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Needham D. Niclosamide: A career builder. J Control Release 2024; 369:786-856. [PMID: 37544514 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Revised: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
My contribution to honoring Professor Kinam Park celebrates and resonates with his scholarly career in drug delivery, his commitment to encouraging the next generation(s), and his efforts to keep us focused on clinically effective formulations. To do this I take as my example, niclosamide, a small molecule protonophore that, uniquely, can "target" all cell membranes, both plasma and organelle. As such, it acts upstream of many cell pathways and so has the potential to affect many of the essential events that a cell, and particularly a diseased cell or other entities like a virus, use to stay alive and prosper. Literature shows that it has so far been discovered to positively influence (at least): cancer, bacterial and viral infection, metabolic diseases such as Type II diabetes, NASH and NAFLD, artery constriction, endometriosis, neuropathic pain, rheumatoid arthritis, sclerodermatous graft-versus-host disease, systemic sclerosis, Parkinson's, and COPD. With such a fundamental action and broad-spectrum activity, I believe that studying niclosamide in all its manifestations, discovering if and to what extent it can contribute positively to disease control (and also where it can't), formulating it as effective therapeutics, and testing them in preclinical and clinical trials is a career builder for our next generation(s). The article is divided into two parts: Part I introduces niclosamide and other proton shunts mainly in cancer and viral infections and reviews an exponentially growing literature with some concepts and physicochemical properties that lead to its proton shunt mechanism. Part II focuses on repurposing by reformulation of niclosamide. I give two examples of "carrier-free formulations", - one for cancer (as a prodrug therapeutic of niclosamide stearate for i.v. and other administration routes, exemplified by our recent work on Osteosarcoma in mice and canine patients), and the other as a niclosamide solution formulation (that could provide the basis for a preventative nasal spray and early treatment option for COVID19 and other respiratory virus infections). My goal is to excite and enthuse, encourage, and motivate all involved in the drug development and testing process in academia, institutes, and industry, to learn more about this interesting molecule and others like it. To enable such endeavors, I give many proposed ideas throughout the document, that have been stimulated and inspired by gaps in the literature, urgent needs in disease, and new studies arising from our own work. The hope is that, by reading through this document and studying the suggested topics and references, the drug delivery and development community will continue our lineage and benefit from our legacy to achieve niclosamide's potential as an effective contributor to the treatment and control of many diseases and conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Needham
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Material Science, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA; Translational Therapeutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK.
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2
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Janin YL. On the origins of SARS-CoV-2 main protease inhibitors. RSC Med Chem 2024; 15:81-118. [PMID: 38283212 PMCID: PMC10809347 DOI: 10.1039/d3md00493g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
In order to address the world-wide health challenge caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, the 3CL protease/SARS-CoV-2 main protease (SARS-CoV-2-Mpro) coded by its nsp5 gene became one of the biochemical targets for the design of antiviral drugs. In less than 3 years of research, 4 inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2-Mpro have actually been authorized for COVID-19 treatment (nirmatrelvir, ensitrelvir, leritrelvir and simnotrelvir) and more such as EDP-235, FB-2001 and STI-1558/Olgotrelvir or five undisclosed compounds (CDI-988, ASC11, ALG-097558, QLS1128 and H-10517) are undergoing clinical trials. This review is an attempt to picture this quite unprecedented medicinal chemistry feat and provide insights on how these cysteine protease inhibitors were discovered. Since many series of covalent SARS-CoV-2-Mpro inhibitors owe some of their origins to previous work on other proteases, we first provided a description of various inhibitors of cysteine-bearing human caspase-1 or cathepsin K, as well as inhibitors of serine proteases such as human dipeptidyl peptidase-4 or the hepatitis C protein complex NS3/4A. This is then followed by a description of the results of the approaches adopted (repurposing, structure-based and high throughput screening) to discover coronavirus main protease inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves L Janin
