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Gundam SR, Bansal A, Kethamreddy M, Ghatamaneni S, Lowe VJ, Murray ME, Pandey MK. Synthesis and preliminary evaluation of novel PET probes for GSK-3 imaging. Sci Rep 2024; 14:15960. [PMID: 38987294 PMCID: PMC11237012 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-65943-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Non-invasive imaging of GSK-3 expression in the brain will help to understand the role of GSK-3 in disease pathology and progression. Herein, we report the radiosynthesis and evaluation of two novel isonicotinamide based 18F labeled PET probes, [18F]2 and [18F]6 for noninvasive imaging of GSK3. Among the developed PET probes, the in vitro blood-brain permeability coefficient of 2 (38 ± 20 × 10-6 cm/s, n = 3) was found to be better than 6 (8.75 ± 3.90 × 10-6 cm/s, n = 5). The reference compounds 2 and 6 showed nanomolar affinity towards GSK-3α and GSK-3β. PET probe [18F]2 showed higher stability (100%) in mouse and human serums compared to [18F]6 (67.01 ± 4.93%, n = 3) in mouse serum and 66.20 ± 6.38%, n = 3) in human serum at 120 min post incubation. The in vivo imaging and blocking studies were performed in wild-type mice only with [18F]2 due to its observed stability. [18F]2 showed a SUV of 0.92 ± 0.28 (n = 6) in mice brain as early as 5 min post-injection followed by gradual clearance over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surendra Reddy Gundam
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Aditya Bansal
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Manasa Kethamreddy
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Sujala Ghatamaneni
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Val J Lowe
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Melissa E Murray
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Mukesh K Pandey
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
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2
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Jané P, Xu X, Taelman V, Jané E, Gariani K, Dumont RA, Garama Y, Kim F, Del Val Gomez M, Walter MA. The Imageable Genome. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7329. [PMID: 37957176 PMCID: PMC10643363 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43123-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding human disease on a molecular level, and translating this understanding into targeted diagnostics and therapies are central tenets of molecular medicine1. Realizing this doctrine requires an efficient adaptation of molecular discoveries into the clinic. We present an approach to facilitate this process by describing the Imageable Genome, the part of the human genome whose expression can be assessed via molecular imaging. Using a deep learning-based hybrid human-AI pipeline, we bridge individual genes and their relevance in human diseases with specific molecular imaging methods. Cross-referencing the Imageable Genome with RNA-seq data from over 60,000 individuals reveals diagnostic, prognostic and predictive imageable genes for a wide variety of major human diseases. Having both the critical size and focus to be altered in its expression during the development and progression of any human disease, the Imageable Genome will generate new imaging tools that improve the understanding, diagnosis and management of human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Jané
- University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Division, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Eduardo Jané
- Departamento de Matemática Aplicada a la Ingeniería Aeroespacial - ETSIAE, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Karim Gariani
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Nutrition and Patient Therapeutic Education, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - María Del Val Gomez
- Servicio de Medicina Nuclear, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
| | - Martin A Walter
- University of Lucerne, Lucerne, Switzerland.
- St. Anna Hospital, University of Lucerne, Lucerne, Switzerland.
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3
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Klingler S, Holland JP. Automated light-induced synthesis of 89Zr-radiolabeled antibodies for immuno-positron emission tomography. Sci Rep 2022; 12:668. [PMID: 35027637 PMCID: PMC8758695 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-04626-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinical production of 89Zr-radiolabeled antibodies (89Zr-mAbs) for positron emission tomography imaging relies on the pre-conjugation of desferrioxamine B (DFO) to the purified protein, followed by isolation and characterization of the functionalized intermediate, and then manual radiosynthesis. Although highly successful, this route exposes radiochemists to a potentially large radiation dose and entails several technological and economic hurdles that limit access of 89Zr-mAbs to just a specialist few Nuclear Medicine facilities worldwide. Here, we introduce a fully automated synthesis box that can produce individual doses of 89Zr-mAbs formulated in sterile solution in < 25 min starting from [89Zr(C2O4)4]4- (89Zr-oxalate), our good laboratory practice-compliant photoactivatable desferrioxamine-based chelate (DFO-PEG3-ArN3), and clinical-grade antibodies without the need for pre-purification of protein. The automated steps include neutralization of the 89Zr-oxalate stock, chelate radiolabeling, and light-induced protein conjugation, followed by 89Zr-mAb purification, formulation, and sterile filtration. As proof-of-principle, 89ZrDFO-PEG3-azepin-trastuzumab was synthesized directly from Herceptin in < 25 min with an overall decay-corrected radiochemical yield of 20.1 ± 2.4% (n = 3), a radiochemical purity > 99%, and chemical purity > 99%. The synthesis unit can also produce 89Zr-mAbs via the conventional radiolabeling routes from pre-functionalized DFO-mAbs that are currently used in the clinic. This automated method will improve access to state-of-the-art 89Zr-mAbs at the many Nuclear Medicine and research institutions that require automated devices for radiotracer production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Klingler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jason P Holland
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland.
