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Saunders JF, Nutter S, Waugh R, Hayden KA. Testing body-related components of objectification theory: A meta-analysis of the relations between body shame, self-objectification, and body dissatisfaction. Body Image 2024; 50:101738. [PMID: 38850716 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2024.101738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
Objectification theory has been instrumental in better understanding risk for eating disorders, depression, and sexual dysfunction, with self-objectification and body shame as serial mediators leading to these outcomes. Although originally proposed to explain these mental health outcomes in heterosexual women, researchers have extended objectification theory to individuals of various ages, racial identities, and sexual and gender identities. We conducted a systematic literature review of empirical peer-reviewed published research examining the relationship between the constructs of self-objectification, body dissatisfaction, and body shame in adult, youth, and LGBTQ+ samples. Our search yielded 5200 results, of which 318 met inclusion criteria. Of the papers included in this review, 26 reported correlations with sexual and gender diverse samples, 43 reported correlations with youth samples, and 249 reported correlations with samples of general adults (non-sexual or gender minorities). The meta-analyses yielded significant, moderate, positive correlations between body dissatisfaction and self-objectification, and between body shame and self-objectification, for each of the sub-samples. The majority of samples were predominantly White and cisgender female, suggesting the need for additional research examining these constructs among racial and gender minority populations. Overall, the results of this review highlight the unique contributions of body shame and body dissatisfaction to self-objectifying behaviors, and identify the moderating role of race and gender in these interrelations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica F Saunders
- Psychology Convening Group, Ramapo College of New Jersey, 505 Ramapo Valley Rd, Mahwah, NJ 07430, USA.
| | - Sarah Nutter
- Educational Psychology & Leadership Studies, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Rd, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada.
| | - Rachel Waugh
- Educational Psychology & Leadership Studies, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Rd, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada.
| | - K Alix Hayden
- Health Sciences Library, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada.
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2
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Pagoto SL, Goetz JM, Xu R, Wang ML, Palmer L, Lemon SC. Randomized non-inferiority trial comparing an asynchronous remotely-delivered versus clinic-delivered lifestyle intervention. Int J Obes (Lond) 2024:10.1038/s41366-024-01617-0. [PMID: 39191926 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-024-01617-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2024] [Accepted: 08/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Lifestyle interventions are effective, but those delivered via in-person group meetings have poor scalability and reach. Research is needed to establish if remotely delivered lifestyle interventions are non-inferior to in-person delivered lifestyle interventions. METHODS We conducted a randomized non-inferiority trial (N = 329) to compare a lifestyle intervention delivered remotely and asynchronously via an online social network (Get Social condition) to one delivered via in-person groups (Traditional condition). We hypothesized that the Get Social condition would result in a mean percent weight loss at 12 months that was not inferior to the Traditional condition. Additional outcomes included intervention delivery costs per pound lost and acceptability (e.g., convenience, support, modality preferences). RESULTS At 12 months, no significant difference in percent weight change was observed between the Get Social and Traditional conditions (2.7% vs. 3.7%, p = 0.17) however, criteria for non-inferiority were not met. The Get Social condition costs $21.45 per pound lost versus $26.24 for the Traditional condition. A greater percentage of Get Social condition participants rated participation as convenient (65% vs 44%; p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Results revealed a remotely-delivered asynchronous lifestyle intervention resulted in slightly less weight loss than an in-person version but may be more economical and convenient. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02646618; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02646618 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherry L Pagoto
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA.
| | - Jared M Goetz
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Ran Xu
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Monica L Wang
- Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lindsay Palmer
- University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Stephenie C Lemon
- University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Worcester, MA, USA
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3
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Imren C, IJsselstijn H, Vermeulen MJ, Wijnen RHM, Rietman AB, Keyzer-Dekker CMG. Scar Perception in School-aged Children After Major Surgery in Infancy. J Pediatr Surg 2024:161659. [PMID: 39179500 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2024.07.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2024] [Revised: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/27/2024] [Indexed: 08/26/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The long-term effects of childhood surgery scars on health status, quality of life (QoL), self-esteem, and body image remain uncertain. This study explores these effects in school-aged children. METHODS We conducted a retrospective cohort study involving 454 children (58% boys; 8-17 years) who had undergone surgical correction of anatomical anomalies or neonatal ECMO. Data included patient-reported scar perception and scar-related embarrassment, along with psychological assessment via questionnaires. RESULTS About 34% of children rated their scars as 'nice-looking', 49% as 'indifferent', and 12% as 'rather ugly'. Most children (91%) never experienced scar-related embarrassment, while frequent embarrassment was reported by 3%. Surgical scar correction was desired by 6% of the 8-year-olds and 19% of the 17-year-olds. Scar perception did not significantly affect health status or QoL. However, negative scar perception was associated with lower self-esteem in girls and a more negative body image in boys. Girls were more likely to report negative scar perception (OR: 1.54, 95%-CI: 1.06-2.24) and scar-related embarrassment (OR: 4.29, 95%-CI: 1.77-10.44). CONCLUSION Children who underwent surgery in the neonatal period and subsequently grew up with scars resulting thereof, mostly perceive them either indifferently or positively, with minimal effect on health status and QoL. Nonetheless, some children, particularly girls, experienced negative perceptions of their scars, although scar-related embarrassment was rare. We recommend integrating scar assessment into routine follow-up at ages 12 and 17, and offering appropriate and timely guidance and support to children at risk for negative effects of scars. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE III.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Imren
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, Erasmus University Medical Center - Sophia Children's Hospital, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CD Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - H IJsselstijn
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, Erasmus University Medical Center - Sophia Children's Hospital, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CD Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - M J Vermeulen
- Department of Neonatal and Paediatric Intensive Care, Division of Neonatology, Erasmus University Medical Center - Sophia Children's Hospital, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CD Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - R H M Wijnen
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, Erasmus University Medical Center - Sophia Children's Hospital, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CD Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - A B Rietman
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, Erasmus University Medical Center - Sophia Children's Hospital, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CD Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center - Sophia Children's Hospital, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CD Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - C M G Keyzer-Dekker
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, Erasmus University Medical Center - Sophia Children's Hospital, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CD Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
