1
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Poirier B, Pasquier O, Chenede X, Corbier A, Prigent P, Azam A, Bernard C, Guillotel M, Gillot F, Riva L, Briand V, Ingenito R, Gauzy-Lazo L, Duclos O, Philippo C, Maillere B, Bianchi E, Mallart S, Janiak P, Illiano S. R2R01: A long-acting single-chain peptide agonist of RXFP1 for renal and cardiovascular diseases. Br J Pharmacol 2024; 181:1993-2011. [PMID: 38450758 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The therapeutic potential of relaxin for heart failure and renal disease in clinical trials is hampered by the short half-life of serelaxin. Optimization of fatty acid-acetylated single-chain peptide analogues of relaxin culminated in the design and synthesis of R2R01, a potent and selective RXFP1 agonist with subcutaneous bioavailability and extended half-life. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Cellular assays and pharmacological models of RXFP1 activation were used to validate the potency and selectivity of R2R01. Increased renal blood flow was used as a translational marker of R2R01 activity. Human mastocytes (LAD2 cells) were used to study potential pseudo-allergic reactions and CD4+ T-cells to study immunogenicity. The pharmacokinetics of R2R01 were characterized in rats and minipigs. KEY RESULTS In vitro, R2R01 had comparable potency and efficacy to relaxin as an agonist for human RXFP1. In vivo, subcutaneous administration of R2R01 increased heart rate and renal blood flow in normotensive and hypertensive rat and did not show evidence of tachyphylaxis. R2R01 also increased nipple length in rats, used as a chronic model of RXFP1 engagement. Pharmacokinetic studies showed that R2R01 has a significantly extended terminal half-life. The in vitro assays with LAD2 cells and CD4+ T-cells showed that R2R01 had low potential for pseudo-allergic and immunogenic reactions, respectively. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS R2R01 is a potent RXFP1 agonist with an extended half-life that increases renal blood flow in various settings including normotensive and hypertensive conditions. The preclinical efficacy and safety data supported clinical development of R2R01 as a potential new therapy for renal and cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Poirier
- Cardio-Vascular and metabolism, Sanofi R&D, Chilly Mazarin, France
| | | | - Xavier Chenede
- Cardio-Vascular and metabolism, Sanofi R&D, Chilly Mazarin, France
| | - Alain Corbier
- Cardio-Vascular and metabolism, Sanofi R&D, Chilly Mazarin, France
| | - Philippe Prigent
- Cardio-Vascular and metabolism, Sanofi R&D, Chilly Mazarin, France
| | | | - Carine Bernard
- Cardio-Vascular and metabolism, Sanofi R&D, Chilly Mazarin, France
| | - Michel Guillotel
- Cardio-Vascular and metabolism, Sanofi R&D, Chilly Mazarin, France
| | - Florence Gillot
- Cardio-Vascular and metabolism, Sanofi R&D, Chilly Mazarin, France
| | - Laurence Riva
- Cardio-Vascular and metabolism, Sanofi R&D, Chilly Mazarin, France
| | - Veronique Briand
- Cardio-Vascular and metabolism, Sanofi R&D, Chilly Mazarin, France
| | - Raffaele Ingenito
- Peptides and Small Molecules R&D Department, IRBM Spa, Pomezia, Rome, Italy
| | - Laurence Gauzy-Lazo
- Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé, Université de Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Olivier Duclos
- Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé, Université de Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | | | | | - Elisabetta Bianchi
- Peptides and Small Molecules R&D Department, IRBM Spa, Pomezia, Rome, Italy
| | - Sergio Mallart
- Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé, Université de Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Philip Janiak
- Cardio-Vascular and metabolism, Sanofi R&D, Chilly Mazarin, France
| | - Stephane Illiano
- Cardio-Vascular and metabolism, Sanofi R&D, Chilly Mazarin, France
- Investigative Toxicology, Sanofi R&D, Chilly Mazarin, France
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2
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Gao Z, Wei Y, Ma G. A review of recent research and development on GLP-1 receptor agonists-sustained-release microspheres. J Mater Chem B 2023; 11:11184-11197. [PMID: 37975420 DOI: 10.1039/d3tb02207b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) are increasingly used in treating type 2 diabetes (T2D). However, owing to their limited oral bioavailability, most commercially available GLP-1 RAs are administered through frequent subcutaneous injections, which may result in poor patient compliance during clinical treatment. To improve patients' compliance, sustained-release GLP-1 RA-loaded microspheres have been explored. This review is an overview of recent progress and research in GLP-1 RA-loaded microspheres. First, the fabrication methods of GLP-1 RA-loaded microspheres including the coacervation method, emulsion-solvent evaporation method based on agitation, premix membrane emulsification technology, spray drying, microfluidic droplet technology, and supercritical fluid technology are summarized. Next, the strategies for maintaining GLP-1 RAs' stability and activity in microspheres by adding additives and PEGylation are reviewed. Finally, the effect of particle size, drug distribution, the internal structure of microspheres, and the hydrogel/microsphere composite strategy on improved release behavior is summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zejing Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China.
- Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Preparation and Delivery, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yi Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China.
- Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Preparation and Delivery, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Guanghui Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China.
- Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Preparation and Delivery, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
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3
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Characterization of a new potent and long-lasting single chain peptide agonist of RXFP1 in cells and in vivo translational models. Sci Rep 2022; 12:20435. [PMID: 36443381 PMCID: PMC9705314 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-24716-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite beneficial effects in acute heart failure, the full therapeutic potential of recombinant relaxin-2 has been hampered by its short half-life and the need for intravenous administration limiting its use to intensive care units. A multiparametric optimization of the relaxin B-chain led to the identification of single chain lipidated peptide agonists of RXFP1 like SA10SC-RLX with subcutaneous bioavailability and extended half-life. SA10SC-RLX has sub nanomolar activity on cells expressing human RXFP1 and molecular modeling associated with the study of different RXFP1 mutants was used to decipher the mechanism of SA10SC-RLX interaction with RXFP1. Telemetry was performed in rat where SA10SC-RLX was able to engage RXFP1 after subcutaneous administration without tachyphylaxis after repeated dosing. Renal blood flow was then used as a translational model to evaluate RXFP1 activation. SA10SC-RLX increased renal blood flow and decreased renal vascular resistance in rats as reported for relaxin in humans. In conclusion, SA10SC-RLX mimics relaxin activity in in vitro and in vivo models of acute RXFP1 engagement. SA10SC-RLX represents a new class of long-lasting RXFP1 agonist, suitable for once daily subcutaneous administration in patients and potentially paving the way to new treatments for chronic fibrotic and cardiovascular diseases.
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4
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Zhang H, Dong M, Yuan S, Jin W. Oral glucagon-like peptide 1 analogue ameliorates glucose intolerance in db/db mice. Biotechnol Lett 2022; 44:1149-1162. [PMID: 36006576 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-022-03288-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We constructed a recombinant oral GLP-1 analogue in Lactococcus lactis (L. lactis) and evaluated its physiological functions. RESULTS In silico docking suggested the alanine at position 8 substituted with serine (A8SGLP-1) reduced binding of DPP4, which translated to reduced cleavage by DPP4 with minimal changes in stability. This was further confirmed by an in vitro enzymatic assay which showed that A8SGLP-1 significantly increased half-life upon DPP4 treatment. In addition, recombinant L. lactis (LL-A8SGLP-1) demonstrated reduced fat mass with no changes in body weight, significant improvement of random glycemic control and reduced systemic inflammation compared with WT GLP-1 in db/db mice. CONCLUSION LL-A8SGLP-1 adopted in live biotherapeutic products reduce blood glucose in db/db mice without affecting its function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanlin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 West Beichen Rd. No. 5, Beijing, 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Meng Dong
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 West Beichen Rd. No. 5, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Shouli Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 West Beichen Rd. No. 5, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Wanzhu Jin
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 West Beichen Rd. No. 5, Beijing, 100101, China.
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5
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Liu H, Lau VHM, Xu P, Chan TH, Huang Z. Diverse synthesis of α-tertiary amines and tertiary alcohols via desymmetric reduction of malonic esters. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4759. [PMID: 35963867 PMCID: PMC9376102 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32560-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Amines and alcohols with a fully substituted α-carbon are structures of great value in organic synthesis and drug discovery. While conventional methods towards these motifs often rely on enantioselective carbon-carbon or carbon-heteroatom bond formation reactions, a desymmetric method is developed here by selectively hydrosilylating one of the esters of easily accessible α-substituted α-amino- and -oxymalonic esters. The desymmetrization is enabled by a suite of dinuclear zinc catalysts with pipecolinol-derived tetradentate ligands and can accommodate a diverse panel of heteroatom substituents, including secondary amides, tertiary amines, and ethers of different sizes. The polyfunctionalized reduction products, in return, have provided expeditious approaches to enantioenriched nitrogen- and oxygen-containing molecules, including dipeptides, vitamin analogs, and natural metabolites. Chiral α-tertiary amines and tertiary alcohols are prevalent in bioactive molecules yet challenging targets to access. Here, the authors provide a dinuclear zinc-catalyzed desymmetric approach based on readily available malonic esters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haichao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Vincent Ho Man Lau
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Pan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tsz Hin Chan
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhongxing Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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6
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Gibson K, Cooper-Shepherd DA, Pallister E, Inman SE, Jackson SE, Lindo V. Toward Rapid Aspartic Acid Isomer Localization in Therapeutic Peptides Using Cyclic Ion Mobility Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2022; 33:1204-1212. [PMID: 35609180 PMCID: PMC9264384 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.2c00053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
There is an increasing emphasis on the critical evaluation of interbatch purity and physical stability of therapeutic peptides. This is due to concerns over the impact that product- and process-related impurities may have on safety and efficacy of this class of drug. Aspartic acid isomerization to isoaspartic acid is a common isobaric impurity that can be very difficult to identify without first synthesizing isoAsp peptide standards for comparison by chromatography. As such, analytical tools that can determine if an Asp residue has isomerized, as well as the site of isomerization within the peptide sequence, are highly sought after. Ion mobility-mass spectrometry is a conformation-selective method that has developed rapidly in recent years particularly with the commercialization of traveling wave ion mobility instruments. This study employed a cyclic ion mobility (cIMS) mass spectrometry system to investigate the conformational characteristics of a therapeutic peptide and three synthetic isomeric forms, each with a single Asp residue isomerized to isoAsp. cIMS was able to not only show distinct conformational differences between each peptide but crucially, in conjunction with a simple workflow for comparing ion mobility data, it correctly located which Asp residue in each peptide had isomerized to isoAsp. This work highlights the value of cIMS as a potential screening tool in the analysis of therapeutic peptides prone to the formation of isoAsp impurities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Gibson
- Yusuf
Hamied Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K.