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4
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State of the art of radiochemistry for 11C and 18F PET tracers. Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-822960-6.00007-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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5
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Chen Z, Haider A, Chen J, Xiao Z, Gobbi L, Honer M, Grether U, Arnold SE, Josephson L, Liang SH. The Repertoire of Small-Molecule PET Probes for Neuroinflammation Imaging: Challenges and Opportunities beyond TSPO. J Med Chem 2021; 64:17656-17689. [PMID: 34905377 PMCID: PMC9094091 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is an adaptive response of the central nervous system to diverse potentially injurious stimuli, which is closely associated with neurodegeneration and typically characterized by activation of microglia and astrocytes. As a noninvasive and translational molecular imaging tool, positron emission tomography (PET) could provide a better understanding of neuroinflammation and its role in neurodegenerative diseases. Ligands to translator protein (TSPO), a putative marker of neuroinflammation, have been the most commonly studied in this context, but they suffer from serious limitations. Herein we present a repertoire of different structural chemotypes and novel PET ligand design for classical and emerging neuroinflammatory targets beyond TSPO. We believe that this Perspective will support multidisciplinary collaborations in academic and industrial institutions working on neuroinflammation and facilitate the progress of neuroinflammation PET probe development for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Chen
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, United States
| | - Ahmed Haider
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, United States
| | - Jiahui Chen
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, United States
| | - Zhiwei Xiao
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, United States
| | - Luca Gobbi
- Pharma Research and Early Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michael Honer
- Pharma Research and Early Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Uwe Grether
- Pharma Research and Early Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Steven E. Arnold
- Department of Neurology and the Massachusetts Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 114 16th Street, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA
| | - Lee Josephson
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, United States
| | - Steven H. Liang
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, United States
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6
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Jakobsson JE, Telu S, Lu S, Jana S, Pike VW. Broad Scope and High-Yield Access to Unsymmetrical Acyclic [ 11 C]Ureas for Biomedical Imaging from [ 11 C]Carbonyl Difluoride. Chemistry 2021; 27:10369-10376. [PMID: 33890705 PMCID: PMC10134011 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202100690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Effective methods are needed for labelling acyclic ureas with carbon-11 (t1/2 =20.4 min) as potential radiotracers for biomedical imaging with positron emission tomography (PET). Herein, we describe the rapid and high-yield syntheses of unsymmetrical acyclic [11 C]ureas under mild conditions (room temperature and within 7 min) using no-carrier-added [11 C]carbonyl difluoride with aliphatic and aryl amines. This methodology is compatible with diverse functionality (e. g., hydroxy, carboxyl, amino, amido, or pyridyl) in the substrate amines. The labelling process proceeds through putative [11 C]carbamoyl fluorides and for primary amines through isolable [11 C]isocyanate intermediates. Unsymmetrical [11 C]ureas are produced with negligible amounts of unwanted symmetrical [11 C]urea byproducts. Moreover, the overall labelling method tolerates trace water and the generally moderate to excellent yields show good reproducibility. [11 C]Carbonyl difluoride shows exceptional promise for application to the synthesis of acyclic [11 C]ureas as new radiotracers for biomedical imaging with PET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimmy E Jakobsson
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1003, USA
| | - Sanjay Telu
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1003, USA
| | - Shuiyu Lu
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1003, USA
| | - Susovan Jana
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1003, USA
| | - Victor W Pike
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1003, USA
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7
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Zhong Y, Yang S, Cui J, Wang J, Li L, Chen Y, Chen J, Feng P, Huang S, Li H, Han Y, Tang G, Hu K. Novel 18F-Labeled Isonicotinamide-Based Radioligands for Positron Emission Tomography Imaging of Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3β. Mol Pharm 2021; 18:1277-1284. [PMID: 33492962 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c01133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β), a cytoplasmic serine/threonine protein kinase, is involved in several human pathologies including Alzheimer's disease, bipolar disorder, diabetes, and cancer. Positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of GSK-3β could aid in investigating GSK-3β levels under normal and pathological conditions. In this study, we designed and synthesized fluorinated PET radioligands starting with recently identified isonicotinamide derivatives that showed potent affinity to GSK-3β. After extensive in vitro inhibitory activity assays and analyzing U87 cell uptake, we identified [18F]10a-d as potential tracers with good specificity and high affinity. They were then subjected to further in vivo evaluation in rodent brain comprising PET imaging and metabolism studies. The radioligands [18F]10b-d penetrated the blood-brain barrier and accumulated in GSK-3β-rich regions, including amygdala, cerebellum, and hippocampus. Also, it could be specifically blocked using the corresponding standard compounds. With these results, this work sets the basis for further development of novel 18F-labeled GSK-3β PET probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhua Zhong
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou North Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510515, China
| | - Shaoxi Yang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou North Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510515, China
| | - Jianyu Cui
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou North Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510515, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou North Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510515, China
| | - Lin Li
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou North Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510515, China
| | - Yilin Chen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou North Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510515, China
| | - Junjie Chen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou North Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510515, China
| | - Pengju Feng
- Department of Chemistry, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Shun Huang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou North Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510515, China
| | - Hongsheng Li
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou North Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510515, China
| | - Yanjian Han
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou North Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510515, China
| | - Ganghua Tang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou North Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510515, China
| | - Kongzhen Hu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou North Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510515, China
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8
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9
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Synthesis of deuterium-labeled 1-(4-methoxybenzyl)-3-(5-nitrothiazol-2-yl)urea (AR-A014418) as an internal standard for LC–MS analysis. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-020-07227-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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10
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Dahl K, Collier TL, Chang R, Zhang X, Sadovski O, Liang SH, Vasdev N. "In-loop" [ 11 C]CO 2 fixation: Prototype and proof of concept. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2018; 61:252-262. [PMID: 28600835 PMCID: PMC5723245 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Carbon-11-labeled carbon dioxide is the most common feedstock for the synthesis of positron emission tomography radiotracers and can be directly used for 11 C-carbonylation. Herein, we report the development of an apparatus that takes advantage of "in-loop" technologies to facilitate robust and reproducible syntheses of 11 C-carbonyl-based radiotracers by [11 C]CO2 -fixation. Our "in-loop" [11 C]CO2 -fixation method is simple, efficient, and proceeds smoothly at ambient pressure and temperature. We selected model 11 C-carbonyl-labeled carbamates as well as symmetrical and unsymmetrical ureas based on their widespread use in radiotracer design and our clinical research interests for proof of concept. Utility of this method is demonstrated by the synthesis of a reversible radiopharmaceutical for monoamine oxidase B, [11 C]SL25.1188, and 2 novel fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibitors. These radiotracers were isolated and formulated (>3.5 GBq; 100 mCi) with radiochemical purities (>99%) and molar radioactivity (≥80 GBq/μmol; ≥2162 mCi/μmol).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Dahl
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Thomas L. Collier
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Advion Inc., 10 Brown Road, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Ran Chang
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Xiaofei Zhang
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Oleg Sadovski
- Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada MST 1R8
| | - Steven H. Liang
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Neil Vasdev
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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11
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Boscutti G, Huiban M, Passchier J. Use of carbon-11 labelled tool compounds in support of drug development. DRUG DISCOVERY TODAY. TECHNOLOGIES 2017; 25:3-10. [PMID: 29233265 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddtec.2017.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Revised: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The pharmaceutical industry is facing key challenges to improve return on R&D investment. Positron emission tomography (PET), by itself or in combination with complementary technologies such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), provides a unique opportunity to confirm a candidate's ability to meet the so-called 'three pillars' of drug development. Positive confirmation provides confidence for go/no-go decision making at an early stage of the development process and enables informed clinical progression. Whereas fluorine-18 has probably gained wider use in the community, there are benefits to using carbon-11 given the greater flexibility the use of this isotope permits in adaptive clinical study design. This review explores the scope of available carbon-11 chemistries and provides clinical examples to highlight its value in PET studies in support of drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Boscutti
- Imanova Ltd., Burlington Danes Building, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Mickael Huiban
- Imanova Ltd., Burlington Danes Building, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Jan Passchier
- Imanova Ltd., Burlington Danes Building, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK.