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Kestler-Peleg M, Segev E, Kagan M. Exploring the Role of Discrepancy Stress and Muscle Dysmorphia in the Association Between Gender Role Discrepancy and Masculine Depression in Israeli Men. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2024; 53:3061-3071. [PMID: 38918328 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-024-02931-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Guided by the dynamic model of masculinity and men's psychopathology, the current study aimed to explore the mediating role of masculine discrepancy stress and each of the muscle dysmorphia dimensions (drive for size, appearance intolerance, and functional impairments) in the association between masculine gender role discrepancy and masculine depression. For the present study, 936 Israeli men completed a structured self-report questionnaire. Masculine discrepancy stress and some of the muscle dysmorphia dimensions were found to partially mediate the association between masculine gender role discrepancy and masculine depression. The findings demonstrate how the internalization of social gender expectations and men's gender role discrepancy is reflected in the gap between perception of self and the typical man, which is eventually related to mental health outcomes. In turn, men attempt to mitigate the stress through what they perceive as masculine, reflecting muscle dysmorphia: drive for size, appearance intolerance, and functional impairments, which in turn predict masculine depression. Therefore, mental and physical health professionals are advised to be aware of these mechanisms, in order to recognize the negative mental health outcomes arising from traditional societal gender role expectations and provide specific solutions for them.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Einav Segev
- School of Social Work, Sapir Academic College, Sderot, Israel
| | - Maya Kagan
- School of Social Work, Ariel University, 40700, Ariel, Israel
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5
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Hanson LN, Gott A, Tomsett M, Useh E, Yeadon-Caiger E, Clay R, Fan J, Hui K, Wang H, Evans EH, Cowie D, Boothroyd LG. Examining body appreciation in six countries: The impact of age and sociocultural pressure. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0306913. [PMID: 39083477 PMCID: PMC11290661 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0306913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Previous research on body appreciation across the lifespan has produced conflicting results that it increases with age, decreases with age, or is generally stable with an increase in women over 50-years-old. Furthermore, most of the research has been conducted in White, Western populations. Cross-cultural research suggests that both Chinese and African women experience similar sociocultural pressures as White Western women, and that appearance ideals are shifting to resemble a more Western ideal. We cross-sectionally and cross-culturally examined body appreciation across the lifespan, recruiting White Western women (UK, USA, Canada, and Australia), Black Nigerian women, and Chinese women. 1186 women aged 18-80 completed measures of body appreciation, internalisation of thin and athletic ideals, and perceived sociocultural pressure. Body appreciation did not vary with age in women from any country. Nigerian women reported the highest body appreciation, and Western women the lowest. Higher thin/athletic ideal internalisation, and higher perceived sociocultural pressure were significantly associated with lower body appreciation in all countries and age-groups. Overall, our findings indicate that although levels of body appreciation differ drastically between ethnicities and cultures, it is generally stable across age, and shows cross-culturally robust relationships between sociocultural internalisation and pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexis Gott
- Department of Psychology, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom
| | - Megan Tomsett
- Department of Psychology, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom
| | - Elozino Useh
- Department of Psychology, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom
| | | | - Rachel Clay
- Department of Psychology, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom
| | - Jiamin Fan
- Department of Psychology, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom
| | - Kennice Hui
- Department of Psychology, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom
| | - Hongdi Wang
- Department of Psychology, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom
| | | | - Dorothy Cowie
- Department of Psychology, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom
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6
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Romo L, Earl S, Mueller KA, Obiol M. A Qualitative Model of Weight Cycling. QUALITATIVE HEALTH RESEARCH 2024; 34:798-814. [PMID: 38270518 DOI: 10.1177/10497323231221666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Weight cycling is a likely consequence of striving to lose weight after internalizing body image ideals, making upward social comparisons, and experiencing weight stigma. Despite weight cycling's potential physical and psychological consequences, the interplay of weight cycling, social pressures, and experienced and internalized stigma have not been qualitatively explored. Thus, through in-depth interviews of 36 weight-cycling adults, this study sought to understand how people negotiate weight cycling. Interviews informed the development of a qualitative model of weight cycling, which was derived from a theory-neutral inductive analysis. The model's stages included entering the cycle, undergoing the cycle, and challenging the cycle. Participants were triggered to enter the cycle due to weight stigma caused by social pressures. Within the cycle, interviewees internalized weight stigma and engaged in disordered weight management behaviors. Some participants challenged the cycle by becoming more self-aware and mitigating their toxic dieting behaviors. However, it was very difficult, if not impossible, for many to fully exit weight cycling and the restraints of previous weight management thinking and patterns. Our investigation underscores the seriousness of weight cycling and suggests ways to combat weight cycling on both macro and individual levels. It may also be useful to consider weight cycling as disordered eating in hopes of shifting society's dangerous focus on rapid weight loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynsey Romo
- Department of Communication, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Sydney Earl
- Department of Psychology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Katelin A Mueller
- Department of Communication, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Mary Obiol
- Department of Communication, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
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7
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Nebel-Schwalm MS. Family pressure and support on young adults' eating behaviors and body image: The role of gender. Appetite 2024; 196:107262. [PMID: 38368910 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2024.107262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Families play a key role in establishing eating habits of children, yet whether families continue to influence eating behaviors of young adults remains an open question. It is also not clear whether associations between family variables (i.e., support and pressure) are similar for adult sons and daughters regarding eating pathology. The present cross-sectional study examined family correlates on disordered eating, body satisfaction, and drive for muscularity. The aim was to examine the associations of family support and family pressure with eating pathology, and to determine whether gender moderated the associations. Among 365 undergraduates (Mage = 18.9 years, 62 % Caucasian, 48 % female), neither family pressure nor family support were significantly associated with the drive for muscularity, whereas both were associated with disordered eating, and family pressure was associated with body satisfaction. Gender moderated the relationship of family pressure and body satisfaction (p = 0.03) and, unexpectedly, the relationship of family support and disordered eating (p = 0.02). Contrary to prediction, family pressure had stronger associations with body satisfaction for men (i.e., men had a more robust association (beta = -0.31, p < .001) than women (beta = -0.19, p = 0.004)). For women, the relationship of family support and disordered eating was not significant (beta = 0.07, p = 0.452); but, was significant for men (beta = -0.25, p < .001). These findings suggest that family pressure and support are associated with eating pathology among young adults, and that in some instances the associations were larger for men, thus highlighting the importance of including men in eating pathology research. Pending replication, these results suggest that family attitudes, behaviors, and support may be necessary topics to address when designing prevention programs for young adults.
