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Lee M. Validation and measurement invariance of a Korean version of the Body Appreciation Scale-2 in cisgender sexual minorities and heterosexual adults. Body Image 2023; 47:101625. [PMID: 37713742 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2023.101625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
The Body Appreciation Scale-2 (BAS-2) has been validated in various languages across samples with different characteristics. However, its validation and invariance based on sexual orientation in Korean samples have yet to be examined. The current study validated the psychometric properties of the BAS-2 in Korean sexual minorities, and examined measurement invariance between sexual minority and heterosexual individuals and between sexual minority cisgender women and men. Responses from 449 sexual minority and 400 heterosexual individuals were analyzed. In the sexual minority sample, a confirmatory factor analysis supported the scale's unidimensional structure, exhibiting strong factorial validity; further, a correlation analysis revealed positive correlations with body satisfaction, positive sexual minority identity, life satisfaction, and self-esteem, supporting the convergent and criterion-related validity. A hierarchical regression analysis confirmed the incremental validity of the BAS-2 on life satisfaction and self-esteem. The BAS-2 was invariant across women and men at the scalar level in the sexual minority sample, and across sexual minorities and heterosexuals at the partial scalar level in the total sample. Latent mean comparisons indicated no significant differences in BAS-2 scores between sexual minority women and men, while sexual minorities scored significantly lower than heterosexuals. The multiple-indicators multiple-causes model provided evidence of differential item functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minsun Lee
- Dept. of Fashion Design, Konkuk University Glocal Campus, 268 Chungwon-daero, Chungju, Chungcheongbuk-do 27478, South Korea.
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2
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Kvardova N, Lacko D, Machackova H. The validity of the Czech version of Body Appreciation Scale-2 for adolescents. J Eat Disord 2023; 11:176. [PMID: 37798665 PMCID: PMC10557209 DOI: 10.1186/s40337-023-00897-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding the formation of body image is critical for the prevention and treatment of eating disorders, especially in adolescence, when body image develops significantly. One of the important facets of body image is body appreciation, which consists of positive feelings and attitudes towards the body regardless of its perceived "flaws". To measure body appreciation, Body Appreciation Scale-2 (Tylka and Wood-Barcalow in Body Image 12:53-67, 2015a), a unidimensional 10-item measure, has been developed and routinely used in body image research. The current study examined the validity (i.e., factor structure, gender and age invariance, associations with other constructs) of the Czech version of Body Appreciation Scale-2 for adolescents. METHODS The study used two large samples of Czech adolescents, aged 13-18 (N1 = 613, M = 15.5, 52% girls; N2 = 1,530, M = 15.4, 50% girls). The data were collected in August 2021 (N1) and November 2020 (N2) through an online survey. For the data analysis, we used confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), multi-group confirmatory factor analysis (MG-CFA), and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). RESULTS Our findings supported the proposed unidimensional factor structure and the gender (i.e., girls, boys) and age (i.e., 13-15, 16-18) scalar invariance of the Czech version of Body Appreciation Scale-2. The data also showed the expected positive correlations with body satisfaction and self-esteem, and negative correlations with media-ideal internalization, appearance schematicity, and depression. Furthermore, we discovered that body appreciation was more strongly connected to media-ideal internalization and depression for girls than boys. CONCLUSIONS The present study provided robust evidence that supports the validity of the Czech version of Body Appreciation Scale-2 and its usability for the assessment of body appreciation in Czech adolescents. We also proposed future directions for the research on body appreciation based on the explored gender differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikol Kvardova
- Interdisciplinary Research Team on Internet and Society, Faculty of Social Studies, Masaryk University, Jostova 10, 60200, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - David Lacko
- Interdisciplinary Research Team on Internet and Society, Faculty of Social Studies, Masaryk University, Jostova 10, 60200, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Machackova
- Interdisciplinary Research Team on Internet and Society, Faculty of Social Studies, Masaryk University, Jostova 10, 60200, Brno, Czech Republic
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Fekih-Romdhane F, Azzi V, Malaeb D, Sarray El Dine A, Obeid S, Hallit S. Psychometric properties of an Arabic translation of the body appreciation scale (BAS-2) and its short forms (BAS-2SF) in a community sample of Lebanese adults. J Eat Disord 2023; 11:160. [PMID: 37723503 PMCID: PMC10506330 DOI: 10.1186/s40337-023-00885-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The present study sought to examine the factor structure, reliability, validity and gender invariance of the Arabic Body Appreciation Scale (BAS-2), and its two short forms (the 3-item and 2-item BAS-2SF) among community Lebanese Arabic-speaking adults. METHODS We carried-out an online cross-sectional survey. The 10-item BAS-2, the functionality appreciation scale and the Eating Attitudes Test-26 were completed by 826 Lebanese community adults (57.9% females, aged 25.42 ± 8.44 years). RESULTS The Arabic 10-item, 3-item and 2-item BAS-2 converged on a one-factor solution, and demonstrated high internal consistency (McDonald's ω value of .92, .88, and .86 respectively). All indices suggested that configural, metric, and scalar invariance was supported across gender. The 3-item and 2-item BAS-2SF were highly correlated with the original BAS-2 (r > 0.9). Higher 10-item, 3-item and 2-item BAS-2 scores correlated significantly and strongly with more positive eating attitudes and greater functionality appreciation, and higher 10-item BAS-2 scores correlated positively and weakly with BMI, supporting convergent validity. CONCLUSION The present work contributes to the literature by providing a psychometrically sound Arabic-translation of the BAS-2 and short-forms, benefitting both researchers and clinicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feten Fekih-Romdhane
- The Tunisian Center of Early Intervention in Psychosis, Department of Psychiatry “Ibn Omrane”, Razi Hospital, 2010 Manouba, Tunisia
- Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, Tunis El Manar University, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Vanessa Azzi
- School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik, P.O. Box 446, Jounieh, Lebanon
| | - Diana Malaeb
- College of Pharmacy, Gulf Medical University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | - Abir Sarray El Dine
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese International University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Sahar Obeid
- School of Arts and Sciences, Social and Education Sciences Department, Lebanese American University, Jbeil, Lebanon
| | - Souheil Hallit
- School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik, P.O. Box 446, Jounieh, Lebanon
- Psychology Department, College of Humanities, Effat University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Applied Science Research Center, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan
- Research Department, Psychiatric Hospital of the Cross, Jal Eddib, Lebanon
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4
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Swami V, Tran US, Stieger S, Aavik T, Ranjbar HA, Adebayo SO, Afhami R, Ahmed O, Aimé A, Akel M, Halbusi HA, Alexias G, Ali KF, Alp-Dal N, Alsalhani AB, Álvares-Solas S, Amaral ACS, Andrianto S, Aspden T, Argyrides M, Aruta JJBR, Atkin S, Ayandele O, Baceviciene M, Bahbouh R, Ballesio A, Barron D, Bellard A, Bender SS, Beydağ KD, Birovljević G, Blackburn MÈ, Borja-Alvarez T, Borowiec J, Bozogáňová M, Bratland-Sanda S, Browning MHEM, Brytek-Matera A, Burakova M, Çakır-Koçak Y, Camacho P, Camilleri VE, Cazzato V, Cerea S, Chaiwutikornwanich A, Chaleeraktrakoon T, Chambers T, Chen QW, Chen X, Chien CL, Chobthamkit P, Choompunuch B, Compte EJ, Corrigan J, Cosmas G, Cowden RG, Czepczor-Bernat K, Czub M, da Silva WR, Dadfar M, Dalley SE, Dany L, Datu JAD, Berbert de Carvalho PH, Coelho GLDH, De Jesus AOS, Debbabi SH, Dhakal S, Di Bernardo F, Dimitrova DD, Dion J, Dixson B, Donofrio SM, Drysch M, Du H, Dzhambov AM, El-Jor C, Enea V, Eskin M, Farbod F, Farrugia L, Fian L, Fisher ML, Folwarczny M, Frederick DA, Fuller-Tyszkiewicz M, Furnham A, García AA, Geller S, Ghisi M, Ghorbani A, Martinez MAG, Gradidge S, Graf S, Grano C, Gyene G, Hallit S, Hamdan M, Handelzalts JE, Hanel PHP, Hawks SR, Hekmati I, Helmy M, Hill T, Hina F, Holenweger G, Hřebíčková M, Ijabadeniyi OA, Imam A, İnce B, Irrazabal N, Jankauskiene R, Jiang DY, Jiménez-Borja M, Jiménez-Borja V, Johnson EM, Jovanović V, Jović M, Jović M, Junqueira ACP, Kahle LM, Kantanista A, Karakiraz A, Karkin AN, Kasten E, Khatib S, Khieowan N, Kimong PJ, Kiropoulos L, Knittel J, Kohli N, Koprivnik M, Kospakov A, Król-Zielińska M, Krug I, Kuan G, Kueh YC, Kujan O, Kukić M, Kumar S, Kumar V, Lamba N, Lauri MA, Laus MF, LeBlanc LA, Lee HJ, Lipowska M, Lipowski M, Lombardo C, Lukács A, Maïano C, Malik S, Manjary M, Baldó LM, Martinez-Banfi M, Massar K, Matera C, McAnirlin O, Mebarak MR, Mechri A, Meireles JFF, Mesko N, Mills J, Miyairi M, Modi R, Modrzejewska A, Modrzejewska J, Mulgrew KE, Myers TA, Namatame H, Nassani MZ, Nerini A, Neto F, Neto J, Neves AN, Ng SK, Nithiya D, O J, Obeid S, Oda-Montecinos C, Olapegba PO, Olonisakin TT, Omar SS, Örlygsdóttir B, Özsoy E, Otterbring T, Pahl S, Panasiti MS, Park Y, Patwary MM, Pethö T, Petrova N, Pietschnig J, Pourmahmoud S, Prabhu VG, Poštuvan V, Prokop P, Ramseyer Winter VL, Razmus M, Ru T, Rupar M, Sahlan RN, Hassan MS, Šalov A, Sapkota S, Sarfo JO, Sawamiya Y, Schaefer K, Schulte-Mecklenbeck M, Seekis V, Selvi K, Sharifi M, Shrivastava A, Siddique RF, Sigurdsson V, Silkane V, Šimunić A, Singh G, Slezáčková A, Sundgot-Borgen C, Ten Hoor G, Tevichapong P, Tipandjan A, Todd J, Togas C, Tonini F, Tovar-Castro JC, Trangsrud LKJ, Tripathi P, Tudorel O, Tylka TL, Uyzbayeva A, Vally Z, Vanags E, Vega LD, Vicente-Arruebarrena A, Vidal-Mollón J, Vilar R, Villegas H, Vintilă M, Wallner C, White MP, Whitebridge S, Windhager S, Wong KY, Yau EK, Yamamiya Y, Yeung VWL, Zanetti MC, Zawisza M, Zeeni N, Zvaríková M, Voracek M. Body appreciation around the world: Measurement invariance of the Body Appreciation Scale-2 (BAS-2) across 65 nations, 40 languages, gender identities, and age. Body Image 2023; 46:449-466. [PMID: 37582318 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2023.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
The Body Appreciation Scale-2 (BAS-2) is a widely used measure of a core facet of the positive body image construct. However, extant research concerning measurement invariance of the BAS-2 across a large number of nations remains limited. Here, we utilised the Body Image in Nature (BINS) dataset - with data collected between 2020 and 2022 - to assess measurement invariance of the BAS-2 across 65 nations, 40 languages, gender identities, and age groups. Multi-group confirmatory factor analysis indicated that full scalar invariance was upheld across all nations, languages, gender identities, and age groups, suggesting that the unidimensional BAS-2 model has widespread applicability. There were large differences across nations and languages in latent body appreciation, while differences across gender identities and age groups were negligible-to-small. Additionally, greater body appreciation was significantly associated with higher life satisfaction, being single (versus being married or in a committed relationship), and greater rurality (versus urbanicity). Across a subset of nations where nation-level data were available, greater body appreciation was also significantly associated with greater cultural distance from the United States and greater relative income inequality. These findings suggest that the BAS-2 likely captures a near-universal conceptualisation of the body appreciation construct, which should facilitate further cross-cultural research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viren Swami
- School of Psychology and Sport Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Centre for Psychological Medicine, Perdana University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Ulrich S Tran
- Department of Cognition, Emotion, and Methods in Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan Stieger
- Department of Psychology and Psychodynamics, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Krems an der Donau, Austria
| | - Toivo Aavik
- Institute of Psychology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | | | | | - Reza Afhami