- Analytical
Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB21 6GH, U.K.
| | | | - Edward Pallister
- Analytical
Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB21 6GH, U.K.
| | - Sophie E. Inman
- Analytical
Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB21 6GH, U.K.
| | - Sophie E. Jackson
- Yusuf
Hamied Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K.
| | - Viv Lindo
- Analytical
Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB21 6GH, U.K.
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7
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Abstract
Peptides have traditionally been perceived as poor drug candidates due to unfavorable characteristics mainly regarding their pharmacokinetic behavior, including plasma stability, membrane permeability and circulation half-life. Nonetheless, in recent years, general strategies to tackle those shortcomings have been established, and peptides are subsequently gaining increasing interest as drugs due to their unique ability to combine the advantages of antibodies and small molecules. Macrocyclic peptides are a special focus of drug development efforts due to their ability to address so called ‘undruggable’ targets characterized by large and flat protein surfaces lacking binding pockets. Here, the main strategies developed to date for adapting peptides for clinical use are summarized, which may soon help usher in an age highly shaped by peptide-based therapeutics. Nonetheless, limited membrane permeability is still to overcome before peptide therapeutics will be broadly accepted.
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8
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Michot N, Guyochin A, Cinier M, Savignard C, Kitten O, Pascual MH, Pouzieux S, Ozoux ML, Verdier P, Vicat P, Dumas J. Albumin binding Nanofitins, a new scaffold to extend half-life of biologics - a case study with exenatide peptide. Peptides 2022; 152:170760. [PMID: 35150805 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2022.170760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A new strategy of peptide half-life extension has been evaluated. We investigated libraries of a small and very stable protein scaffold called Nanofitin, capable of high affinity for protein targets. We have identified Nanofitins targeting Human and mouse Serum Albumin, which could significantly improve the pharmacokinetics of an active associated peptide, mobilizing the patient's own albumin without external source. To demonstrate the impact of this approach on half-life extension, a genetic fusion of an Exenatide peptide with an Albumin Binding Nanofitin (ABNF) was performed. Specific activity of Exenatide-ABNF was measured and unaffected by the fusion. In vivo mice results provided convincing data (t½ of 8 min for Exenatide peptide compared to 20 h for Exenatide-ABNF) with sustained pharmacological activity over 3 days. This study constitutes a proof-of-concept of in vivo half-life extension of a biologic using an ABNF. Besides, the absence of cysteine in the Nanofitin scaffold, which is therefore devoid of structuring disulfide bonds, allows manufacturing in microbial cost effective systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Michot
- Sanofi, Biologics Research, Vitry sur Seine, 94430, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Patrick Verdier
- Sanofi, Drug Safety & Animal Research, Alfortville 94430, France
| | - Pascale Vicat
- Sanofi, Drug Safety & Animal Research, Alfortville 94430, France
| | - Jacques Dumas
- Sanofi, Biologics Research, Vitry sur Seine, 94430, France
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9
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Ghanbarnezhad MM, Shahsavani MB, Mali PS, Upadhyay M, Kumar A, Albaghlani RM, Niazi A, Yousefi R. Developing a novel exenatide-based incretin mimic (αB-Ex): Expression, purification and structural-functional characterization. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2022; 1866:130150. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2022.130150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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10
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Expression and Characterization of a Potent Long-Acting GLP-1 Receptor Like Agonist, Exendin-4-Fc. Int J Pept Res Ther 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-021-10269-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
AbstractHuman GLP-1 (glucagon-like peptide-1) can produce a remarkable improvement in glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes. However, its clinical benefits are limited by its short half-life, which is less than 2 min because of its small size and rapid enzymatic inactivation by dipeptidyl peptidase IV. We engineered Exendin-4-Fc, a 66-kDa fusion protein by linking an IgG2 Fc to Exendin-4. A stably transfected Chinese hamster ovary cell line was obtained using electroporation. Exendin-4-Fc stimulated insulin secretion in INS-1 cells in a dose- and glucose-dependent manner and increased insulin mRNA expression. The plasma half-life of Exendin-4-Fc in cynomolgus monkeys was approximately 133.92 ± 25.1 h. In the KKAy mouse model of diabetes, one intraperitoneal injection of Exendin-4-Fc (1 mg/kg) reduced blood glucose levels for 5 days. A 4-week repeat-administration study identified sustained effects on blood glucose levels. Oral glucose tolerance tests conducted at the beginning and end of this 4-week period showed that Exendin-4-Fc produced a stable glucose lowering effect. In addition, KKAy mice treated with Exendin-4-Fc showed statistically significant weight loss from day 23. In conclusion, these properties of Exendin-4-Fc demonstrated that it could be a potential long-acting GLP-1 receptor agonist for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
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11
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Geraldi MV, Cazarin CBB, Cristianini M, Vasques AC, Geloneze B, Maróstica Júnior MR. Jabuticaba juice improves postprandial glucagon-like peptide-1 and antioxidant status in healthy adults: a randomized crossover trial. Br J Nutr 2021; 128:1-29. [PMID: 34776021 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114521004530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Jabuticaba is a Brazilian berry rich in polyphenols, which may exert beneficial effects on metabolic diseases. This randomized crossover study aimed to determine the effects of jabuticaba juice (250 ml in a portion) on postprandial response. Sixteen healthy subjects (11 women; 5 men; 28.4 ± 3.8 years old; body mass index (BMI) 21.7 ± 2.3 kg m-2) consumed two test products after fasting overnight in a randomized controlled crossover design. Each test product portion had a similar composition of sugar components: 250 mL water with glucose, fructose, colored with artificial non-caloric food colorings (placebo); and 250 mL of jabuticaba juice. Beverages were administered immediately before a carbohydrate meal. Blood samples were collected at 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, and 120 min after each test product to analyze the concentrations of glucose, insulin, C-peptide, antioxidant capacity, plasma glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), and appetite sensations. Compared to the placebo, the intake of jabuticaba juice resulted in a higher GLP-1 response as the area under the curve (AUC) and peaking at 60 min. Jabuticaba juice also resulted in higher antioxidant capacity. Postprandial glucose, insulin, C-peptide levels, and appetite sensations were not significantly different between tests. In conclusion, 250 mL of jabuticaba juice before a carbohydrate meal was able to improve the antioxidant status and GLP-1 concentrations in healthy subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina V Geraldi
- School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Rua Monteiro Lobato., 80, Campinas, SP, 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Cínthia B B Cazarin
- School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Rua Monteiro Lobato., 80, Campinas, SP, 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Cristianini
- School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Rua Monteiro Lobato., 80, Campinas, SP, 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Ana C Vasques
- Laboratory of Investigation on Metabolism and Diabetes, Gastrocentro, University of Campinas, Rua Carlos Chagas., 420, Campinas, SP, 13083-878, Brazil
| | - Bruno Geloneze
- Laboratory of Investigation on Metabolism and Diabetes, Gastrocentro, University of Campinas, Rua Carlos Chagas., 420, Campinas, SP, 13083-878, Brazil
| | - Mário R Maróstica Júnior
- School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Rua Monteiro Lobato., 80, Campinas, SP, 13083-862, Brazil
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12
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Tan H, Su W, Zhang W, Zhang J, Sattler M, Zou P. Generation of novel long-acting GLP-1R agonists using DARPins as a scaffold. Int J Pharm 2021; 607:121043. [PMID: 34450223 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.121043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) has been considered to be a promising peptide for treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, the extremely short half-life (minutes) of native GLP-1 limits its clinical application potential. Here, we designed two GLP-1 analogues by genetic fusion of GLP-1 to one or two tandem human serum albumin-binding designed ankyrin repeat proteins (DARPins), denoted as GLP-DARPin or GLP-2DARPin. The two DARPin-fusion GLP-1 proteins were expressed in E. coli and purified, followed by measurements of their bioactivities and half-lives in mice. The results revealed that the half-life of GLP-2DARPin, binding two HSA molecules, was approximately 3-fold longer than GLP-DARPin (52.3 h versus 18.0 h). In contrast, the bioactivity results demonstrated that the blood glucose-lowering effect of GLP-DARPin was more potent than that of GLP-2DARPin. The oral glucose tolerance tests indicated that blood glucose levels were significantly reduced for at least 48 h by GLP-DARPin, but were reduced for only 24 h by GLP-2DARPin. Injected once every two days, GLP-DARPin substantially reduced blood glucose levels in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mice to the same levels as normal mice. During the treatment course, GLP-DARPin significantly reduced the food intake and body weight of diabetic mice up to approximately 17% compared with the control group. A histological analysis revealed that GLP-DARPin alleviated islet loss in diabetic mice. These findings suggest that long-acting GLP-DARPin holds great potential for further development into drugs for the treatment of T2DM and obesity. Meanwhile, our data indicate that albumin-binding DARPins can be used as a universal scaffold to improve the pharmacokinetic profiles and pharmacological activities of therapeutic peptides and proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanbo Tan
- Industrial Enzymes National Engineering Laboratory, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Wencheng Su
- Industrial Enzymes National Engineering Laboratory, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Wenyu Zhang
- Industrial Enzymes National Engineering Laboratory, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Industrial Enzymes National Engineering Laboratory, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Michael Sattler
- Industrial Enzymes National Engineering Laboratory, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China; Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; Bavarian NMR Centre, Department Chemie, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
| | - Peijian Zou
- Industrial Enzymes National Engineering Laboratory, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China; Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; Bavarian NMR Centre, Department Chemie, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany.