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Campbell JT, Bennett-Brown M, Kaufman EM, Gesselman AN, Frederick DA, Garcia JR, Mark KP. Women Who Experience More Affectionate Touch Report Better Body Satisfaction and Relationship Outcomes. JOURNAL OF SEX RESEARCH 2024:1-11. [PMID: 38363343 DOI: 10.1080/00224499.2024.2310705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Affectionate touch (e.g. hugging, handholding) is an essential component of many intimate relationships and is a primary contributor to overall relationship satisfaction as well as sexual satisfaction. Affectionate touch is understood to be a form of non-verbal communication in which the giver is expressing positive feelings toward the receiver. Here, we propose that affectionate touch also positively impacts receivers' body satisfaction, because affectionate touch is a positive message communicated toward the receiver's body. In a cross-sectional sample of romantically partnered women (N = 1,156), we assessed the association between affectionate touch frequency and body satisfaction. We also investigated whether affectionate touch is associated with relationship/sexual satisfaction in part because touch helps to improve women's evaluations of their own bodies. Our results showed that body satisfaction was a significant, partial mediator and a valid path through which affectionate touch shapes relationship quality. Receiving affectionate touch could bolster relationship satisfaction and self-perceptions among women. Given the prevalence of body dissatisfaction amongst women, these results suggest that the underexplored associations between affectionate touch and body satisfaction may have significant impacts on a wide array of future empirical and applied research trajectories.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Margaret Bennett-Brown
- The Kinsey Institute, Indiana University
- Department of Communication Studies, Texas Tech University
| | - Ellen M Kaufman
- The Kinsey Institute, Indiana University
- Luddy School of Informatics, Computing, and Engineering, Indiana University
| | | | | | - Justin R Garcia
- The Kinsey Institute, Indiana University
- Department of Gender Studies, Indiana University
| | - Kristen P Mark
- Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Minnesota
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Graham CE, Frisco ML. The Mental "Weight" of Discrimination: The Relationship between Perceived Interpersonal Weight Discrimination and Suicidality in the United States. JOURNAL OF HEALTH AND SOCIAL BEHAVIOR 2023; 64:610-625. [PMID: 37776190 PMCID: PMC10683344 DOI: 10.1177/00221465231200634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
Extant research has investigated the relationship between body weight and suicidality because obesity is highly stigmatized, leading to social marginalization and discrimination, yet has produced mixed results. Scholars have speculated that factors associated with body weight, such as weight discrimination, may better predict suicidality than body weight itself. We consider this possibility among a sample of 12,057 adult participants ages 33 to 43 in Wave V of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health through investigation of the relationships between weight discrimination and two dimensions of suicidality-suicide ideation and attempts. We also examine gender as a moderator of these relationships. We find that weight discrimination is positively associated with both suicide ideation and attempts, and this relationship is similar among men and women. Our findings underscore the need to address issues of weight discrimination in our society to better promote mental well-being.
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10
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McNabney SM, Gletsu-Miller N, Rowland DL. Sexual Function and Satisfaction in the Context of Obesity. Curr Diab Rep 2023; 23:315-327. [PMID: 37632680 DOI: 10.1007/s11892-023-01523-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Sexual dysfunction is commonly associated with overweight/obesity, but the underlying physiological and psychosocial mechanisms are not fully understood. This review contextualizes the obesity-sexual (dys)function relationship, describes recent insights from the medical and social science literature, and suggests opportunities for continued research. RECENT FINDINGS Although sexual dysfunction has been historically evaluated as a consequence/outcome of obesity, it is increasingly considered as a harbinger of future metabolic comorbidities, including type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Body image dissatisfaction is a consistent predictor for lower sexual satisfaction across BMI categories, likely mediated by cognitive distraction during partnered sex. To fully capture the relationship between obesity and sexual dysfunction, multidisciplinary research approaches are warranted. While clinically significant weight loss tends to improve sexual functioning for women and men, higher body image satisfaction may independently promote sexual function and satisfaction without concomitant weight loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean M McNabney
- Department of Applied Health Science, School of Public Health-Bloomington, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Nana Gletsu-Miller
- Department of Applied Health Science, School of Public Health-Bloomington, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - David L Rowland
- Department of Psychology, Valparaiso University, Valparaiso, IN, USA.
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11
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Li Q, Du M, Knight JC, Yi Y, Wang Q, Wang PP, Zhu Y. Dental Insurance Coverage, Dentist Visiting, and Oral Health Status among Asian Immigrant Women of Childbearing Age in Canada: A Comparative Study. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:2666. [PMID: 37830703 PMCID: PMC10572324 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11192666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study examined the dental insurance coverage, dentist visits, self-perceived oral health status, and dental problems among Asian immigrant women of childbearing age in contrast to Canadian women of childbearing age and non-Asian immigrant women of childbearing age. Potential barriers to dental care services among Asian immigrant women were explored. METHODS This analysis utilized data from the combined Canadian Community Health Survey from 2011 to 2014. The analytical sample consisted of 5737 females whose age was between 20 and 39 years. Multivariable logistic regression models assessed immigrant status and other factors in relation to the indicators of dental health (i.e., dental visit, self-perceived oral health, acute teeth issue, and teeth removed due to decay). RESULTS Amongst Asian women immigrants of childbearing age, there was a significantly lower frequency of dentist visits compared to non-immigrant counterparts (OR = 0.53; 95% CI: 0.37-0.76). The most commonly reported reason for not seeking dental care in the last three years was that the "respondent did not think it was necessary". Relative to Canadian born women of same age bracket, Asian women of childbearing age reported fewer acute teeth issues (OR = 0.67; 95% CI: 0.49-0.91) and had a greater risk of tooth extracted due to tooth decay (OR = 3.31; 95% CI: 1.64-6.68). Furthermore, for Asian women immigrants, their major barriers to dental care included low household income (≤$39,999 vs. $40,000-$79,999 OR = 0.26) and a lack of dental insurance (no vs. yes OR = 0.33). CONCLUSIONS Asian immigrant women showed lower utilization of dental services than non-immigrant women. A perceived lack of necessity, lower household income, and dental insurance coverage were major barriers to professional dental usage for most Asian immigrants of childbearing age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Li
- Division of Community Health and Humanities, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1B 3V6, Canada
| | - Meizhi Du
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - John C. Knight
- Division of Community Health and Humanities, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1B 3V6, Canada
| | - Yanqing Yi
- Division of Community Health and Humanities, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1B 3V6, Canada
| | - Qi Wang
- Centre for New Immigrant Wellbeing, Markham, ON L3R 9V1, Canada
| | - Peizhong Peter Wang
- Division of Community Health and Humanities, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1B 3V6, Canada
- Centre for New Immigrant Wellbeing, Markham, ON L3R 9V1, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 3M7, Canada
| | - Yun Zhu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
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Frederick DA, Murray SB. The U.S. Body Project I: Inspirations and Lessons Learned. Body Image 2023; 46:223-229. [PMID: 37354878 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2023.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
The U.S. Body Project I examined predictors and prevalence of body image concerns among 11,620 adults recruited via Mechanical Turk. Researchers were invited to propose hypotheses or conduct secondary data analysis on the anonymized dataset. This resulted in 11 papers for this special issue. The first four papers examined the demographic predictors and prevalence of (1) body satisfaction, (2) objectification and tripartite model constructs, (3) sexuality-related body image concerns, and (4) face image satisfaction. The next four papers tested different structural equation models linking objectification and tripartite constructs to outcomes among women (5) and men (6) varying in body mass, and across racial (7) and sexual orientation (8) groups. We then tested measurement invariance of the scales (9) and introduced an abbreviated measure (10), and applied machine learning to examine associations among variables (11). Here we reflect on our personal and academic journeys leading to this project, and lessons learned.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Frederick
- Crean College of Health and Behavioral Sciences, Chapman University, Orange, CA, USA.
