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Yee CS, Meliadis C, Kaya S, Chang W, Alliston T. The osteocytic actions of glucocorticoids on bone mass, mechanical properties, or perilacunar remodeling outcomes are not rescued by PTH(1-34). Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1342938. [PMID: 39092287 PMCID: PMC11291448 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1342938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GC) and parathyroid hormone (PTH) are widely used therapeutic endocrine hormones where their effects on bone and joint arise from actions on multiple skeletal cell types. In osteocytes, GC and PTH exert opposing effects on perilacunar canalicular remodeling (PLR). Suppressed PLR can impair bone quality and joint homeostasis, including in GC-induced osteonecrosis. However, combined effects of GC and PTH on PLR are unknown. Given the untapped potential to target osteocytes to improve skeletal health, this study sought to test the feasibility of therapeutically mitigating PLR suppression. Focusing on subchondral bone and joint homeostasis, we hypothesize that PTH(1-34), a PLR agonist, could rescue GC-suppressed PLR. The skeletal effects of GC and PTH(1-34), alone or combined, were examined in male and female mice by micro-computed tomography, mechanical testing, histology, and gene expression analysis. For each outcome, females were more responsive to GC and PTH(1-34) than males. GC and PTH(1-34) exerted regional differences, with GC increasing trabecular bone volume but reducing cortical bone thickness, stiffness, and ultimate force. Despite PTH(1-34)'s anabolic effects on trabecular bone, it did not rescue GC's catabolic effects on cortical bone. Likewise, cartilage integrity and subchondral bone apoptosis, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) activity, and osteocyte lacunocanalicular networks showed no evidence that PTH(1-34) could offset GC-dependent effects. Rather, GC and PTH(1-34) each increased cortical bone gene expression implicated in bone resorption by osteoclasts and osteocytes, including Acp5, Mmp13, Atp6v0d2, Ctsk, differences maintained when GC and PTH(1-34) were combined. Since PTH(1-34) is insufficient to rescue GC's effects on young female mouse bone, future studies are needed to determine if osteocyte PLR suppression, due to GC, aging, or other factors, can be offset by a PLR agonist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristal S. Yee
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Christoforos Meliadis
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Serra Kaya
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Wenhan Chang
- Endocrine Research Unit, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Tamara Alliston
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
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Marino S, Bellido T. PTH receptor signalling, osteocytes and bone disease induced by diabetes mellitus. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2024:10.1038/s41574-024-01014-7. [PMID: 39020007 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-024-01014-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024]
Abstract
Basic, translational and clinical research over the past few decades has provided new understanding on the mechanisms by which activation of the receptor of parathyroid hormone (parathyroid hormone 1 receptor (PTH1R)) regulates bone physiology and pathophysiology. A fundamental change in the field emerged upon the recognition that osteocytes, which are permanent residents of bone and the most abundant cells in bone, are targets of the actions of natural and synthetic ligands of PTH1R (parathyroid hormone and abaloparatide, respectively), and that these cells drive essential actions related to bone remodelling. Among the numerous genes regulated by PTH1R in osteocytes, SOST (which encodes sclerostin, the WNT signalling antagonist and inhibitor of bone formation) has a critical role in bone homeostasis and changes in its expression are associated with several bone pathologies. The bone fragility syndrome induced by diabetes mellitus is accompanied by increased osteocyte apoptosis and changes in the expression of osteocytic genes, including SOST. This Review will discuss advances in our knowledge of the role of osteocytes in PTH1R signalling and the new opportunities to restore bone health in diabetes mellitus by targeting the osteocytic PTH1R-sclerostin axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Marino
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
- Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, John L. McClellan Little Rock, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Teresita Bellido
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA.
- Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, John L. McClellan Little Rock, Little Rock, AR, USA.
- Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA.
