pd-catalyzed C-O coupling to join the headpiece chloropyridine with the benzylic alcohol tailpiece.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan M Hyde
- Process R&D Department, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Zhijian Liu
- Process R&D Department, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Birgit Kosjek
- Process R&D Department, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Lushi Tan
- Process R&D Department, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Artis Klapars
- Process R&D Department, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Eric R Ashley
- Process R&D Department, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Yong-Li Zhong
- Process R&D Department, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Oscar Alvizo
- Codexis Inc., Redwood City, California 94063, United States
| | | | - Guiquan Liu
- Shanghai SynTheAll Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Jinshan District, Shanghai 201507, China
| | - Xiuyan Gu
- Shanghai SynTheAll Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Jinshan District, Shanghai 201507, China
| | - Nobuyoshi Yasuda
- Process R&D Department, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - John Limanto
- Process R&D Department, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Mark A Huffman
- Process R&D Department, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - David M Tschaen
- Process R&D Department, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
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17
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Milligan G, Shimpukade B, Ulven T, Hudson BD. Complex Pharmacology of Free Fatty Acid Receptors. Chem Rev 2016; 117:67-110. [PMID: 27299848 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are historically the most successful family of drug targets. In recent times it has become clear that the pharmacology of these receptors is far more complex than previously imagined. Understanding of the pharmacological regulation of GPCRs now extends beyond simple competitive agonism or antagonism by ligands interacting with the orthosteric binding site of the receptor to incorporate concepts of allosteric agonism, allosteric modulation, signaling bias, constitutive activity, and inverse agonism. Herein, we consider how evolving concepts of GPCR pharmacology have shaped understanding of the complex pharmacology of receptors that recognize and are activated by nonesterified or "free" fatty acids (FFAs). The FFA family of receptors is a recently deorphanized set of GPCRs, the members of which are now receiving substantial interest as novel targets for the treatment of metabolic and inflammatory diseases. Further understanding of the complex pharmacology of these receptors will be critical to unlocking their ultimate therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graeme Milligan
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow , Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Bharat Shimpukade
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark , Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Trond Ulven
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark , Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Brian D Hudson
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow , Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland, United Kingdom
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18
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Wang S, Dougherty EJ, Danner RL. PPARγ signaling and emerging opportunities for improved therapeutics. Pharmacol Res 2016; 111:76-85. [PMID: 27268145 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) is a ligand-activated nuclear receptor that regulates glucose and lipid metabolism, endothelial function and inflammation. Rosiglitazone (RGZ) and other thiazolidinedione (TZD) synthetic ligands of PPARγ are insulin sensitizers that have been used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. However, undesirable side effects including weight gain, fluid retention, bone loss, congestive heart failure, and a possible increased risk of myocardial infarction and bladder cancer, have limited the use of TZDs. Therefore, there is a need to better understand PPARγ signaling and to develop safer and more effective PPARγ-directed therapeutics. In addition to PPARγ itself, many PPARγ ligands including TZDs bind to and activate G protein-coupled receptor 40 (GPR40), also known as free fatty acid receptor 1. GPR40 signaling activates stress kinase pathways that ultimately regulate downstream PPARγ responses. Recent studies in human endothelial cells have demonstrated that RGZ activation of GPR40 is essential to the optimal propagation of PPARγ genomic signaling. RGZ/GPR40/p38 MAPK signaling induces and activates PPARγ co-activator-1α, and recruits E1A binding protein p300 to the promoters of target genes, markedly enhancing PPARγ-dependent transcription. Therefore in endothelium, GPR40 and PPARγ function as an integrated signaling pathway. However, GPR40 can also activate ERK1/2, a proinflammatory kinase that directly phosphorylates and inactivates PPARγ. Thus the role of GPR40 in PPARγ signaling may have important implications for drug development. Ligands that strongly activate PPARγ, but do not bind to or activate GPR40 may be safer than currently approved PPARγ agonists. Alternatively, biased GPR40 agonists might be sought that activate both p38 MAPK and PPARγ, but not ERK1/2, avoiding its harmful effects on PPARγ signaling, insulin resistance and inflammation. Such next generation drugs might be useful in treating not only type 2 diabetes, but also diverse chronic and acute forms of vascular inflammation such as atherosclerosis and septic shock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuibang Wang
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Edward J Dougherty
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Robert L Danner
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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19
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Li Z, Qiu Q, Geng X, Yang J, Huang W, Qian H. Free fatty acid receptor agonists for the treatment of type 2 diabetes: drugs in preclinical to phase II clinical development. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2016; 25:871-90. [PMID: 27171154 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2016.1189530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The alarming prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) stimulated the exploitation of new antidiabetic drugs with extended durability and enhanced safety. In this regard, the free fatty acid receptor 1 (FFA1) and FFA4 have emerged as attractive targets in the last decade. FFA1 has prominent advantages in promoting insulin and incretin secretion while FFA4 shows great potential in incretin secretion, insulin sensitization and anti-inflammatory effects. AREA COVERED Herein, the authors focus specifically on FFA1 and FFA4 agonists in clinical trials and preclinical development. LY2922470, P11187 and SHR0534 are currently active in clinical trials while the CNX-011-67, SAR1, DS-1558 and BMS-986118 are in preclinical phase. The information for this review is retrieved from Integrity, Scifinder, Espacenet and clinicaltrials.gov databases. EXPERT OPINION Current proof-of-concept in clinical trials suggests that FFA1 agonists have a significant improvement for T2DM without the risk of hypoglycemia. However, there are still several challenging problems including the mechanism of the receptor and the efficacy and safety of the ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Li
- a Center of Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , PR China
| | - Qianqian Qiu
- a Center of Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , PR China
| | - Xinqian Geng
- b Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism , Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes , Shanghai , PR China