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12
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Bernard-Gauthier V, Collier TL, Liang SH, Vasdev N. Discovery of PET radiopharmaceuticals at the academia-industry interface. DRUG DISCOVERY TODAY. TECHNOLOGIES 2017; 25:19-26. [PMID: 29233263 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddtec.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Project-specific collaborations between academia and pharmaceutical partners are a growing phenomenon within molecular imaging and in particular in the positron emission tomography (PET) radiopharmaceutical community. This cultural shift can be attributed in part to decreased public funding in academia in conjunction with the increased reliance on outsourcing of chemistry, radiochemistry, pharmacology and molecular imaging studies by the pharmaceutical industry. This account highlights some of our personal experiences working with industrial partners to develop new PET radiochemistry methodologies for drug discovery and neuro-PET research studies. These symbiotic academic-industrial partnerships have not only led to novel radiotracers for new targets but also to the application of new carbon-11 and fluorine-18 labeling methodologies and technologies to label previously unprecedented compounds for in vivo evaluations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vadim Bernard-Gauthier
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Thomas L Collier
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Advion Inc., Research and Development, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Steven H Liang
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Neil Vasdev
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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13
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Synthesis of 11C-Labelled Ureas by Palladium(II)-Mediated Oxidative Carbonylation. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22101688. [PMID: 28994734 PMCID: PMC6151465 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22101688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Revised: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Positron emission tomography is an imaging technique with applications in clinical settings as well as in basic research for the study of biological processes. A PET tracer, a biologically active molecule where a positron-emitting radioisotope such as carbon-11 has been incorporated, is used for the studies. Development of robust methods for incorporation of the radioisotope is therefore of the utmost importance. The urea functional group is present in many biologically active compounds and is thus an attractive target for incorporation of carbon-11 in the form of [11C]carbon monoxide. Starting with amines and [11C]carbon monoxide, both symmetrical and unsymmetrical 11C-labelled ureas were synthesised via a palladium(II)-mediated oxidative carbonylation and obtained in decay-corrected radiochemical yields up to 65%. The added advantage of using [11C]carbon monoxide was shown by the molar activity obtained for an inhibitor of soluble epoxide hydrolase (247 GBq/μmol–319 GBq/μmol). DFT calculations were found to support a reaction mechanism proceeding through an 11C-labelled isocyanate intermediate.
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14
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Prabhakaran J, Zanderigo F, Solingapuram Sai KK, Rubin-Falcone H, Jorgensen MJ, Kaplan JR, Mintz A, Mann JJ, Dileep Kumar JS. Radiosynthesis and in Vivo Evaluation of [ 11C]A1070722, a High Affinity GSK-3 PET Tracer in Primate Brain. ACS Chem Neurosci 2017; 8:1697-1703. [PMID: 28485573 PMCID: PMC5559324 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.6b00376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysfunction of glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3) is implicated in the etiology of Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, diabetes, pain, and cancer. A radiotracer for functional positron emission tomography (PET) imaging could be used to study the kinase in brain disorders and to facilitate the development of small molecule inhibitors of GSK-3 for treatment. At present, there is no target-specific or validated PET tracer available for the in vivo monitoring of GSK-3. We radiolabeled the small molecule inhibitor [11C]1-(7-methoxy- quinolin-4-yl)-3-(6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl)urea ([11C]A1070722) with high affinity to GSK-3 (Ki = 0.6 nM) in excellent radiochemical yield. PET imaging experiments in anesthetized vervet/African green monkey exhibited that [11C]A1070722 penetrated the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and accumulated in brain regions, with highest radioactivity binding in frontal cortex followed by parietal cortex and anterior cingulate, and with the lowest bindings found in caudate, putamen, and thalamus, similarly to the known distribution of GSK-3 in human brain. Our studies suggest that [11C]A1070722 can be a potential PET radiotracer for the in vivo quantification of GSK-3 in brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaya Prabhakaran
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, United States
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York 10032, United States
| | - Francesca Zanderigo
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, United States
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York 10032, United States
| | - Kiran Kumar Solingapuram Sai
- Department of Radiology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27101, United States
| | - Harry Rubin-Falcone
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, United States
| | - Matthew J. Jorgensen
- Department of Pathology, Section on Comparative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27101, United States
| | - Jay R. Kaplan
- Department of Pathology, Section on Comparative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27101, United States
| | - Akiva Mintz
- Department of Radiology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27101, United States
| | - J. John Mann
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, United States
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York 10032, United States
| | - J. S. Dileep Kumar
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York 10032, United States
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15
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Hu K, Patnaik D, Collier TL, Lee KN, Gao H, Swoyer MR, Rotstein BH, Krishnan HS, Liang SH, Wang J, Yan Z, Hooker JM, Vasdev N, Haggarty SJ, Ngai MY. Development of [ 18F]Maleimide-Based Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3β Ligands for Positron Emission Tomography Imaging. ACS Med Chem Lett 2017; 8:287-292. [PMID: 28337318 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.6b00405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) is implicated in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders. Thus, development of GSK-3β radiotracers for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging is of paramount importance, because such a noninvasive imaging technique would allow better understanding of the link between the activity of GSK-3β and central nervous system disorders in living organisms, and it would enable early detection of the enzyme's aberrant activity. Herein, we report the synthesis and biological evaluation of a series of fluorine-substituted maleimide derivatives that are high-affinity GSK-3β inhibitors. Radiosynthesis of a potential GSK-3β tracer [18F]10a is achieved. Preliminary in vivo PET imaging studies in rodents show moderate brain uptake, although no saturable binding was observed in the brain. Further refinement of the lead scaffold to develop potent [18F]-labeled GSK-3 radiotracers for PET imaging of the central nervous system is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kongzhen Hu
- Department
of Chemistry, and Institute of
Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, United States
| | - Debasis Patnaik
- Chemical Neurobiology Laboratory, Center for Genomic Medicine, Departments of Neurology & Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Thomas Lee Collier
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging & Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Katarzyna N. Lee
- Department
of Chemistry, and Institute of
Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, United States
| | - Han Gao
- Department
of Chemistry, and Institute of
Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, United States
| | - Matthew R. Swoyer
- Department
of Chemistry, and Institute of
Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, United States