- Department of Art Studies, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Oli Ahmed
- Department of Psychology, University of Chittagong, Chattogram, Bangladesh
| | - Annie Aimé
- Department of Psychoeducation and Psychology, Université du Québec en Outaouais, Saint-Jérôme, Canada
| | - Marwan Akel
- INSPECT-LB: National Institute of Public Health, Clinical Epidemiology, and Toxicology, Beirut, Lebanon; School of Pharmacy, Lebanese International University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Hussam Al Halbusi
- Department of Management, Ahmed Bin Mohammad Military College, Doha, Qatar
| | - George Alexias
- Faculty of Psychology, Panteion University of Social and Political Sciences, Athens, Greece
| | - Khawla F Ali
- Royal College of Surgeons Ireland-Bahrain, Adliya, Bahrain
| | - Nursel Alp-Dal
- Department of Midwifery, Faculty of Health Sciences, Munzur University, Tunceli, Turkiya
| | - Anas B Alsalhani
- Department of Oral Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Vision College of Dentistry and Nursing, Vision Colleges, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sara Álvares-Solas
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Regional Amazónica Ikiam, Muyuna, Ecuador
| | | | - Sonny Andrianto
- Department of Psychology, Universitas Islam Indonesia, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Trefor Aspden
- Department of Psychology, Aberystwyth University, Ceredigion, United Kingdom
| | - Marios Argyrides
- Department of Psychology, Neapolis University Pafos, Paphos, Cyprus
| | | | - Stephen Atkin
- Royal College of Surgeons Ireland-Bahrain, Adliya, Bahrain
| | - Olusola Ayandele
- Department of General Studies, The Polytechnic, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Psychology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Migle Baceviciene
- Health Research and Innovation Science Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, Klaipeda University, Klaipeda, Lithuania
| | - Radvan Bahbouh
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Andrea Ballesio
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - David Barron
- School of Social Sciences, Heriot-Watt University Malaysia, Putrajaya, Malaysia
| | - Ashleigh Bellard
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Health, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | | | - Kerime Derya Beydağ
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Istanbul Gedik University, Istanbul, Turkiye
| | - Gorana Birovljević
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | | | - Teresita Borja-Alvarez
- Colegio de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Joanna Borowiec
- Department of Physical Education and Lifelong Sports, Poznań University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland
| | - Miroslava Bozogáňová
- Institute of Social Sciences of the Centre of Social and Psychological Sciences, Košice, Slovakia; Faculty of Humanities and Natural Sciences, Institute of Pedagogy, Andragogy, and Psychology, University of Prešov, Prešov, Slovakia
| | - Solfrid Bratland-Sanda
- Department of Sports, Physical Education and Outdoor Studies, University of South-Eastern Norway, Bø, Telemark, Norway
| | - Matthew H E M Browning
- Department of Parks, Recreation and Tourism Management, Clemson University, Clemson, United States of America
| | | | - Marina Burakova
- Laboratory of Social Psychology, Aix-Marseille University, Aix-en-Provence, France
| | - Yeliz Çakır-Koçak
- Department of Midwifery, Faculty of Health Sciences, Bartın University, Bartın, Turkiye
| | | | | | - Valentina Cazzato
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Health, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Silvia Cerea
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Trawin Chaleeraktrakoon
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Liberal Arts, Thammasat University, Pathumthani, Thailand
| | - Tim Chambers
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Qing-Wei Chen
- Lab of Light and Physio-Psychological Health, National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectrics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology & Institute of Electronic Paper Displays, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Psychology, Graduate School of Arts and Science, New York University, New York, United States of America
| | - Chin-Lung Chien
- Department of Psychology, Soochow University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Bovornpot Choompunuch
- Department of Educational Psychology and Guidance, Faculty of Education, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham, Thailand
| | - Emilio J Compte
- School of Psychology, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Penalolen, Chile; Comenzar de Nuevo Treatment Center, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Jennifer Corrigan
- School of Applied Psychology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Getrude Cosmas
- Faculty of Psychology and Education, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia
| | - Richard G Cowden
- Human Flourishing Program, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States of America
| | - Kamila Czepczor-Bernat
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Obesity and Metabolic Bone Diseases, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Marcin Czub
- Institute of Psychology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Wanderson Roberto da Silva
- Graduate Program in Food, Nutrition, and Food Engineering, São Paulo State University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mahboubeh Dadfar
- Department of Addiction, School of Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health (Tehran Institute of Psychiatry), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Simon E Dalley
- Department of Psychology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lionel Dany
- Laboratory of Social Psychology, Aix-Marseille University, Aix-en-Provence, France
| | - Jesus Alfonso D Datu
- Teacher Education and Learning Leadership Academic Unit, Faculty of Education. The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Pedro Henrique Berbert de Carvalho
- Body Image and Eating Disorders Research Group, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil; Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Sandesh Dhakal
- Central Department of Psychology, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | | | - Donka D Dimitrova
- Department of Health Management and Healthcare Economics, Faculty of Public Health, Medical University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Jacinthe Dion
- Department of Psychology, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, Canada
| | - Barnaby Dixson
- School of Health, University of the Sunshine Coast, Moreton Bay, Australia
| | - Stacey M Donofrio
- Department of Psychology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marius Drysch
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, BG University Hospital Bergmannsheil Bochum, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Hongfei Du
- Institute of Advanced Studies in Humanities and Social Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Angel M Dzhambov
- Department of Hygiene, Faculty of Public Health, Medical University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Claire El-Jor
- Department of Natural Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Violeta Enea
- Department of Psychology, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, Iași, Romania
| | - Mehmet Eskin
- Department of Psychology, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkiye
| | - Farinaz Farbod
- Department of Textile and Fashion Design, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Leonie Fian
- Department of Cognition, Emotion, and Methods in Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Michał Folwarczny
- Discipline of Marketing, J.E. Cairnes School of Business & Economics, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - David A Frederick
- Crean College of Health and Behavioral Sciences, Chapman University, Orange, United States of America
| | | | - Adrian Furnham
- Department of Leadership and Organizational Behaviour, Norwegian Business School, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Shulamit Geller
- School of Behavioral Sciences, The Academic College of Tel Aviv-Yaffo, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
| | - Marta Ghisi
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy; Unità Operativa Complessa (UOC) Hospital Psychology, Padova University Hospital, Padova, Italy
| | - Alireza Ghorbani
- Department of Social Sciences, Payam Noor University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Sarah Gradidge
- School of Psychology and Sport Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Sylvie Graf
- Institute of Psychology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Caterina Grano
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Gyöngyvér Gyene
- Doctoral School of Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Souheil Hallit
- School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik, Jounieh, Lebanon; Applied Science Research Center, Applied Science Private University, Amman 11931, Jordan
| | - Motasem Hamdan
- Faculty of Public Health, Al-Quds University, East Jerusalem, Palestine
| | - Jonathan E Handelzalts
- School of Behavioral Sciences, The Academic College of Tel Aviv-Yaffo, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel; Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States of America
| | - Paul H P Hanel
- Department of Psychology, University of Essex, Colchester, United Kingdom
| | - Steven R Hawks
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Science, Utah State University, Logan, UnitedStates of America
| | - Issa Hekmati
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Human Science, University of Maragheh, Maragheh, Iran
| | - Mai Helmy
- Department of Psychology, College of Education, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman; Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, Menoufia University, Shebin el Kom, Egypt
| | - Tetiana Hill
- Hertfordshire Business School, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - Farah Hina
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Asma Imam
- Faculty of Public Health, Al-Quds University, East Jerusalem, Palestine
| | - Başak İnce
- Centre for Research in Eating and Weight Disorders, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Natalia Irrazabal
- Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Palermo, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Rasa Jankauskiene
- Health Research and Innovation Science Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, Klaipeda University, Klaipeda, Lithuania
| | - Ding-Yu Jiang
- Department of Psychology, National Chung Cheng University, Chia Yi, Taiwan
| | - Micaela Jiménez-Borja
- Colegio de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Verónica Jiménez-Borja
- Colegio de Comunicación y Artes Contemporáneas, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Evan M Johnson
- Crean College of Health and Behavioral Sciences, Chapman University, Orange, United States of America
| | - Veljko Jovanović
- Department of Psychology, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Marija Jović
- Faculty of Organizational Sciences, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marko Jović
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Alessandra Costa Pereira Junqueira
- Department of Psychology, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil; Department of Nutrition, University of Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Lisa-Marie Kahle
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Adam Kantanista
- Department of Physical Education and Lifelong Sports, Poznań University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland
| | - Ahmet Karakiraz
- Sakarya Business School, Sakarya University, Sakarya, Turkiye
| | | | - Erich Kasten
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Salam Khatib
- Faculty of Health Professions, Al-Quds University, East Jerusalem, Palestine
| | - Nuannut Khieowan
- Asian Studies Department, Faculty of International Studies, Prince of Songkla University Phuket Campus, Phuket, Thailand
| | | | - Litza Kiropoulos
- School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Joshua Knittel
- Department of Consumer Behavior, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Neena Kohli
- Department of Psychology, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj, India
| | - Mirjam Koprivnik
- Institute of Anton Martin Slomsek, Primary School Montessori, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Aituar Kospakov
- Department of Sociology and Social Work, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan; Department of General Education Disciplines, Astana IT University, Astana, Kazakhstan
| | - Magdalena Król-Zielińska
- Department of Physical Education and Lifelong Sports, Poznań University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland
| | - Isabel Krug
- School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Garry Kuan
- Exercise and Sport Sciences, School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
| | - Yee Cheng Kueh
- Biostatics and Research Methods Unit, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