- Structure et Instabilité des Génomes (StrInG), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, INSERM, CNRS, Alliance Sorbonne Université 75005 Paris France
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3
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Pant S, Jena NR. Repurposing of antiparasitic drugs against the NS2B-NS3 protease of the Zika virus. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023:1-13. [PMID: 37747074 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2255648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
To date, no approved drugs are available to treat the Zika virus (ZIKV) infection. Therefore, it is necessary to urgently identify potential drugs against the ZIKV infection. Here, the repurposing of 30 antiparasitic drugs against the NS2B-NS3 protease of the ZIKV has been carried out by using combined docking and molecular dynamics- (MD) simulations. Based on the docking results, 5 drugs, such as Amodiaquine, Primaquine, Paromomycin, Dichlorophene, and Ivermectin were screened for further analysis by MD simulations and free energy calculations. Among these drugs, Amodiaquine and Dichlorophen are found to produce the most stable complexes and possess relative binding free energies of about -44.3 ± 3.7 kcal/mol and -41.1 ± 5.3 kcal/mol respectively. Therefore, they would act as potent small-molecule inhibitors of the ZIKV protease.However, evaluations of biological and safety activities of these drugs against the ZIKV protease are required before their clinical use.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Pant
- Department of Pharmacoinformatics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Kolkata, India
| | - N R Jena
- Discipline of Natural Sciences, Indian Institute of Information Technology, Design and Manufacturing, Jabalpur, India
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4
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Alazemi AM, Dawood KM, Al-Matar HM, Tohamy WM. Microwave-assisted chemoselective synthesis and photophysical properties of 2-arylazo-biphenyl-4-carboxamides from hydrazonals. RSC Adv 2023; 13:25054-25068. [PMID: 37614785 PMCID: PMC10442861 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra04558g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The reaction of 3-oxo-2-arylhydrazonopropanals with acetoacetanilide in an equimolar ratio, under DBU/1,4-dioxane/microwave irradiation reaction conditions, resulted in chemoselective formation of 4-arylazo-5-hydroxy-benzamide derivatives. The structures of the obtained biphenyl-4-carboxamides were characterized by several spectroscopic techniques including IR, 1H- and 13C-NMR, MS and HRMS, and X-ray single crystals of three examples. The photophysical properties of the new products were also evaluated, with a particular focus on their absorption and emission spectra, which provided valuable information regarding their optical properties. The new compounds emitted 513-549 nm green fluorescence in acetone solution under UV irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulrahman M Alazemi
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, University of Kuwait P.O. Box 5969 Safat 13060 Kuwait +965 24816482
| | - Kamal M Dawood
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Cairo University Giza 12613 Egypt +202 35727556
| | - Hamad M Al-Matar
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, University of Kuwait P.O. Box 5969 Safat 13060 Kuwait +965 24816482
| | - Wael M Tohamy
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, University of Kuwait P.O. Box 5969 Safat 13060 Kuwait +965 24816482
- Organometallic and Organometalloid Chemistry Department, National Research Centre Cairo Egypt
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5
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Huang Y, Li Q, Kang L, Li B, Ye H, Duan X, Xie H, Jiang M, Li S, Zhu Y, Tan Q, Chen L. Mitophagy Activation Targeting PINK1 Is an Effective Treatment to Inhibit Zika Virus Replication. ACS Infect Dis 2023; 9:1424-1436. [PMID: 37300493 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.3c00196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Mitophagy is a selective degradation mechanism that maintains mitochondrial homeostasis by eliminating damaged mitochondria. Many viruses manipulate mitophagy to promote their infection, but its role in Zika virus (ZIKV) is unclear. In this study, we investigated the effect of mitophagy activation on ZIKV replication by the mitochondrial uncoupling agent niclosamide. Our results demonstrate that niclosamide-induced mitophagy inhibits ZIKV replication by eliminating fragmented mitochondria, both in vitro and in a mouse model of ZIKV-induced necrosis. Niclosamide induces autophosphorylation of PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1), leading to the recruitment of PRKN/Parkin to the outer mitochondrial membrane and subsequent phosphorylation of ubiquitin. Knockdown of PINK1 promotes ZIKV infection and rescues the anti-ZIKV effect of mitophagy activation, confirming the role of ubiquitin-dependent mitophagy in limiting ZIKV replication. These findings demonstrate the role of mitophagy in the host response in limiting ZIKV replication and identify PINK1 as a potential therapeutic target in ZIKV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yike Huang