| | - Benjamin H. Rotstein
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging & Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Hema S. Krishnan
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging & Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Steven H. Liang
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging & Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Jin Wang
- Department
of Chemistry, and Institute of
Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, United States
| | - Zhiqiang Yan
- State
Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry Changchun Institute
of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, Jilin, China
| | - Jacob M. Hooker
- Division
of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Neil Vasdev
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging & Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Stephen J. Haggarty
- Chemical Neurobiology Laboratory, Center for Genomic Medicine, Departments of Neurology & Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Ming-Yu Ngai
- Department
of Chemistry, and Institute of
Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, United States
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16
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Rotstein BH, Liang SH, Placzek MS, Hooker JM, Gee AD, Dollé F, Wilson AA, Vasdev N. (11)C[double bond, length as m-dash]O bonds made easily for positron emission tomography radiopharmaceuticals. Chem Soc Rev 2016; 45:4708-26. [PMID: 27276357 PMCID: PMC5000859 DOI: 10.1039/c6cs00310a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The positron-emitting radionuclide carbon-11 ((11)C, t1/2 = 20.3 min) possesses the unique potential for radiolabeling of any biological, naturally occurring, or synthetic organic molecule for in vivo positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. Carbon-11 is most often incorporated into small molecules by methylation of alcohol, thiol, amine or carboxylic acid precursors using [(11)C]methyl iodide or [(11)C]methyl triflate (generated from [(11)C]carbon dioxide or [(11)C]methane). Consequently, small molecules that lack an easily substituted (11)C-methyl group are often considered to have non-obvious strategies for radiolabeling and require a more customized approach. [(11)C]Carbon dioxide itself, [(11)C]carbon monoxide, [(11)C]cyanide, and [(11)C]phosgene represent alternative reactants to enable (11)C-carbonylation. Methodologies developed for preparation of (11)C-carbonyl groups have had a tremendous impact on the development of novel PET tracers and provided key tools for clinical research. (11)C-Carbonyl radiopharmaceuticals based on labeled carboxylic acids, amides, carbamates and ureas now account for a substantial number of important imaging agents that have seen translation to higher species and clinical research of previously inaccessible targets, which is a testament to the creativity, utility and practicality of the underlying radiochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Steven H Liang
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA.
| | - Michael S Placzek
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, MGH, HMS, Charlestown, USA and McLean Hospital, Belmont, USA
| | - Jacob M Hooker
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, MGH, HMS, Charlestown, USA
| | | | - Frédéric Dollé
- CEA - Institut d'imagerie biomédicale, Service hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Alan A Wilson
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
| | - Neil Vasdev
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA.
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17
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Liang SH, Chen JM, Normandin MD, Chang JS, Chang GC, Taylor CK, Trapa P, Plummer MS, Para KS, Conn EL, Lopresti‐Morrow L, Lanyon LF, Cook JM, Richter KEG, Nolan CE, Schachter JB, Janat F, Che Y, Shanmugasundaram V, Lefker BA, Enerson BE, Livni E, Wang L, Guehl NJ, Patnaik D, Wagner FF, Perlis R, Holson EB, Haggarty SJ, El Fakhri G, Kurumbail RG, Vasdev N. Discovery of a Highly Selective Glycogen Synthase Kinase‐3 Inhibitor (PF‐04802367) That Modulates Tau Phosphorylation in the Brain: Translation for PET Neuroimaging. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201603797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Steven H. Liang
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging & Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology Harvard Medical School Boston MA 02114 USA
| | - Jinshan Michael Chen
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories Eastern Point Road Groton CT 06340 USA
| | - Marc D. Normandin
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging & Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology Harvard Medical School Boston MA 02114 USA
| | - Jeanne S. Chang
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories Eastern Point Road Groton CT 06340 USA
| | - George C. Chang
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories Eastern Point Road Groton CT 06340 USA
| | - Christine K. Taylor
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories Eastern Point Road Groton CT 06340 USA
| | - Patrick Trapa
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development 610 Main Street Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Mark S. Plummer
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories Eastern Point Road Groton CT 06340 USA
| | - Kimberly S. Para
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories Eastern Point Road Groton CT 06340 USA
| | - Edward L. Conn
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories Eastern Point Road Groton CT 06340 USA
| | - Lori Lopresti‐Morrow
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories Eastern Point Road Groton CT 06340 USA
| | - Lorraine F. Lanyon
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories Eastern Point Road Groton CT 06340 USA
| | - James M. Cook
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories Eastern Point Road Groton CT 06340 USA
| | - Karl E. G. Richter
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories Eastern Point Road Groton CT 06340 USA
| | - Charlie E. Nolan
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories Eastern Point Road Groton CT 06340 USA
| | - Joel B. Schachter
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories Eastern Point Road Groton CT 06340 USA
| | - Fouad Janat
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories Eastern Point Road Groton CT 06340 USA
| | - Ye Che
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories Eastern Point Road Groton CT 06340 USA
| | | | - Bruce A. Lefker
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development 610 Main Street Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Bradley E. Enerson
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories Eastern Point Road Groton CT 06340 USA
| | - Elijahu Livni
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging & Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology Harvard Medical School Boston MA 02114 USA
| | - Lu Wang
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging & Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology Harvard Medical School Boston MA 02114 USA
| | - Nicolas J. Guehl
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging & Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology Harvard Medical School Boston MA 02114 USA
| | - Debasis Patnaik
- Departments of Neurology & Psychiatry Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School 185 Cambridge Street Boston MA 02114 USA
| | - Florence F. Wagner
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research Broad Institute 415 Main Street Cambridge MA o2142 USA
| | - Roy Perlis
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research Broad Institute 415 Main Street Cambridge MA o2142 USA
- Departments of Neurology & Psychiatry Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School 185 Cambridge Street Boston MA 02114 USA
| | - Edward B. Holson
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research Broad Institute 415 Main Street Cambridge MA o2142 USA
| | - Stephen J. Haggarty
- Departments of Neurology & Psychiatry Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School 185 Cambridge Street Boston MA 02114 USA
| | - Georges El Fakhri
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging & Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology Harvard Medical School Boston MA 02114 USA
| | - Ravi G. Kurumbail
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories Eastern Point Road Groton CT 06340 USA
| | - Neil Vasdev
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging & Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology Harvard Medical School Boston MA 02114 USA