| | - Jianyong Yang
- a Center of Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , PR China
| | - Wenlong Huang
- a Center of Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , PR China.,c Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Disease , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , PR China
| | - Hai Qian
- a Center of Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , PR China.,c Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Disease , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , PR China
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20
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Wang S, Awad KS, Elinoff JM, Dougherty EJ, Ferreyra GA, Wang JY, Cai R, Sun J, Ptasinska A, Danner RL. G Protein-coupled Receptor 40 (GPR40) and Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor γ (PPARγ): AN INTEGRATED TWO-RECEPTOR SIGNALING PATHWAY. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:19544-57. [PMID: 26105050 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.638924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) ligands have been widely used to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus. However, knowledge of PPARγ signaling remains incomplete. In addition to PPARγ, these drugs also activate G protein-coupled receptor 40 (GPR40), a Gαq-coupled free fatty acid receptor linked to MAPK networks and glucose homeostasis. Notably, p38 MAPK activation has been implicated in PPARγ signaling. Here, rosiglitazone (RGZ) activation of GPR40 and p38 MAPK was found to boost PPARγ-induced gene transcription in human endothelium. Inhibition or knockdown of p38 MAPK or expression of a dominant negative (DN) p38 MAPK mutant blunted RGZ-induced PPARγ DNA binding and reporter activity in EA.hy926 human endothelial cells. GPR40 inhibition or knockdown, or expression of a DN-Gαq mutant likewise blocked activation of both p38 MAPK and PPARγ reporters. Importantly, RGZ induction of PPARγ target genes in primary human pulmonary artery endothelial cells (PAECs) was suppressed by knockdown of either p38 MAPK or GPR40. GPR40/PPARγ signal transduction was dependent on p38 MAPK activation and induction of PPARγ co-activator-1 (PGC1α). Silencing of p38 MAPK or GPR40 abolished the ability of RGZ to induce phosphorylation and expression of PGC1α in PAECs. Knockdown of PGC1α, its essential activator SIRT1, or its binding partner/co-activator EP300 inhibited RGZ induction of PPARγ-regulated genes in PAECs. RGZ/GPR40/p38 MAPK signaling also led to EP300 phosphorylation, an event that enhances PPARγ target gene transcription. Thus, GPR40 and PPARγ can function as an integrated two-receptor signal transduction pathway, a finding with implications for rational drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuibang Wang
- From the Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Keytam S Awad
- From the Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Jason M Elinoff
- From the Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Edward J Dougherty
- From the Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Gabriela A Ferreyra
- From the Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Jennifer Y Wang
- From the Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Rongman Cai
- From the Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Junfeng Sun
- From the Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Anetta Ptasinska
- From the Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Robert L Danner
- From the Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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21
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Takano R, Yoshida M, Inoue M, Honda T, Nakashima R, Matsumoto K, Yano T, Ogata T, Watanabe N, Hirouchi M, Yoneyama T, Ito S, Toda N. Discovery of DS-1558: A Potent and Orally Bioavailable GPR40 Agonist. ACS Med Chem Lett 2015; 6:266-70. [PMID: 25815144 DOI: 10.1021/ml500391n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
GPR40 is a G protein-coupled receptor that is predominantly expressed in pancreatic β-cells. GPR40 agonists stimulate insulin secretion in the presence of high glucose concentration. On the basis of this mechanism, GPR40 agonists are possible novel insulin secretagogues with reduced or no risk of hypoglycemia. The improvement of in vitro activity and metabolic stability of compound 1 led to the discovery of 13, (3S)-3-ethoxy-3-(4-{[(1R)-4-(trifluoromethyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl]oxy}phenyl)propanoic acid, as a potent and orally available GPR40 agonist. Compound 13 (DS-1558) was found to have potent glucose lowering effects during an oral glucose tolerance test in ZDF rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rieko Takano
- R&D Division, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-2-58 Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan
| | - Masao Yoshida
- R&D Division, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-2-58 Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan
| | - Masahiro Inoue
- R&D Division, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-2-58 Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan
| | - Takeshi Honda
- R&D Division, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-2-58 Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan
| | - Ryutaro Nakashima
- R&D Division, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-2-58 Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan
| | - Koji Matsumoto
- R&D Division, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-2-58 Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Yano
- R&D Division, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-2-58 Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan
| | - Tsuneaki Ogata
- R&D Division, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-2-58 Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Watanabe
- R&D Division, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-2-58 Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan
| | - Masakazu Hirouchi
- R&D Division, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-2-58 Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan
| | - Tomoko Yoneyama
- Drug
Discovery and Biomedical Technology Unit, Daiichi Sankyo RD Novare Co., Ltd., 1-16-13 Kitakasai, Edogawa-ku, Tokyo 134-8630, Japan
| | - Shuichiro Ito
- Drug
Discovery and Biomedical Technology Unit, Daiichi Sankyo RD Novare Co., Ltd., 1-16-13 Kitakasai, Edogawa-ku, Tokyo 134-8630, Japan
| | - Narihiro Toda
- R&D Division, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-2-58 Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan
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22
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Milligan G, Alvarez-Curto E, Watterson KR, Ulven T, Hudson BD. Characterizing pharmacological ligands to study the long-chain fatty acid receptors GPR40/FFA1 and GPR120/FFA4. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 172:3254-65. [PMID: 25131623 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Revised: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The free fatty acid receptors (FFA) 1 (previously designated GPR40) and FFA4 (previously GPR120) are two GPCRs activated by saturated and unsaturated longer-chain free fatty acids. With expression patterns and functions anticipated to directly or indirectly promote insulin secretion, provide homeostatic control of blood glucose and improve tissue insulin sensitivity, both receptors are being studied as potential therapeutic targets for the control of type 2 diabetes. Furthermore, genetic and systems biology studies in both humans and mouse models link FFA4 receptors to diabetes and obesity. Although activated by the same group of free fatty acids, FFA1 and FFA4 receptors are not closely related and, while the basis of recognition of fatty acids by FFA1 receptors is similar to that of the short-chain fatty acid receptors FFA2 and FFA3, the amino acid residues involved in endogenous ligand recognition by FFA4 receptors are more akin to those of the sphingosine 1 phosphate receptor S1P1 . Screening and subsequent medicinal chemistry programmes have developed a number of FFA1 receptor selective agonists that are effective in promoting insulin secretion in a glucose concentration-dependent manner, and in lowering blood glucose levels. However, the recent termination of Phase III clinical trials employing TAK-875/fasiglifam has caused a setback and raises important questions over the exact nature and mechanistic causes of the problems. Progress in the identification and development of highly FFA4 receptor-selective pharmacological tools has been less rapid and several issues remain to be clarified to fully validate this receptor as a therapeutic target. Despite this, the ongoing development of a range of novel ligands offers great opportunities to further unravel the contributions of these receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Milligan