| | - Omar Kujan
- Oral Diagnostics and Surgical Sciences, UWA Dental School, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Australia
| | - Miljana Kukić
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- Department of Psychology, D.A.V. College, Muzaffarnagar, India
| | - Vipul Kumar
- Department of Psychology, Kashi Naresh Government Post-Graduate College, Gyanpur, India
| | - Nishtha Lamba
- Department of Psychology, Middlesex University Dubai, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Maria Fernanda Laus
- Department of Psychology, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil; Department of Nutrition, University of Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | | | - Hyejoo J Lee
- Department of Counselling Psychology and Social Welfare, Handong Global University, Pohang, South Korea
| | | | - Mariusz Lipowski
- Faculty of Social and Humanities, University WSB Merito, Gdansk, Poland
| | | | - Andrea Lukács
- Faculty of Health Care, University of Miskolc, Miskolc, Hungary
| | - Christophe Maïano
- Department of Psychoeducation and Psychology, Université du Québec en Outaouais, Saint-Jérôme, Canada; Cyberpsychology Laboratory, Department of Psychoeducation and Psychology, Université du Québec en Outaouais (UQO), Saint-Jérôme, Canada
| | - Sadia Malik
- Department of Psychology, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Mandar Manjary
- Department of Psychology, D.A.V. College, Muzaffarnagar, India; M.M.D. Public School, Brahmpuri, Muzaffarnagar, India
| | - Lidia Márquez Baldó
- Department of Research Methods and Diagnosis in Education, University of València, València, Spain
| | - Martha Martinez-Banfi
- Faculty of Legal and Social Sciences, Simón Bolívar University, Barranquilla, Colombia; Life Science Research Centre, Simón Bolívar University, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - Karlijn Massar
- Department of Work and Social Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Camila Matera
- Department of Education, Languages, Intercultures, Literatures, and Psychology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Olivia McAnirlin
- Department of Parks, Recreation and Tourism Management, Clemson University, Clemson, United States of America
| | | | - Anwar Mechri
- Faculty of Medicine of Monastir, Eya Medical Centre, Monastir, Tunisia
| | | | - Norbert Mesko
- Institute of Psychology, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | | | - Maya Miyairi
- Department of Health Sciences, DePaul University, Chicago, United States of America
| | - Ritu Modi
- Department of Psychology, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj, India
| | - Adriana Modrzejewska
- Department of Psychology, School of Health Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | | | - Kate E Mulgrew
- School of Health, University of the Sunshine Coast, Moreton Bay, Australia
| | - Taryn A Myers
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Wesleyan University, Virginia Beach, United States of America
| | - Hikari Namatame
- Faculty of Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Mohammad Zakaria Nassani
- Department of Restorative and Prosthetic Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Dar Al Uloom University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amanda Nerini
- Department of Education, Languages, Intercultures, Literatures, and Psychology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Félix Neto
- Department of Psychology, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana Neto
- Research Center in Business Sciences and Tourism of Consuelo Vieira da Costa Foundation (CICET-FCVC), Porto, Portugal
| | - Angela Noguiera Neves
- Division of Research, Physical Education College of the Brazilian Army, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Siu-Kuen Ng
- Physical Education Unit, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Devi Nithiya
- Department of Physiology, Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute, Puducherry, India
| | - Jiaqing O
- Department of Psychology, Aberystwyth University, Ceredigion, United Kingdom
| | - Sahar Obeid
- Social and Education Sciences Department, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, Jbeil, Lebanon
| | | | | | | | - Salma Samir Omar
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology, and Andrology, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | | | - Emrah Özsoy
- Sakarya Business School, Sakarya University, Sakarya, Turkiye
| | | | - Sabine Pahl
- Department of Cognition, Emotion, and Methods in Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Maria Serena Panasiti
- Santa Lucia Foundation, Scientific Institute for Research and Healthcare, Rome, Italy
| | - Yonguk Park
- Department of Psychology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Muhammad Mainuddin Patwary
- Environment and Sustainability Research Initiative, Khulna, Bangladesh; Environmental Science Discipline, Life Science School, Khulna University, Khulna, Bangladesh
| | - Tatiana Pethö
- Department of Managerial Psychology, The University of Presov, Presov, Slovakia
| | - Nadezhda Petrova
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Jakob Pietschnig
- Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | - Vita Poštuvan
- Slovene Centre for Suicide Research, Andrej Marusic Institute, University of Primorska, Koper, Slovenia; Department of Psychology FAMNIT, University of Primorska, Koper, Slovenia
| | - Pavol Prokop
- Department of Environmental Ecology and Landscape Management, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia; Institute of Zoology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | | | - Magdalena Razmus
- Institute of Psychology, Marie Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin, Poland
| | - Taotao Ru
- Lab of Light and Physio-Psychological Health, National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectrics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology & Institute of Electronic Paper Displays, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mirjana Rupar
- Institute of Psychology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia; Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Reza N Sahlan
- Department of Counseling, School, and Educational Psychology, Graduate School of Education, University at Buffalo-SUNY, Buffalo, United States of America
| | | | - Anđela Šalov
- Department of Psychology, University of Zadar, Zadar, Croatia
| | - Saphal Sapkota
- KOSHISH-National Mental Health Self-Help Organization, Kusunti, Lalitpur, Nepal
| | - Jacob Owusu Sarfo
- Department of Health, Physical Education and Recreation, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Yoko Sawamiya
- Faculty of Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Katrin Schaefer
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Human Evolution and Archaeological Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Schulte-Mecklenbeck
- Department of Consumer Behavior, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany
| | - Veya Seekis
- School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Kerim Selvi
- Department of Psychology, Eskişehir Osmangazi University, Eskişehir, Turkiye
| | - Mehdi Sharifi
- Department of Psychology, Islamic Azad University, Bandar Gaz, Iran
| | - Anita Shrivastava
- Department of Psychology, Middlesex University Dubai, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Valdimar Sigurdsson
- Department of Business Administration, Reykjavik University, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Vineta Silkane
- Faculty of Social Sciences, Vidzeme University of Applied Sciences, Valmiera, Latvia
| | - Ana Šimunić
- Department of Psychology, University of Zadar, Zadar, Croatia
| | - Govind Singh
- Department of Psychology, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj, India
| | - Alena Slezáčková
- Department of Medical Psychology and Psychosomatics, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | | | - Gill Ten Hoor
- Department of Work and Social Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Passagorn Tevichapong
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Arun Tipandjan
- International Centre for Psychological Counselling and Social Research, Puducherry, India
| | - Jennifer Todd
- School of Psychology and Sport Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Centre for Psychological Medicine, Perdana University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Constantinos Togas
- Faculty of Psychology, Panteion University of Social and Political Sciences, Athens, Greece
| | - Fernando Tonini
- Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Palermo, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Lise Katrine Jepsen Trangsrud
- Department of Sports, Physical Education and Outdoor Studies, University of South-Eastern Norway, Bø, Telemark, Norway
| | - Pankaj Tripathi
- Department of Psychology, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj, India
| | - Otilia Tudorel
- Department of Psychology, West University of Timişoara, Timişoara, Romania
| | - Tracy L Tylka
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, United States of America
| | - Anar Uyzbayeva
- Department of General Education Disciplines, Astana IT University, Astana, Kazakhstan
| | - Zahir Vally
- Department of Clinical Psychology, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Edmunds Vanags
- Faculty of Education, Psychology, and Art, University of Latvia, Rīga, Latvia
| | - Luis Diego Vega
- Vice-rectory for Teaching, Research, and Extension, Universida Latina de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | | | - Jose Vidal-Mollón
- Department of Research Methods and Diagnosis in Education, University of València, València, Spain
| | - Roosevelt Vilar
- Department of Psychology, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Hyxia Villegas
- Vice-rectory for Teaching, Research, and Extension, Universida Latina de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Mona Vintilă
- Department of Psychology, West University of Timişoara, Timişoara, Romania
| | - Christoph Wallner
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, BG University Hospital Bergmannsheil Bochum, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Mathew P White
- Department of Cognition, Emotion, and Methods in Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Sonja Windhager
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Human Evolution and Archaeological Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kah Yan Wong
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Semenyih, Malaysia
| | - Eric Kenson Yau
- Department of Psychology, Lingnan University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yuko Yamamiya
- Department of Undergraduate Studies, Temple University, Japan Campus, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Victoria Wai Lan Yeung
- Department of Psychology, Lingnan University, Hong Kong, China; Wofoo Joseph Lee Consulting and Counselling Psychology Research Centre, Lingnan University, Hong Kong, China
| | | | - Magdalena Zawisza
- School of Psychology and Sport Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Nadine Zeeni
- Department of Natural Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Martina Zvaríková
- Department of Environmental Ecology and Landscape Management, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Martin Voracek
- Department of Cognition, Emotion, and Methods in Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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5
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Further evaluation of the psychometric properties of the German version of the Body Appreciation Scale-2 (BAS-2): Cross-validation, measurement invariance, and population-based norms. Body Image 2023; 45:105-116. [PMID: 36867965 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2023.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
Using a representative sample of the German general population (N = 2509, 16-74 years), this work aimed to cross-validate the modified one-factor model recently reported for the German Body Appreciation Scale 2 (BAS-2). We also examined measurement invariance across gender, tested differential item functioning across age and BMI, systematically evaluated subgroup differences, and provided norms according to subgroups. Overall, the BAS-2 demonstrates good internal consistency. Cross-validation supported the generalizability of the modified one-factor model. Multi-group confirmatory factor analyses supported full scalar invariance across gender; comparisons revealed higher scores among men compared to women with a small effect size. Age (only women) and BMI (both genders) significantly predicted latent BAS-2 scores. Of note, differential item functioning for age and BMI was observed. Concerning manifest group differences, we found a significant main effect of weight status: Individuals with obesity reported the lowest body appreciation levels, while individuals with underweight/ normal weight reported highest levels. Our findings suggest that the German BAS-2 has good psychometric properties and is suitable for examining body appreciation across gender among German women and men. Moreover, norm values enable future usage of the scale in health and clinical research by providing reference data for interpretation.