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18
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Liang SH, Chen JM, Normandin MD, Chang JS, Chang GC, Taylor CK, Trapa P, Plummer MS, Para KS, Conn EL, Lopresti-Morrow L, Lanyon LF, Cook JM, Richter KEG, Nolan CE, Schachter JB, Janat F, Che Y, Shanmugasundaram V, Lefker BA, Enerson BE, Livni E, Wang L, Guehl NJ, Patnaik D, Wagner FF, Perlis R, Holson EB, Haggarty SJ, El Fakhri G, Kurumbail RG, Vasdev N. Discovery of a Highly Selective Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3 Inhibitor (PF-04802367) That Modulates Tau Phosphorylation in the Brain: Translation for PET Neuroimaging. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:9601-5. [PMID: 27355874 PMCID: PMC4983481 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201603797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) regulates multiple cellular processes in diabetes, oncology, and neurology. N-(3-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)propyl)-5-(3-chloro-4-methoxyphenyl)oxazole-4-carboxamide (PF-04802367 or PF-367) has been identified as a highly potent inhibitor, which is among the most selective antagonists of GSK-3 to date. Its efficacy was demonstrated in modulation of tau phosphorylation in vitro and in vivo. Whereas the kinetics of PF-367 binding in brain tissues are too fast for an effective therapeutic agent, the pharmacokinetic profile of PF-367 is ideal for discovery of radiopharmaceuticals for GSK-3 in the central nervous system. A (11) C-isotopologue of PF-367 was synthesized and preliminary PET imaging studies in non-human primates confirmed that we have overcome the two major obstacles for imaging GSK-3, namely, reasonable brain permeability and displaceable binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven H Liang
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging & Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Jinshan Michael Chen
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT, 06340, USA
| | - Marc D Normandin
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging & Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Jeanne S Chang
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT, 06340, USA
| | - George C Chang
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT, 06340, USA
| | - Christine K Taylor
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT, 06340, USA
| | - Patrick Trapa
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Mark S Plummer
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT, 06340, USA
| | - Kimberly S Para
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT, 06340, USA
| | - Edward L Conn
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT, 06340, USA
| | - Lori Lopresti-Morrow
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT, 06340, USA
| | - Lorraine F Lanyon
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT, 06340, USA
| | - James M Cook
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT, 06340, USA
| | - Karl E G Richter
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT, 06340, USA
| | - Charlie E Nolan
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT, 06340, USA
| | - Joel B Schachter
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT, 06340, USA
| | - Fouad Janat
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT, 06340, USA
| | - Ye Che
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT, 06340, USA
| | - Veerabahu Shanmugasundaram
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT, 06340, USA
| | - Bruce A Lefker
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Bradley E Enerson
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT, 06340, USA
| | - Elijahu Livni
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging & Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Lu Wang
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging & Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Nicolas J Guehl
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging & Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Debasis Patnaik
- Departments of Neurology & Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Florence F Wagner
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, MA, o2142, USA
| | - Roy Perlis
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, MA, o2142, USA
- Departments of Neurology & Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Edward B Holson
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, MA, o2142, USA
| | - Stephen J Haggarty
- Departments of Neurology & Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Georges El Fakhri
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging & Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Ravi G Kurumbail
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT, 06340, USA.
| | - Neil Vasdev
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging & Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
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19
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Mossine AV, Brooks AF, Jackson IM, Quesada CA, Sherman P, Cole EL, Donnelly DJ, Scott PJH, Shao X. Synthesis of Diverse (11)C-Labeled PET Radiotracers via Direct Incorporation of [(11)C]CO2. Bioconjug Chem 2016; 27:1382-9. [PMID: 27043721 PMCID: PMC5637095 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.6b00163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Three new positron emission tomography (PET) radiotracers of interest to our functional neuroimaging and translational oncology programs have been prepared through new developments in [(11)C]CO2 fixation chemistry. [(11)C]QZ (glutaminyl cyclase) was prepared via a tandem trapping of [(11)C]CO2/intramolecular cyclization; [(11)C]tideglusib (glycogen synthase kinase-3) was synthesized through a tandem trapping of [(11)C]CO2 followed by an intermolecular cycloaddition between a [(11)C]isocyanate and an isothiocyanate to form the 1,2,4-thiadiazolidine-3,5-dione core; [(11)C]ibrutinib (Bruton's tyrosine kinase) was synthesized through a HATU peptide coupling of an amino precursor with [(11)C]acrylic acid (generated from [(11)C]CO2 fixation with vinylmagnesium bromide). All radiochemical syntheses are fully automated on commercial radiochemical synthesis modules and provide radiotracers in 1-5% radiochemical yield (noncorrected, based upon [(11)C]CO2). All three radiotracers have advanced to rodent imaging studies and preliminary PET imaging results are also reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew V. Mossine
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Allen F. Brooks
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Isaac M. Jackson
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Carole A. Quesada
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Phillip Sherman
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Erin L. Cole
- Discovery Chemistry Platforms, PET Radiochemical Synthesis, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - David J. Donnelly
- Discovery Chemistry Platforms, PET Radiochemical Synthesis, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Peter J. H. Scott
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- The Interdepartmental Program in Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Xia Shao
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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20
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Pandey MK, DeGrado TR. Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3 (GSK-3)-Targeted Therapy and Imaging. Am J Cancer Res 2016; 6:571-93. [PMID: 26941849 PMCID: PMC4775866 DOI: 10.7150/thno.14334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) is associated with various key biological processes, including glucose regulation, apoptosis, protein synthesis, cell signaling, cellular transport, gene transcription, proliferation, and intracellular communication. Accordingly, GSK-3 has been implicated in a wide variety of diseases and specifically targeted for both therapeutic and imaging applications by a large number of academic laboratories and pharmaceutical companies. Here, we review the structure, function, expression levels, and ligand-binding properties of GSK-3 and its connection to various diseases. A selected list of highly potent GSK-3 inhibitors, with IC50 <20 nM for adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-competitive inhibitors and IC50 <5 μM for non-ATP-competitive inhibitors, were analyzed for structure activity relationships. Furthermore, ubiquitous expression of GSK-3 and its possible impact on therapy and imaging are also highlighted. Finally, a rational perspective and possible route to selective and effective GSK-3 inhibitors is discussed.