| | - Stuart B Murray
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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13
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Laboe AA, D'Adamo L, Grammer AC, McGinnis CG, Davison GM, Balantekin KN, Graham AK, Smolar L, Taylor CB, Wilfley DE, Fitzsimmons-Craft EE. The relation of food insecurity to eating disorder characteristics and treatment-seeking among adult respondents to the National Eating Disorders Association online screen. Eat Behav 2023; 50:101776. [PMID: 37390519 PMCID: PMC10542957 DOI: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2023.101776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Food insecurity (FI), characterized by limited or uncertain access to adequate food, has been associated with eating disorders (EDs). This study explored whether FI was associated with ED behaviors, ED diagnosis, current treatment status, and treatment-seeking intentions among adults who completed an online ED screen. METHODS Respondents to the National Eating Disorders Association online screening tool self-reported demographics, FI, height and weight, past 3-month ED behaviors, and current treatment status. Respondents were also asked an optional question about treatment-seeking intentions. Hierarchical regressions evaluated relations between FI and ED behaviors, treatment status, and treatment-seeking intentions. Logistic regressions explored differences in probable ED diagnosis by FI status. RESULTS Of 8714 respondents, 25 % screened at risk for FI. FI was associated with greater binge eating (R2Change = 0.006), laxative use (R2Change = 0.001), and presence of dietary restriction (R2Change = 0.001, OR: 1.32) (ps < .05). Having FI was associated with greater odds of screening positive for a probable ED or as high risk for an ED (ps < .05). FI was not associated with current treatment status or treatment-seeking intentions (ps > .05). CONCLUSIONS Findings add to existing literature supporting a relation between FI and EDs. Implications include a need to disseminate EDs screening and treatment resources to populations affected by FI and to tailor treatments to account for barriers caused by FI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agatha A Laboe
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, Mailstop 8134-29-2100, 660 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Laura D'Adamo
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, Mailstop 8134-29-2100, 660 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Center for Weight, Eating, and Lifestyle Science (WELL Center), Drexel University, 3201 Chestnut St., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Anne Claire Grammer
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, Mailstop 8134-29-2100, 660 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Claire G McGinnis
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, Mailstop 8134-29-2100, 660 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Genevieve M Davison
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, Mailstop 8134-29-2100, 660 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Katherine N Balantekin
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
| | - Andrea K Graham
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Lauren Smolar
- National Eating Disorders Association, New York, NY, USA
| | - C Barr Taylor
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 401 Quarry Road, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Center for m(2)Health, Palo Alto University, 5150 El Camino Real, Los Altos, CA 94022, USA
| | - Denise E Wilfley
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, Mailstop 8134-29-2100, 660 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Ellen E Fitzsimmons-Craft
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, Mailstop 8134-29-2100, 660 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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14
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Mol T, Thompson JK, Fuller-Tyszkiewicz M. A meta-analytic review of impact of measurement choice on RCTs to reduce appearance internalization. Int J Eat Disord 2023; 56:1480-1501. [PMID: 37237436 DOI: 10.1002/eat.23990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Prior reviews have shown that interventions targeting internalization of appearance standards are generally efficacious, though there is considerable heterogeneity in estimates across studies. This updated review of the literature evaluates whether efficacy estimates from RCTs systematically vary as a function of three related outcome measures (internalization, awareness, and perceived pressure regarding appearance standards). METHODS Seven electronic databases were systematically searched from inception to February 8, 2023. The Cochrane Risk of Bias tool assessed each study's risk of bias. Studies included were randomized-controlled trials evaluating body image/eating disorder prevention or intervention programs targeting internalization as a focal point of treatment. Effect sizes were meta-analyzed and meta-regression analyses were conducted investigating the impact of outcome measure choice on study effect size at post-intervention and follow-up. RESULTS Thirty-seven studies (N = 4809 participants) were included. The meta-analytic findings as expected found interventions efficacious at reducing internalization post-intervention (d = -0.47, 95% CI [-0.60 to -0.34], k = 44), and at follow-up (d = -0.28, 95% CI [-0.39 to -0.17], k = 43), but also highly heterogenous (I2 = 52-67%). Operationalization of internalization moderated results at follow-up but not post-intervention timepoints, with awareness measures (compared with internalization measures) producing weaker effect sizes. Exploratory analyses found bigger effects when internalization was compared with all other measurement categories combined, suggesting possible issues with statistical power in main analyses. DISCUSSION Mixed present findings suggest need for further evaluation of measurement effects on efficacy, and possible caution in choice of outcome measure for internalization-based interventions. PUBLIC SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT This review provides some preliminary evidence that choice of survey measures used in randomized controlled trials can impact our judgments about whether a trial reduces the extent to which participants endorse unrealistic appearance standards. Accuracy in measurement of this efficacy of trials is crucial, given the role that internalized appearance standards play in onset and maintenance of eating disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tess Mol
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
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15
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Pecini C, Di Bernardo GA, Crapolicchio E, Vezzali L, Andrighetto L. Body Shame in 7-12-Year-Old Girls and Boys: The Role of Parental Attention to Children's Appearance. SEX ROLES 2023; 89:1-14. [PMID: 37360900 PMCID: PMC10245339 DOI: 10.1007/s11199-023-01385-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Guided by the Tripartite Influence Model and Objectification Theory, we examined whether parents' attention to their children's appearance was related to higher body shame in girls and boys. In Study 1 (N = 195) and 2 (N = 163), we investigated 7-12-year-old children's metaperceptions about parents' attention to their appearance and its association with children's body shame. In Study 3, we examined the link between parents' self-reported attention to their children's appearance and children's body shame among parent-child triads (N = 70). Results demonstrated that both children's metaperceptions and fathers' self-reported attention to children's appearance were associated with body shame in children. Furthermore, when mothers' and fathers' attitudes toward their children were analyzed simultaneously, only fathers' attention to their children's appearance was associated with greater body shame in girls and boys. Notably, no gender differences emerged, suggesting that parents' attention to their children's appearance was not differentially related to body shame in girls and boys. These results remained significant when controlling for other sources of influence, namely peer and media influence, both of which were found to have a strong association with body shame in children. Theoretical and practical implications of our findings are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Pecini
- Department of Education, University of Genoa, Genova, 16128 Italy
| | - Gian Antonio Di Bernardo
- Department of Education and Human Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Eleonora Crapolicchio
- Department of Psychology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Loris Vezzali
- Medical and Dental Department of Morphological Sciences related to Transplant, Oncology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Luca Andrighetto
- Department of Education, University of Genoa, Genova, 16128 Italy
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16
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Why do queer men experience negative body image? A narrative review and testable stigma model. Body Image 2023; 45:94-104. [PMID: 36867966 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2023.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
Queer men (i.e., men who are not heterosexual; sexual minority men) are disproportionately affected by negative body image - they experience greater body dissatisfaction are more likely to develop eating disorders than heterosexual men. While existing literature has examined individual-level predictors of negative body image for queer men, less is known about why queer men as a group are disproportionately affected by negative body image. By synthesising existing theoretical frameworks, research, policy, and media reporting, this narrative review moves towards an understanding of systemic-level negative body image for queer men. Through the lens of hegemonic masculinity, we explain how systemic experiences of stigma work to inform unattainable appearance standards for queer men, and how these standards then contribute to pervasive negative body image concerns among this community. Next, we describe how systemic stigma works to exacerbate negative health outcomes for queer men with body image concerns. Finally, we present a synthesized model of the processes outlined in this review, articulate testable predictions for future studies, and describe practical implications that could be widely employed to improve body image for queer men. Our review is the first to propose a comprehensive explanation of systemic negative body image for queer men.