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13
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Reed J, Bain S, Kanamarlapudi V. A Review of Current Trends with Type 2 Diabetes Epidemiology, Aetiology, Pathogenesis, Treatments and Future Perspectives. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2021; 14:3567-3602. [PMID: 34413662 PMCID: PMC8369920 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s319895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D), which has currently become a global pandemic, is a metabolic disease largely characterised by impaired insulin secretion and action. Significant progress has been made in understanding T2D aetiology and pathogenesis, which is discussed in this review. Extrapancreatic pathology is also summarised, which demonstrates the highly multifactorial nature of T2D. Glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1 is an incretin hormone responsible for augmenting insulin secretion from pancreatic beta-cells during the postprandial period. Given that native GLP-1 has a very short half-life, GLP-1 mimetics with a much longer half-life have been developed, which are currently an effective treatment option for T2D by enhancing insulin secretion in patients. Interestingly, there is continual emerging evidence that these therapies alleviate some of the post-diagnosis complications of T2D. Additionally, these therapies have been shown to induce weight loss in patients, suggesting they could be an alternative to bariatric surgery, a procedure associated with numerous complications. Current GLP-1-based therapies all act as orthosteric agonists for the GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R). Interestingly, it has emerged that GLP-1R also has allosteric binding sites and agonists have been developed for these sites to test their therapeutic potential. Recent studies have also demonstrated the potential of bi- and tri-agonists, which target multiple hormonal receptors including GLP-1R, to more effectively treat T2D. Improved understanding of T2D aetiology/pathogenesis, coupled with the further elucidation of both GLP-1 activity/targets and GLP-1R mechanisms of activation via different agonists, will likely provide better insight into the therapeutic potential of GLP-1-based therapies to treat T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josh Reed
- Institute of Life Science 1, Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Stephen Bain
- Institute of Life Science 1, Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
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14
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Gubič Š, Hendrickx LA, Toplak Ž, Sterle M, Peigneur S, Tomašič T, Pardo LA, Tytgat J, Zega A, Mašič LP. Discovery of K V 1.3 ion channel inhibitors: Medicinal chemistry approaches and challenges. Med Res Rev 2021; 41:2423-2473. [PMID: 33932253 PMCID: PMC8252768 DOI: 10.1002/med.21800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The KV 1.3 voltage-gated potassium ion channel is involved in many physiological processes both at the plasma membrane and in the mitochondria, chiefly in the immune and nervous systems. Therapeutic targeting KV 1.3 with specific peptides and small molecule inhibitors shows great potential for treating cancers and autoimmune diseases, such as multiple sclerosis, type I diabetes mellitus, psoriasis, contact dermatitis, rheumatoid arthritis, and myasthenia gravis. However, no KV 1.3-targeted compounds have been approved for therapeutic use to date. This review focuses on the presentation of approaches for discovering new KV 1.3 peptide and small-molecule inhibitors, and strategies to improve the selectivity of active compounds toward KV 1.3. Selectivity of dalatazide (ShK-186), a synthetic derivate of the sea anemone toxin ShK, was achieved by chemical modification and has successfully reached clinical trials as a potential therapeutic for treating autoimmune diseases. Other peptides and small-molecule inhibitors are critically evaluated for their lead-like characteristics and potential for progression into clinical development. Some small-molecule inhibitors with well-defined structure-activity relationships have been optimized for selective delivery to mitochondria, and these offer therapeutic potential for the treatment of cancers. This overview of KV 1.3 inhibitors and methodologies is designed to provide a good starting point for drug discovery to identify novel effective KV 1.3 modulators against this target in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Špela Gubič
- Faculty of PharmacyUniversity of LjubljanaLjubljanaSlovenia
| | - Louise A. Hendrickx
- Toxicology and PharmacologyUniversity of Leuven, Campus GasthuisbergLeuvenBelgium
| | - Žan Toplak
- Faculty of PharmacyUniversity of LjubljanaLjubljanaSlovenia
| | - Maša Sterle
- Faculty of PharmacyUniversity of LjubljanaLjubljanaSlovenia
| | - Steve Peigneur
- Faculty of PharmacyUniversity of LjubljanaLjubljanaSlovenia
| | | | - Luis A. Pardo
- AG OncophysiologyMax‐Planck Institute for Experimental MedicineGöttingenGermany
| | - Jan Tytgat
- Toxicology and PharmacologyUniversity of Leuven, Campus GasthuisbergLeuvenBelgium
| | - Anamarija Zega
- Faculty of PharmacyUniversity of LjubljanaLjubljanaSlovenia
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15
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Klotsman M, Adin CA, Anderson WH, Gilor C. Safety, Tolerability, and Proof-Of-Concept Study of OKV-119, a Novel Exenatide Long-Term Drug Delivery System, in Healthy Cats. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:661546. [PMID: 34046446 PMCID: PMC8144329 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.661546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is an incretin hormone that plays an important role in glucose homeostasis and food intake. In people, GLP-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) are commonly used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) and obesity; however, non-adherence to injectable medications is common. OKV-119 is an investigational drug delivery system intended for subdermal implantation and delivery of the GLP-1RA exenatide for up to 6 months. Hypothesis/Objectives: Develop protocols for the subcutaneous (SC) insertion and removal of OKV-119 and to evaluate its tolerability, in vivo drug-releasing characteristics, and weight-loss effects in cats. Animals: Two cadaveric and 19 purpose-bred cats. Methods: In cadavers, OKV-119 insertion protocol and imaging were performed at three SC locations. The safety and tolerability of OKV-119 implants were assessed in a small (n = 4 cats) 62-day study. Weekly plasma exenatide concentrations and body weight were measured in a 42-day proof-of-concept study designed to evaluate OKV-119 prototypes implanted in cats (n = 15). Results: In anesthetized cats, the duration of insertion and removal procedures was 1–2 min. OKV-119 was easily identified on radiographs, and well-tolerated without any apparent implant site reactions. Following implantation, exanatide plasma concentrations were observed for up to 35 days. Plasma exenatide concentrations were correlated to weight loss. Conclusion and clinical importance: Our findings suggest that OKV-119 could be easily inserted and removed during a routine clinic visit and can be used to safely and effectively deliver exenatide. Future studies of OKV-119, configured to release exenatide for a longer extended months-long duration, are warranted to determine whether the combination of metabolic improvements and beneficial weight-loss, coupled with minimal impact on pet-owner's lifestyle, lead to improved outcomes for obese cats and feline DM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christopher A Adin
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Wayne H Anderson
- Okava Pharmaceuticals, San Francisco, CA, United States.,Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Chen Gilor
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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16
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Alavi SE, Cabot PJ, Raza A, Moyle PM. Developing GLP-1 Conjugated Self-Assembling Nanofibers Using Copper-Catalyzed Alkyne-Azide Cycloaddition and Evaluation of Their Biological Activity. Bioconjug Chem 2021; 32:810-820. [PMID: 33843208 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.1c00091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 GLP-1 is a gut-derived peptide secreted from pancreatic β-cells that reduces blood glucose levels and body weight; however, native GLP-1 (GLP-1(7-36)-NH2 and GLP-1(7-37)) have short in vivo circulation half-lives (∼2 min) due to proteolytic degradation and rapid renal clearance due to its low molecular weight (MW; 3297.7 Da). This study aimed to improve the proteolytic stability and delivery properties of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) through modifications that form nanostructures. For this purpose, N- (NtG) and C-terminal (CtG), and Lys26 side chain (K26G) alkyne-modified GLP-1 analogues were conjugated to an azide-modified lipidic peptide (L) to give N-L, C-L, and K-26-L, respectively; or CtG was conjugated with a fibrilizing self-assembling peptide (SAP) (AEAEAKAK)3 to yield C-S, using copper(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC). N-L demonstrated the best serum stability (t1/2 > 48 h) compared to K-26-L (44 h), C-L (20 h), C-S (27 h), and the parental GLP-1(7-36;A8G)-NH2 (A8G) (19 h) peptides. Each conjugate demonstrated subnanomolar hGLP-1RA potency, and none demonstrated toxicity toward PC-3 cells at concentrations up to 1 μM. Each analogue was observed by transmission electron microscopy to form fibrils in solution. K-26-L demonstrated among the best human serum stability (t1/2 = 44 h) and similar hGLP-1RA potency (EC50 48 pM) to C-S. In conclusion, this study provided an alternative to lipid modification, i.e., fibrillizing peptides, that could improve pharmacokinetic parameters of GLP-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Ebrahim Alavi
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba 4102, Australia
| | - Peter J Cabot
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba 4102, Australia
| | - Aun Raza
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba 4102, Australia
| | - Peter M Moyle
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba 4102, Australia
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17
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GLP-1 peptide analogs for targeting pancreatic beta cells. Drug Discov Today 2021; 26:1936-1943. [PMID: 33839290 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2021.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Loss or dysfunction of the pancreatic beta cells or insulin receptors leads to diabetes mellitus (DM). This usually occurs over many years; therefore, the development of methods for the timely detection and clinical intervention are vital to prevent the development of this disease. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) is the receptor of GLP-1, an incretin hormone that causes insulin secretion in a glucose-dependent manner. GLP-1R is highly expressed on the surface of pancreatic beta cells, providing a potential target for bioimaging. In this review, we provide an overview of various strategies, such as the development of GLP-1R agonists (e.g., exendin-4), and GLP-1 sequence modifications for GLP-1R targeting for the diagnosis and treatment of pancreatic beta cell disorders. We also discuss the challenges of targeting pancreatic beta cells and strategies to address such challenges.
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18
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Eriksson O, Velikyan I, Haack T, Bossart M, Evers A, Lorenz K, Laitinen I, Larsen PJ, Plettenburg O, Johansson L, Pierrou S, Wagner M. Drug Occupancy Assessment at the Glucose-Dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide Receptor by Positron Emission Tomography. Diabetes 2021; 70:842-853. [PMID: 33547046 DOI: 10.2337/db20-1096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Targeting of the glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor (GIPR) is an emerging strategy in antidiabetic drug development. The aim of this study was to develop a positron emission tomography (PET) radioligand for the GIPR to enable the assessment of target distribution and drug target engagement in vivo. The GIPR-selective peptide S02-GIP was radiolabeled with 68Ga. The resulting PET tracer [68Ga]S02-GIP-T4 was evaluated for affinity and specificity to human GIPR (huGIPR). The in vivo GIPR binding of [68Ga]S02-GIP-T4 as well as the occupancy of a drug candidate with GIPR activity were assessed in nonhuman primates (NHPs) by PET. [68Ga]S02-GIP-T4 bound with nanomolar affinity and high selectivity to huGIPR in overexpressing cells. In vivo, pancreatic binding in NHPs could be dose-dependently inhibited by coinjection of unlabeled S02-GIP-T4. Finally, subcutaneous pretreatment with a high dose of a drug candidate with GIPR activity led to a decreased pancreatic binding of [68Ga]S02-GIP-T4, corresponding to a GIPR drug occupancy of almost 90%. [68Ga]S02-GIP-T4 demonstrated a safe dosimetric profile, allowing for repeated studies in humans. In conclusion, [68Ga]S02-GIP-T4 is a novel PET biomarker for safe, noninvasive, and quantitative assessment of GIPR target distribution and drug occupancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olof Eriksson
- Antaros Medical AB, Mölndal, Sweden
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Irina Velikyan
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- PET Centre, Centre for Medical Imaging, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
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19
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Dauer K, Kamm W, Wagner KG, Pfeiffer-Marek S. High-Throughput Screening for Colloidal Stability of Peptide Formulations Using Dynamic and Static Light Scattering. Mol Pharm 2021; 18:1939-1955. [PMID: 33789055 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c01028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Selection of an appropriate formulation to stabilize therapeutic proteins against aggregation is one of the most challenging tasks in early-stage drug product development. The amount of aggregates is more difficult to quantify in the case of peptides due to their small molecular size. Here, we investigated the suitability of diffusion self-interaction parameters (kD) and osmotic second virial coefficients (B22) for high-throughput (HT) screening of peptide formulations regarding their aggregation risk. These parameters were compared to the effect of thermal stress on colloidal stability. The formulation matrix comprised six buffering systems at two selected pH values, four tonicity agents, and a common preservative. The results revealed that electrostatic interactions are the main driver to control colloidal stability. Preferred formulations consisted of acetate and succinate buffer at pH 4.5 combined with glycerol or mannitol and optional m-cresol. kD proved to be a suitable surrogate for B22 as an indicator of high colloidal stability in the case of peptides as was previously described for globular proteins and antibodies. Formulation assessment solely based on kD obtained by HT methods offers important insights into the optimization of colloidal stability during the early development of peptide-based liquid formulations and can be performed with a limited amount of peptide (∼360 mg).