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6
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Chia YC, Ching SM, Ooi PB, Beh HC, Chew MT, Chung FFL, Kumar N, Lim HM. Measurement accuracy and reliability of self-reported versus measured weight and height among adults in Malaysia: Findings from a nationwide blood pressure screening programme. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0280483. [PMID: 36649290 PMCID: PMC9844876 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0280483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Most studies reporting prevalence of obesity use actual weight and height measurements. Self-reported weight and height have been used in epidemiological studies as they have been shown to be reliable, convenient, and inexpensive alternatives to actual measurements. However, the accuracy of self-reported weight and height might vary in different regions because of the difference in health awareness and social influences. This study aims to determine the accuracy and reliability of self-reported weight and height compared to actual measured weight and height among adults in Malaysia. This was a cross-sectional study conducted at the community level during blood pressure screening campaigns. Participants self-reported their weight and height in a questionnaire survey. Their weight and height were validated using measurements by researchers on the same setting. Body mass index (BMI) was defined as underweight (<18.5kg/m2), normal (18.5-22.9 kg/m2), overweight (23-27.4 kg/m2) and obesity (≥27.5 kg/m2). Bland-Altman analysis, intraclass correlation coefficients and weighted Kappa statistics were used to assess the degree of agreement between self-reported and measured weight and height. A total of 2781 participants were recruited in this study. The difference between the mean self-reported and measured weight and height were 0.4 kg and 0.4 cm respectively. Weighted Kappa statistics analysis showed that there was a substantial agreement between the BMI classifications derived from self-reported and actual measurement (ҡ = 0.920, p<0.001). There was no marked difference in the sensitivity and specificity of self-reported BMI among Malaysian adults by gender. We observed substantial agreement between self-reported and measured body weight and height within a sample of Malaysian adults. While self-reported body weight showed weaker agreement with actual measurements particularly for obese and overweight individuals, BMI values derived from self-reported weight and height were accurate for 88.53% of the participants. We thus conclude that self-reported height and weight measures may be useful for tracking and estimating population trends amongst Malaysian adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yook Chin Chia
- Department of Medical Science, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Petaling Jaya, Malaysia
- Department of Primary Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- * E-mail:
| | - Siew Mooi Ching
- Department of Medical Science, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Petaling Jaya, Malaysia
- Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Malaysian Research Institute on Ageing, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Centre for Research, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, Selaiyur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Pei Boon Ooi
- Department of Medical Science, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Petaling Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Hooi Chin Beh
- Department of Primary Care Medicine, University Malaya Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ming Tsuey Chew
- Research Centre for Applied Physics and Radiation Technologies, School of Engineering and Technology, Sunway University, Petaling Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Felicia Fei Lei Chung
- Department of Medical Science, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Petaling Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Navin Kumar
- Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Hooi Min Lim
- Department of Primary Care Medicine, University Malaya Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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7
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Rural-urban differences in body appreciation and associations with life satisfaction in adults from Sabah, Malaysia. Body Image 2022; 43:385-392. [PMID: 36306557 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2022.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Studies of body appreciation have typically focused on measurement of the construct in urban populations and there remains very little research on body appreciation in rural communities. To fill this gap, the present study examined rural-urban differences in body appreciation in an adult Kadazan-Dusun sample from the state of Sabah in Malaysia. Participants from rural (n = 215) and urban (n = 219) locales in the West Coast administrative district of Sabah were asked to complete Malay versions of the Body Appreciation Scale-2 (BAS-2) and the Satisfaction With Life Scale, and to provide their demographic details. Multi-group confirmatory factor analysis evidenced both partial metric invariance (by allowing loadings for three items to vary) and partial scalar invariance (by freeing the intercept for one item) on the BAS-2. Between-group analyses indicated that rural participants had significantly greater body appreciation than urban participants overall. Additionally, urban men had significantly greater body appreciation than urban women, but there was no gender difference in the rural subsample. Finally, correlational analyses indicated that body appreciation was significantly associated with life satisfaction in both the rural and urban subsamples. The present results highlight the importance of further considering the phenomenology of body appreciation in rural communities.
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8
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Mills JS, Minister C, Samson L. Enriching sociocultural perspectives on the effects of idealized body norms: Integrating shame, positive body image, and self-compassion. Front Psychol 2022; 13:983534. [PMID: 36506975 PMCID: PMC9732395 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.983534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Body image is an integral aspect of the psychology of the self. Idealized body images are ubiquitous in both traditional media forms (e.g., magazines, television) and social media (e.g., Facebook, Instagram). The classic sociocultural model of body image (i.e., the Tripartite Influence Model) emphasizes pathways between idealized body norms, appearance comparisons, internalization of body ideals, and body dissatisfaction and its outcomes. We summarize the model and identify some issues to be addressed in future work, particularly in light of the immense popularity of social media. We review three topics that are not included in the sociocultural model but that provide a more complete picture of the influence of societal body norms on body image: (1) body shame, (2) positive body image, and (3) self-compassion. Research on the nature, assessment, and relevance of these constructs is reviewed in detail. In terms of clinical applications of these areas of research for individuals at risk of body dissatisfaction, we suggest assessing for and targeting body shame, cultivating facets of positive body image, and teaching strategies for developing self-compassion.
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9
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Portuguese version of the Body Appreciation Scale-2 for Children (BAS-2C): Psychometric evaluation and measurement of invariance across sex. Body Image 2022; 42:419-426. [PMID: 35944392 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2022.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Body appreciation, a central aspect of positive body image, recently started to capture the attention of the scientific community as a potential determinant of well-being. However, little is known about onset and early identification in both males and females, as studies on this subject in childhood are still scarce, due in part to a dearth of validated instruments. Therefore, the main purpose of this study is to examine the psychometric properties and sex invariance of a Portuguese version of the Body Appreciation Scale-2 for Children (BAS-2C; Halliwell et al., 2017). We also explored the relationship between the BAS-2C and body mass index z-scores (BMIz). Participants were 328 children, ages 9-to-11 years (50.9% girls). Confirmatory factor analysis indicated that the one-dimensional factor structure had adequate fit, but sex invariance was not supported. Differential item functioning analysis revealed that boys and girls respond differently to item #9, which assesses body comfort. BAS-2C scores evidenced internal consistency and convergent validity with quality of life, healthy eating habits, and body size dissatisfaction. BMIz showed a low ability to predict body appreciation. This study brings support for the use of the BAS-2C in Portuguese-speaking children, but caution is warranted in comparing BAS-2C scores across sexes.
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10
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Lee M. Factor structure and psychometric properties of a Korean translation of the Body Appreciation Scale-2. Body Image 2022; 42:11-24. [PMID: 35617824 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2022.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The applicability of the Body Appreciation Scale-2 (BAS-2) in a Korean context is still unexplored, even though awareness of the importance of a positive body image has increased in South Korea. The current study examined the factor structure and psychometric properties of a Korean translation of the BAS-2, specifically to (1) translate and culturally adapt the BAS-2 to Korea, (2) confirm its unidimensional construct, and (3) identify its associations with body image and psychological outcomes across sex with a Korean sample. Data from 839 Korean adult men (n = 415) and women (n = 424) were randomly split into two subsamples. Using the exploratory factor analysis to confirmatory factor analysis strategy, the current study showed support for one factor structure of a Korean translation of the BAS-2. Scalar measurement invariance was found between men and women. Further analyses revealed construct validity through associations with measures of muscularity and body fat dissatisfaction (for men), internalization (for women), and appearance evaluation, as well as incremental validity through hierarchical regression analyses predicting life satisfaction and self-esteem. The Korean BAS-2 presented good internal consistency and test-retest reliability. The Korean BAS-2 is a reliable and valid measure, allowing for cross-cultural comparisons of body appreciation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minsun Lee
- Dept. of Fashion Design, Konkuk University Glocal Campus, 268 Chungwon-daero, Chungju, Chungcheongbuk-do 27478, South Korea.
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11
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Factor structure and psychometric properties of the Body Appreciation Scale-2 among Brazilian cisgender gay and bisexual men. Body Image 2022; 42:257-262. [PMID: 35841699 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2022.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Positive body image may be particularly relevant to assess for Brazilian gay and bisexual men, given the extent of sexual minority stressors (e.g., harassment, discrimination) in Brazilian culture, which can impair one's self-perception and concept. Thus, the purpose of the present study was to assess the psychometric properties of the Body Appreciation Scale-2 (BAS-2) among Brazilian cisgender gay and bisexual adult men, aged 18-50 years. We evaluated the factor structure using a two-step, split-sample exploratory (EFA; n = 682) and confirmatory factor analytic approach (CFA; n = 727), which supported the one-factor structure of the measure. Additionally, convergent validity, internal consistency, and 2-week test-retest reliability were assessed. The BAS-2 scores showed small to large negative correlations with self-objectification beliefs and behaviors, drive for muscularity and appearance-ideal internalization measures. We also found good internal consistency and test-retest reliability of the measure. Taken together, these results support the use of the BAS-2 in Brazilian cisgender gay and bisexual men and provide an initial understanding of body appreciation and other related constructs among this population.
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12
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Ma J, Wang K, Tylka TL. Psychometric properties of a Mandarin Chinese version of the Body Appreciation Scale-2 with residents from Chinese mainland. Body Image 2022; 42:110-119. [PMID: 35691102 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2022.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The current study aimed to translate the Body Appreciation Scale-2 (BAS-2) into Mandarin Chinese and explore its psychometric properties with college students from the Chinese mainland. In Study 1 (N = 840, 415 women, 425 men), an exploratory factor analysis upheld the unidimensional factor structure of the Mandarin Chinese BAS-2, and McDonald's omega supported the internal consistency reliability of its scores. Evidence of construct validity of the Mandarin Chinese BAS-2 was also accrued via its positive correlations with self-esteem, self-compassion, and body satisfaction as well as negative correlations with BMI, weight discrepancy, negative affect, and body surveillance. Its negative correlation with eating disorder symptomatology and negligible correlation with impression management supported its criterion-related validity and discriminant validity, respectively. Additionally, the Mandarin Chinese BAS-2 contributed unique variance in eating disorder symptomatology and self-esteem beyond the variance explained by BMI and other body satisfaction measures, providing evidence of incremental validity. Study 2 (N = 522, 322 women, 230 men) confirmed its unidimensional factor structure, upheld the internal consistency and stability of its scores over a 3-month period, and supported its measurement invariance between women and men. Taken together, these findings support the cross-cultural validity of the Mandarin Chinese BAS-2 on the Chinse mainland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghua Ma
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kui Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Child Healthcare Department, Jiangyou Second Hospital, Sichan, China.
| | - Tracy L Tylka
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus and Marion Campuses, Marion, OH, United States
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13
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Behrend N, Warschburger P. Validation of a German version of the Body Appreciation Scale-2 (BAS-2). Body Image 2022; 41:216-224. [PMID: 35279465 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2022.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The Body Appreciation Scale-2 (BAS-2) is the most current measure of body appreciation, a central facet of positive body image. This work aimed to examine the factor structure and psychometric properties of a German version. In Study 1 (N = 659; Mage = 27.19, SD = 8.57), exploratory factor analysis (EFA) revealed that the German BAS-2 has a one-dimensional factor structure in women and men, showing cross-gender factor similarity. In Study 2 (N = 472; Mage = 30.08, SD = 12.35), confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) further supported the original scale's one-dimensional factor structure after freeing correlated errors. The German BAS-2 also showed partial scalar invariance across gender, with women and men not differing significantly in latent mean scores. As predicted, we found convergent relationships with measures of self-esteem, intuitive eating, and variables associated with negative body image (i.e., weight- and shape concerns, drive for thinness). Correlations with BMI were small and in an inverse direction. Incremental validity was demonstrated by predicting self-esteem and intuitive eating over and above measures of negative body image. Additionally, the German BAS-2 showed internal consistency and 2-week test-retest reliability. Overall, our results suggest that the German BAS-2 is a psychometrically sound instrument.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Behrend
- Department of Psychology, Counseling Psychology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Petra Warschburger
- Department of Psychology, Counseling Psychology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.