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Key Laboratory for Transfusion-transmitted Infectious Diseases of the Health Commission of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610052, Sichuan, China
| | - Qingyuan Li
- North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong 637000, Sichuan, China
| | - Lan Kang
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Key Laboratory for Transfusion-transmitted Infectious Diseases of the Health Commission of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610052, Sichuan, China
| | - Bin Li
- Joint Laboratory on Transfusion-transmitted Infectious Diseases between Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Nanning Blood Center, Nanning Blood Center, Key Laboratory for Transfusion-transmitted Infectious Diseases of the Health Commission of Nanning City, Nanning 530007, Guangxi, China
| | - Haiyan Ye
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Key Laboratory for Transfusion-transmitted Infectious Diseases of the Health Commission of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610052, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaoqiong Duan
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Key Laboratory for Transfusion-transmitted Infectious Diseases of the Health Commission of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610052, Sichuan, China
| | - He Xie
- The Hospital of Xidian Group, Xian 710077, Shaanxi, China
| | - Man Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology, the State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150000, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Shilin Li
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Key Laboratory for Transfusion-transmitted Infectious Diseases of the Health Commission of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610052, Sichuan, China
| | - Ya Zhu
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Key Laboratory for Transfusion-transmitted Infectious Diseases of the Health Commission of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610052, Sichuan, China
| | - Qi Tan
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Key Laboratory for Transfusion-transmitted Infectious Diseases of the Health Commission of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610052, Sichuan, China
| | - Limin Chen
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Key Laboratory for Transfusion-transmitted Infectious Diseases of the Health Commission of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610052, Sichuan, China
- Joint Laboratory on Transfusion-transmitted Infectious Diseases between Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Nanning Blood Center, Nanning Blood Center, Key Laboratory for Transfusion-transmitted Infectious Diseases of the Health Commission of Nanning City, Nanning 530007, Guangxi, China
- The Hospital of Xidian Group, Xian 710077, Shaanxi, China
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Xu J, Xue Y, Bolinger AA, Li J, Zhou M, Chen H, Li H, Zhou J. Therapeutic potential of salicylamide derivatives for combating viral infections. Med Res Rev 2023; 43:897-931. [PMID: 36905090 PMCID: PMC10247541 DOI: 10.1002/med.21940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
Since time immemorial human beings have constantly been fighting against viral infections. The ongoing and devastating coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic represents one of the most severe and most significant public health emergencies in human history, highlighting an urgent need to develop broad-spectrum antiviral agents. Salicylamide (2-hydroxybenzamide) derivatives, represented by niclosamide and nitazoxanide, inhibit the replication of a broad range of RNA and DNA viruses such as flavivirus, influenza A virus, and coronavirus. Moreover, nitazoxanide was effective in clinical trials against different viral infections including diarrhea caused by rotavirus and norovirus, uncomplicated influenza A and B, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C. In this review, we summarize the broad antiviral activities of salicylamide derivatives, the clinical progress, and the potential targets or mechanisms against different viral infections and highlight their therapeutic potential in combating the circulating and emerging viral infections in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimin Xu