- Molecular Pharmacology Group, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - E Alvarez-Curto
- Molecular Pharmacology Group, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - K R Watterson
- Molecular Pharmacology Group, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - T Ulven
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - B D Hudson
- Molecular Pharmacology Group, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
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23
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Takano R, Yoshida M, Inoue M, Honda T, Nakashima R, Matsumoto K, Yano T, Ogata T, Watanabe N, Toda N. Discovery of 3-aryl-3-ethoxypropanoic acids as orally active GPR40 agonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:2949-53. [PMID: 24835985 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.04.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Revised: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The G protein-coupled receptor 40 (GPR40) mediates enhancement of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in pancreatic β cells. The GPR40 agonist has been attracting attention as a novel insulin secretagogue with glucose dependency for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. The optimization study of compound 1 led to a potent and bioavailable GPR40 agonist 24, which showed insulin secretion and glucose lowering effects in rat OGTT. Compound 24 is a potential lead compound for a novel insulin secretagogue with a low risk of hypoglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rieko Takano
- R&D Division, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-2-58 Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan
| | - Masao Yoshida
- R&D Division, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-2-58 Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan
| | - Masahiro Inoue
- R&D Division, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-2-58 Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan
| | - Takeshi Honda
- R&D Division, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-2-58 Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan
| | - Ryutaro Nakashima
- R&D Division, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-2-58 Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan
| | - Koji Matsumoto
- R&D Division, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-2-58 Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Yano
- R&D Division, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-2-58 Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan
| | - Tsuneaki Ogata
- R&D Division, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-2-58 Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Watanabe
- R&D Division, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-2-58 Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan
| | - Narihiro Toda
- R&D Division, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-2-58 Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan.
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24
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Huang H, Dai MH, Tao YX. Physiology and Therapeutics of the Free Fatty Acid Receptor GPR40. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2014; 121:67-94. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800101-1.00003-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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25
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Yao S, Lu T, Zhou Z, Liu H, Yuan H, Ran T, Lu S, Zhang Y, Ke Z, Xu J, Xiong X, Chen Y. An efficient multistep ligand-based virtual screening approach for GPR40 agonists. Mol Divers 2013; 18:183-93. [PMID: 24307222 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-013-9493-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptor 40/free fatty acid receptor 1 (GPR40/FFAR1) is a member of the GPCR superfamily, and GPR40 agonists have therapeutic potential for type 2 diabetes. With the crystal structure of GPR40 currently unavailable, various ligand-based virtual screening approaches can be applied to identify novel agonists of GPR40. It is known that each ligand-based method has its own advantages and limitations. To improve the efficiency of individual ligand-based methods, an efficient multistep ligand-based virtual screening approach is presented in this study, including the pharmacophore-based screening, physicochemical property filtering, protein-ligand interaction fingerprint similarity analysis, and 2D-fingerprint structural similarity search. A focused decoy library was generated and used to evaluate the efficiency of this virtual screening protocol. This multistep workflow not only significantly improved the hit rate compared with each individual ligand-based method, but also identified diverse known actives from decoys. This protocol may serve as an efficient virtual screening tool for the targets without crystal structures available to discover novel active compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sihui Yao
- Laboratory of Molecular Design and Drug Discovery, School of Basic Science, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, China
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26
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Urban C, Hamacher A, Partke HJ, Roden M, Schinner S, Christiansen E, Due-Hansen ME, Ulven T, Gohlke H, Kassack MU. In vitro and mouse in vivo characterization of the potent free fatty acid 1 receptor agonist TUG-469. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2013; 386:1021-30. [PMID: 23861168 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-013-0899-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Activation of the G protein-coupled free fatty acid receptor 1 (FFA1; formerly known as GPR40) leads to an enhancement of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion from pancreatic β-cells. TUG-469 has previously been reported as a potent FFA1 agonist. This study was performed to confirm the higher in vitro potency of TUG-469 compared to the reference FFA1 agonist GW9508 and to prove in vivo activity in a pre-diabetic mouse model. The in vitro pharmacology of TUG-469 was studied using Ca(2+)-, cAMP-, and impedance-based assays at recombinant FFA1 and free fatty acid receptor 4, formerly known as GPR120 (FFA4) expressing 1321N1 cells and the rat insulinoma cell line INS-1. Furthermore, we investigated the systemic effect of TUG-469 on glucose tolerance in pre-diabetic New Zealand obese (NZO) mice performing a glucose tolerance test after intraperitoneal administration of 5 mg/kg TUG-469. In comparison to GW9508, TUG-469 showed a 1.7- to 3.0-times higher potency in vitro at 1321N1 cells recombinantly expressing FFA1. Both compounds increased insulin secretion from rat insulinoma INS-1 cells. TUG-469 is > 200-fold selective for FFA1 over FFA4. Finally, a single dose of 5 mg/kg TUG-469 significantly improved glucose tolerance in pre-diabetic NZO mice. TUG-469 turned out as a promising candidate for further drug development of FFA1 agonists for treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Urban