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17
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Nowicki GP, Marchwinski BR, O'Flynn JL, Griffths S, Rodgers RF. Body image and associated factors among sexual minority men: A systematic review. Body Image 2022; 43:154-169. [PMID: 36150358 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2022.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Research suggests that the risk of body image concerns among sexual minority men is high. Recent work has increasingly examined body image in relation to psychological, interpersonal, and behavioral constructs, but these findings have yet to be consolidated and critically examined to identify potential risk and protective factors. The present study sought to systematically review and synthesize published findings on body image among sexual minority men. A total of 136 articles published between January 2011 and March 2022 were included. Sexual minority men were generally reported to have more negative body image compared to heterosexual men, yet findings varied across body image constructs. In correlational work, body image was often examined in relation to disordered eating, mental health, internalization of appearance ideals, objectification, sexual behavior and relationships, gay community identification and discrimination, and health concerns (e.g., HIV, AIDS). Robust relationships emerged among body image and stigma variables, including internalized homophobia and harassment related to LGBTQ+ presentation and intersecting minority identities. Sociocultural, objectification, and minority stress theories were employed to interpret findings and to delineate future directions grounded in intersectional approaches. Additional work focused on the role of stigma and discrimination in the development of these concerns across the lifespan is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genevieve P Nowicki
- APPEAR, Department of Applied Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, USA; Simmons University, Boston, USA
| | - Breana R Marchwinski
- APPEAR, Department of Applied Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, USA; Simmons University, Boston, USA; Division of Adolescent/Young Adult Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, USA
| | - Jennifer L O'Flynn
- APPEAR, Department of Applied Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Cambridge Health Alliance, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Scott Griffths
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Rachel F Rodgers
- APPEAR, Department of Applied Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, USA; Department of Psychiatric Emergency and Acute Care, Lapeyronie Hospital, CHRU, Montpellier, France
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18
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Argyrides M, Anastasiades E. Intuitive eating in Greek-Cypriot adults: Influence of gender and body mass. Front Psychol 2022; 13:1033720. [PMID: 36506965 PMCID: PMC9731100 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1033720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction To date, research on eating behaviors has largely taken a pathological approach. Researchers are increasingly taking a positive approach to explore adaptive eating styles. One such style that has recently received much research attention is intuitive eating. Recent work examining intuitive eating and its relationships with body mass and gender has yielded mixed findings. The current study explored the differential effects of gender and body mass on intuitive eating scores in a sample of Greek-Cypriot adults. Method A total of 1,312 adult participants (women n = 655; M age = 34.49) completed the Intuitive Eating Scale-2 and provided demographic information. Results Our analyses revealed that men reported significantly higher intuitive eating scores than women. Body mass was significantly inversely associated with intuitive eating in both men and women. Additionally, a multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) indicated significant interaction effects between gender and body mass on intuitive eating. These interaction effects were explored for each of the four subscales of intuitive eating, identifying differential associations for intuitive eating and BMI between men and women. Discussion Both gender and body mass are important factors which influence intuitive eating levels in Greek-Cypriot adults. Discussions of how these findings can inform future research, theory and practice are presented.
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19
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Pathways from sociocultural and objectification constructs to body satisfaction among women: The U.S. Body Project I. Body Image 2022; 41:195-208. [PMID: 35299008 PMCID: PMC9764838 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2022.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Objectification theory proposes that widespread sexualization causes women to engage in surveillance of their appearance. We integrated this concept into a model with constructs from the tripartite influence model, which proposes that body dissatisfaction is a result of internalizing cultural notions of thin ideal beauty that stem from family, peer, and media appearance-related pressures. We tested this model with an online sample of 6327 adult women. Specifically, we tested whether these pressures predicted increased thin-ideal and muscular-ideal internalization, leading to greater body surveillance, and in turn lower appearance evaluation and body image quality of life. Structural equation modeling supported many aspects of the model. Family, peer, and media pressures related to higher thin-ideal internalization, which related to higher body surveillance and lower appearance evaluation. Peer and media pressures related to higher muscular-ideal internalization, which related to lower appearance evaluation. However, muscular-ideal internalization was not related to body image quality of life. An indirect relationship emerged between thin-ideal internalization and body image outcomes via body surveillance. Body mass index (BMI) moderated several of these model paths. Findings highlight the value of this integrated sociocultural model, and of BMI as an important moderating factor when examining objectification and tripartite influence models.