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21
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Recent Advances in the Development and Application of Radiolabeled Kinase Inhibitors for PET Imaging. Molecules 2015; 20:22000-27. [PMID: 26690113 PMCID: PMC6332294 DOI: 10.3390/molecules201219816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Revised: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last 20 years, intensive investigation and multiple clinical successes targeting protein kinases, mostly for cancer treatment, have identified small molecule kinase inhibitors as a prominent therapeutic class. In the course of those investigations, radiolabeled kinase inhibitors for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging have been synthesized and evaluated as diagnostic imaging probes for cancer characterization. Given that inhibitor coverage of the kinome is continuously expanding, in vivo PET imaging will likely find increasing applications for therapy monitoring and receptor density studies both in- and outside of oncological conditions. Early investigated radiolabeled inhibitors, which are mostly based on clinically approved tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) isotopologues, have now entered clinical trials. Novel radioligands for cancer and PET neuroimaging originating from novel but relevant target kinases are currently being explored in preclinical studies. This article reviews the literature involving radiotracer design, radiochemistry approaches, biological tracer evaluation and nuclear imaging results of radiolabeled kinase inhibitors for PET reported between 2010 and mid-2015. Aspects regarding the usefulness of pursuing selective vs. promiscuous inhibitor scaffolds and the inherent challenges associated with intracellular enzyme imaging will be discussed.
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22
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Kumata K, Yui J, Xie L, Zhang Y, Nengaki N, Fujinaga M, Yamasaki T, Shimoda Y, Zhang MR. Radiosynthesis and preliminary PET evaluation of glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK-3β) inhibitors containing [(11)C]methylsulfanyl, [(11)C]methylsulfinyl or [(11)C]methylsulfonyl groups. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:3230-3. [PMID: 26067173 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.05.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Revised: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Three compounds 1-3 containing methyl-sufanyl, sufinyl, or sulfonyl groups are strong inhibitors of glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK-3β), an enzyme associated with Alzheimer's disease. We labeled 1-3 with (11)C for a positron emission tomography (PET) brain imaging study. A novel thiophenol precursor 4 for radiosynthesis was prepared by reacting sulfoxide 2 with trifluoroacetic anhydride. [(11)C]1 was synthesized by reacting 4 with [(11)C]methyl iodide in 52 ± 5% radiochemical yield (n = 5, based on [(11)C]CO2, corrected for decay). Oxidation of [(11)C]1 with Oxone® produced [(11)C]2 and [(11)C]3, respectively. PET with [(11)C]1 and [(11)C]3 showed 2 fold higher brain uptake of radioactivity in a mouse model of cold water stress in which GSK-3β expression was increased, than in the controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsushi Kumata
- Molecular Probe Program, Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Joji Yui
- Molecular Probe Program, Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Lin Xie
- Molecular Probe Program, Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Yiding Zhang
- Molecular Probe Program, Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Nobuki Nengaki
- Molecular Probe Program, Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan; SHI Accelerator Service Co. Ltd, 5-9-11 Kitashinagawa, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 141-8686, Japan
| | - Masayuki Fujinaga
- Molecular Probe Program, Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Tomoteru Yamasaki
- Molecular Probe Program, Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Yoko Shimoda
- Molecular Probe Program, Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Ming-Rong Zhang
- Molecular Probe Program, Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan.
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23
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Li L, Shao X, Cole EL, Ohnmacht S, Ferrari V, Hong YT, Williamson DJ, Fryer TD, Quesada CA, Sherman P, Riss PJ, Scott PJH, Aigbirhio FI. Synthesis and Initial in Vivo Studies with [(11)C]SB-216763: The First Radiolabeled Brain Penetrative Inhibitor of GSK-3. ACS Med Chem Lett 2015; 6:548-52. [PMID: 26005531 PMCID: PMC4434473 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.5b00044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Quantifying glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) activity in vivo using positron emission tomography (PET) imaging is of interest because dysregulation of GSK-3 is implicated in numerous diseases and neurological disorders for which GSK-3 inhibitors are being considered as therapeutic strategies. Previous PET radiotracers for GSK-3 have been reported, but none of the published examples cross the blood-brain barrier. Therefore, we have an ongoing interest in developing a brain penetrating radiotracer for GSK-3. To this end, we were interested in synthesis and preclinical evaluation of [(11)C]SB-216763, a high-affinity inhibitor of GSK-3 (K i = 9 nM; IC50 = 34 nM). Initial radiosyntheses of [(11)C]SB-216763 proved ineffective in our hands because of competing [3 + 3] sigmatropic shifts. Therefore, we have developed a novel one-pot two-step synthesis of [(11)C]SB-216763 from a 2,4-dimethoxybenzyl-protected maleimide precursor, which provided high specific activity [(11)C]SB-216763 in 1% noncorrected radiochemical yield (based upon [(11)C]CH3I) and 97-100% radiochemical purity (n = 7). Initial preclinical evaluation in rodent and nonhuman primate PET imaging studies revealed high initial brain uptake (peak rodent SUV = 2.5 @ 3 min postinjection; peak nonhuman primate SUV = 1.9 @ 5 min postinjection) followed by washout. Brain uptake was highest in thalamus, striatum, cortex, and cerebellum, areas known to be rich in GSK-3. These results make the arylindolemaleimide skeleton our lead scaffold for developing a PET radiotracer for quantification of GSK-3 density in vivo and ultimately translating it into clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Li
- Molecular
Imaging Chemistry Laboratory, Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TN, U.K.
| | - Xia Shao
- Division
of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Erin L. Cole
- Division
of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Stephan
A. Ohnmacht
- Molecular
Imaging Chemistry Laboratory, Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TN, U.K.
| | - Valentina Ferrari
- Molecular
Imaging Chemistry Laboratory, Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TN, U.K.
| | - Young T. Hong
- Laboratory
for Molecular Imaging, Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TN, U.K.
| | - David J. Williamson
- Laboratory
for Molecular Imaging, Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TN, U.K.
| | - Tim D. Fryer
- Laboratory
for Molecular Imaging, Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TN, U.K.
| | - Carole A. Quesada
- Division
of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Phillip Sherman
- Division
of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Patrick J. Riss
- Molecular
Imaging Chemistry Laboratory, Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TN, U.K.
| | - Peter J. H. Scott
- Division
of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- The
Interdepartmental Program in Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Michigan, Ann
Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Franklin I. Aigbirhio
- Molecular
Imaging Chemistry Laboratory, Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TN, U.K.