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14
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Tylka TL, Linardon J, Wood-Barcalow NL, Daníelsdóttir S, Fuller-Tyszkiewicz M. Short forms of the Body Appreciation Scale-2 (BAS-2SF): Item selection and psychometric evaluation. Body Image 2022; 41:308-330. [PMID: 35427857 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2022.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The 10-item Body Appreciation Scale-2 (BAS-2; Tylka & Wood-Barcalow, 2015) is a widely used contemporary measure of positive body image that assesses one's love for, acceptance and appreciation of, and respect for their body. Given the need for abbreviated measures to reduce participant burden and study cost, we aimed to generate a short form of the BAS-2 (BAS-2SF). Two versions of the BAS-2SF emerged: a 3-item version derived deductively from theory (items selected based on their unique contribution to the body appreciation construct), and a 2-item version generated empirically (items selected based on a genetic algorithm approach). Psychometric evidence was garnered across five studies, totaling 3114 participants. Both BAS-2SF versions correlated highly (rs = .93-.97) with the original 10-item BAS-2 and demonstrated internally consistent and stable scores. Factor analyses revealed high item-factor loadings, unidimensionality, and gender invariance of the 3-item BAS-2SF. Correlations with construct validity measures, as well as model pathways, were similar between both BAS-2SF versions and the 10-item BAS-2. BAS-2SF versions also evidenced incremental validity. Both BAS-2SF versions retain the psychometric integrity of the BAS-2 and are recommended for use; however, the 3-item BAS-2SF is an ideal option for researchers who wish to estimate a body appreciation latent factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy L Tylka
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus and Marion Campuses, United States.
| | - Jake Linardon
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, United States
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15
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Stieger S, Aichinger I, Swami V. The impact of nature exposure on body image and happiness: an experience sampling study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2022; 32:870-884. [PMID: 32777941 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2020.1803805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to nature is associated with improved psychological well-being and positive body image. Here, we examined whether everyday exposure to natural environments is associated with state body image outcomes (and, for comparative reasons, state happiness) using an experience sampling method. One-hundred-and-seven participants completed a 30-day experience sampling phase in which they reported their state body image (body weight, body shape, and physical appearance satisfaction), state happiness, and features of the surrounding environment (total = 6,025 responses) at three random time-points each day. Results indicated that being outdoors was associated with significantly higher state body image on all three indicators, but effect sizes were lower compared to effects on state happiness. Specific environment type was also important, with blue-spaces and wood- and grasslands, respectively, having stronger effects than other environments. These results provide evidence that everyday exposure to natural environments is associated with more positive state body image and greater happiness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Stieger
- Department of Psychology and Psychodynamics, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Krems an der Donau, Austria
| | - Isabel Aichinger
- Department of Psychology and Psychodynamics, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Krems an der Donau, Austria
| | - Viren Swami
- School of Psychology and Sport Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
- Centre for Psychological Medicine, Perdana University, Serdang, Malaysia
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16
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Soulliard ZA, Vander Wal JS. Measurement invariance and psychometric properties of three positive body image measures among cisgender sexual minority and heterosexual women. Body Image 2022; 40:146-157. [PMID: 34959130 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2021.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Positive body image is a multidimensional construct consisting of various facets including body appreciation, body image flexibility, and functionality appreciation measured via the Body Appreciation Scale-2 (BAS-2), Body Image-Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-5 (BI-AAQ-5), and Functionality Appreciation Scale (FAS), respectively. Research has supported the unidimensional factor structure of these measures; however, invariance testing based on sexual identity has yet to be conducted. The study's primary aim was to assess the measurement invariance of the BAS-2, BI-AAQ-5, and FAS between sexual minority and heterosexual women. The secondary aim was to assess the psychometric properties of each positive body image measure among each sample. Participants were predominantly White, cisgender women who identified as a sexual minority (n = 310) or heterosexual (n = 360) and completed online questionnaires of positive body image, eating behaviors, and mental and physical health. Results supported invariance with no differences in BAS-2 or BI-AAQ-5 scores. A significant difference with a small effect size was found in FAS scores, with sexual minority women reporting lower FAS scores. Findings supported the BI-AAQ-5 and FAS's incremental validity on perceived mental health. Overall, results suggest that the BAS-2, BI-AAQ-5, and FAS scores can be compared among women of varying sexual identities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary A Soulliard
- Yale School of Public Health, Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, 220 E. 23rd Street, Suite 405, New York, NY 10010, USA.
| | - Jillon S Vander Wal
- Saint Louis University, Department of Psychology, 3700 Lindell Blvd, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA.
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17
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Swami V, Maïano C, Wong KY, Zahari HS, Barron D. Psychometric properties of a Bahasa Malaysia (Malay) translation of the Body and Appearance Self-Conscious Emotions Scale (BASES): An assessment using exploratory structural equation modelling. Body Image 2021; 39:293-304. [PMID: 34739921 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2021.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The Body and Appearance Self-Conscious Emotions Scale (BASES) measures self-conscious emotions in relation to the body and appearance. While scores have been shown to support a hypothesised 4-factor model consisting of facets of shame, guilt, authentic pride, and hubristic pride, previous studies are limited in their sole reliance on confirmatory factor analysis. Here, we assessed the psychometric properties of a novel Bahasa Malaysia translation of the BASES using an exploratory structural equation modelling (ESEM) framework. Malaysian adults (N = 1049) completed the BASES along with measures of body appreciation, psychological well-being, and secure non-striving. The results of exploratory factor analysis and ESEM in separate split-half subsamples supported a 2-dimensional model consisting of Shame-Guilt and Authentic-Hubristic Pride. This 2-dimensional model was broadly invariant across ethnicity, gender, and age, had adequate internal consistency, and evidenced adequate construct validity in relation to the Authenthic-Hubristic Pride subscale. We interpret our findings as consistent with the view that cultural factors shape the way in which body and appearance-related self-conscious emotions are manifested. Our results also highlight the importance of considering alternative conceptualisations of body and appearance-related self-conscious emotions, which previous studies may have obscured through their reliance on confirmatory factor analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viren Swami
- School of Psychology and Sport Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Centre for Psychological Medicine, Perdana University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Christophe Maïano
- Cyberpsychology Laboratory and Department of Psychoeducation and Psychology, Université du Québec en Outaouais, Saint-Jérôme, Canada
| | - Kah Yan Wong
- Centre for Psychological Medicine, Perdana University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - David Barron
- Centre for Psychological Medicine, Perdana University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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18
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Validation and Measurement Invariance of the Body Appreciation Scale-2 between Genders in a Malaysian Sample. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182111628. [PMID: 34770142 PMCID: PMC8583654 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182111628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The 10-item Body Appreciation Scale-2 (BAS-2) is a measurement for individuals to self-report the extent to which they accept and respect their bodies. Although the BAS-2 has been translated into the Malay language and found to have promising qualities, the psychometric characteristics of the English version of BAS-2 remain unknown in the Malaysian context. The present study thus administered the English version BAS-2 and selfie-editing frequency scale to 797 individuals aged 18 to 56 years old in Malaysia. The dataset that was randomly divided into two halves were submitted to exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis respectively. Both of the factor analyses consistently support a one-factor model. The Cronbach's alpha and McDonald omega coefficients were greater than 0.90, indicating that the BAS-2 has good internal consistency. The incremental validity is also evident. A hierarchical multiple regression showed that the BAS-2 score had a positive relationship with selfie-editing frequency after controlling for age and gender. Moreover, the measurement invariance test supported scalar invariance between genders, and an analysis of covariance did not find significant gender differences. Overall, the findings replicate past findings and regularly support the usability of the BAS-2 in the Malaysian context. The implications of the BAS-2 and future directions are also discussed.
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19
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Science mapping research on body image: A bibliometric review of publications in Body Image, 2004-2020. Body Image 2021; 38:106-119. [PMID: 33838539 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2021.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Science mapping is a methodology that combines quantitative analysis, classification, and visualisation to identify the composition and inter-relationships between bibliographic objects. Here, we used bibliometric science mapping to identify the overarching structure, evolution of research themes and research fronts, and geographic spread of body image research. We examined 2,783 keywords in 1,107 articles published in Body Image between 2004 and 2020, selected as being representative of body image research during this period. Co-occurrence analysis of the keywords enabled us to identify five general themes in the literature: "clinical and weight-related issues", "body image and disordered eating", "positive body image and objectification", "media effects", and "ethnicity/race". Burst analysis allowed us to identify research fronts in this research, with work on social media and positive body image in particular being identified as emergent. Finally, co-author analysis indicated that body image research networks are heavily focused on a small handful of nations, although there is evidence of a recent shift toward greater geographic spread. Our results, and the provision of interactive maps and extensive tables, should allow readers to examine connections between research clusters and areas, generate novel research ideas, and more fully understand the evolution and future trajectories of body image research.
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20
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Swami V, Todd J, Barron D, Wong KY, Zahari HS, Tylka TL. The Body Acceptance by Others Scale-2 (BAOS-2): Psychometric properties of a Bahasa Malaysia (Malay) translation and an assessment of invariance across Malaysia, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Body Image 2021; 38:346-357. [PMID: 34091281 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2021.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The Body Acceptance by Others Scale-2 (BAOS-2) is a 13-item instrument measuring generalised perceptions of body acceptance by others. Here, we first demonstrate that a Bahasa Malaysia (Malay) translation of the BAOS-2 is psychometrically valid in a sample of 1,049 Malaysian adults (Study 1). Using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, we extracted a unidimensional model of BAOS-2 scores that retained all 13 items. BAOS-2 scores had adequate internal consistency and indices of validity (convergent, construct, concurrent, and incremental), and were scalar invariant across gender and ethnicity (Malaysian Malays vs. Chinese). Next, we assessed invariance of BAOS-2 scores across samples from Malaysia, the United Kingdom, and the United States (total N = 2,575; Study 2). Multi-group confirmatory factor analysis showed that partial scalar invariance was achieved. Participants in the interdependent cultural context of Malaysia had significantly higher scores - with small effect sizes - than their counterparts in the independent contexts of the United Kingdom and United States. In addition, women had significantly higher scores than men, but the effect size was negligible. The present study indicates that the Malay BAOS-2 is a psychometrically valid instrument and presents the first comparison of BAOS-2 scores across interdependent and independent contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viren Swami
- School of Psychology and Sport Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Centre for Psychological Medicine, Perdana University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Jennifer Todd
- School of Psychology and Sport Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Centre for Psychological Medicine, Perdana University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - David Barron
- Centre for Psychological Medicine, Perdana University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kah Yan Wong
- Centre for Psychological Medicine, Perdana University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - Tracy L Tylka
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
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21
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Translation and validation of an Italian version of the Body Appreciation Scale-2. Body Image 2021; 37:1-5. [PMID: 33545619 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2021.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Body appreciation is considered a key dimension of positive body image. Tylka and Wood-Barcalow (2015) developed the Body Appreciation Scale-2 (BAS-2), a psychometrically sound measure to assess body appreciation. The present study examines various psychometric properties (i.e. factor structure, sex-based measurement invariance, and construct validity) of an Italian translation of the BAS-2 in a community sample (N = 601; F = 50.6 %; Mage = 25.72; SD = 4.81). Exploratory factor analyses with a randomly selected split-half subsample (n = 300; F = 50 %) supported the one-dimensional factor structure among both sexes. Confirmatory factor analyses with a second split-half subsample (n = 301; F = 51.16 %) indicated that the one-dimensional factor structure had adequate fit after some modifications were made. BAS-2 scores achieved full invariance across sex and men reported significantly higher scores than women (d = 0.45). Further, the Italian version of the BAS-2 had good internal consistency and was positively correlated with self-esteem and life satisfaction, whereas negative associations were found with body dissatisfaction and eating disorder symptoms. Results indicated that the Italian BAS-2 has good psychometric properties.