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Yu Xue
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Andrew A. Bolinger
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Jun Li
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Mingxiang Zhou
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Haiying Chen
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Hongmin Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Jia Zhou
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
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Yang M, Wang AQ, Padilha EC, Shah P, Hagen NR, Ryu C, Shamim K, Huang W, Xu X. Use of physiological based pharmacokinetic modeling for cross-species prediction of pharmacokinetic and tissue distribution profiles of a novel niclosamide prodrug. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1099425. [PMID: 37113753 PMCID: PMC10126473 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1099425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Niclosamide (Nc) is an FDA-approved anthelmintic drug that was recently identified in a drug repurposing screening to possess antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2. However, due to the low solubility and permeability of Nc, its in vivo efficacy was limited by its poor oral absorption. Method: The current study evaluated a novel prodrug of Nc (PDN; NCATS-SM4705) in improving in vivo exposure of Nc and predicted pharmacokinetic profiles of PDN and Nc across different species. ADME properties of the prodrug were determined in humans, hamsters, and mice, while the pharmacokinetics (PK) of PDN were obtained in mice and hamsters. Concentrations of PDN and Nc in plasma and tissue homogenates were measured by UPLC-MS/MS. A physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model was developed based on physicochemical properties, pharmacokinetic and tissue distribution data in mice, validated by the PK profiles in hamsters and applied to predict pharmacokinetic profiles in humans. Results: Following intravenous and oral administration of PDN in mice, the total plasma clearance (CLp) and volume of distribution at steady-state (Vdss) were 0.061-0.063 L/h and 0.28-0.31 L, respectively. PDN was converted to Nc in both liver and blood, improving the systemic exposure of Nc in mice and hamsters after oral administration. The PBPK model developed for PDN and in vivo formed Nc could adequately simulate plasma and tissue concentration-time profiles in mice and plasma profiles in hamsters. The predicted human CLp/F and Vdss/F after an oral dose were 2.1 L/h/kg and 15 L/kg for the prodrug respectively. The predicted Nc concentrations in human plasma and lung suggest that a TID dose of 300 mg PDN would provide Nc lung concentrations at 8- to 60-fold higher than in vitro IC50 against SARS-CoV-2 reported in cell assays. Conclusion: In conclusion, the novel prodrug PDN can be efficiently converted to Nc in vivo and improves the systemic exposure of Nc in mice after oral administration. The developed PBPK model adequately depicts the mouse and hamster pharmacokinetic and tissue distribution profiles and highlights its potential application in the prediction of human pharmacokinetic profiles.
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Sutar Y, Nabeela S, Singh S, Alqarihi A, Solis N, Ghebremariam T, Filler S, Ibrahim AS, Date A, Uppuluri P. Niclosamide-loaded nanoparticles disrupt Candida biofilms and protect mice from mucosal candidiasis. PLoS Biol 2022; 20:e3001762. [PMID: 35976859 PMCID: PMC9385045 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans biofilms are a complex multilayer community of cells that are resistant to almost all classes of antifungal drugs. The bottommost layers of biofilms experience nutrient limitation where C. albicans cells are required to respire. We previously reported that a protein Ndu1 is essential for Candida mitochondrial respiration; loss of NDU1 causes inability of C. albicans to grow on alternative carbon sources and triggers early biofilm detachment. Here, we screened a repurposed library of FDA-approved small molecule inhibitors to identify those that prevent NDU1-associated functions. We identified an antihelminthic drug, Niclosamide (NCL), which not only prevented growth on acetate, C. albicans hyphenation and early biofilm growth, but also completely disengaged fully grown biofilms of drug-resistant C. albicans and Candida auris from their growth surface. To overcome the suboptimal solubility and permeability of NCL that is well known to affect its in vivo efficacy, we developed NCL-encapsulated Eudragit EPO (an FDA-approved polymer) nanoparticles (NCL-EPO-NPs) with high niclosamide loading, which also provided long-term stability. The developed NCL-EPO-NPs completely penetrated mature biofilms and attained anti-biofilm activity at low microgram