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Dauer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 3, 53121 Bonn, Germany.,Pharmaceutical Development Platform, Tides Drug Product Pre-Development Sciences, Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Höchst, 65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Walter Kamm
- Pharmaceutical Development Platform, Tides Drug Product Pre-Development Sciences, Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Höchst, 65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Karl Gerhard Wagner
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 3, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Stefania Pfeiffer-Marek
- Pharmaceutical Development Platform, Tides Drug Product Pre-Development Sciences, Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Höchst, 65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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20
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Liu J, Ting JP, Al-Azzam S, Ding Y, Afshar S. Therapeutic Advances in Diabetes, Autoimmune, and Neurological Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22062805. [PMID: 33802091 PMCID: PMC8001105 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22062805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Since 2015, 170 small molecules, 60 antibody-based entities, 12 peptides, and 15 gene- or cell-therapies have been approved by FDA for diverse disease indications. Recent advancement in medicine is facilitated by identification of new targets and mechanisms of actions, advancement in discovery and development platforms, and the emergence of novel technologies. Early disease detection, precision intervention, and personalized treatments have revolutionized patient care in the last decade. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of current and emerging therapeutic modalities developed in the recent years. We focus on nine diseases in three major therapeutics areas, diabetes, autoimmune, and neurological disorders. The pathogenesis of each disease at physiological and molecular levels is discussed and recently approved drugs as well as drugs in the clinic are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsha Liu
- Protein Engineering, Lilly Biotechnology Center, Eli Lilly and Company, San Diego, CA 92121, USA; (J.L.); (J.P.T.); (Y.D.)
| | - Joey Paolo Ting
- Protein Engineering, Lilly Biotechnology Center, Eli Lilly and Company, San Diego, CA 92121, USA; (J.L.); (J.P.T.); (Y.D.)
| | - Shams Al-Azzam
- Professional Scientific Services, Eurofins Lancaster Laboratories, Lancaster, PA 17605, USA;
| | - Yun Ding
- Protein Engineering, Lilly Biotechnology Center, Eli Lilly and Company, San Diego, CA 92121, USA; (J.L.); (J.P.T.); (Y.D.)
| | - Sepideh Afshar
- Protein Engineering, Lilly Biotechnology Center, Eli Lilly and Company, San Diego, CA 92121, USA; (J.L.); (J.P.T.); (Y.D.)
- Correspondence:
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21
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Ibeanu N, Egbu R, Onyekuru L, Javaheri H, Tee Khaw P, R. Williams G, Brocchini S, Awwad S. Injectables and Depots to Prolong Drug Action of Proteins and Peptides. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:E999. [PMID: 33096803 PMCID: PMC7589296 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12100999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteins and peptides have emerged in recent years to treat a wide range of multifaceted diseases such as cancer, diabetes and inflammation. The emergence of polypeptides has yielded advancements in the fields of biopharmaceutical production and formulation. Polypeptides often display poor pharmacokinetics, limited permeability across biological barriers, suboptimal biodistribution, and some proclivity for immunogenicity. Frequent administration of polypeptides is generally required to maintain adequate therapeutic levels, which can limit efficacy and compliance while increasing adverse reactions. Many strategies to increase the duration of action of therapeutic polypeptides have been described with many clinical products having been developed. This review describes approaches to optimise polypeptide delivery organised by the commonly used routes of administration. Future innovations in formulation may hold the key to the continued successful development of proteins and peptides with optimal clinical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nkiruka Ibeanu
- School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK; (N.I.); (R.E.); (L.O.); (H.J.); (G.R.W.); (S.B.)
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London EC1V 9EL, UK;
| | - Raphael Egbu
- School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK; (N.I.); (R.E.); (L.O.); (H.J.); (G.R.W.); (S.B.)
| | - Lesley Onyekuru
- School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK; (N.I.); (R.E.); (L.O.); (H.J.); (G.R.W.); (S.B.)
| | - Hoda Javaheri
- School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK; (N.I.); (R.E.); (L.O.); (H.J.); (G.R.W.); (S.B.)
| | - Peng Tee Khaw
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London EC1V 9EL, UK;
| | - Gareth R. Williams
- School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK; (N.I.); (R.E.); (L.O.); (H.J.); (G.R.W.); (S.B.)
| | - Steve Brocchini
- School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK; (N.I.); (R.E.); (L.O.); (H.J.); (G.R.W.); (S.B.)
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London EC1V 9EL, UK;
| | - Sahar Awwad
- School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK; (N.I.); (R.E.); (L.O.); (H.J.); (G.R.W.); (S.B.)
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London EC1V 9EL, UK;
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22
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Ding Y, Ting JP, Liu J, Al-Azzam S, Pandya P, Afshar S. Impact of non-proteinogenic amino acids in the discovery and development of peptide therapeutics. Amino Acids 2020; 52:1207-1226. [PMID: 32945974 PMCID: PMC7544725 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-020-02890-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
With the development of modern chemistry and biology, non-proteinogenic amino acids (NPAAs) have become a powerful tool for developing peptide-based drug candidates. Drug-like properties of peptidic medicines, due to the smaller size and simpler structure compared to large proteins, can be changed fundamentally by introducing NPAAs in its sequence. While peptides composed of natural amino acids can be used as drug candidates, the majority have shown to be less stable in biological conditions. The impact of NPAA incorporation can be extremely beneficial in improving the stability, potency, permeability, and bioavailability of peptide-based therapies. Conversely, undesired effects such as toxicity or immunogenicity should also be considered. The impact of NPAAs in the development of peptide-based therapeutics is reviewed in this article. Further, numerous examples of peptides containing NPAAs are presented to highlight the ongoing development in peptide-based therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Ding
- Protein Engineering, Lilly Biotechnology Center, Eli Lilly and Company, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Joey Paolo Ting
- Protein Engineering, Lilly Biotechnology Center, Eli Lilly and Company, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Jinsha Liu
- Protein Engineering, Lilly Biotechnology Center, Eli Lilly and Company, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Shams Al-Azzam
- Professional Scientific Services, Eurofins Lancaster Laboratories, Lancaster, PA, 17605, USA
| | - Priyanka Pandya
- Protein Engineering, Lilly Biotechnology Center, Eli Lilly and Company, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Sepideh Afshar
- Protein Engineering, Lilly Biotechnology Center, Eli Lilly and Company, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA.
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23
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Bordon KDCF, Cologna CT, Fornari-Baldo EC, Pinheiro-Júnior EL, Cerni FA, Amorim FG, Anjolette FAP, Cordeiro FA, Wiezel GA, Cardoso IA, Ferreira IG, de Oliveira IS, Boldrini-França J, Pucca MB, Baldo MA, Arantes EC. From Animal Poisons and Venoms to Medicines: Achievements, Challenges and Perspectives in Drug Discovery. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:1132. [PMID: 32848750 PMCID: PMC7396678 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.01132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal poisons and venoms are comprised of different classes of molecules displaying wide-ranging pharmacological activities. This review aims to provide an in-depth view of toxin-based compounds from terrestrial and marine organisms used as diagnostic tools, experimental molecules to validate postulated therapeutic targets, drug libraries, prototypes for the design of drugs, cosmeceuticals, and therapeutic agents. However, making these molecules applicable requires extensive preclinical trials, with some applications also demanding clinical trials, in order to validate their molecular target, mechanism of action, effective dose, potential adverse effects, as well as other fundamental parameters. Here we go through the pitfalls for a toxin-based potential therapeutic drug to become eligible for clinical trials and marketing. The manuscript also presents an overview of the current picture for several molecules from different animal venoms and poisons (such as those from amphibians, cone snails, hymenopterans, scorpions, sea anemones, snakes, spiders, tetraodontiformes, bats, and shrews) that have been used in clinical trials. Advances and perspectives on the therapeutic potential of molecules from other underexploited animals, such as caterpillars and ticks, are also reported. The challenges faced during the lengthy and costly preclinical and clinical studies and how to overcome these hindrances are also discussed for that drug candidates going to the bedside. It covers most of the drugs developed using toxins, the molecules that have failed and those that are currently in clinical trials. The article presents a detailed overview of toxins that have been used as therapeutic agents, including their discovery, formulation, dosage, indications, main adverse effects, and pregnancy and breastfeeding prescription warnings. Toxins in diagnosis, as well as cosmeceuticals and atypical therapies (bee venom and leech therapies) are also reported. The level of cumulative and detailed information provided in this review may help pharmacists, physicians, biotechnologists, pharmacologists, and scientists interested in toxinology, drug discovery, and development of toxin-based products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla de Castro Figueiredo Bordon
- Laboratory of Animal Toxins, Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Camila Takeno Cologna
- Laboratory of Animal Toxins, Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | | | - Ernesto Lopes Pinheiro-Júnior
- Laboratory of Animal Toxins, Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Felipe Augusto Cerni
- Laboratory of Animal Toxins, Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Gobbi Amorim
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vila Velha University, Vila Velha, Brazil
| | | | - Francielle Almeida Cordeiro
- Laboratory of Animal Toxins, Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Gisele Adriano Wiezel
- Laboratory of Animal Toxins, Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Iara Aimê Cardoso
- Laboratory of Animal Toxins, Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Isabela Gobbo Ferreira
- Laboratory of Animal Toxins, Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Isadora Sousa de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Animal Toxins, Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | | | | | - Mateus Amaral Baldo
- Health and Science Institute, Paulista University, São José do Rio Pardo, Brazil
| | - Eliane Candiani Arantes
- Laboratory of Animal Toxins, Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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24
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Alavi SE, Cabot PJ, Yap GY, Moyle PM. Optimized Methods for the Production and Bioconjugation of Site-Specific, Alkyne-Modified Glucagon-like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) Analogs to Azide-Modified Delivery Platforms Using Copper-Catalyzed Alkyne–Azide Cycloaddition. Bioconjug Chem 2020; 31:1820-1834. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.0c00291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Ebrahim Alavi
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Peter John Cabot
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Gee Yi Yap
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Peter Michael Moyle
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
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Zhang J, Zhang Z, Ma C, Zeng L, Zhang Y, Wang P, Xu L. A novel thrombin-based triagonist with diabetes-protective and weight-lowering potential. Life Sci 2020; 256:117853. [PMID: 32470452 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the diabetes-protective effect and weight-lowering potential of a novel long-acting triagonist at three metabolically related hormone receptors including glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), glucagon receptors. MAIN METHODS Triagonist were designed in an iterative manner from native GLP-1, GIP and Glucogan. Main peptide chain (termed TG peptides) and subsequently modified LTG peptides were synthesized via solid phase synthesis. In vitro receptor activity assay was performed to screen the TG peptide with most balanced potency on all three receptors. The in vitro biological activities of modified TG peptides were further investigated by albumin-binding measurement and proteolytic cleavage test. Subsequently, oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), pharmacokinetic test and chronic study were subjected to the acute and long-term efficacy evaluation of selected fusion peptide, LTG-6. KEY FINDINGS TG-8 exhibited equally aligned constituent efficacy and supraphysiological potency on corresponding receptor without cross-reactivity. Modified TG-8, termed LTG-6, exerted the great binding affinity for human serum albumin and the enhanced rational controlled-release of TG-8 in vitro. Further OGTT in different gene knockout mice and diabetic mice demonstrated the promising hypoglycemic and insulinotropic abilities of LTG-6. After long-term treatment for 8 weeks, LTG-6 was proved superior to co-agonists to decrease the body weight and %HbA1c, improve reverse dyslipidemia and glycemic control in the DIO models. SIGNIFICANCE LTG-6, as a newly designed long-acting triagonist, holds potential to correct the obesity related metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyu Zhang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, PR China.