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20
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Frederick DA, Gordon AR, Cook-Cottone CP, Brady JP, Reynolds TA, Alley J, Garcia JR, Brown TA, Compte EJ, Convertino L, Crerand CE, Malcarne VL, Nagata JM, Parent MC, Pennesi JL, Perez M, Pila E, Rodgers RF, Schaefer LM, Thompson JK, Tylka TL, Murray SB. Demographic and sociocultural predictors of sexuality-related body image and sexual frequency: The U.S. Body Project I. Body Image 2022; 41:109-127. [PMID: 35247866 PMCID: PMC9729002 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2022.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Body image is a critical component of an individual's sexual experiences. This makes it critical to identify demographic and sociocultural correlates of sexuality-related body image: the subjective feelings, cognitions, and evaluations related to one's body in the context of sexual experience. We examined how sexuality-related body image differed by gender, sexual orientation, race, age, and BMI. Four items assessing sexuality-related body image were completed by 11,620 U.S. adults: self-perceived sex appeal of their body, nude appearance satisfaction, and the extent to which they believed that body image positively or negatively affected their sexual enjoyment and feelings of sexual acceptability as a partner. Men reported slightly less nude appearance dissatisfaction and fewer negative effects of body image on sexual enjoyment and sexual acceptability than women, but did not differ in reported sex appeal. Poorer sexuality-related body image was reported by people with higher BMIs, not in relationships, who had sex less frequently, among White compared to Black women and men, and among gay compared to heterosexual men. Data also revealed a subgroup of respondents who reported that their body image had a positive impact on their sex lives. The findings highlight a need for interventions addressing sexuality-related body image.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A. Frederick
- Crean College of Health and Behavioral Sciences, Chapman University, Orange, CA, USA,Corresponding author. (D.A. Frederick)
| | - Allegra R. Gordon
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA,Division of Adolescent/Young Adult Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Catherine P. Cook-Cottone
- Department of Counseling, School, and Educational Psychology, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - John P. Brady
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Tania A. Reynolds
- Psychology Department, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA,The Kinsey Institute, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Jenna Alley
- Department of Psychology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Justin R. Garcia
- The Kinsey Institute, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA,Department of Gender Studies, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Tiffany A. Brown
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Emilio J. Compte
- School of Psychology, Adolfo Ibáñez University, Santiago, Chile,Research Department, Comenzar de Nuevo Treatment Center, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Lexie Convertino
- San Diego State University/University of California San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Canice E. Crerand
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | - Jason M. Nagata
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Michael C. Parent
- Department of Educational Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Jamie-Lee Pennesi
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Marisol Perez
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Eva Pila
- School of Kinesiology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Rachel F. Rodgers
- APPEAR, Department of Applied Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Psychiatric Emergency & Acute Care, Lapeyronie Hospital, CHRU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | - Tracy L. Tylka
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Stuart B. Murray
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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21
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Frederick DA, Hazzard VM, Schaefer LM, Rodgers RF, Gordon AR, Tylka TL, Pennesi JL, Convertino L, Parent MC, Brown TA, Compte EJ, Cook-Cottone CP, Crerand CE, Malcarne VL, Nagata JM, Perez M, Pila E, Thompson JK, Murray SB. Sexual orientation differences in pathways from sociocultural and objectification constructs to body satisfaction: The U.S. Body Project I. Body Image 2022; 41:181-194. [PMID: 35272100 PMCID: PMC9812653 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2022.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Objectification theory and the tripartite influence model provide useful frameworks for understanding the body image experiences of men and women. However, there is little systematic investigation of how sexual orientation moderates the links between these constructs and body image satisfaction. It has been hypothesized, for example, that the associations of surveillance (i.e., monitoring of one's appearance due to objectification by others) would be strongest for groups targeted by the male gaze (e.g., gay men, lesbian women, and bisexual men and women). Here we proposed an integrated sociocultural model and examined these pathways in multigroup structural equation models in a national sample of heterosexual, bisexual, and lesbian women (ns = 5395; 598; 213, respectively), and heterosexual, bisexual, and gay men (4869; 194; and 194, respectively) aged 18-65 years. Sexual orientation moderated some of these pathways. The most consistent pattern was that appearance pressures were internalized to a greater extent among bisexual participants. The pathways to poorer body image were generally similar among heterosexual and gay/lesbian men and women. These findings highlight the importance of examining sexual orientation-specific influences on body image across diverse groups, as well as the commonalities in the experiences of men and women across sexual orientations.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A. Frederick
- Crean College of Health and Behavioral Sciences, Chapman University, Orange, CA, USA,Corresponding authors. (D.A. Frederick), (V.M. Hazzard)
| | - Vivienne M. Hazzard
- Sanford Center for Bio-behavioral Research, Fargo, ND, USA,Corresponding authors. (D.A. Frederick), (V.M. Hazzard)
| | | | - Rachel F. Rodgers
- APPEAR, Department of Applied Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Allegra R. Gordon
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA,Division of Adolescent/Young Adult Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tracy L. Tylka
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jamie-Lee Pennesi
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Lexie Convertino
- San Diego State University/University of California San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Michael C. Parent
- Department of Educational Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Tiffany A. Brown
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Emilio J. Compte
- School of Psychology, Adolfo Ibáñez University, Santiago, Chile,Research Department, Comenzar de Nuevo Treatment Center, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Catherine P. Cook-Cottone
- Department of Counseling, School, and Educational Psychology, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Canice E. Crerand
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | - Jason M. Nagata
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Marisol Perez
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe AZ, USA
| | - Eva Pila
- School of Kinesiology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | | | - Stuart B. Murray
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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22
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Frederick DA, Reynolds TA, Barrera CA, Murray SB. Demographic and sociocultural predictors of face image satisfaction: The U.S. Body Project I. Body Image 2022; 41:1-16. [PMID: 35228101 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2022.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Despite substantial literature surrounding how people process and perceive faces, there is very little research investigating how people evaluate their own faces. We examined how gender, body mass, race, age, and sexual orientation were linked to people's satisfaction with the appearance of their eyes, nose, facial shape, and face overall among 11,620 adults recruited via Mechanical Turk. Most people mostly or definitely agreed they were happy with their facial appearance. There were notable racial differences, with Asian participants tending to report greater dissatisfaction. For example, only 66% of Asian women and 60% of Asian men mostly or definitely agreed that they were happy with the appearance of their eyes, which was lower than other racial groups. BMI and age were not strongly associated with face satisfaction. Sexual minority men were less satisfied than heterosexual men. About one in four gay and bisexual men, compared to only one in seven heterosexual men, reported dissatisfaction with their overall facial appearance. Men and women with poorer face image engaged in more appearance surveillance, more strongly internalized the thin-ideal, and perceived stronger sociocultural pressures from peers, parents, and media. The current study highlights important sociocultural and demographic factors tied to poorer face image.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Frederick
- Crean College of Health and Behavioral Sciences, Chapman University, Orange, CA, USA.