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22
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Escoto Ponce de León MDC, Cervantes-Luna BS, Camacho Ruiz EJ. Cross-validation of the body appreciation scale-2: invariance across sex, body mass index, and age in Mexican adolescents. Eat Weight Disord 2021; 26:1187-1194. [PMID: 33026603 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-020-01022-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Cross-validation is a useful strategy to address problems associated with the post hoc model fitting. The aim of this study was to cross-validate the BAS-2, in two samples (Calibration and Validation Samples), using an invariance testing strategy. 1127 Mexican adolescents (508 males and 619 females), aged 11-19 years (M = 15.41, SD = 2.30), allocated in two samples (n1 = 672; n2 = 455) completed the Mexican version of the BAS-2, along with other body image-related instruments. The cross-validation supported the generalizability of the one-factor respecified model of the BAS-2. The measure was invariant across body mass index and age, but not across sex. Internal consistency and test-retest reliability (a three-week period between each test) was excellent. In support of the validity of the BAS-2, it was positively associated with scores on body esteem, but negatively with body mass index, drive for thinness, and body dissatisfaction. Normal-weight and young adolescents groups showed higher body appreciation than excess-weight and late adolescents groups, respectively. Considering these findings, it is reasonable to conclude that the BAS-2 is a reliable and valid instrument to assess body appreciation in Mexican adolescents. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level V, cross-sectional, descriptive study.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brenda Sarahi Cervantes-Luna
- Department of Psychology, Centro Universitario UAEM Ecatepec, Universidad Autónoma de Estado de México, Ecatepec, Mexico
| | - Esteban Jaime Camacho Ruiz
- Health Education Department and Health Sociology Master Program, Centro Universitario Nezahualcóyotl, Universidad Autónoma de Estado de México, Nezahualcoyotl, Mexico
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23
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da Silva RCPC, Amaral ACS, Quintanilha AKS, de Almeida VAR, Rodrigues MVF, Oliveira AJ, Morgado FFDR. Cross-cultural adaptation of body image assessment instruments for university students: a systematic review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 34:11. [PMID: 33870471 PMCID: PMC8053638 DOI: 10.1186/s41155-021-00177-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The theoretical-methodological process of cross-cultural adaptation of scales is fundamental for the expansion of research possibilities related to a given area and population, as instrument adequacy allows for the consistent assessment of the construct being studied. This article aims to highlight the different theoretical-methodological processes of cross-cultural adaptations of scales for assessing body image among young university students. The articles were selected in February 2020, with the following search descriptors: ("body image") and (young or "college students" or graduating or graduat *) and ("cross-cultural validation" or "cross-cultural adaptation"), in three databases-Scopus, PsycINFO, and Web of Science, without any time restrictions. Altogether, 304 studies were surveyed on the different bases mentioned above, and 14 studies published between 2010 and 2019 were evaluated. This study highlighted the methodological procedures used in the process of cross-cultural adaptation, as well as the population, the types of validity and reliability, and also the main limitations, strengths, and results reported in each study included in this review. The information presented in this review will allow new researchers to make more appropriate choices about instruments for assessing body image in young university students, in addition to presenting the methodological evolution on this theme.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana Carolina Soares Amaral
- Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Southeast of Minas Gerais, Campus Barbacena, Barbacena, Brazil
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24
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Aimé A, Fuller-Tyszkiewicz M, Dion J, Markey CH, Strodl E, McCabe M, Mellor D, Granero Gallegos A, Pietrabissa G, Alcaraz-Ibánez M, Bégin C, Blackburn MÈ, Caltabiano M, Castelnuovo G, Gullo S, Hayami-Chisuwa N, He Q, Lo Coco G, Manzonie GM, Probst M, Rodgers RF, Sicilia A, Maïano C. Assessing positive body image, body satisfaction, weight bias, and appearance comparison in emerging adults: A cross-validation study across eight countries. Body Image 2020; 35:320-332. [PMID: 33189052 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2020.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Positive body image refers to individuals' ability to conceptualize their bodies with love, respect, and appreciation. The study of positive body image is relatively new, and instruments used to investigate this multi-faceted construct have received limited use in non-English speaking countries. Thus, the aim of this investigation is to consider four measures that are associated with positive body image across eight different countries. Participants (n = 6272) completed the Body Appreciation Scale-2, the Body Areas Satisfaction Scale, the Physical Appearance Comparison Scale, and the Weight Bias Internalization Scale. Multi-group confirmatory factor analyses (MG-CFAs) and item-response theory (IRT) models were used to examine the measurement invariance of these surveys. Our results generally suggest that positive body image, weight bias, and appearance comparison can be assessed using brief assessments and that these four instruments can be used in different countries, but care should be taken to consider individuals' gender, BMI, and socio-economic position.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie Aimé
- Department of Psychoeducation and Psychology, Université du Québec en Outaouais, Saint-Jérôme, Québec, Canada.
| | | | - Jacinthe Dion
- Department of Health Sciences, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 555, boul. De l'Université, Chicoutimi, Quebec, G7H 2BI, Canada.
| | - Charlotte H Markey
- Department of Psychology, Health Sciences Centre, Rutgers University, Camden, NJ, 08102, USA.
| | - Esben Strodl
- School of Psychology and Counselling, Queensland University of Technology, Victoria Park Rd, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, 4059, Australia.
| | - Marita McCabe
- School of Health Sciences, Swinburne University, Burwood Road, Hawthorn, 3122, Australia.
| | - David Mellor
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, 1 Gheringhap Street, Geelong, Victoria, 3220, Australia.
| | - Antonio Granero Gallegos
- Health Research Center and Department of Education, University of Almeria, Ctra de Sacramento s/n, 04120, Almeria, Spain.
| | - Giada Pietrabissa
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Psychology Research Laboratory, S. Giuseppe Hospital, Oggebbio-Piancavallo (VB), Italy; Department of Psychology, Catholic University of Milan, Largo Agostino Gemelli, 1, 20123, Milan, Italy.
| | - Manuel Alcaraz-Ibánez
- Health Research Center and Department of Education, University of Almeria, Ctra de Sacramento s/n, 04120, Almeria, Spain.
| | - Catherine Bégin
- School of Psychology, Laval University, 2325 Allée des Bibliothèques, Québec, GIV 0A6, Canada.
| | - Marie-Ève Blackburn
- ECOBES-Research and Transfer, Cégep de Jonquiere, 2505, Saint-Hubert Street, Jonquière, Québec, Canada.
| | - Marie Caltabiano
- School of Psychology, James Cook University, McGregor Road, Smithfield, Queensland, 4870, Australia.
| | - Gianluca Castelnuovo
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Psychology Research Laboratory, S. Giuseppe Hospital, Oggebbio-Piancavallo (VB), Italy; Department of Psychology, Catholic University of Milan, Largo Agostino Gemelli, 1, 20123, Milan, Italy.
| | - Salvatore Gullo
- Department of Psychology, Educational Sciences and Human Movement, University of Palermo, viale delle Sciennze edificio 15, 90128, Palermo, Italy.
| | - Naomi Hayami-Chisuwa
- Graduate School of Human Life Sciences, Osaka City University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan.
| | - Qiqiang He
- School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, PR China.
| | - Gianluca Lo Coco
- Department of Psychology, Educational Sciences and Human Movement, University of Palermo, viale delle Sciennze edificio 15, 90128, Palermo, Italy.
| | - Gian Mauro Manzonie
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Psychology Research Laboratory, S. Giuseppe Hospital, Oggebbio-Piancavallo (VB), Italy; Faculty of Psychology, eCampus University, Novedrate (CO), Italy.
| | - Michel Probst
- Departement of Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, O&N4Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Rachel F Rodgers
- Department of Applied Psychology, North Eastern University, 360 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA, 02115, USA; Department of Psychiatric Emergency & Acute Care, Lapeyronie Hospital, CHRU Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
| | - Alvaro Sicilia
- Health Research Center and Department of Education, University of Almeria, Ctra de Sacramento s/n, 04120, Almeria, Spain.
| | - Christophe Maïano
- Department of Psychoeducation and Psychology, Université du Québec en Outaouais, Saint-Jérôme, Québec, Canada.
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25
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He J, Sun S, Lin Z, Fan X. The association between body appreciation and body mass index among males and females: A meta-analysis. Body Image 2020; 34:10-26. [PMID: 32505864 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2020.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
To date, a number of studies have reported an association between body appreciation and body mass index (BMI), but the findings are not consistent. Using a meta-analytic approach, the current study aimed to clarify this association as well as to explore what factors might have contributed to the inconsistency across previous studies. By searching and screening potential studies published up to June 2019 in four databases, we identified 26 articles that reported an association between body appreciation and BMI among males, and 59 articles among females. Under a random-effects model, among males the overall estimate of the association between body appreciation and BMI was negative and small, with the pooled r = -.20 (95 % CI: -.25, -.14) and an adjusted (for publication bias) pooled r = -.11 (95 % CI: -.16, -.06). Among females, the overall estimate of the association was negative and small (but close to moderate), with r = -.27 (95 % CI: -.30, -.24). A mixed-effects model identified several moderators that contributed to the inconsistency across previous studies. These results indicate that the overall negative association between body appreciation and BMI is weak among males, and slightly larger among females. Potential explanations, implications, and future research directions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinbo He
- School of Humanities and Social Science, Chinese University of Hong Kong (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, China
| | - Shaojing Sun
- School of Journalism, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Zhicheng Lin
- School of Humanities and Social Science, Chinese University of Hong Kong (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, China.
| | - Xitao Fan
- School of Humanities and Social Science, Chinese University of Hong Kong (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, China
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26
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Geller S, Handelzalts JE, Levy S, Boxer N, Todd J, Swami V. An examination of the factor structure and preliminary assessment of the psychometric properties of a Hebrew translation of the Body Appreciation Scale-2 (BAS-2). Body Image 2020; 34:145-154. [PMID: 32674037 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2020.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The Body Appreciation Scale-2 (BAS-2) is a widely-used, 10-item measure of a core facet of positive body image. To extend its use internationally, we examined the factor structure and conducted a preliminary assessment of the psychometric properties of a novel Hebrew translation of the BAS-2. A sample of 613 Israeli adults (362 women, 251 men; age M = 29.52, SD = 9.47) completed the BAS-2 alongside demographic items and previously-validated measures of life satisfaction, self-esteem, self-compassion, and body investment. Exploratory factor analyses with a semi-random split-half subsample (n = 377) indicated that BAS-2 scores reduced to a single dimension with all 10 items. This factor structure was equivalent across women and men. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) with a second split-half subsample (n = 235) showed the 1-dimensional factor structure had adequate fit following one modification and multi-group CFA showed that the model was invariant across sex. Men had significantly higher BAS-2 scores than women, but the effect size was small (d = 0.22). Evidence of construct validity was demonstrated through positive associations with indices of life satisfaction, self-esteem, self-compassion, and body investment. The availability of a validated BAS-2 Hebrew translation should advance future research of body appreciation in Israel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shulamit Geller
- School of Behavioral Sciences, The Academic College of Tel Aviv-Yaffo, Israel.