| | - Zhenyu Zhang
- Henan Institute of Disease Prevention, Zhengzhou 450052, PR China
| | - Cong Ma
- Shanghai Xuhui Central Hospital, Shanghai 200031, PR China
| | - Li Zeng
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, PR China
| | - Ying Zhang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, PR China
| | - Peng Wang
- Zhengzhou University, 450052, PR China
| | - Lijuan Xu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, PR China
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Su W, Tan H, Janowski R, Zhang W, Wang P, Zhang J, Zhai H, Li J, Niessing D, Sattler M, Zou P. Ferritin-Displayed GLP-1 with Improved Pharmacological Activities and Pharmacokinetics. Mol Pharm 2020; 17:1663-1673. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c00098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wencheng Su
- Industrial Enzymes National Engineering Laboratory, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300308 Tianjin, China
| | - Huanbo Tan
- Industrial Enzymes National Engineering Laboratory, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300308 Tianjin, China
| | - Robert Janowski
- Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Wenyu Zhang
- Industrial Enzymes National Engineering Laboratory, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300308 Tianjin, China
| | - Pengju Wang
- Industrial Enzymes National Engineering Laboratory, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300308 Tianjin, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Industrial Enzymes National Engineering Laboratory, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300308 Tianjin, China
| | - Huanhuan Zhai
- Industrial Enzymes National Engineering Laboratory, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300308 Tianjin, China
| | - Jian Li
- Industrial Enzymes National Engineering Laboratory, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300308 Tianjin, China
| | - Dierk Niessing
- Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Michael Sattler
- Industrial Enzymes National Engineering Laboratory, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300308 Tianjin, China
- Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich at Chair Biomolecular NMR Spectroscopy, Department Chemie, Technische Universität München, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Peijian Zou
- Industrial Enzymes National Engineering Laboratory, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300308 Tianjin, China
- Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich at Chair Biomolecular NMR Spectroscopy, Department Chemie, Technische Universität München, 85747 Garching, Germany
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27
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Anderson SL, Beutel TR, Trujillo JM. Oral semaglutide in type 2 diabetes. J Diabetes Complications 2020; 34:107520. [PMID: 31952996 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2019.107520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previously, the only available glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RA) were injectable. Approval of oral semaglutide (Rybelsus®) represents the first orally available GLP-1 RA. OBJECTIVE To review the literature and describe pharmacologic, pharmacokinetic, and pharmacodynamics properties; clinical safety; and efficacy of oral semaglutide, a newly approved oral GLP-1 RA. METHODS A MEDLINE (1995-October 2019) and ClinicalTrials.gov search was conducted using the terms oral semaglutide, semaglutide, PIONEER, and a combination of those terms. Reference citations from publications identified were also reviewed. All English-language studies, including abstracts, evaluating oral semaglutide use in humans were included in this review. CONCLUSIONS The approval of oral semaglutide (Rybelsus®) represents a paradigm shift in the management of T2D as this is the first FDA-approved oral GLP-1 RA. Oral semaglutide may be an attractive option for patients with T2D who require improved glycemic control, would like to lose weight, and who are not interested in injectable therapy. However, the lack of positive cardiovascular (CV) and renal data are significant limitations to its use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Anderson
- University of Colorado Skaggs School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, 12850 E. Montview Blvd., Aurora, CO 80045, United States of America.
| | - Trevor R Beutel
- University of Colorado Skaggs School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, 12850 E. Montview Blvd., Aurora, CO 80045, United States of America.
| | - Jennifer M Trujillo
- University of Colorado Skaggs School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, 12850 E. Montview Blvd., Aurora, CO 80045, United States of America.
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28
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Rebello CJ, Greenway FL. Obesity medications in development. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2020; 29:63-71. [PMID: 31847611 PMCID: PMC6990416 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2020.1705277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Obesity is compounded by a neurobiology that is resistant to weight loss. Therefore, the development of pharmacotherapies to address the pathology underlying the dysregulation of energy homeostasis is critical.Areas covered: This review examines selected clinical trial evidence for the pharmacologic treatment of obesity and provides an expert opinion on anti-obesity drug development. The article includes the outcomes of anti-obesity medications that have been evaluated in clinical trials but have not yet received approval from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. The mechanisms of action of glucagon-like peptide-1 agonists and co-agonists, diabetes medications being investigated for weight loss, and medications acting on the central nervous system as well as peripherally are reviewed. A search was conducted on PubMed using the terms 'Obesity AND Medications' restricted to clinical trials reported in English. Using similar terms, a search was also conducted on ClinicalTrials.gov.Expert opinion: The goal of anti-obesity therapy is finding compounds that are effective and have minimal side effects. Combining medications targeting more than one of the redundant mechanisms driving obesity increases efficacy. However, targeting peripheral mechanisms to overcome the trickle-down effects of centrally acting drugs may be the key to success in treating obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candida J. Rebello
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Frank L. Greenway
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
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29
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Dahiya L, Kaur R, Kumar R, Kumar M, Palta K. GLP-1 Receptor Agonists in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Curr Diabetes Rev 2020; 16:279-292. [PMID: 31057118 DOI: 10.2174/1573399815666190502114924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The rising epidemic of type 2 diabetes mellitus & associated complications is a serious cause of concern for humanity. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists commonly abbreviated as GLP-1 RAs, emerged as a promising therapeutic class based on incretin therapy that regulates glucose metabolism through multiple mechanisms. In the present study, various investigational & clinically used GLP-1 RAs have been reviewed with emphasis on their efficacy, structural modifications, adverse effects and toxicities. Various clinical trials justifying their efficacy have also been included, which highlighted the potential of GLP-1 RAs over conventional anti hyperglycaemic agents through a study of pooled effect on glycemic efficacy and weight-loss. The significant potency and appreciable safety of GLP-1 RAs manifested their potential as a logical approach for the management of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lalita Dahiya
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Ramandeep Kaur
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Rajiv Kumar
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Manoj Kumar
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Kezia Palta
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
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Ninčević V, Omanović Kolarić T, Roguljić H, Kizivat T, Smolić M, Bilić Ćurčić I. Renal Benefits of SGLT 2 Inhibitors and GLP-1 Receptor Agonists: Evidence Supporting a Paradigm Shift in the Medical Management of Type 2 Diabetes. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20235831. [PMID: 31757028 PMCID: PMC6928920 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20235831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is one of the most perilous side effects of diabetes mellitus type 1 and type 2 (T1DM and T2DM).). It is known that sodium/glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT 2i) and glucagone like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) have renoprotective effects, but the molecular mechanisms are still unknown. In clinical trials GLP-1 analogs exerted important impact on renal composite outcomes, primarily on macroalbuminuria, possibly through suppression of inflammation-related pathways, however enhancement of natriuresis and diuresis is also one of possible mechanisms of nephroprotection. Dapagliflozin, canagliflozin, and empagliflozin are SGLT2i drugs, useful in reducing hyperglycemia and in their potential renoprotective mechanisms, which include blood pressure control, body weight loss, intraglomerular pressure reduction, and a decrease in urinary proximal tubular injury biomarkers. In this review we have discussed the potential synergistic and/or additive effects of GLP 1 RA and SGLT2 inhibitors on the primary onset and progression of kidney disease, and the potential implications on current guidelines of diabetes type 2 management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vjera Ninčević
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, 31000 Osijek, Croatia; (V.N.); (T.O.K.); (H.R.)
- Department of Pharmacology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Crkvena 21, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Tea Omanović Kolarić
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, 31000 Osijek, Croatia; (V.N.); (T.O.K.); (H.R.)
- Department of Pharmacology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Crkvena 21, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Hrvoje Roguljić
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, 31000 Osijek, Croatia; (V.N.); (T.O.K.); (H.R.)
- Department for Cardiovascular Disease, University Hospital Osijek, 4, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Tomislav Kizivat
- Clinical Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Radiation Protection, University Hospital Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia;
- Department for Nuclear Medicine and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek; J. Huttlera 4, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Martina Smolić
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, 31000 Osijek, Croatia; (V.N.); (T.O.K.); (H.R.)
- Department of Pharmacology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Crkvena 21, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Ines Bilić Ćurčić
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, 31000 Osijek, Croatia; (V.N.); (T.O.K.); (H.R.)