| | - Tania A Reynolds
- Psychology Department, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA; The Kinsey Institute, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Carlos A Barrera
- Department of Psychology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Stuart B Murray
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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23
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Body image and eating behaviors: A latent profile analysis. Body Image 2022; 41:396-405. [PMID: 35533520 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2022.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Body image is multidimensional and less is known about how the combination of positive and negative body image relates to eating behaviors. We used a person-centered approach to identify profiles of body image and explore the relationship between profile membership, sex, age, race, and current marital status, and eating behaviors in a community sample of adults. We recruited 288 adults 18 and older living in the United States using Prolific Academic. Participants completed an online survey assessing body appreciation, functionality appreciation, body dissatisfaction, weight bias internalization, and adaptive and maladaptive eating behaviors. We used latent profile analysis to identify four distinct body image profiles: appreciation & mild dissatisfaction, functional appreciation & moderate dissatisfaction, strong dissatisfaction, and strong appreciation. Profile membership differed by sex with more women and younger adults in profiles higher in negative body image. The relationships between profiles and eating behaviors differed; the three profiles including negative body image had the lowest adaptive and highest maladaptive eating behaviors. The identification of clinically relevant profiles: (1) confirm positive and negative body image coexist, (2) identify high- and low-risk profiles of body image and eating behavior, and (3) offer preliminary suggestions for screening and tailoring preventive interventions.
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24
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Frederick DA, Schaefer LM, Hazzard VM, Rodgers RF, Tylka TL, Ong LQ, Pennesi JL, Convertino L, Parent MC, Brown TA, Compte EJ, Cook-Cottone CP, Crerand CE, Malcarne VL, Nagata JM, Perez M, Pila E, Thompson JK, Murray SB. Racial identity differences in pathways from sociocultural and objectification constructs to body satisfaction: The U.S. Body Project I. Body Image 2022; 41:140-155. [PMID: 35255272 PMCID: PMC9812654 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2022.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Racial minority men and women face a wide variety of appearance-related pressures, including ones connected to their cultural backgrounds and phenotypic features associated with their identity. These body image concerns exist within a larger context, wherein racial minorities face pressures from multiple cultures or subcultures simultaneously to achieve unrealistic appearance ideals. However, limited research has investigated racial differences in the relationships between theorized sociocultural risk factors and body image in large samples. This study tests pathways from an integrated sociocultural model drawing on objectification theory and the tripartite influence model to three key body image outcomes: appearance evaluation, body image quality of life, and face image satisfaction. These pathways were tested using multigroup structural equation modeling in a national sample of White, Black, Hispanic, and Asian men and women (ns = 205-4797 per group). Although many hypothesized associations were similar in strength across groups, race moderated some of the pathways between sociocultural pressures (media, peer, family), internalization of appearance ideals (thin-ideal, muscular/athletic), appearance surveillance, and body image outcomes. Findings support the likely role of both shared and specific risk factors for body image outcomes, suggesting avenues for tailoring adapted interventions in order to target culturally-salient risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A. Frederick
- Crean College of Health and Behavioral Sciences, Chapman University, Orange, CA, USA,Corresponding authors. (D.A. Frederick), (V.M. Hazzard)
| | | | - Vivienne M. Hazzard
- Sanford Center for Bio-behavioral Research, Fargo, ND, USA,Corresponding authors. (D.A. Frederick), (V.M. Hazzard)
| | - Rachel F. Rodgers
- APPEAR, Department of Applied Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tracy L. Tylka
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Lydia Q. Ong
- Department of Psychology, Chapman University, Orange, CA, USA
| | - Jamie-Lee Pennesi
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Lexie Convertino
- San Diego State University/University of California San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Michael C. Parent
- Department of Educational Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Tiffany A. Brown
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Emilio J. Compte
- School of Psychology, Adolfo Ibáñez University, Santiago, Chile,Research Department, Comenzar de Nuevo Treatment Center, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Catherine P. Cook-Cottone
- Department of Counseling, School, and Educational Psychology, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Canice E. Crerand
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | - Jason M. Nagata
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Marisol Perez
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Eva Pila
- School of Kinesiology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | | | - Stuart B. Murray
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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25
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Frederick DA, Crerand CE, Brown TA, Perez M, Best CR, Cook-Cottone CP, Compte EJ, Convertino L, Gordon AR, Malcarne VL, Nagata JM, Parent MC, Pennesi JL, Pila E, Rodgers RF, Schaefer LM, Thompson JK, Tylka TL, Murray SB. Demographic predictors of body image satisfaction: The U.S. Body Project I. Body Image 2022; 41:17-31. [PMID: 35220024 PMCID: PMC9744633 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2022.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We examined how gender, body mass, race, age, and sexual orientation were linked to appearance evaluation, overweight preoccupation, and body image-related quality of life among 11,620 adults recruited via Mechanical Turk. Men were less likely than women to report low appearance evaluation, high overweight preoccupation, negative effects of body image on their quality of life, being on a weight-loss diet, and trying to lose weight with crash diets/fasting. Racial differences were generally small, but greater appearance evaluation was reported by Black men versus other groups and Black women versus White women. Across all measures, gay and bisexual men reported poorer body image than heterosexual men, with only small effect sizes observed for sexual orientation differences among women. Body mass, but not age, was strongly associated with body image. The prevalence of poor body image highlights the need for interventions. On the positive side, half of men and women reported high appearance evaluation. Examination of this group could identify factors promoting positive body image.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A. Frederick
- Crean College of Health and Behavioral Sciences, Chapman University, Orange, CA, USA,Corresponding author. (D.A. Frederick)
| | - Canice E. Crerand
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA,Center for Biobehavioral Health, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH USA
| | - Tiffany A. Brown
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Marisol Perez
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Cassidy R. Best
- Crean College of Health and Behavioral Sciences, Chapman University, Orange, CA, USA
| | - Catherine P. Cook-Cottone
- Department of Counseling, School, and Educational Psychology, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Emilio J. Compte
- School of Psychology, Adolfo Ibáñez University, Santiago, Chile,Research Department, Comenzar de Nuevo Treatment Center, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Lexie Convertino
- San Diego State University/University of California San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Allegra R. Gordon
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA,Division of Adolescent/Young Adult Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Jason M. Nagata
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Michael C. Parent
- Department of Educational Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Jamie-Lee Pennesi
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Eva Pila
- School of Kinesiology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Rachel F. Rodgers
- APPEAR, Department of Applied Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Tracy L. Tylka
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Stuart B. Murray
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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26
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Liang D, Frederick DA, Lledo EE, Rosenfield N, Berardi V, Linstead E, Maoz U. Examining the utility of nonlinear machine learning approaches versus linear regression for predicting body image outcomes: The U.S. Body Project I. Body Image 2022; 41:32-45. [PMID: 35228102 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2022.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Most body image studies assess only linear relations between predictors and outcome variables, relying on techniques such as multiple Linear Regression. These predictor variables are often validated multi-item measures that aggregate individual items into a single scale. The advent of machine learning has made it possible to apply Nonlinear Regression algorithms-such as Random Forest and Deep Neural Networks-to identify potentially complex linear and nonlinear connections between a multitude of predictors (e.g., all individual items from a scale) and outcome (output) variables. Using a national dataset, we tested the extent to which these techniques allowed us to explain a greater share of the variance in body-image outcomes (adjusted R2) than possible with Linear Regression. We examined how well the connections between body dissatisfaction and dieting behavior could be predicted from demographic factors and measures derived from objectification theory and the tripartite-influence model. In this particular case, although Random Forest analyses sometimes provided greater predictive power than Linear Regression models, the advantages were small. More generally, however, this paper demonstrates how body image researchers might harness the power of machine learning techniques to identify previously undiscovered relations among body image variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dehua Liang
- Fowler School of Engineering, Chapman University, Orange, CA, USA; Schmid College of Sciences and Technology, Chapman University, Orange, CA, USA
| | - David A Frederick
- Crean College of Health and Behavioral Sciences, Chapman University, Orange, CA, USA.