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
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27
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Wang Y, Liu J(J, Dransfield PJ, Zhu L, Wang Z, Du X, Jiao X, Su Y, Li AR, Brown SP, Kasparian A, Vimolratana M, Yu M, Pattaropong V, Houze JB, Swaminath G, Tran T, Nguyen K, Guo Q, Zhang J, Zhuang R, Li F, Miao L, Bartberger MD, Correll TL, Chow D, Wong S, Luo J, Lin DCH, Medina JC. Discovery and Optimization of Potent GPR40 Full Agonists Containing Tricyclic Spirocycles. ACS Med Chem Lett 2013; 4:551-5. [PMID: 24900707 DOI: 10.1021/ml300427u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
GPR40 (FFAR1 or FFA1) is a target of high interest being pursued to treat type II diabetes due to its unique mechanism leading to little risk of hypoglycemia. We recently reported the discovery of AM-1638 (2), a potent full agonist of GPR40. In this report, we present the discovery of GPR40 full agonists containing conformationally constrained tricyclic spirocycles and their structure-activity relationships leading to more potent agonists such as AM-5262 (26) with improved rat PK profile and general selectivity profile. AM-5262 enhanced glucose stimulated insulin secretion (mouse and human islets) and improved glucose homeostasis in vivo (OGTT in HF/STZ mice) when compared to AM-1638.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingcai Wang
- Department of Therapeutic Discovery, Metabolic Disorders,
Translational Sciences, Amgen Inc., 1120
Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United
States and One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320,
United States
| | - Jiwen (Jim) Liu
- Department of Therapeutic Discovery, Metabolic Disorders,
Translational Sciences, Amgen Inc., 1120
Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United
States and One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320,
United States
| | - Paul J. Dransfield
- Department of Therapeutic Discovery, Metabolic Disorders,
Translational Sciences, Amgen Inc., 1120
Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United
States and One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320,
United States
| | - Liusheng Zhu
- Department of Therapeutic Discovery, Metabolic Disorders,
Translational Sciences, Amgen Inc., 1120
Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United
States and One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320,
United States
| | - Zhongyu Wang
- Department of Therapeutic Discovery, Metabolic Disorders,
Translational Sciences, Amgen Inc., 1120
Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United
States and One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320,
United States
| | - Xiaohui Du
- Department of Therapeutic Discovery, Metabolic Disorders,
Translational Sciences, Amgen Inc., 1120
Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United
States and One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320,
United States
| | - Xianyun Jiao
- Department of Therapeutic Discovery, Metabolic Disorders,
Translational Sciences, Amgen Inc., 1120
Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United
States and One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320,
United States
| | - Yongli Su
- Department of Therapeutic Discovery, Metabolic Disorders,
Translational Sciences, Amgen Inc., 1120
Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United
States and One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320,
United States
| | - An-rong Li
- Department of Therapeutic Discovery, Metabolic Disorders,
Translational Sciences, Amgen Inc., 1120
Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United
States and One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320,
United States
| | - Sean P. Brown
- Department of Therapeutic Discovery, Metabolic Disorders,
Translational Sciences, Amgen Inc., 1120
Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United
States and One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320,
United States
| | - Annie Kasparian
- Department of Therapeutic Discovery, Metabolic Disorders,
Translational Sciences, Amgen Inc., 1120
Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United
States and One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320,
United States
| | - Marc Vimolratana
- Department of Therapeutic Discovery, Metabolic Disorders,
Translational Sciences, Amgen Inc., 1120
Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United
States and One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320,
United States
| | - Ming Yu
- Department of Therapeutic Discovery, Metabolic Disorders,
Translational Sciences, Amgen Inc., 1120
Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United
States and One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320,
United States
| | - Vatee Pattaropong
- Department of Therapeutic Discovery, Metabolic Disorders,
Translational Sciences, Amgen Inc., 1120
Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United
States and One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320,
United States
| | - Jonathan B. Houze
- Department of Therapeutic Discovery, Metabolic Disorders,
Translational Sciences, Amgen Inc., 1120
Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United
States and One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320,
United States
| | - Gayathri Swaminath
- Department of Therapeutic Discovery, Metabolic Disorders,
Translational Sciences, Amgen Inc., 1120
Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United
States and One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320,
United States
| | - Thanhvien Tran
- Department of Therapeutic Discovery, Metabolic Disorders,
Translational Sciences, Amgen Inc., 1120
Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United
States and One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320,
United States
| | - Khanh Nguyen
- Department of Therapeutic Discovery, Metabolic Disorders,
Translational Sciences, Amgen Inc., 1120
Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United
States and One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320,
United States
| | - Qi Guo
- Department of Therapeutic Discovery, Metabolic Disorders,
Translational Sciences, Amgen Inc., 1120
Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United
States and One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320,
United States
| | - Jane Zhang
- Department of Therapeutic Discovery, Metabolic Disorders,
Translational Sciences, Amgen Inc., 1120
Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United
States and One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320,
United States
| | - Run Zhuang
- Department of Therapeutic Discovery, Metabolic Disorders,
Translational Sciences, Amgen Inc., 1120
Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United
States and One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320,
United States
| | - Frank Li
- Department of Therapeutic Discovery, Metabolic Disorders,
Translational Sciences, Amgen Inc., 1120
Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United
States and One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320,
United States
| | - Lynn Miao
- Department of Therapeutic Discovery, Metabolic Disorders,
Translational Sciences, Amgen Inc., 1120
Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United
States and One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320,
United States
| | - Michael D. Bartberger
- Department of Therapeutic Discovery, Metabolic Disorders,
Translational Sciences, Amgen Inc., 1120
Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United