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism Disorders, University Hospital Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
- Correspondence:
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31
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Méndez M, Matter H, Defossa E, Kurz M, Lebreton S, Li Z, Lohmann M, Löhn M, Mors H, Podeschwa M, Rackelmann N, Riedel J, Safar P, Thorpe DS, Schäfer M, Weitz D, Breitschopf K. Design, Synthesis, and Pharmacological Evaluation of Potent Positive Allosteric Modulators of the Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Receptor (GLP-1R). J Med Chem 2019; 63:2292-2307. [PMID: 31596080 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The therapeutic success of peptidic GLP-1 receptor agonists for treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) motivated our search for orally bioavailable small molecules that can activate the GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) as a well-validated target for T2DM. Here, the discovery and characterization of a potent and selective positive allosteric modulator (PAM) for GLP-1R based on a 3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-1H-1,5-epiminoazocino[4,5-b]indole scaffold is reported. Optimization of this series from HTS was supported by a GLP-1R ligand binding model. Biological in vitro testing revealed favorable ADME and pharmacological profiles for the best compound 19. Characterization by in vivo pharmacokinetic and pharmacological studies demonstrated that 19 activates GLP-1R as positive allosteric modulator (PAM) in the presence of the much less active endogenous degradation product GLP1(9-36)NH2 of the potent endogenous ligand GLP-1(7-36)NH2. While these data suggest the potential of small molecule GLP-1R PAMs for T2DM treatment, further optimization is still required towards a clinical candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Méndez
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Höchst, 65926 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Hans Matter
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Höchst, 65926 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Defossa
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Höchst, 65926 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Michael Kurz
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Höchst, 65926 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Sylvain Lebreton
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Höchst, 65926 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Ziyu Li
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Höchst, 65926 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Matthias Lohmann
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Höchst, 65926 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Matthias Löhn
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Höchst, 65926 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Hartmut Mors
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Höchst, 65926 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Michael Podeschwa
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Höchst, 65926 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Nils Rackelmann
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Höchst, 65926 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Jens Riedel
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Höchst, 65926 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Pavel Safar
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Höchst, 65926 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - David S Thorpe
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Höchst, 65926 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Matthias Schäfer
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Höchst, 65926 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Dietmar Weitz
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Höchst, 65926 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Kristin Breitschopf
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Höchst, 65926 Frankfurt, Germany
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32
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Eckel RH, Farooki A, Henry RR, Koch GG, Leiter LA. Cardiovascular Outcome Trials in Type 2 Diabetes: What Do They Mean for Clinical Practice? Clin Diabetes 2019; 37:316-337. [PMID: 31660005 PMCID: PMC6794224 DOI: 10.2337/cd19-0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
IN BRIEF Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in people with diabetes, and deaths from heart disease are two to four times higher among adults with type 2 diabetes. Trials such as the U.K. Prospective Diabetes Study, ACCORD (Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes), ADVANCE (Action in Diabetes and Vascular Disease: Preterax and Diamicron MR Controlled Evaluation), and VADT (Veteran's Affairs Diabetes Trial) produced mixed findings regarding whether intensive glycemic control results in improved cardiovascular (CV) outcomes for patients with diabetes. In response to concerns, including the CV safety of the thiazolidinedione rosiglitazone, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and subsequently the European Medicines Agency issued guidance that trials should be conducted to prove that antihyperglycemic agents have acceptable CV risk profiles. In this article, the authors review the study designs and results of CV outcomes trials conducted with sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors and glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists and discuss how these may affect clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Azeez Farooki
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Robert R. Henry
- University of California San Diego and VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA
| | | | - Lawrence A. Leiter
- Li Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael’s Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Frias JP, Wynne AG, Matyjaszek-Matuszek B, Bartaskova D, Cox DA, Woodward B, Li YG, Tham LS, Milicevic Z. Efficacy and safety of an expanded dulaglutide dose range: A phase 2, placebo-controlled trial in patients with type 2 diabetes using metformin. Diabetes Obes Metab 2019; 21:2048-2057. [PMID: 31050143 DOI: 10.1111/dom.13764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Dulaglutide, a once weekly GLP-1 receptor agonist, is approved at two doses (1.5 and 0.75 mg) for treatment of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Two higher doses of dulaglutide (3.0 and 4.5 mg) were evaluated for safety and efficacy to determine whether these doses warrant further study for improved control of glucose and body weight. MATERIALS AND METHODS This 18-week, double-blind, phase 2 trial randomized 318 patients with T2D using ≥1500 mg metformin, to receive subcutaneous injection of placebo (n = 82), dulaglutide 1.5 mg (n = 81), dulaglutide 3.0 mg (n = 79) or dulaglutide 4.5 mg (n = 76). The primary objective was superiority of dulaglutide doses over placebo in reduction of HbA1c at 18 weeks. Secondary objectives included superiority of dulaglutide over placebo in change from baseline in body weight and fasting serum glucose (FSG) at 18 weeks. Investigational doses of dulaglutide were compared to the 1.5 mg dose as an exploratory objective. RESULTS HbA1c reduction at 18 weeks was significantly greater with dulaglutide vs placebo (placebo, -0.44% ± 0.10% [-4.8 ± 1.1 mmol/mol]; dulaglutide 1.5 mg, -1.23% ± 0.10% [-13.5 ± 1.1 mmol/mol]; dulaglutide 3.0 mg, -1.31% ± 0.10% [-14.3 ± 1.1 mmol/mol]; dulaglutide 4.5 mg, -1.40% ± 0.10% [-15.3 ± 1.1 mmol/mol]; P < 0.001, each dose), as were changes in body weight (placebo, -1.6 ± 0.39 kg; dulaglutide 1.5 mg, -2.8 ± 0.39 kg; dulaglutide 3.0 mg, -3.9 ± 0.39 kg; dulaglutide 4.5 mg, -4.1 ± 0.41 kg; P < 0.001, each dose). All three dulaglutide doses significantly reduced FSG from baseline (1.5 mg, -36.2 ± 4.7 mg/dL [-2.0 ± 0.3 mmol/L]; 3.0 mg, -34.5 ± 4.5 mg/dL [-1.9 ± 0.3 mmol/L]; 4.5 mg, -38.0 ± 4.7 mg/dL [-2.1 ± 0.3 mmol/L]) vs placebo (-12.4 ± 4.5 mg/dL [-0.7 ± 0.3 mmol/L]) (P < 0.001, all). Safety profiles of the higher doses were consistent with the established safety profile for dulaglutide. Gastrointestinal events were mostly mild to moderate, and was dose-related for nausea. CONCLUSION All three dulaglutide doses were superior to placebo in improving glycaemic control and reducing body weight in participants with T2D using metformin. The potential for doses of dulaglutide of 3.0 and 4.5 mg to provide additional glycaemic benefit and weight reduction with an acceptable safety profile, compared with the 1.5 mg dose, warrants further study in a phase 3 trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan P Frias
- National Research Institute, Los Angeles, California
| | - Alan G Wynne
- Cotton O'Neil Diabetes and Endocrinology Center, Topeka, Kansas
| | | | | | - David A Cox
- Lilly Diabetes, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Brad Woodward
- Lilly Diabetes, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Ying G Li
- Lilly Diabetes, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Lai S Tham
- Lilly Diabetes, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana
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Antza C, Nirantharakumar K, Doundoulakis I, Tahrani AA, Toulis KA. The development of an oral GLP-1 receptor agonist for the management of type 2 diabetes: evidence to date. Drug Des Devel Ther 2019; 13:2985-2996. [PMID: 31686781 PMCID: PMC6709822 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s166765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists (GLP1-RA) are prominent agents in the therapeutics of type 2 diabetes mellitus due to their exemplary efficacy in both preprandial and postprandial glycemia, their safety, low risk of hypoglycemia, their multilevel pathophysiological superiority, weight loss and importantly the observed benefits in cardiovascular disease reduction. Their major drawback is the subcutaneous route of administration, constituting a barrier to adoption and reason for treatment discontinuation. Thus, the development of an oral GLP1-RA agent would promote medication adherence and quality of life, further consolidating its beneficial effects in real-life clinical practice. However, this task is hampered by suboptimal gastrointestinal protein absorption. Yet, the introduction of oral semaglutide, a modified form of semaglutide with the addition of a carrier sodium N-(8-[2-hydroxybenzoyl] amino) caprylate, may have provided a safe and effective way to reach systemic circulation while other molecules are in development. Whether this molecule still has the impressive cardiovascular effects demonstrated with the use of its precursor remains to be explored. However, to date, its efficacy and safety have already been showcased in a randomized trial. More research is warranted in order to further consolidate these findings across different type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) subpopulations, and adequately powered studies with a longer follow-up that would allow the exploration of microvascular and macrovascular complications are needed. Finally, studies comparing oral semaglutide and similar molecules with other currently established antidiabetic agents to evaluate the relative efficacy, the cost-effectiveness and further understand its place in T2DM therapeutic algorithm are needed. This review focuses on the development of oral GLP1-RA agents and summarizes the challenges, milestones and expected benefits associated with a successful introduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Antza
- 3rd Department of Internal Medicine, Papageorgiou Hospital, Aristotle University, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | - Ioannis Doundoulakis
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, 424 General Military Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Abd A Tahrani
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Birmingham Heartlands Hospital, Birmingham, UK
| | - Konstantinos A Toulis
- Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, 424 General Military Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
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35
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Alavi SE, Cabot PJ, Moyle PM. Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists and Strategies To Improve Their Efficiency. Mol Pharm 2019; 16:2278-2295. [PMID: 31050435 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b00308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is increasing in global prevalence and is associated with serious health problems (e.g., cardiovascular disease). Various treatment options are available for T2DM, including the incretin hormone glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1). GLP-1 is a therapeutic peptide secreted from the intestines following food intake, which stimulates the secretion of insulin from the pancreas. The native GLP-1 has a very short plasma half-life, owning to renal clearance and degradation by the enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase-4. To overcome this issue, various GLP-1 agonists with increased resistance to proteolytic degradation and reduced renal clearance have been developed, with several currently marketed. Strategies, such as controlled release delivery systems, methods to reduce renal clearance (e.g., PEGylation and conjugation to antibodies), and methods to improve proteolytic stability (e.g., stapling, cyclization, and glycosylation) provide means to further improve the ability of GLP-1 analogs. These will be discussed in this literature review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Ebrahim Alavi
- School of Pharmacy , The University of Queensland , Woolloongabba , 4102 , Australia
| | - Peter J Cabot
- School of Pharmacy , The University of Queensland , Woolloongabba , 4102 , Australia
| | - Peter M Moyle
- School of Pharmacy , The University of Queensland , Woolloongabba , 4102 , Australia