| | - Jonathan E Handelzalts
- School of Behavioral Sciences, The Academic College of Tel Aviv-Yaffo, Israel; Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Sigal Levy
- Statistics Education Unit, The Academic College of Tel Aviv-Yaffo, Israel
| | - Nofar Boxer
- School of Behavioral Sciences, The Academic College of Tel Aviv-Yaffo, Israel
| | - Jennifer Todd
- Division of Psychology, School of Psychology and Sport Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
| | - Viren Swami
- Division of Psychology, School of Psychology and Sport Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK; Centre for Psychological Medicine, Perdana University, Serdang, Malaysia
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27
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Todd J, Aspell JE, Barron D, Toh EKL, Zahari HS, Mohd Khatib NA, Laughton R, Swami V. Greater gastric interoception is associated with more positive body image: Evidence from adults in Malaysia and the United Kingdom. Body Image 2020; 34:101-111. [PMID: 32512525 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2020.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Gastric interoception refers to the processing of sensory stimuli originating in the gut. Previous research has found that gastric interoception (measured using a water load task) is associated with drive for thinness in young Western women. However, associations with broader facets of body image and in diverse national groups have not been previously investigated. To address these issues, we asked samples of adults in the United Kingdom (UK; N = 91, women n = 54) and Malaysia (N = 100, women n = 50) to complete a 2-stage water load task (WLT) and measures of positive body image (i.e., body appreciation, functionality appreciation). The results indicated that a greater change in the intensity of self-reported WLT-related sensations was associated with significantly higher body appreciation and functionality appreciation after accounting for gender identity, body mass index, and national group. Behavioural performance on the WLT was significantly associated with body appreciation and functionality appreciation for the Malaysian sample, but not the UK adults, after accounting for gender identity and body mass index. These findings extend previous research by demonstrating that there are significant associations between facets of gastric interoception and previously unexplored facets of body image in both Western and non-Western settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Todd
- School of Psychology and Sport Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Jane E Aspell
- School of Psychology and Sport Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
| | - David Barron
- Centre for Psychological Medicine, Perdana University, Serdang, Malaysia
| | | | - Hanoor Syahirah Zahari
- Centre for Healthy Aging and Wellness, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - Ryan Laughton
- School of Psychology and Sport Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
| | - Viren Swami
- School of Psychology and Sport Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK; Centre for Psychological Medicine, Perdana University, Serdang, Malaysia
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28
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Assessing the measurement invariance of two positive body image instruments in adults from Malaysia and the United Kingdom. Body Image 2020; 34:112-116. [PMID: 32505865 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2020.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Despite the growth of positive body image research in recent years, our understanding of the construct across different national contexts remains limited. Here, we investigated measurement invariance of the Body Appreciation Scale-2 (BAS-2) and the Functionality Appreciation Scale (FAS) across ethnically homogenous groups of adults from Malaysia (n = 815, women n = 403) and the United Kingdom (UK; n = 596, women n = 416). Using multi-group confirmatory factor analysis, partial scalar invariance was supported for scores on both measures after fixing the intercepts for BAS-2 Items 6 and 8, and FAS Item 4. Next, we examined differences in latent scores across nationality and gender. The results of an analysis of covariance (with age and body mass index as covariates) indicated a significant nationality by gender interaction: Malaysian women had higher scores than Malaysian men on both the BAS-2 and FAS, but UK men had higher scores than UK women. There were also significant main effects of nationality (Malaysian participants had significantly higher body appreciation and functionality appreciation than UK participants) and gender (men had significantly higher body appreciation than women). These findings are discussed in terms of cross-national and gendered understandings of positive body image.
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29
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Razmus M, Razmus W, Tylka TL, Jović M, Jović M, Namatame H. Cross-cultural measurement invariance of the Body Appreciation Scale-2 across five countries. Body Image 2020; 34:270-276. [PMID: 32711371 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2020.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The Body Appreciation Scale-2 (BAS-2; Tylka & Wood-Barcalow, 2015a, 2015b) is a widely used measure of positive body image within many cultures and countries; yet, cross-cultural examinations are few. The present study aimed to investigate the measurement invariance of the BAS-2 across adults from five countries: Iran, Japan, Poland, Serbia, and the U.S. The sample included 2944 participants ranging in age from 18 to 82 years. The findings provided evidence that the BAS-2's one-dimensional structure is the same in these countries. Partial metric invariance (when some but not all items contribute to a latent construct equally for groups) indicated that nine out of 10 items contributed to the latent body appreciation construct to a similar degree across the countries. When a Multiple Indicators Multiple Causes (MIMIC) model was applied with participants' age and gender as covariates, evidence of differential item functioning was found. Results suggest that both age and gender influenced body appreciation, indicating that the body appreciation factor means are different at different levels of the covariates. In conclusion, cross-culturally body appreciation may be shaped by country, language, age, and gender correlates to different degrees. In future research, measurement invariance analyses should be conducted prior to cultural group comparisons on the BAS-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Razmus
- Institute of Psychology, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Plac Litewski 5, 20-080, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Wiktor Razmus
- Institute of Psychology, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Al. Raclawickie 14, 20-950, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Tracy L Tylka
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, 1465 Mt. Vernon Avenue, Marion, OH, 43302, United States.
| | - Marija Jović
- Department of Marketing Management and Public Relations, University of Belgrade, Jove Ilića 154, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Marko Jović
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Zvecanska 9, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Hikari Namatame
- Faculty of Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba 305-8572, Japan.
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30
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Namatame H, Yashima Y, Sawamiya Y. Psychometric properties of the Japanese version of the Body Appreciation Scale-2 for Children (BAS-2C). Body Image 2020; 33:7-12. [PMID: 32062410 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2020.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Despite the heightened interest in positive body image research in recent years, few studies have explored positive body image among children. Examining the Body Appreciation Scale-2 for Children (BAS-2C) using a different cultural sample than the original version would thus be beneficial in extending the research on this topic. This research aimed to validate the BAS-2C for use in Japan. The measures were administered to 243 children, and the participants completed the survey in their classrooms with the support of a teacher. The survey was repeated after four weeks. Confirmatory factor analysis showed that the one-factor structure was the same as that of the original version, and the BAS-2C was invariant across gender. Scores on the BAS-2C demonstrated good internal consistency and test-retest reliability over a four-week period. In addition, construct validity was accrued through the BAS-2C's correlation with body dissatisfaction (among girls), self-esteem, and life satisfaction. Results indicated that the BAS-2C shows good psychometric properties among Japanese children, and supports further research into positive body image in this group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hikari Namatame
- Faculty of Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba City, Ibaraki, Japan; National Center for Cognitive Behavior Therapy and Research, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira City, Tokyo, Japan.
| | | | - Yoko Sawamiya
- Faculty of Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba City, Ibaraki, Japan
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31
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He J, Sun S, Zickgraf HF, Lin Z, Fan X. Meta-analysis of gender differences in body appreciation. Body Image 2020; 33:90-100. [PMID: 32151993 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2020.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
There are a number of studies that have conducted comparisons of body appreciation between males and females. However, findings are largely inconsistent, making it unclear whether there are actual gender differences in body appreciation. With a meta-analytic approach, the current study quantitatively reviewed and synthesized previous findings, published up to May 2019, on gender differences in body appreciation. After searching and screening potential studies in four databases (i.e., PubMed, PsycINFO, Web of Science, and ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global), we identified 40 relevant articles published from 2008 to 2019. A random-effects model reveals an overall estimate of gender difference in body appreciation of d = 0.27 (95 % CI: 0.21, 0.33; p < .001); that is, males generally have a higher level of body appreciation than females, with a small effect size. Survey method, type of sample (cohorts), and age were identified as significant moderators that have contributed to the variability in previous findings. Future research and interventions in body appreciation may consider gender differences in their designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinbo He
- School of Humanities and Social Science, Chinese University of Hong Kong (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, China
| | - Shaojing Sun
- School of Journalism, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Hana F Zickgraf
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Zhicheng Lin
- School of Humanities and Social Science, Chinese University of Hong Kong (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, China.
| | - Xitao Fan
- School of Humanities and Social Science, Chinese University of Hong Kong (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, China
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32
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Baceviciene M, Jankauskiene R. Associations between Body Appreciation and Disordered Eating in a Large Sample of Adolescents. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12030752. [PMID: 32178334 PMCID: PMC7146197 DOI: 10.3390/nu12030752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Body appreciation is one of the main facets of a positive body image. The present study aimed to examine the psychometric properties of the Lithuanian version of the Body Appreciation Scale-2 (BAS-2-LT) and test the associations between body appreciation and disordered eating in a large sample of adolescents of both genders. Method: The sample consisted of 1412 adolescents (40.2% were boys). The ages ranged from 15 to 18 years (92.4% were 17), with a mean age of 16.9 (SD = 0.5) for girls and 17.0 (SD = 0.4) for boys. Participants completed the BAS-2-LT alongside the measures of body dissatisfaction, disordered eating, body mass index, self-esteem, body functionality, and participation in sports. Linear regressions were used to test the associations between study variables and disordered eating. Results: BAS-2-LT replicated the original one-dimensional structure in girls and boys. Invariance across genders was established. The instrument showed good internal consistency and temporal stability. Body appreciation was negatively correlated with higher levels of body mass index, body dissatisfaction, and disordered eating. Positive associations were observed between body appreciation, self-esteem, body functionality, and sports participation. Higher levels of body appreciation decreased the risk of disordered eating behaviors in both genders. Conclusions: The results of the present study support the psychometric properties of BAS-2-LT. Body appreciation is associated with lower disordered eating in adolescent girls and boys. These findings present empirical support for the development of interventions programs that promote positive body images and aim to prevent disordered eating in adolescent boys and girls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Migle Baceviciene
- Department of Physical and Social Education, Lithuanian Sports University, Sporto 6, 44221 Kaunas, Lithuania
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +370-37-302638
| | - Rasa Jankauskiene
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Sporto 6, 44221 Kaunas, Lithuania;
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33
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Swami V, Mohd. Khatib NA, Vidal-Mollón J, Vintila M, Barron D, Goian C, Mayoral O, Toh EKL, Tudorel O, Vazirani S, Zahari HS. Visits to Natural Environments Improve State Body Appreciation: Evidence from Malaysia, Romania, and Spain. ECOPSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1089/eco.2019.0065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Viren Swami
- School of Psychology and Sport Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Centre for Psychological Medicine, Perdana University, Serdang, Malaysia
| | | | - Jose Vidal-Mollón
- Department of Research Methods and Diagnosis in Education, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Mona Vintila
- Department of Psychology, West University of Timișoara, Timișoara, Romania
| | - David Barron
- Centre for Psychological Medicine, Perdana University, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Cosmin Goian
- Department of Social Work, West University of Timișoara, Timișoara, Romania
| | - Olga Mayoral
- Department of Experimental and Social Sciences Teaching, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Jardí Botànic de la Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Otilia Tudorel
- Department of Psychology, West University of Timișoara, Timișoara, Romania
| | - Simran Vazirani
- Department of Research Methods and Diagnosis in Education, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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34
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Góngora VC, Cruz Licea V, Mebarak Chams MR, Thornborrow T. Assessing the measurement invariance of a Latin-American Spanish translation of the Body Appreciation Scale-2 in Mexican, Argentinean, and Colombian adolescents. Body Image 2020; 32:180-189. [PMID: 31982840 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2020.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In order to advance in the study of positive body image among different cultures, it is important to create culturally appropriate measures. We examined the psychometric properties of a Latin-American Spanish translation of the Body Appreciation Scale-2 (BAS-2; Tylka & Wood-Barcalow, 2015a), specifically assessing measurement invariance using a large sample of 3845 male and female adolescents from Argentina, Mexico, and Colombia. Participants completed the BAS-2, Eating Disorder Inventory-2, Male Body Attitude Scale and the Sociocultural Attitudes Toward Appearance Questionnaire-3. The BAS-2 had a unidimensional factor structure in each of the three samples. We confirmed the structural, metric, and scalar invariance of the scale regardless of gender or country. Adolescents in Argentina had lower body appreciation compared with those in Mexico and Colombia. Overall, females had lower body appreciation than males, with the greatest gender difference found in the Argentinean sample. Our findings strongly support the validity and reliability of this Latin-American translation of the BAS-2 in measuring positive body image in adolescents in Argentina, Mexico, and Colombia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanesa C Góngora
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina; Department of Psychology, Social Science Faculty, Universidad de Palermo, Mario Bravo 1259, Buenos Aires, C1175ABW, Argentina.