States and One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320,
United States
| | - Tiffany L. Correll
- Department of Therapeutic Discovery, Metabolic Disorders,
Translational Sciences, Amgen Inc., 1120
Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United
States and One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320,
United States
| | - David Chow
- Department of Therapeutic Discovery, Metabolic Disorders,
Translational Sciences, Amgen Inc., 1120
Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United
States and One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320,
United States
| | - Simon Wong
- Department of Therapeutic Discovery, Metabolic Disorders,
Translational Sciences, Amgen Inc., 1120
Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United
States and One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320,
United States
| | - Jian Luo
- Department of Therapeutic Discovery, Metabolic Disorders,
Translational Sciences, Amgen Inc., 1120
Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United
States and One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320,
United States
| | - Daniel C.-H. Lin
- Department of Therapeutic Discovery, Metabolic Disorders,
Translational Sciences, Amgen Inc., 1120
Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United
States and One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320,
United States
| | - Julio C. Medina
- Department of Therapeutic Discovery, Metabolic Disorders,
Translational Sciences, Amgen Inc., 1120
Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United
States and One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320,
United States
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28
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Abstract
The carboxylic acid functional group can be an important constituent of a pharmacophore, however, the presence of this moiety can also be responsible for significant drawbacks, including metabolic instability, toxicity, as well as limited passive diffusion across biological membranes. To avoid some of these shortcomings while retaining the desired attributes of the carboxylic acid moiety, medicinal chemists often investigate the use of carboxylic acid (bio)isosteres. The same type of strategy can also be effective for a variety other purposes, for example, to increase the selectivity of a biologically active compound or to create new intellectual property. Several carboxylic acid isosteres have been reported, however, the outcome of any isosteric replacement cannot be readily predicted as this strategy is generally found to be dependent upon the particular context (i.e., the characteristic properties of the drug and the drug-target). As a result, screening of a panel of isosteres is typically required. In this context, the discovery and development of novel carboxylic acid surrogates that could complement the existing palette of isosteres remains an important area of research. The goal of this Minireview is to provide an overview of the most commonly employed carboxylic acid (bio)isosteres and to present representative examples demonstrating the use and utility of each isostere in drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Ballatore
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th St., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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29
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Hara T, Kimura I, Inoue D, Ichimura A, Hirasawa A. Free Fatty Acid Receptors and Their Role in Regulation of Energy Metabolism. Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol 2013; 164:77-116. [DOI: 10.1007/112_2013_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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30
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Feng XT, Leng J, Xie Z, Li SL, Zhao W, Tang QL. GPR40: a therapeutic target for mediating insulin secretion (review). Int J Mol Med 2012; 30:1261-6. [PMID: 23023155 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2012.1142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2012] [Accepted: 08/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptor 40 (GPR40), known as free fatty acid receptor 1, is mainly expressed in pancreatic β-cells and activated by medium- and long-chain fatty acids. Increasing evidence indicates that the activation of GPR40 in cells causes insulin secretion, and GPR40 has become an attractive therapeutic target for type 2 diabetes. Recently, certain novel GPR40 agonists have been identified that regulate glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, leading to the development of new drugs for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. In this review, we focus on progress in the physiological role of GPR40 and potential drugs targeting GPR40 over the past decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Tao Feng
- Guangxi Scientific Experimental Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, P.R. China
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31
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Avupati VR, Yejella RP, Akula A, Guntuku GS, Doddi BR, Vutla VR, Anagani SR, Adimulam LS, Vyricharla AK. Synthesis, characterization and biological evaluation of some novel 2,4-thiazolidinediones as potential cytotoxic, antimicrobial and antihyperglycemic agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:6442-50. [PMID: 22981328 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.08.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2012] [Revised: 07/13/2012] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
A series of some novel 2,4-thiazolidinediones (TZDs) (2a-x) have been synthesized and characterized by FTIR, (1)H NMR, (13)C NMR and LC mass spectral analysis. All the synthesized compounds were evaluated for their cytotoxicity, antimicrobial and in vivo antihyperglycemic activities. Among the tested compounds for cytotoxicity using Brine Shrimp Lethality assay, compound 2t ((Z)-5-(4-((E)-3-oxo-3-(thiophen-2-yl)prop-1-enyl)benzylidene)-1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione) exhibited significant inhibitory activity at ED(50) value 4.00±0.25 μg/mL and this level of activity was comparable to that of the reference drug podophyllotoxin with ED(50) value 3.61±0.17 μg/mL. Antimicrobial activity was screened using agar well diffusion assay method against selected Gram-positive, Gram-negative and fungal strains and the activity expressed as the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) in μg/mL. From the results of antimicrobial activity compound 2s ((Z)-5-(4-((E)-3-(3,5-bis(benzyloxy)phenyl)-3-oxoprop-1-enyl)benzylidene)-1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione) was found to be the most active against all the tested strains of microorganisms with MIC value 16 μg/mL. In vivo antihyperglycemic effect of twenty four TZDs (2a-x) at different doses 10, 30 and 50mg/kg b.w (oral) were assessed using percentage reduction of plasma glucose (PG) levels in streptozotocin-induced type II diabetic rat models. From the results, the novel compound 2x ((Z)-5-(4-((E)-3-(9H-fluoren-2-yl)-3-oxoprop-1-enyl)benzylidene)-1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione) exhibited considerably potent blood glucose lowering activity than that of the standard drug rosiglitazone and it could be a remarkable starting point to evaluate structure-activity relationships and to develop new lead molecules with potential cytotoxicity, antimicrobial and antihyperglycemic activities. In addition molecular docking studies were carried out against PPARγ molecular target using Molegro Virtual Docker v 4.0 to accomplish preliminary confirmation of the observed in vivo antihyperglycemic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasudeva Rao Avupati
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Division, AU College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam 530003, Andhra Pradesh, India.