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Al Hayek AA, Robert AA, Al Dawish MA. Clinical Characteristics and Satisfaction of Liraglutide Treatment among Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Prospective Study. CLINICAL MEDICINE INSIGHTS-ENDOCRINOLOGY AND DIABETES 2019; 12:1179551419834935. [PMID: 30911225 PMCID: PMC6425521 DOI: 10.1177/1179551419834935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Background Evaluation of patient-reported results, treatment satisfaction, in particular, is popularly gaining recognition as crucial to the assessment of the efficiency of new therapies. The aim of this study is to examine the clinical features and treatment satisfaction with liraglutide in insulin-dependent obese patients having uncontrolled diabetes. Methods A prospective study was performed for 12 weeks using 64 type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients, 30 to 70 years of age, who came in for treatment to the Diabetes Treatment Center in Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, from November 2017 to July 2018. All the patients enrolled in this study were given liraglutide in addition to their existing treatment. For the first week, they were subcutaneously administered 0.6 mg once per day, which was gradually raised to 1.2 mg after 1 week, and the final given dose went up to 1.8 mg per day until the study period was completed. Purposive and suitable selection of the respondents was performed at their convenience. They were interviewed adopting the Diabetes Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire (Arabic version) at baseline and after 12 weeks. Besides, the clinical variables like hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), fasting blood sugar (FBS), total daily insulin dose (TDD), number of injections, and hypoglycemia/weeks were also recorded at baseline and at the end of the study. Results In comparison with the baseline values, notable positive differences were identified in the domains of treatment satisfaction, namely, satisfied with current treatment (P = .0001), frequency of perceived hyperglycemia (P = .0001), frequency of perceived hypoglycemia (P = .0001), convenience of current treatment (P = .0001), understanding diabetes (P = .0001), recommend the current treatment (P = .018), and continue the present treatment (P = .0001) when the study is completed. After 12 weeks, the addition of liraglutide to the existing treatment showed significant positive changes on FBS (P = .0001), HbA1c (P = .001), TDD (P = .0001), number of injections (P = .0001), documented hypoglycemia/weeks (P = .0005), and body weight (P = .0001) in comparison with the baseline values. Conclusions The addition of liraglutide to the existing treatment raised the level of treatment satisfaction and minimized the frequency of hypoglycemic/hyperglycemic events apart from the other clinical variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayman A Al Hayek
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Diabetes Treatment Center, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Asirvatham A Robert
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Diabetes Treatment Center, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed A Al Dawish
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Diabetes Treatment Center, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Song TH, Lee SD, Ha YE, Choi KJ, Lee SH, Kim YH, Suh KH, Chun YJ. WITHDRAWN: HM47118A, a novel insulinotropic GPR119 agonist and potential oral antidiabetic agent. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2019:S0168-8227(18)31385-8. [PMID: 30641165 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2019.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This article has been withdrawn at the request of the author(s) and/or editor. The Publisher apologizes for any inconvenience this may cause. The full Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal can be found at https://www.elsevier.com/about/our-business/policies/article-withdrawal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Hun Song
- Hanmi Research Center, Hanmi Pharm. Co., Ltd., 550 Dongtangiheung-ro, Hwaseong-si, Gyeonggi-do 18469, Republic of Korea; College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Don Lee
- Hanmi Research Center, Hanmi Pharm. Co., Ltd., 550 Dongtangiheung-ro, Hwaseong-si, Gyeonggi-do 18469, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Eun Ha
- Hanmi Research Center, Hanmi Pharm. Co., Ltd., 550 Dongtangiheung-ro, Hwaseong-si, Gyeonggi-do 18469, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Jin Choi
- Hanmi Research Center, Hanmi Pharm. Co., Ltd., 550 Dongtangiheung-ro, Hwaseong-si, Gyeonggi-do 18469, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hyun Lee
- Hanmi Research Center, Hanmi Pharm. Co., Ltd., 550 Dongtangiheung-ro, Hwaseong-si, Gyeonggi-do 18469, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Hoon Kim
- Hanmi Research Center, Hanmi Pharm. Co., Ltd., 550 Dongtangiheung-ro, Hwaseong-si, Gyeonggi-do 18469, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwee Hyun Suh
- Hanmi Research Center, Hanmi Pharm. Co., Ltd., 550 Dongtangiheung-ro, Hwaseong-si, Gyeonggi-do 18469, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Jin Chun
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea.
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Eder M, Pavan S, Bauder-Wüst U, van Rietschoten K, Baranski AC, Harrison H, Campbell S, Stace CL, Walker EH, Chen L, Bennett G, Mudd G, Schierbaum U, Leotta K, Haberkorn U, Kopka K, Teufel DP. Bicyclic Peptides as a New Modality for Imaging and Targeting of Proteins Overexpressed by Tumors. Cancer Res 2019; 79:841-852. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-0238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Gentilella R, Pechtner V, Corcos A, Consoli A. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists in type 2 diabetes treatment: are they all the same? Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2019; 35:e3070. [PMID: 30156747 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.3070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists (RAs) are an important class of drugs with a well-established efficacy and safety profile in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Agents in this class are derived from either exendin-4 (a compound present in Gila monster venom) or modifications of human GLP-1 active fragment. Differences among these drugs in duration of action (ie, short-acting vs long-acting), effects on glycaemic control and weight loss, immunogenicity, tolerability profiles, and administration routes offer physicians several options when selecting the most appropriate agent for individual patients. Patient preference is also an important consideration. The aim of this review is to discuss the differences between and similarities of GLP-1 RAs currently approved for clinical use, focusing particularly on the properties characterising the single short-acting and long-acting GLP-1 RAs rather than on their individual efficacy and safety profiles. The primary pharmacodynamic difference between short-acting (ie, exenatide twice daily and lixisenatide) and long-acting (ie, albiglutide, dulaglutide, exenatide once weekly, liraglutide, and semaglutide) GLP-1 RAs is that short-acting agents primarily delay gastric emptying (lowering postprandial glucose) and long-acting agents affect both fasting glucose (via enhanced glucose-dependent insulin secretion and reduced glucagon secretion in the fasting state) and postprandial glucose (via enhanced postprandial insulin secretion and inhibition of glucagon secretion). Other advantages of long-acting GLP-1 RAs include smaller fluctuations in plasma drug concentrations, improved gastrointestinal tolerability profiles, and simpler, more convenient administration schedules (once daily for liraglutide and once weekly for albiglutide, dulaglutide, the long-acting exenatide formulation, and semaglutide), which might improve treatment adherence and persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Valeria Pechtner
- Lilly Diabetes, Eli Lilly and Company, Neuilly-sur-Seine, France
| | | | - Agostino Consoli
- Department of Medicine and Ageing Sciences and CeSI-Met, University D'Annunzio, Chieti, Italy
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Sfairopoulos D, Liatis S, Tigas S, Liberopoulos E. Clinical pharmacology of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists. Hormones (Athens) 2018; 17:333-350. [PMID: 29949126 DOI: 10.1007/s42000-018-0038-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) are an important asset in the armamentarium for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (type 2 DM). Incretin failure is a critical etiopathogenetic feature of type 2 DM, which, if reversed, results in improved glycaemic control. GLP-1 RAs are injectable peptides that resemble the structure and function of endogenous incretin GLP-1, but as they are not deactivated by the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4), their half-life is prolonged compared with native GLP-1. Based on their ability to activate GLP-1 receptor, GLP-1 RAs are classified as short-acting (exenatide twice-daily and lixisenatide once-daily), and long-acting (liraglutide once-daily and the once-weekly formulations of exenatide extended-release, dulaglutide, and albiglutide). Semaglutide, another long-acting, once-weekly GLP-1 RA, was recently approved by the FDA and EMA. Although all of these agents potently reduce haemoglobin A1C (HbA1c), there are unique features and fundamental differences among them related to fasting and postprandial hyperglycaemia reduction, weight loss potency, cardiovascular protection efficacy, and adverse events profile. It is imperative that current evidence be integrated and applied in the context of an individualised patient-centred approach. This should include not only glucose management but also targeting as many as possible of the pathophysiologic mechanisms responsible for type 2 DM development and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Sfairopoulos
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Ioannina, Stavrou Niarchou Str, 45110, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Stavros Liatis
- First Department of Propaedeutic and Internal Medicine, Medical School, Laiko General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 10559, Athens, Greece
| | - Stelios Tigas
- Department of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, University of Ioannina, 45110, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Evangelos Liberopoulos
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Ioannina, Stavrou Niarchou Str, 45110, Ioannina, Greece.
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Lee PW, Pokorski JK. Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) devices: Production and applications for sustained protein delivery. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 10:e1516. [PMID: 29536634 PMCID: PMC6136991 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Injectable or implantable poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) devices for the sustained delivery of proteins have been widely studied and utilized to overcome the necessity of repeated administrations for therapeutic proteins due to poor pharmacokinetic profiles of macromolecular therapies. These devices can come in the form of microparticles, implants, or patches depending on the disease state and route of administration. Furthermore, the release rate can be tuned from weeks to months by controlling the polymer composition, geometry of the device, or introducing additives during device fabrication. Slow-release devices have become a very powerful tool for modern medicine. Production of these devices has initially focused on emulsion-based methods, relying on phase separation to encapsulate proteins within polymeric microparticles. Process parameters and the effect of additives have been thoroughly researched to ensure protein stability during device manufacturing and to control the release profile. Continuous fluidic production methods have also been utilized to create protein-laden PLGA devices through spray drying and electrospray production. Thermal processing of PLGA with solid proteins is an emerging production method that allows for continuous, high-throughput manufacturing of PLGA/protein devices. Overall, polymeric materials for protein delivery remain an emerging field of research for the creation of single administration treatments for a wide variety of disease. This review describes, in detail, methods to make PLGA devices, comparing traditional emulsion-based methods to emerging methods to fabricate protein-laden devices. This article is categorized under: Biology-Inspired Nanomaterials > Protein and Virus-Based Structures Implantable Materials and Surgical Technologies > Nanomaterials and Implants Biology-Inspired Nanomaterials > Peptide-Based Structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parker W. Lee
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, School of Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Jonathan K. Pokorski
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, School of Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
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Cao B, Li R, Tian H, Ma Y, Hu X, Jia N, Wang Y. Effect on glycemia in rats with type 2 diabetes induced by streptozotocin: low-frequency electro-pulse needling stimulated Weiwanxiashu
(EX-B 3) and Zusanli (ST 36). J TRADIT CHIN MED 2018; 36:768-78. [PMID: 29949710 DOI: 10.1016/s0254-6272(17)30013-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of low frequency electro-pulse acupuncture (EA) on blood
glucose in rats with streptozotocin-induced type 2 diabetes, and the possible mechanism underlying the action. METHODS Rat models were established with high fat feeding and intraperitoneal injection of
streptozotocin (STZ) (30 mg/kg). Rats with a random blood glucose > 16.7 mmol/L and blood glucose
at 2 h-point of oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) > 11.1 mmol/L were included as diabetic
rats, and randomly divided into model group, EA Weiwanxiashu (EX-B 3) group, EA Zusanli (ST 36)
group, glimepiride group, and EA non-acupoint group (n = 12). EA (2 Hz continuous wave, 2 mA,
20 min/day, 6 days/week, 4 weeks) and intra-gastric administration of glimepiride were applied as
interventions. With fasting blood glucose and OGTT tested at the end of the intervention, the study observed the patterns of hypoglycemic effects. For mechanism study, it observes hematoxylin
and eosin staining and Masson staining of pancreas paraffin sections, protein expression of glucagon-
like peptide 1 receptor (GLP-1R) in the pancreas and skeletal muscle, glucose transporter 4
(GLUT4) protein expression in skeletal muscle membrane, to detect whether EA controls blood glucose
via regulation of GLP-1R. RESULTS EA Weiwanxiashu (EX-B 3) significantly increased model rats' pancreas GLP-1R, and GLUT4 of
skeletal muscle membrane; the therapy significantly decreased model rats' skeletal muscle GLP-1R, restored
pancreas morphology, and reduced fasting blood glucose and insulin resistance indices. CONCLUSION EA Weiwanxiashu (EX-B 3) alone has significant effect on glycemia. EA Weiwanxiashu
(EX-B 3) plus glimepiride further strengthen the effect. The regulation of the GLP-1R in pancreas and
skeletal muscle might be mechanism underpinning the effect.