concentrations. NCL-EPO-NPs induced ROS activity in C. albicans and drastically reduced oxygen consumption rate in the fungus, similar to that seen in an NDU1 mutant. NCL-EPO-NPs also significantly abrogated mucocutaneous candidiasis by fluconazole-resistant strains of C. albicans, in mice models of oropharyngeal and vulvovaginal candidiasis. To our knowledge, this is the first study that targets biofilm detachment as a target to get rid of drug-resistant Candida biofilms and uses NPs of an FDA-approved nontoxic drug to improve biofilm penetrability and microbial killing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogesh Sutar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawai’i at Hilo, Hilo, Hawaii, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, R.K. Coit College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Sunna Nabeela
- Division of Infectious Disease, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, United States of America
| | - Shakti Singh
- Division of Infectious Disease, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, United States of America
| | - Abdullah Alqarihi
- Division of Infectious Disease, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, United States of America
| | - Norma Solis
- Division of Infectious Disease, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, United States of America
| | - Teklegiorgis Ghebremariam
- Division of Infectious Disease, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, United States of America
| | - Scott Filler
- Division of Infectious Disease, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, United States of America
| | - Ashraf S. Ibrahim
- Division of Infectious Disease, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, United States of America
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California (UCLA), Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Abhijit Date
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawai’i at Hilo, Hilo, Hawaii, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, R.K. Coit College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Priya Uppuluri
- Division of Infectious Disease, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, United States of America
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California (UCLA), Los Angeles, California, United States of America
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Juang YP, Chou YT, Lin RX, Ma HH, Chao TL, Jan JT, Chang SY, Liang PH. Design, synthesis and biological evaluations of niclosamide analogues against SARS-CoV-2. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 235:114295. [PMID: 35344901 PMCID: PMC8933873 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Niclosamide, a widely-used anthelmintic drug, inhibits SARS-CoV-2 virus entry through TMEM16F inhibition and replication through autophagy induction, but the relatively high cytotoxicity and poor oral bioavailability limited its application. We synthesized 22 niclosamide analogues of which compound 5 was found to exhibit the best anti-SARS-CoV-2 efficacy (IC50 = 0.057 μ M) and compounds 6, 10, and 11 (IC50 = 0.39, 0.38, and 0.49 μ M, respectively) showed comparable efficacy to niclosamide. On the other hand, compounds 5, 6, 11 contained higher stability in human plasma and liver S9 enzymes assay than niclosamide, which could improve bioavailability and half-life when administered orally. Fluorescence microscopy revealed that compound 5 exhibited better activity in the reduction of phosphatidylserine externalization compared to niclosamide, which was related to TMEM16F inhibition. The AI-predicted protein structure of human TMEM16F protein was applied for molecular docking, revealing that 4'-NO2 of 5 formed hydrogen bonding with Arg809, which was blocked by 2'-Cl in the case of niclosamide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Pu Juang
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 100, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ting Chou
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 100, Taiwan
| | - Ru-Xian Lin
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 100, Taiwan
| | - Hsiu-Hua Ma
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - Tai-Ling Chao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science and Medical Biotechnology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, 100, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Tsrong Jan
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - Sui-Yuan Chang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science and Medical Biotechnology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, 100, Taiwan
| | - Pi-Hui Liang
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 100, Taiwan,Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan,Corresponding author. School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 100, Taiwan