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32
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Wu W, Huang H, Yuan X, Zhu K, Ye J. Asymmetric construction of spirocyclohexanonerhodanines catalyzed by simple diamine derived from chiral tert-leucine. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 48:9180-2. [PMID: 22864403 DOI: 10.1039/c2cc34321e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
A diamine-catalyzed asymmetric tandem reaction between α,β-unsaturated ketones and rhodanine derivatives has been developed to synthesize various spirocyclic compounds with high stereoselectivities (up to 99% ee and >20:1 dr). The products obtained contain two pharmaceutically relevant features: the biologically active rhodanine moiety embedded in a spirocyclic unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbin Wu
- Engineering Research Centre of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
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33
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Lin DCH, Guo Q, Luo J, Zhang J, Nguyen K, Chen M, Tran T, Dransfield PJ, Brown SP, Houze J, Vimolratana M, Jiao XY, Wang Y, Birdsall NJM, Swaminath G. Identification and pharmacological characterization of multiple allosteric binding sites on the free fatty acid 1 receptor. Mol Pharmacol 2012; 82:843-59. [PMID: 22859723 DOI: 10.1124/mol.112.079640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of FFA1 (GPR40), a member of G protein-coupling receptor family A, is mediated by medium- and long-chain fatty acids and leads to amplification of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, suggesting a potential role for free fatty acid 1 (FFA1) as a target for type 2 diabetes. It was assumed previously that there is a single binding site for fatty acids and synthetic FFA1 agonists. However, using members of two chemical series of partial and full agonists that have been identified, radioligand binding interaction studies revealed that the full agonists do not bind to the same site as the partial agonists but exhibit positive heterotropic cooperativity. Analysis of functional data reveals positive functional cooperativity between the full agonists and partial agonists in various functional assays (in vitro and ex vivo) and also in vivo. Furthermore, the endogenous fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) shows negative or neutral cooperativity with members of both series of agonists in binding assays but displays positive cooperativity in functional assays. Another synthetic agonist is allosteric with members of both agonist series, but apparently competitive with DHA. Therefore, there appear to be three allosterically linked binding sites on FFA1 with agonists specific for each of these sites. Activation of free fatty acid 1 receptor (FFAR1) by each of these agonists is differentially affected by mutations of two arginine residues, previously found to be important for FFAR1 binding and activation. These ligands with their high potencies and strong positive functional cooperativity with endogenous fatty acids, demonstrated in vitro and in vivo, have the potential to deliver therapeutic benefits.
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34
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Christiansen E, Due-Hansen ME, Urban C, Grundmann M, Schröder R, Hudson BD, Milligan G, Cawthorne MA, Kostenis E, Kassack MU, Ulven T. Free fatty acid receptor 1 (FFA1/GPR40) agonists: mesylpropoxy appendage lowers lipophilicity and improves ADME properties. J Med Chem 2012; 55:6624-8. [PMID: 22724451 DOI: 10.1021/jm3002026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
FFA1 (GPR40) is a new target for treatment of type 2 diabetes. We recently identified the potent FFA1 agonist TUG-469 (5). Inspired by the structurally related TAK-875, we explored the effects of a mesylpropoxy appendage on 5. The appendage significantly lowers lipophilicity and improves metabolic stability while preserving potency, resulting in discovery of the potent FFA1 agonist 13.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Christiansen
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
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35
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G protein-coupled receptors for energy metabolites as new therapeutic targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2012; 11:603-19. [PMID: 22790105 DOI: 10.1038/nrd3777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Several G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that are activated by intermediates of energy metabolism - such as fatty acids, saccharides, lactate and ketone bodies - have recently been discovered. These receptors are able to sense metabolic activity or levels of energy substrates and use this information to control the secretion of metabolic hormones or to regulate the metabolic activity of particular cells. Moreover, most of these receptors appear to be involved in the pathophysiology of metabolic diseases such as diabetes, dyslipidaemia and obesity. This Review summarizes the functions of these metabolite-sensing GPCRs in physiology and disease, and discusses the emerging pharmacological agents that are being developed to target these GPCRs for the treatment of metabolic disorders.
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36
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Mikami S, Kitamura S, Negoro N, Sasaki S, Suzuki M, Tsujihata Y, Miyazaki T, Ito R, Suzuki N, Miyazaki J, Santou T, Kanzaki N, Funami M, Tanaka T, Yasuma T, Momose Y. Discovery of phenylpropanoic acid derivatives containing polar functionalities as potent and orally bioavailable G protein-coupled receptor 40 agonists for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. J Med Chem 2012; 55:3756-76. [PMID: 22428944 DOI: 10.1021/jm2016123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
As part of a program to identify potent GPR40 agonists with drug-like properties suitable for clinical development, the incorporation of polar substituents was explored with the intention of decreasing the lipophilicity of our recently disclosed phenylpropanoic acid derivative 1. This incorporation would allow us to mitigate the cytotoxicity issues observed with compound 1 and enable us to move away from the multifunctional free fatty acid-like structure. Substitutions on the 2',6'-dimethylbiphenyl ring were initially undertaken, which revealed the feasibility of introducing polar functionalities at the biphenyl 4'-position. Further optimization of this position and the linker led to the discovery of several 4'-alkoxybiphenyl derivatives, which showed potent GPR40 agonist activities with the best balance in terms of improved cytotoxicity profiles and favorable pharmacokinetic properties. Among them, 3-{2-fluoro-4-[({4'-[(4-hydroxy-1,1-dioxidotetrahydro-2H-thiopyran-4-yl)methoxy]-2',6'-dimethylbiphenyl-3-yl}methyl)amino]phenyl}propanoic acid (35) exhibited a robust plasma glucose-lowering effect and insulinotropic action during an oral glucose tolerance test in rats with impaired glucose tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Mikami
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., 26-1 Muraoka-higashi, 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan.