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Gebauer M, Skerra A. Prospects of PASylation® for the design of protein and peptide therapeutics with extended half-life and enhanced action. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 26:2882-2887. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Ichikawa M, Hirayama T, Fukushima M, Kitazawa I, Kojima K, Sakai T, Takatsu Y, Ohtaki T. Glycosaminoglycan Conjugation for Improving the Duration of Therapeutic Action of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:5346-5354. [PMID: 30023916 PMCID: PMC6044901 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b00467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is an incretin peptide that plays a crucial role in lowering blood glucose levels and holds promise for treating type II diabetes. In this study, we synthesized GLP-1 derivatives that were conjugated with glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), i.e., chondroitin (CH) or heparosan (HPN), to address the major limitation in their clinical use of GLP-1, which is its short half-life in the body. After exploring a variety of CHs with different molecular sizes and heterobifunctional linkers having different alkyl chains, we obtained CH-conjugated GLP-1 derivatives that stayed in blood circulation much longer (T1/2 elim > 25 h) than unconjugated GLP-1 and showed blood glucose-lowering efficacy up to 120 h after subcutaneous injection in mice. By using the same optimized linker design, we eventually obtained a HPN-conjugated GLP-1 derivative with efficacy lasting 144 h. These results demonstrate that conjugation with GAG is a promising strategy for improving the duration of peptide drugs.
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Takeuchi M, Okamoto M, Okamoto R, Kinoshita H, Yamaguchi Y, Watanabe N. Discovery of a long-acting glucagon-like peptide-1 analog with enhanced aggregation propensity. Peptides 2018; 102:8-15. [PMID: 29391187 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2018.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2017] [Revised: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In the course of our search for new GLP-1 analogs, we screened a number of [Ser8]-GLP-1 analogs using the C-terminal helix 3 of the albumin binding domain 3 of protein G from bacterial Streptococcal G strain 148 (G148-ABD3) as appendage. Our efforts led to the discovery of [Ser8]-GLP-1 (7-35)-GVKALIDEILAA-NH2, peptide 6, as a long-acting GLP-1 analog with enhanced self-associated aggregation. Peptide 6 showed enhanced stability in rat and human plasma and an extended half-life of 5.4 h with good bioavailability in rats and subsequently prolonged therapeutic effects in diabetic mice. Analytical ultracentrifugation and TLC suggest that 6 remains oligomeric in the circulation, which accounts for its extended in vivo half-life. The present work shows the possible enhancement of medium-sized oligopeptides aggregation propensity and highlights the potential advantages of peptide aggregates for long-acting peptide drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuaki Takeuchi
- Mie Research Laboratories, Sanwa Kagaku Kenkyusho, Co., Ltd., 363 Shiosaki, Hokusei-cho, Inabe-city, Mie 511-0406, Japan
| | - Masayuki Okamoto
- Mie Research Laboratories, Sanwa Kagaku Kenkyusho, Co., Ltd., 363 Shiosaki, Hokusei-cho, Inabe-city, Mie 511-0406, Japan
| | - Ryuji Okamoto
- Mie Research Laboratories, Sanwa Kagaku Kenkyusho, Co., Ltd., 363 Shiosaki, Hokusei-cho, Inabe-city, Mie 511-0406, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kinoshita
- Mie Research Laboratories, Sanwa Kagaku Kenkyusho, Co., Ltd., 363 Shiosaki, Hokusei-cho, Inabe-city, Mie 511-0406, Japan
| | - Yu Yamaguchi
- Mie Research Laboratories, Sanwa Kagaku Kenkyusho, Co., Ltd., 363 Shiosaki, Hokusei-cho, Inabe-city, Mie 511-0406, Japan
| | - Nobuhide Watanabe
- Mie Research Laboratories, Sanwa Kagaku Kenkyusho, Co., Ltd., 363 Shiosaki, Hokusei-cho, Inabe-city, Mie 511-0406, Japan; Licensing & Business Development, R&D Strategy Center, Sanwa Kagaku Kenkyusho, Co., Ltd.,Mitsui Building No.2 5F 1-1 Nihonbashi-Muromachi 2-Chome, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103-0022, Japan.
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Cheang JY, Moyle PM. Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 (GLP-1)-Based Therapeutics: Current Status and Future Opportunities beyond Type 2 Diabetes. ChemMedChem 2018; 13:662-671. [PMID: 29430842 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201700781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is secreted by intestinal L-cells following food intake, and plays an important role in glucose homeostasis due to its stimulation of glucose-dependent insulin secretion. Further, GLP-1 is also associated with protective effects on pancreatic β-cells and the cardiovascular system, decreased appetite, and weight loss, making GLP-1 derivatives an exciting treatment for type 2 diabetes and obesity. Despite these benefits, wild-type GLP-1 exhibits a short circulation time due to its poor metabolic stability and rapid renal clearance, and must be administered by injection, making it a poor therapeutic agent. Many strategies have been used to improve the circulation time of GLP-1 (e.g., mutations, unnatural amino acids, depot formulations, use of exendin-4 sequences, and fusions with high-molecular-weight proteins or polymers), with its therapeutic utility further improved by adding agonist activity for gastric inhibitory peptide and glucagon receptors. This minireview focuses on strategies that have been used to improve the pharmacokinetics of GLP-1 and provides an overview of GLP-1-based therapeutics in the pipeline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Ying Cheang
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, 4102, QLD, Australia
| | - Peter M Moyle
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, 4102, QLD, Australia
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Reed J, Kanamarlapudi V, Bain S. Mechanism of cardiovascular disease benefit of glucagon-like peptide 1 agonists. Cardiovasc Endocrinol Metab 2018; 7:18-23. [PMID: 31646274 DOI: 10.1097/xce.0000000000000147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1)-based therapies reduce hyperglycaemia in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes cardiovascular comorbidity remains prevalent, although current treatments are effective at reducing hyperglycaemia. GLP-1 exerts specific actions on the cardiovascular system in both healthy individuals and patients with cardiovascular pathology, and GLP-1 therapies have improved the cardiovascular profile of diabetic patients. GLP-1 exerts its action by binding to its receptor (GLP-1 receptor) at the cell surface. Mechanistically, it is not clear how GLP-1 therapies exert beneficial effects on the cardiovascular system. It is difficult to arrive at any conclusions on the ability of GLP-1 receptor agonism to reduce cardiovascular disease from animal/human studies because of varying experimental designs. This review highlights recent findings from long-term human GLP-1 therapy studies, and summarizes postulated mechanisms as to how GLP-1 receptor agonism may alleviate cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josh Reed
- School of Medicine, Institute of Life Science, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | | | - Stephen Bain
- School of Medicine, Institute of Life Science, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
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Brandt SJ, Götz A, Tschöp MH, Müller TD. Gut hormone polyagonists for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Peptides 2018; 100:190-201. [PMID: 29412819 PMCID: PMC5805859 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2017.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Chemical derivatives of the gut-derived peptide hormone glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) are among the best-in-class pharmacotherapies to treat obesity and type 2 diabetes. However, GLP-1 analogs have modest weight lowering capacity, in the range of 5-10%, and the therapeutic window is hampered by dose-dependent side effects. Over the last few years, a new concept has emerged: combining the beneficial effects of several key metabolic hormones into a single molecular entity. Several unimolecular GLP-1-based polyagonists have shown superior metabolic action compared to GLP-1 monotherapies. In this review article, we highlight the history of polyagonists targeting the receptors for GLP-1, GIP and glucagon, and discuss recent progress in expanding of this concept to now allow targeted delivery of nuclear hormones via GLP-1 and other gut hormones, as a novel approach towards more personalized pharmacotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara J Brandt
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center at Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Business Campus Garching, Parkring 13, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Anna Götz
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center at Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Business Campus Garching, Parkring 13, 85748 Garching, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany; Institute for Diabetes und Regeneration, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Business Campus Garching, Parkring 13, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Matthias H Tschöp
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center at Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Business Campus Garching, Parkring 13, 85748 Garching, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany; Division of Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Timo D Müller
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center at Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Business Campus Garching, Parkring 13, 85748 Garching, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany.
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Erak M, Bellmann-Sickert K, Els-Heindl S, Beck-Sickinger AG. Peptide chemistry toolbox - Transforming natural peptides into peptide therapeutics. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 26:2759-2765. [PMID: 29395804 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2018.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The development of solid phase peptide synthesis has released tremendous opportunities for using synthetic peptides in medicinal applications. In the last decades, peptide therapeutics became an emerging market in pharmaceutical industry. The need for synthetic strategies in order to improve peptidic properties, such as longer half-life, higher bioavailability, increased potency and efficiency is accordingly rising. In this mini-review, we present a toolbox of modifications in peptide chemistry for overcoming the main drawbacks during the transition from natural peptides to peptide therapeutics. Modifications at the level of the peptide backbone, amino acid side chains and higher orders of structures are described. Furthermore, we are discussing the future of peptide therapeutics development and their impact on the pharmaceutical market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miloš Erak
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Leipzig University, Bruederstrasse 34, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kathrin Bellmann-Sickert
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Leipzig University, Bruederstrasse 34, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sylvia Els-Heindl
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Leipzig University, Bruederstrasse 34, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Annette G Beck-Sickinger
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Leipzig University, Bruederstrasse 34, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
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Guja C, Dănciulescu Miulescu R. Semaglutide-the " new kid on the block" in the field of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists? ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2017; 5:475. [PMID: 29285508 PMCID: PMC5733318 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2017.10.09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Guja
- National Institute of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases “Prof. N.C. Paulescu”, Bucharest, Romania
- “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Rucsandra Dănciulescu Miulescu
- National Institute of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases “Prof. N.C. Paulescu”, Bucharest, Romania
- “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
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