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Wang J, Wang C, Shen L, Zhou L, Peng L. Screening Potential Drugs for COVID-19 Based on Bound Nuclear Norm Regularization. Front Genet 2021; 12:749256. [PMID: 34691157 PMCID: PMC8529063 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.749256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The novel coronavirus pneumonia COVID-19 infected by SARS-CoV-2 has attracted worldwide attention. It is urgent to find effective therapeutic strategies for stopping COVID-19. In this study, a Bounded Nuclear Norm Regularization (BNNR) method is developed to predict anti-SARS-CoV-2 drug candidates. First, three virus-drug association datasets are compiled. Second, a heterogeneous virus-drug network is constructed. Third, complete genomic sequences and Gaussian association profiles are integrated to compute virus similarities; chemical structures and Gaussian association profiles are integrated to calculate drug similarities. Fourth, a BNNR model based on kernel similarity (VDA-GBNNR) is proposed to predict possible anti-SARS-CoV-2 drugs. VDA-GBNNR is compared with four existing advanced methods under fivefold cross-validation. The results show that VDA-GBNNR computes better AUCs of 0.8965, 0.8562, and 0.8803 on the three datasets, respectively. There are 6 anti-SARS-CoV-2 drugs overlapping in any two datasets, that is, remdesivir, favipiravir, ribavirin, mycophenolic acid, niclosamide, and mizoribine. Molecular dockings are conducted for the 6 small molecules and the junction of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2. In particular, niclosamide and mizoribine show higher binding energy of −8.06 and −7.06 kcal/mol with the junction, respectively. G496 and K353 may be potential key residues between anti-SARS-CoV-2 drugs and the interface junction. We hope that the predicted results can contribute to the treatment of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanjuan Wang
- School of Computer Science, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou, China
| | - Chang Wang
- School of Computer Science, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou, China
| | - Ling Shen
- School of Computer Science, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou, China
| | - Liqian Zhou
- School of Computer Science, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou, China
| | - Lihong Peng
- School of Computer Science, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou, China.,College of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou, China
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Efficacy of Ceftazidime and Cefepime in the Management of COVID-19 Patients: Single Center Report from Egypt. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10111278. [PMID: 34827216 PMCID: PMC8614536 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10111278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to explore the value of using cefepime and ceftazidime in treating patients with COVID-19. A total of 370 (162 males) patients, with RT-PCR-confirmed cases of COVID-19, were included in the study. Out of them, 260 patients were treated with cefepime or ceftazidime, with the addition of steroids to the treatment. Patients were divided into three groups: Group 1: patients treated with cefepime (124 patients); Group 2: patients treated with ceftazidime (136 patients); Group 3 (control group): patients treated according to the WHO guidelines and the Egyptian COVID-19 management protocol (110 patients)/ Each group was classified into three age groups: 18–30, 31–60, and >60 years. The dose of either cefepime or ceftazidime was 1000 mg twice daily for five days. Eight milligrams of dexamethasone were used as the steroidal drug. Careful follow-ups for the patients were carried out. In vitro and in silico Mpro enzyme assays were performed to investigate the antiviral potential of both antibiotics. The mean recovery time for Group 1 was 12 days, for Group 2 was 13 days, and for Group 3 (control) was 19 days. No deaths were recorded, and all patients were recovered without any complications. For Group 1, the recovery time was 10, 12, and 16 days for the age groups 18–30, 30–60, and >60 years, respectively. For Group 2, the recovery time was 11, 13, and 15 days for the age groups 18–30, 30–60, and >60 years, respectively. For Group 3 (control), the recovery time was 15, 16, and 17 days for the age groups 18–30, 30–60, and >60 years, respectively. Both ceftazidime and cefepime showed very good inhibitory activity towards SARS CoV-2′s Mpro, with IC50 values of 1.81 µM and 8.53 µM, respectively. In conclusion, ceftazidime and cefepime are efficient for the management of moderate and severe cases of COVID-19 due to their potential anti-SARS CoV-2 activity and low side effects, and, hence, the currently used complex multidrug treatment protocol can be replaced by the simpler one proposed in this study.