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37
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Negoro N, Sasaki S, Ito M, Kitamura S, Tsujihata Y, Ito R, Suzuki M, Takeuchi K, Suzuki N, Miyazaki J, Santou T, Odani T, Kanzaki N, Funami M, Tanaka T, Yasuma T, Momose Y. Identification of fused-ring alkanoic acids with improved pharmacokinetic profiles that act as G protein-coupled receptor 40/free fatty acid receptor 1 agonists. J Med Chem 2012; 55:1538-52. [PMID: 22242551 DOI: 10.1021/jm2012968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The G protein-coupled receptor 40 (GPR40)/free fatty acid receptor 1 (FFA1) has emerged as an attractive target for a novel insulin secretagogue with glucose dependency. We previously identified phenylpropanoic acid derivative 1 (3-{4-[(2',6'-dimethylbiphenyl-3-yl)methoxy]-2-fluorophenyl}propanoic acid) as a potent and orally available GPR40/FFA1 agonist; however, 1 exhibited high clearance and low oral bioavailability, which was likely due to its susceptibility to β-oxidation at the phenylpropanoic acid moiety. To identify long-acting compounds, we attempted to block the metabolically labile sites at the phenylpropanoic acid moiety by introducing a fused-ring structure. Various fused-ring alkanoic acids with potent GPR40/FFA1 activities and good PK profiles were produced. Further optimizations of the lipophilic portion and the acidic moiety led to the discovery of dihydrobenzofuran derivative 53 ((6-{[4'-(2-ethoxyethoxy)-2',6'-dimethylbiphenyl-3-yl]methoxy}-2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-3-yl)acetic acid), which acted as a GPR40/FFA1 agonist with in vivo efficacy during an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in rats with impaired glucose tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyuki Negoro
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1 Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan.
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38
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HIRASAWA A, HARA T, ICHIMURA A, TSUJIMOTO G. Free Fatty Acid Receptors and Their Physiological Role in Metabolic Regulation. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2011; 131:1683-9. [DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.131.1683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akira HIRASAWA
- Department of Genomic Drug Discovery Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University
| | - Takafumi HARA
- Department of Genomic Drug Discovery Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University
| | - Atsuhiko ICHIMURA
- Department of Genomic Drug Discovery Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University
| | - Gozoh TSUJIMOTO
- Department of Genomic Drug Discovery Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University
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39
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Nakayama H, Morita Y, Kimura H, Ishihara K, Akiba S, Uenishi J. Synthesis of N-(trifluoromethyl-2-pyridinyl)arenesulfonamides as an inhibitor of secretory phospholipase A₂. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2011; 59:783-6. [PMID: 21628920 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.59.783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A series of N-(trifluoromethyl-2-pyridinyl)alkane- and arenesulfonamides 2-5 have been synthesized by the substitution reaction of 2-chloro(trifluoromethyl)pyridines 6 with alkane- and arenesulfonamides 7. Their inhibitory activities against secretory phospholipase A₂ of porcine pancreas were examined and the analog N-[4,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridinyl]-4-trifluoromethylbenzenesulfonamide 4i was shown to have the highest inhibitory activity, with an IC(50) value of 0.58 mM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Nakayama
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Misasagi, Yamashina, Kyoto, Japan.
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40
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Hara T, Hirasawa A, Ichimura A, Kimura I, Tsujimoto G. Free fatty acid receptors FFAR1 and GPR120 as novel therapeutic targets for metabolic disorders. J Pharm Sci 2011; 100:3594-601. [PMID: 21618241 DOI: 10.1002/jps.22639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2011] [Revised: 04/28/2011] [Accepted: 05/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Free fatty acids (FFAs) are not only essential nutritional components, but they also act as signaling molecules in various physiological processes. Recently, a G-protein-coupled receptor deorphanizing strategy has successfully identified a family of receptors that are activated by FFAs. FFA receptors (FFARs) are proposed to play critical roles in a variety of physiological and pathophysiological processes, especially in metabolic disorders. Among the FFARs, FFAR1 (GPR40) and GPR120 are activated by medium- and long-chain FFAs. FFAR1 facilitates glucose-stimulated insulin secretion from pancreatic β-cells, whereas GPR120 regulates the secretion of glucagon-like peptide-1 in the intestine, as well as insulin sensitivity in macrophages. Because these receptors are potential therapeutic targets for metabolic disorders such as type 2 diabetes, selective ligands have been developed. In this review, we discuss recent advances in the identification of ligands, structure activity relationships, and pharmacological characterization of FFAR1 and GPR120, and we present a summary of recent progress in understanding their physiological roles and their potential as drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takafumi Hara
- World-Leading Drug Discovery Research Center, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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41
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Bhatt A, Patel PD, Patel MR, Singh S, Lau-Cam CA, Talele TT. CoMSIA Study on Substituted Aryl Alkanoic Acid Analogs as GPR40 Agonists. Chem Biol Drug Des 2011; 77:361-72. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-0285.2011.01112.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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42
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Walsh SP, Severino A, Zhou C, He J, Liang GB, Tan CP, Cao J, Eiermann GJ, Xu L, Salituro G, Howard AD, Mills SG, Yang L. 3-Substituted 3-(4-aryloxyaryl)-propanoic acids as GPR40 agonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:3390-4. [PMID: 21514824 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.03.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2011] [Revised: 03/29/2011] [Accepted: 03/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The design, synthesis, and structure-activity relationship (SAR) for a series of β-substituted 3-(4-aryloxyaryl)propanoic acid GPR40 agonists is described. Systematic replacement of the pendant aryloxy group led to identification of potent GPR40 agonists. In order to identify candidates suitable for in vivo validation of the target, serum shifted potency and pharmacokinetic properties were determined for several compounds. Finally, further profiling of compound 7 is presented, including demonstration of enhanced glucose tolerance in an in vivo mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn P Walsh
- Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Ave., PO Box 2000, Rahway, NJ 07065-0900, USA.