| | - Elia E Lledo
- Fowler School of Engineering, Chapman University, Orange, CA, USA
| | | | - Vincent Berardi
- Fowler School of Engineering, Chapman University, Orange, CA, USA; Crean College of Health and Behavioral Sciences, Chapman University, Orange, CA, USA
| | - Erik Linstead
- Fowler School of Engineering, Chapman University, Orange, CA, USA
| | - Uri Maoz
- Fowler School of Engineering, Chapman University, Orange, CA, USA; Schmid College of Sciences and Technology, Chapman University, Orange, CA, USA; Crean College of Health and Behavioral Sciences, Chapman University, Orange, CA, USA; Institute for Interdisciplinary Brain and Behavioral Sciences, Chapman University, Orange, CA, USA
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27
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Hazzard VM, Schaefer LM, Thompson JK, Rodgers RF, Frederick DA. An abbreviated 10-item, two-factor version of the Body Image Quality of Life Inventory (BIQLI-10): The U.S. Body Project I. Body Image 2022; 40:285-294. [PMID: 35085864 PMCID: PMC8891083 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2022.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to re-examine the factor structure of the Body Image Quality of Life Inventory (BIQLI), a measure that quantifies perceived effects of one's body image on various aspects of psychosocial functioning. Data on the 19-item BIQLI from a community sample of 11,620 U.S. men and women were split into cross-validation samples and underwent exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. An abbreviated 10-item, two-factor version of the BIQLI (BIQLI-10) was identified. The BIQLI-10 measures Social Relations & Psychological Well-Being with one subscale and Appearance & Body Management Activities with the other. Internal consistency was high for each subscale. The BIQLI-10 largely retained the convergent validity of the original 19-item BIQLI, as evidenced by nearly identical correlations with appearance evaluation, overweight preoccupation, body surveillance, appearance pressures, and appearance ideal internalization. Results also supported strong measurement invariance for the BIQLI-10 by age group, gender, sexual orientation, racial group, and weight status. Findings from this study suggest researchers may use this abbreviated version to increase nuance in the measurement of body image quality of life and reduce participant burden without compromising the psychometric integrity of the BIQLI. Further, results support the comparison of BIQLI-10 subscale scores across diverse groups.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - J Kevin Thompson
- Department of Psychology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Rachel F Rodgers
- Department of Applied Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Psychiatric Emergency & Acute Care, Lapeyronie Hospital, CHRU Montpellier, France
| | - David A Frederick
- Crean College of Health and Behavioral Sciences, Chapman University, Orange, CA, USA.
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28
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Frederick DA, Pila E, Malcarne VL, Compte EJ, Nagata JM, Best CR, Cook-Cottone CP, Brown TA, Convertino L, Crerand CE, Parent MC, Pennesi JL, Perez M, Rodgers RF, Schaefer LM, Thompson JK, Tylka TL, Murray SB. Demographic predictors of objectification theory and tripartite influence model constructs: The U.S. Body Project I. Body Image 2022; 40:182-199. [PMID: 34972020 PMCID: PMC9750803 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2021.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We examined how demographic factors (gender, sexual orientation, racial group, age, body mass) were linked to measures of sociocultural appearance concerns derived from objectification theory and the tripartite influence model (McKinley & Hyde, 1996; Schaefer et al., 2015) among 11,620 adults. Men were less likely than women to report high body surveillance, thin-ideal internalization, appearance-related media pressures, and family pressures; did not differ in peer pressures; and reported greater muscle/athletic internalization. Both men and women expressed greater desire for their bodies to look "very lean" than to look "very thin". Compared to gay men, heterosexual men reported lower body surveillance, thin-ideal internalization, peer pressures, and media pressures. Black women reported lower thin-ideal internalization than White, Hispanic, and Asian women, whereas Asian women reported greater family pressures. Being younger and having higher BMIs were associated with greater sociocultural appearance concerns across most measures. The variation in prevalence of sociocultural appearance concerns across these demographic groups highlights the need for interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A. Frederick
- Crean College of Health and Behavioral Sciences, Chapman University, Orange, CA, USA,Correspondence to: 1 University Drive, Orange, CA 92860, USA. , (D.A. Frederick).
| | - Eva Pila
- School of Kinesiology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | | | - Emilio J. Compte
- School of Psychology, Adolfo Ibáñez University, Santiago, Chile,Research Department, Comenzar de Nuevo Treatment Center, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Jason M. Nagata
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Cassidy R. Best
- Crean College of Health and Behavioral Sciences, Chapman University, Orange, CA, USA
| | - Catherine P. Cook-Cottone
- Department of Counseling, School, and Educational Psychology, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Tiffany A. Brown
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Lexie Convertino
- San Diego State University/University of California San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Canice E. Crerand
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA,Center for Biobehavioral Health, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Michael C. Parent
- Department of Educational Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Jamie-Lee Pennesi
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Marisol Perez
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Rachel F. Rodgers
- APPEAR, Department of Applied Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Psychiatric Emergency & Acute Care, Lapeyronie Hospital, CHRU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | - Tracy L. Tylka
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Stuart B. Murray
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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