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Ngai TW, Elfar GA, Yeo P, Phua N, Hor JH, Chen S, Ho YS, Cheok CF. Nitro-Deficient Niclosamide Confers Reduced Genotoxicity and Retains Mitochondrial Uncoupling Activity for Cancer Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:10420. [PMID: 34638761 PMCID: PMC8508655 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Niclosamide is an oral anthelmintic drug, approved for use against tapeworm infections. Recent studies suggest however that niclosamide may have broader clinical applications in cancers, spurring increased interest in the functions and mechanisms of niclosamide. Previously, we reported that niclosamide targets a metabolic vulnerability in p53-deficient tumours, providing a basis for patient stratification and personalised treatment strategies. In the present study, we functionally characterised the contribution of the aniline 4'-NO2 group on niclosamide to its cellular activities. We demonstrated that niclosamide induces genome-wide DNA damage that is mechanistically uncoupled from its antitumour effects mediated through mitochondrial uncoupling. Elimination of the nitro group in ND-Nic analogue significantly reduced γH2AX signals and DNA breaks while preserving its antitumour mechanism mediated through a calcium signalling pathway and arachidonic acid metabolism. Lipidomics profiling further revealed that ND-Nic-treated cells retained a metabolite profile characteristic of niclosamide-treated cells. Notably, quantitative scoring of drug sensitivity suggests that elimination of its nitro group enhanced the target selectivity of niclosamide against p53 deficiency. Importantly, the results also raise concern that niclosamide may impose a pleiotropic genotoxic effect, which limits its clinical efficacy and warrants further investigation into alternative drug analogues that may ameliorate any potential unwanted side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsz Wai Ngai
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138673, Singapore; (T.W.N.); (G.A.E.); (P.Y.); (N.P.); (J.H.H.)
| | - Gamal Ahmed Elfar
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138673, Singapore; (T.W.N.); (G.A.E.); (P.Y.); (N.P.); (J.H.H.)
- Department of Pathology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119074, Singapore
| | - Pearlyn Yeo
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138673, Singapore; (T.W.N.); (G.A.E.); (P.Y.); (N.P.); (J.H.H.)
- Department of Pathology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119074, Singapore
| | - Nicholas Phua
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138673, Singapore; (T.W.N.); (G.A.E.); (P.Y.); (N.P.); (J.H.H.)
| | - Jin Hui Hor
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138673, Singapore; (T.W.N.); (G.A.E.); (P.Y.); (N.P.); (J.H.H.)
| | - Shuwen Chen
- Analytical Science and Technology (Metabolomics), Bioprocessing Technology Institute, 20 Biopolis Way, Centros #06-01, Singapore 138668, Singapore; (S.C.); (Y.S.H.)
| | - Ying Swan Ho
- Analytical Science and Technology (Metabolomics), Bioprocessing Technology Institute, 20 Biopolis Way, Centros #06-01, Singapore 138668, Singapore; (S.C.); (Y.S.H.)
| | - Chit Fang Cheok
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138673, Singapore; (T.W.N.); (G.A.E.); (P.Y.); (N.P.); (J.H.H.)
- Department of Pathology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119074, Singapore
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Hao L, Mao Y, Park J, Bae EJ, Park BH. Repurposing anthelmintic praziquantel to treat psoriasis. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 178:4726-4740. [PMID: 34363611 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The anthelmintic drug praziquantel (PZQ) has been used as a standard treatment for schistosomiasis for over 40 years. This study aimed to repurpose PZQ to treat psoriasis. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Psoriasis-like skin inflammation was induced in mice by topical application of imiquimod or intradermal injection of recombinant IL-23. PZQ was either orally or topically administrated during the psoriasis induction period. KEY RESULTS Mice treated with either oral or topical PZQ exhibited markedly improved psoriasiform skin symptoms when compared to control mice, as judged by disease severity score, epidermal thickening, inflammatory cell infiltration, and spleen size. Flow cytometric analysis of infiltrating immune cells from mouse skin displayed reduced infiltration of Th17 cells. In vitro experiments revealed that PZQ inhibited signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) phosphorylation and RORγt expression in splenic CD4+ T cells. PZQ also decreased STAT3 phosphorylation in HEK-A/F cells. Downregulation of STAT3 phosphorylation in these cells accounts for the decreased number of Th17 cells and keratinocytes. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS These results amount to the first preclinical evidence that PZQ may effectively treat psoriasis, and suggest that PZQ alleviates symptoms in mice by inhibiting STAT3 phosphorylation, thereby suppressing Th17 immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Hao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Yuancheng Mao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Park
- Department of Dermatology, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Ju Bae
- College of Pharmacy, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Hyun Park
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea
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