- Laboratory
for Molecular Imaging, Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TN, U.K.
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Azam F, Amer AM, Abulifa AR, Elzwawi MM. Ginger components as new leads for the design and development of novel multi-targeted anti-Alzheimer's drugs: a computational investigation. Drug Des Devel Ther 2014; 8:2045-59. [PMID: 25364231 PMCID: PMC4211852 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s67778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginger (Zingiber officinale), despite being a common dietary adjunct that contributes to the taste and flavor of foods, is well known to contain a number of potentially bioactive phytochemicals having valuable medicinal properties. Although recent studies have emphasized their benefits in Alzheimer's disease, limited information is available on the possible mechanism by which it renders anti-Alzheimer activity. Therefore, the present study seeks to employ molecular docking studies to investigate the binding interactions between active ginger components and various anti-Alzheimer drug targets. Lamarckian genetic algorithm methodology was employed for docking of 12 ligands with 13 different target proteins using AutoDock 4.2 program. Docking protocol was validated by re-docking of all native co-crystallized ligands into their original binding cavities exhibiting a strong correlation coefficient value (r (2)=0.931) between experimentally reported and docking predicted activities. This value suggests that the approach could be a promising computational tool to aid optimization of lead compounds obtained from ginger. Analysis of binding energy, predicted inhibition constant, and hydrophobic/hydrophilic interactions of ligands with target receptors revealed acetylcholinesterase as most promising, while c-Jun N-terminal kinase was recognized as the least favorable anti-Alzheimer's drug target. Common structural requirements include hydrogen bond donor/acceptor area, hydrophobic domain, carbon spacer, and distal hydrophobic domain flanked by hydrogen bond donor/acceptor moieties. In addition, drug-likeness score and molecular properties responsible for a good pharmacokinetic profile were calculated by Osiris property explorer and Molinspiration online toolkit, respectively. None of the compounds violated Lipinski's rule of five, making them potentially promising drug candidates for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faizul Azam
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Misurata University, Misurata, Libya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Nims Institute of Pharmacy, Nims University, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
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Cole EL, Shao X, Sherman P, Quesada C, Fawaz MV, Desmond TJ, Scott PJH. Synthesis and evaluation of [(11)C]PyrATP-1, a novel radiotracer for PET imaging of glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β). Nucl Med Biol 2014; 41:507-12. [PMID: 24768148 PMCID: PMC4034144 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2014.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2014] [Revised: 03/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The dysfunction of glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) has been implicated in a number of diseases, including Alzheimer's disease. The ability to non-invasively quantify GSK-3β activity in vivo is therefore of critical importance, and this work is focused upon development of inhibitors of GSK-3β radiolabeled with carbon-11 to examine quantification of the enzyme using positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. METHODS (11)C PyrATP-1 was prepared from the corresponding desmethyl-piperazine precursor in an automated synthesis module. In vivo rodent and primate imaging studies were conducted on a Concorde MicroPET P4 scanner to evaluate imaging properties and in vitro autoradiography studies with rat brain samples were carried out to examine specific binding. RESULTS 2035±518MBq (55±14mCi) of [(11)C]PyrATP-1 was obtained (1%-2% non-corrected radiochemical yield at end-of-synthesis based upon [(11)C]CO2) with high chemical (>95%) and radiochemical (>99%) purities, and good specific activities (143±52GBq/μmol (3874±1424Ci/mmol)), n=5. In vivo microPET imaging studies revealed poor brain uptake in rodents and non-human primates. Pretreatment of rodents with cyclosporin A resulted in moderately increased brain uptake suggesting Pgp transporter involvement. Autoradiography demonstrated high levels of specific binding in areas of the rodent brain known to be rich in GSK-3β. CONCLUSION (11)C PyrATP-1 is readily synthesized using standard carbon-11 radiochemistry. However the poor brain uptake in rodents and non-human primates indicates that the radiotracer is not suitable for the purposes of quantifying GSK-3β in neurological and psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin L Cole
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Xia Shao
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Phillip Sherman
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Carole Quesada
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Maria V Fawaz
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Timothy J Desmond
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Peter J H Scott
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; The Interdepartmental Program in Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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Hicks JW, Parkes J, Tong J, Houle S, Vasdev N, Wilson AA. Radiosynthesis and ex vivo evaluation of [(11)C-carbonyl]carbamate- and urea-based monoacylglycerol lipase inhibitors. Nucl Med Biol 2014; 41:688-94. [PMID: 24969632 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2014.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Revised: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) and fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) are the two primary enzymes that regulate the tone of endocannabinoid signaling. Although new PET radiotracers have been discovered for imaging FAAH in vivo, no such radiotracer exists for imaging MAGL. Here we report the radiosynthesis of five candidate MAGL radiotracers and their ex vivo evaluations in mice and rats. METHODS Candidate carbamate and urea MAGL inhibitors were radiolabeled at the carbonyl position by [(11)C]CO2 fixation. Radiotracers were administered (tail-vein injection) to rodents and brain uptake of radioactivity measured at early and late time points ex vivo. Specificity of uptake was explored by pretreatment with unlabeled inhibitors (2 mg/kg, ip) 30 min prior to radiotracer administration. RESULTS All five candidate MAGL radiotracers were prepared in high specific activity (>65 GBq/μmol) and radiochemical purity (>98%). Moderate brain uptake (0.2-0.8 SUV) was observed for each candidate while pretreatment did not reduce uptake for four of the five tested. For two candidates ([(11)C]12 and [(11)C]14), high retention of radioactivity was observed in the blood (ca. 10 and 4 SUV at 40 min) which was blocked by pretreatment with unlabeled inhibitors. The most promising candidate, [(11)C]18, demonstrated moderate brain uptake (ca. 0.8 SUV) which showed circa 50% blockade by pretreatment with unlabeled 18. CONCLUSION One putative and four reported potent and selective MAGL inhibitors have been radiolabeled via [(11)C]CO2 fixation as radiotracers for this enzyme. Despite the promising in vitro pharmacological profile, none of the five candidate radiotracers exhibited in vivo behavior suitable for PET neuroimaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin W Hicks
- Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5T 1R8; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5S 1A8
| | - Jun Parkes
- Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5T 1R8
| | - Junchao Tong
- Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5T 1R8
| | - Sylvain Houle
- Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5T 1R8
| | - Neil Vasdev
- Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School and Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA, 02114
| | - Alan A Wilson
- Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5T 1R8; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5S 1A8.