| | - Verónica Cruz Licea
- Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico (UNAM), Ciudad universitaria 3000, Col. Copilco, Del. Coyoacán, 04510, City of Mexico, Mexico.
| | - Moises R Mebarak Chams
- Department of Psychology, Universidad del Norte, Km 5, Antigua vía Puerto Colombia, Barranquilla, Colombia.
| | - Tracey Thornborrow
- Person Perception Lab, School of Psychology, College of Social Science, University of Lincoln, 8 Brayford Wharf E, Lincoln, LN5 7AT, United Kingdom.
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35
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Swami V, Todd J, Zahari HS, Mohd Khatib NA, Toh EKL, Barron D. Dimensional structure, psychometric properties, and sex and ethnic invariance of a Bahasa Malaysia (Malay) translation of the Intuitive Eating Scale-2 (IES-2). Body Image 2020; 32:167-179. [PMID: 31981992 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2020.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The Intuitive Eating Scale-2 (IES-2; Tylka & Kroon Van Diest, 2013) is a widely-used measure of facets of intuitive eating. We examined the psychometric properties of a Bahasa Malaysia (Malay) translation of the IES-2 in a sample of Malaysian Malay and Chinese adults (N = 921). Participants completed a Malay translation of the IES-2 along with demographic items and measures of psychological well-being, positive and negative body image, and internalisation of appearance ideals. Exploratory factor analyses (EFAs) with Malay subsamples indicated that IES-2 scores reduced to 4 factors in women and 3 in men, both of which diverged from the parent model. Confirmatory factor analysis failed to confirm the parent 4-factor model, and indices for the EFA-derived models were acceptable but not ideal. Of the models tested, the EFA-derived 3-factor model had the best fit indices. Scores on this model had adequate internal consistency and were invariant across sex and ethnicity, but between-group differences in subscale scores were non-significant or negligible. Evidence of the construct validity of Malay IES-2 scores was mixed, particularly in men. These results lead us to question the degree to which intuitive eating as a construct is applicable to Malaysian populations specifically and non-Western populations generally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viren Swami
- Division of Psychology, School of Psychology and Sport Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK; Centre for Psychological Medicine, Perdana University, Serdang, Malaysia.
| | - Jennifer Todd
- Division of Psychology, School of Psychology and Sport Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | | | - David Barron
- Centre for Psychological Medicine, Perdana University, Serdang, Malaysia
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36
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Soulliard ZA, Vander Wal JS. Validation of the Body Appreciation Scale-2 and relationships to eating behaviors and health among sexual minorities. Body Image 2019; 31:120-130. [PMID: 31590004 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2019.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Although the study of positive body image continues to expand, researchers have predominantly focused the study of this newer construct among presumed heterosexual participants. The purpose of the present study was to examine the factor structure of a measure of positive body image, the Body Appreciation Scale-2 (BAS-2), among sexual minority participants. The present study also sought to psychometrically validate the BAS-2 among sexual minorities by assessing its relationship with other facets of positive body image, including functionality appreciation and body image flexibility, as well as other related constructs, such as body dissatisfaction, disordered eating behaviors, intuitive eating behaviors, and physical and mental health. Results from a confirmatory factor analysis of 223 sexual minority adults (Mage = 32.45, SD = 10.07) indicated that the BAS-2 displayed strong factorial validity with a unitary factor structure. Furthermore, the BAS-2's construct validity was supported based on correlations with other measures of positive body image, body dissatisfaction, and disordered eating behavior. Results from this cross-sectional study supported a relationship between body appreciation and intuitive eating behaviors, as well as physical and mental health among sexual minority participants. These findings provide an initial understanding of body appreciation and other related constructs among sexual minority individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary A Soulliard
- Saint Louis University, Department of Psychology, 3700 Lindell Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63108, United States.
| | - Jillon S Vander Wal
- Saint Louis University, Department of Psychology, 3700 Lindell Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63108, United States.
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37
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Junqueira ACP, Laus MF, Sousa Almeida S, Braga Costa TM, Todd J, Swami V. Translation and validation of a Brazilian Portuguese version of the Body Appreciation Scale-2 in Brazilian adults. Body Image 2019; 31:160-170. [PMID: 31715552 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2019.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
We examined the psychometric properties of a Brazilian Portuguese translation of the Body Appreciation Scale-2 (BAS-2; Tylka & Wood-Barcalow, 2015). A sample of 990 Brazilian adults (560 women, 430 men; Mage = 31.10, SD = 8.94) completed the BAS-2 and measures of life satisfaction, self-esteem, actual-ideal weight discrepancy (women only), breast size dissatisfaction (women only), drive for muscularity (men only), and disordered eating behaviours. Exploratory factor analyses indicated that BAS-2 scores reduced to a single dimension with all 10 items in women and men. Confirmatory factor analysis supported the fit of this one-dimensional factor structure following freeing of error covariances between two pairs of items. BAS-2 scores achieved full scalar invariance across sex, and men had significantly higher BAS-2 scores than women. Internal consistency coefficients were adequate and test-retest reliability was supported up to three weeks in a subsample of 221 participants (140 women, 81 men). Evidence of construct validity was demonstrated through positive associations with indices of psychological well-being and negative associations with indices of negative body image and disordered eating behaviours. Availability of a Brazilian Portuguese translation of the BAS-2 should help to promote greater understanding of positive body image in the Brazilian context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Costa Pereira Junqueira
- Department of Psychology, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil; Department of Nutrition, University of Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Maria Fernanda Laus
- Department of Psychology, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil; Department of Nutrition, University of Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.
| | | | | | - Jennifer Todd
- Centre for Psychological Medicine, Perdana University, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Viren Swami
- School of Psychology and Sport Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Centre for Psychological Medicine, Perdana University, Serdang, Malaysia
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38
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Swami V, Todd J, Aspell JE, Mohd Khatib NA, Toh EKL, Zahari HS, Barron D. Translation and validation of a Bahasa Malaysia (Malay) version of the Functionality Appreciation Scale. Body Image 2019; 30:114-120. [PMID: 31238276 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2019.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 06/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The Functionality Appreciation Scale (FAS; Alleva et al., 2017) is a 7-item measure of an individual's appreciation of their body for what it can do and is capable of doing. To date, its psychometric properties have not been examined beyond the parent study and outside English-speaking samples. To rectify this, we examined the psychometric properties of a Bahasa Malaysia (Malay) translation of the FAS. An online sample of 815 Malaysia citizens completed a Malay translation of the FAS, along with validated measures of body appreciation, weight discrepancy, drive for muscularity, perceived pressure from and internalisation of appearance ideals, self-esteem, and trait mindfulness. Exploratory factor analyses supported a 1-dimensional factor structure of FAS scores, which was upheld using confirmatory factor analysis. FAS scores were also invariant across sex and there was no significant sex difference in scores. Construct validity was generally supported through significant associations with the additional measures included in the study. Incremental validity was also established insofar as functionality appreciation predicted self-esteem over-and-above the variance accounted for by other body image measures. The availability of the Malay FAS will be of use to scholars in Malaysia, but establishing cross-linguistic invariance will be an important next step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viren Swami
- School of Psychology and Sport Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK; Centre for Psychological Medicine, Perdana University, Serdang, Malaysia.
| | - Jennifer Todd
- School of Psychology and Sport Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jane E Aspell
- School of Psychology and Sport Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | | | - David Barron
- Centre for Psychological Medicine, Perdana University, Serdang, Malaysia
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39
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Swami V, Todd J, Mohd Khatib NA, Toh EKL, Zahari HS, Barron D. Dimensional structure, psychometric properties, and sex invariance of a Bahasa Malaysia (Malay) translation of the Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire-Appearance Scales (MBSRQ-AS) in Malaysian Malay adults. Body Image 2019; 28:81-92. [PMID: 30599288 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2018.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 12/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The 34-item Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire-Appearance Scales (MBSRQ-AS) is a widely-used measure of multidimensional body image. Here, we examined the psychometric properties of a Bahasa Malaysia (Malay) translation of the MBSRQ-AS. A sample of 629 Malaysian Malays (women n = 315) completed the MBSRQ-AS, as well as measures of body appreciation, psychological well-being, perceptions of appearance ideals, and internalisation of appearance ideals. Exploratory factor analysis indicated that the MBSRQ-AS items reduced to four dimensions, although one factor had less-than-adequate internal consistency. Omitting this factor resulted in a 23-item 3-factor solution, which we tested for fit using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) alongside the parent 5-factor model. CFA indicated that both models had good fit on some indices, but less-than-ideal fit on other indices, with the 3-factor model showing comparatively better fit. Multi-group CFA indicated that it was not possible to achieve scalar invariance across sex, but internal consistency coefficients were adequate. Evidence of construct validity, as assessed through correlations between MBSRQ-AS scores and additional measures, was mixed. We discuss reasons that complicate interpretation of the dimensionality of MBSRQ-AS scores in this and previous studies, and call for further research on this issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viren Swami
- School of Psychology and Sport Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK; Centre for Psychological Medicine, Perdana University, Serdang, Malaysia.
| | - Jennifer Todd
- School of Psychology and Sport Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | | | - David Barron
- Centre for Psychological Medicine, Perdana University, Serdang, Malaysia
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