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43
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Insight into analysis of interactions of GW9508 to wild-type and H86F and H137F GPR40: A combined QM/MM study and pharmacophore modeling. J Mol Graph Model 2011; 29:818-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2011.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2010] [Revised: 01/13/2011] [Accepted: 01/13/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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44
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Pinson JA, Schmidt-Kittler O, Zhu J, Jennings IG, Kinzler KW, Vogelstein B, Chalmers DK, Thompson PE. Thiazolidinedione-based PI3Kα inhibitors: an analysis of biochemical and virtual screening methods. ChemMedChem 2011; 6:514-22. [PMID: 21360822 PMCID: PMC3187668 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201000467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2010] [Revised: 11/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A series of synthesized and commercially available compounds were assessed against PI3Kα for in vitro inhibitory activity and the results compared to binding calculated in silico. Using published crystal structures of PI3Kγ and PI3Kδ co-crystallized with inhibitors as a template, docking was able to identify the majority of potent inhibitors from a decoy set of 1000 compounds. On the other hand, PI3Kα in the apo-form, modeled by induced fit docking, or built as a homology model gave only poor results. A PI3Kα homology model derived from a ligand-bound PI3Kδ crystal structure was developed that has a good ability to identify active compounds. The docking results identified binding poses for active compounds that differ from those identified to date and can contribute to our understanding of structure-activity relationships for PI3K inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jo-Anne Pinson
- Medicinal Chemistry & Drug Action, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
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45
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Holliday ND, Watson SJ, Brown AJH. Drug discovery opportunities and challenges at g protein coupled receptors for long chain free Fatty acids. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2011; 2:112. [PMID: 22649399 PMCID: PMC3355945 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2011.00112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2011] [Accepted: 12/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Discovery of G protein coupled receptors for long chain free fatty acids (FFAs), FFA1 (GPR40) and GPR120, has expanded our understanding of these nutrients as signaling molecules. These receptors have emerged as important sensors for FFA levels in the circulation or the gut lumen, based on evidence from in vitro and rodent models, and an increasing number of human studies. Here we consider their promise as therapeutic targets for metabolic disease, including type 2 diabetes and obesity. FFA1 directly mediates acute FFA-induced glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in pancreatic beta-cells, while GPR120 and FFA1 trigger release of incretins from intestinal endocrine cells, and so indirectly enhance insulin secretion and promote satiety. GPR120 signaling in adipocytes and macrophages also results in insulin sensitizing and beneficial anti-inflammatory effects. Drug discovery has focused on agonists to replicate acute benefits of FFA receptor signaling, with promising early results for FFA1 agonists in man. Controversy surrounding chronic effects of FFA1 on beta-cells illustrates that long term benefits of antagonists also need exploring. It has proved challenging to generate highly selective potent ligands for FFA1 or GPR120 subtypes, given that both receptors have hydrophobic orthosteric binding sites, which are not completely defined and have modest ligand affinity. Structure activity relationships are also reliant on functional read outs, in the absence of robust binding assays to provide direct affinity estimates. Nevertheless synthetic ligands have already helped dissect specific contributions of FFA1 and GPR120 signaling from the many possible cellular effects of FFAs. Approaches including use of fluorescent ligand binding assays, and targeting allosteric receptor sites, may improve further pre-clinical ligand development at these receptors, to exploit their unique potential to target multiple facets of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas D. Holliday
- Cell Signalling Research Group, School of Biomedical Sciences, The Medical School, Queen’s Medical Centre, University of NottinghamNottingham, UK
- *Correspondence: Nicholas D. Holliday, Cell Signalling Research Group, School of Biomedical Sciences, The Medical School, Queen’s Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Floor C, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK. e-mail:
| | - Sarah-Jane Watson
- Cell Signalling Research Group, School of Biomedical Sciences, The Medical School, Queen’s Medical Centre, University of NottinghamNottingham, UK
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46
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Christiansen E, Due-Hansen ME, Urban C, Merten N, Pfleiderer M, Karlsen KK, Rasmussen SS, Steensgaard M, Hamacher A, Schmidt J, Drewke C, Petersen RK, Kristiansen K, Ullrich S, Kostenis E, Kassack MU, Ulven T. Structure-Activity Study of Dihydrocinnamic Acids and Discovery of the Potent FFA1 (GPR40) Agonist TUG-469. ACS Med Chem Lett 2010; 1:345-9. [PMID: 24900217 DOI: 10.1021/ml100106c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2010] [Accepted: 06/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The free fatty acid 1 receptor (FFA1 or GPR40), which is highly expressed on pancreatic β-cells and amplifies glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, has emerged as an attractive target for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Several FFA1 agonists containing the para-substituted dihydrocinnamic acid moiety are known. We here present a structure-activity relationship study of this compound family suggesting that the central methyleneoxy linker is preferable for the smaller compounds, whereas the central methyleneamine linker gives higher potency to the larger compounds. The study resulted in the discovery of the potent and selective full FFA1 agonist TUG-469 (29).
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Christiansen
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Maria E. Due-Hansen
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Christian Urban
- Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Nicole Merten
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Pharmacobiology Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Bonn, Nussallee 6, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Michael Pfleiderer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Vascular Medicine, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, University of Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Strasse 10, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Kasper K. Karlsen
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Sanne S. Rasmussen
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Mette Steensgaard
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Alexandra Hamacher
- Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Johannes Schmidt
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Pharmacobiology Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Bonn, Nussallee 6, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Christel Drewke
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Pharmacobiology Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Bonn, Nussallee 6, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Rasmus Koefoed Petersen
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Karsten Kristiansen
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Susanne Ullrich
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Vascular Medicine, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, University of Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Strasse 10, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Evi Kostenis
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Pharmacobiology Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Bonn, Nussallee 6, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Matthias U. Kassack
- Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Trond Ulven
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
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47
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Wellendorph P, Johansen LD, Bräuner-Osborne H. The Emerging Role of Promiscuous 7TM Receptors as Chemosensors for Food Intake. INCRETINS AND INSULIN SECRETION 2010; 84:151-84. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-381517-0.00005-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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