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Holland JP, Liang SH, Rotstein BH, Collier TL, Stephenson NA, Greguric I, Vasdev N. Alternative approaches for PET radiotracer development in Alzheimer's disease: imaging beyond plaque. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2013; 57:323-31. [PMID: 24327420 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) and related dementias show increasing clinical prevalence, yet our understanding of the etiology and pathobiology of disease-related neurodegeneration remains limited. In this regard, noninvasive imaging with radiotracers for positron emission tomography (PET) presents a unique tool for quantifying spatial and temporal changes in characteristic biological markers of brain disease and for assessing potential drug efficacy. PET radiotracers targeting different protein markers are being developed to address questions pertaining to the molecular and/or genetic heterogeneity of AD and related dementias. For example, radiotracers including [(11) C]-PiB and [(18) F]-AV-45 (Florbetapir) are being used to measure the density of Aβ-plaques in AD patients and to interrogate the biological mechanisms of disease initiation and progression. Our focus is on the development of novel PET imaging agents, targeting proteins beyond Aβ-plaques, which can be used to investigate the broader mechanism of AD pathogenesis. Here, we present the chemical basis of various radiotracers which show promise in preclinical or clinical studies for use in evaluating the phenotypic or biochemical characteristics of AD. Radiotracers for PET imaging neuroinflammation, metal ion association with Aβ-plaques, tau protein, cholinergic and cannabinoid receptors, and enzymes including glycogen-synthase kinase-3β and monoamine oxidase B amongst others, and their connection to AD are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason P Holland
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit St., White 427, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114, USA; Life Sciences, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Kirrawee, New South Wales, 2232, Australia
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Rotstein BH, Liang SH, Holland JP, Collier TL, Hooker JM, Wilson AA, Vasdev N. 11CO2 fixation: a renaissance in PET radiochemistry. Chem Commun (Camb) 2013; 49:5621-9. [PMID: 23673726 PMCID: PMC5604310 DOI: 10.1039/c3cc42236d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Carbon-11 labelled carbon dioxide is the cyclotron-generated feedstock reagent for most positron emission tomography (PET) tracers using this radionuclide. Most carbon-11 labels, however, are installed using derivative reagents generated from [(11)C]CO2. In recent years, [(11)C]CO2 has seen a revival in applications for the direct incorporation of carbon-11 into functional groups such as ureas, carbamates, oxazolidinones, carboxylic acids, esters, and amides. This review summarizes classical [(11)C]CO2 fixation strategies using organometallic reagents and then focuses on newly developed methods that employ strong organic bases to reversibly capture [(11)C]CO2 into solution, thereby enabling highly functionalized labelled compounds to be prepared. Labelled compounds and radiopharmaceuticals that have been translated to the clinic are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin H Rotstein
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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Hicks JW, Parkes J, Sadovski O, Tong J, Houle S, Vasdev N, Wilson AA. Synthesis and preclinical evaluation of [11C-carbonyl]PF-04457845 for neuroimaging of fatty acid amide hydrolase. Nucl Med Biol 2013; 40:740-6. [PMID: 23731552 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2013.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Revised: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) has a significant role in regulating endocannabinoid signaling in the central nervous system. As such, FAAH inhibitors are being actively sought for pain, addiction, and other indications. This has led to the recent pursuit of positron emission tomography (PET) radiotracers targeting FAAH. We report herein the preparation and preclinical evaluation of [(11)C-carbonyl]PF-04457845, an isotopologue of the potent irreversible FAAH inhibitor. METHODS PF-04457845 was radiolabeled at the carbonyl position via automated [(11)C]CO(2)-fixation. Ex vivo brain biodistribution of [(11)C-carbonyl]PF-04457845 was carried out in conscious rats. Specificity was determined by pre-administration of PF-04457845 or URB597 prior to [(11)C-carbonyl]PF-04457845. In a separate experiment, rats injected with the title radiotracer had whole brains excised, homogenized and extracted to examine irreversible binding to brain parenchyma. RESULTS The title compound was prepared in 5 ± 1% (n = 4) isolated radiochemical yield based on starting [(11)C]CO(2) (decay uncorrected) within 25 min from end-of-bombardment in >98% radiochemical purity and a specific activity of 73.5 ± 8.2 GBq/μmol at end-of-synthesis. Uptake of [(11)C-carbonyl]PF-04457845 into the rat brain was high (range of 1.2-4.4 SUV), heterogeneous, and in accordance with reported FAAH distribution. Saturable binding was demonstrated by a dose-dependent reduction in brain radioactivity uptake following pre-treatment with PF-04457845. Pre-treatment with the prototypical FAAH inhibitor, URB597, reduced the brain radiotracer uptake in all regions by 71-81%, demonstrating specificity for FAAH. The binding of [(11)C-carbonyl]PF-04457845 to FAAH at 40 min post injection was irreversible as 98% of the radioactivity in the brain could not be extracted. CONCLUSIONS [(11)C-carbonyl]PF-04457845 was rapidly synthesized via an automated radiosynthesis. Ex vivo biodistribution studies in conscious rodents demonstrate that [11C PF-04457845 is a promising candidate radiotracer for imaging FAAH in the brain with PET. These results coupled with the known pharmacology and toxicology of PF-04457845 should facilitate clinical translation of this radiotracer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin W Hicks
- Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
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