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Basir H, Altunoren O, Erken E, Kilinc M, Sarisik FN, Isiktas S, Gungor O. Relationship Between Osteoporosis and Serum Sclerostin Levels in Kidney Transplant Recipients. EXP CLIN TRANSPLANT 2024; 22:514-521. [PMID: 31526333 DOI: 10.6002/ect.2019.0022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Sclerostin, a peptide secreted primarily by osteocytes, suppresses osteoblast maturation, thus reducing bone formation. Here, we evaluated the relationship between sclerostin levels and osteoporosis in kidney transplant recipients. MATERIALS AND METHODS This cross-sectional study included 78 kidney transplantrecipients > 18 years old and at least 6 months posttransplant. In our center, unrelated living-donor kidney transplants are not performed. Patients with parathyroid adenoma or parathyroidectomy history were excluded. Lumbar and femoral neck bone mineral densities andT and Z scores were obtained by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry; results were used to divide patients into osteoporotic and nonosteoporotic groups. Serum sclerostin was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Of total patients, 43% had osteoporosis, mean age was 40.8 years, and 70% were male. Groups had similar ages, male-female distribution, time posttransplant, cumulative corticosteroid dose, estimated glomerular filtration rates, and 25-hydroxyvitamin D2 levels (P > .05). The osteoporotic group had lower sclerostin (405.9 ± 234.9 vs 521.7 ± 233.5 ng/dL; P = .035) and higherintact parathyroid hormone levels (110.9 ± 68.0 vs 84.8 ± 41.4 pg/mL; P = .04) than the nonosteoporotic group. Sclerostin levels were not correlated with cumulative corticosteroid dose, intact parathyroid hormone, bone mineral density, and T scores at any site but were weakly negatively correlated with age (P = .04, r = -0.25). In multiple regression analyses, only intact parathyroid hormone had negative effects on lumbar bone mineral density (P = .02) andT scores (P = .036). Serum sclerostin levels, age, and cumulative corticosteroid dose did not affect lumbar or hip bone mineral density and T scores (P > .05). CONCLUSIONS Sclerostin levels were low in our osteoporotic patients;therefore, sclerostin may not be a contributing factor to osteoporosis development. Because sclerostin is an osteocyte-derived peptide, its serum levels only reflect total osteocyte number and bone mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Basir
- >From the Internal Medicine Department, Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University Faculty of Medicine, Kahramanmaras, Turkey
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Li M, Hasan AA, Chu C, Hocher JG, Liu Y, Zhang X, Chen X, Yard B, Krämer BK, Hocher B. Only bioactive forms of PTH (n-oxPTH and Met18(ox)-PTH) inhibit synthesis of sclerostin - evidence from in vitro and human studies. Pflugers Arch 2024; 476:889-899. [PMID: 38393416 PMCID: PMC11139748 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-024-02928-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Sclerostin (SOST) is produced by osteocytes and is known as a negative regulator of bone homeostasis. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) regulates calcium, phosphate as well as vitamin D metabolism, and is a strong inhibitor of SOST synthesis in vitro and in vivo. PTH has two methionine amino acids (positions 8 and 18) which can be oxidized. PTH oxidized at Met18 (Met18(ox)-PTH) continues to be bioactive, whereas PTH oxidized at Met8 (Met8(ox)-PTH) or PTH oxidized at Met8 and Met18 (Met8, Met18(di-ox)-PTH) has minor bioactivity. How non-oxidized PTH (n-oxPTH) and oxidized forms of PTH act on sclerostin synthesis is unknown. The effects of n-oxPTH and oxidized forms of PTH on SOST gene expression were evaluated in UMR106 osteoblast-like cells. Moreover, we analyzed the relationship of SOST with n-oxPTH and all forms of oxPTH in 516 stable kidney transplant recipients using an assay system that can distinguish in clinical samples between n-oxPTH and the sum of all oxidized PTH forms (Met8(ox)-PTH, Met18(ox)-PTH, and Met8, Met18(di-ox)-PTH). We found that both n-oxPTH and Met18(ox)-PTH at doses of 1, 3, 20, and 30 nmol/L significantly inhibit SOST gene expression in vitro, whereas Met8(ox)-PTH and Met8, Met18(di-ox)-PTH only have a weak inhibitory effect on SOST gene expression. In the clinical cohort, multivariate linear regression showed that only n-oxPTH, but not intact PTH (iPTH) nor oxPTH, is independently associated with circulating SOST after adjusting for known confounding factors. In conclusion, only bioactive PTH forms such as n-oxPTH and Met18(ox)-PTH, inhibit SOST synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Li
- Fifth Department of Medicine (Nephrology/Endocrinology/Rheumatology/Pneumology), University Medical Centre Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ahmed A Hasan
- Fifth Department of Medicine (Nephrology/Endocrinology/Rheumatology/Pneumology), University Medical Centre Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Chang Chu
- Fifth Department of Medicine (Nephrology/Endocrinology/Rheumatology/Pneumology), University Medical Centre Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Johann-Georg Hocher
- Fifth Department of Medicine (Nephrology/Endocrinology/Rheumatology/Pneumology), University Medical Centre Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Yvonne Liu
- Fifth Department of Medicine (Nephrology/Endocrinology/Rheumatology/Pneumology), University Medical Centre Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Xiaoli Zhang
- Fifth Department of Medicine (Nephrology/Endocrinology/Rheumatology/Pneumology), University Medical Centre Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Xin Chen
- Fifth Department of Medicine (Nephrology/Endocrinology/Rheumatology/Pneumology), University Medical Centre Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Benito Yard
- Fifth Department of Medicine (Nephrology/Endocrinology/Rheumatology/Pneumology), University Medical Centre Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bernhard K Krämer
- Fifth Department of Medicine (Nephrology/Endocrinology/Rheumatology/Pneumology), University Medical Centre Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Berthold Hocher
- Fifth Department of Medicine (Nephrology/Endocrinology/Rheumatology/Pneumology), University Medical Centre Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
- Reproductive, Genetic Hospital of CITIC-Xiangya, Changsha, China.
- Institute of Medical Diagnostics, IMD Berlin-Potsdam, Berlin, Germany.
- Institute of Reproductive and Stem Cell Engineering, NHC Key Laboratory of Human Stem Cell and Reproductive Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
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Abe M, Hasegawa T, Hongo H, Yamamoto T, Shi Y, Cui J, Liu X, Yao Q, Ishizu H, Maruoka H, Yoshino H, Haraguchi-Kitakamae M, Shimizu T, Amizuka N. Immunohistochemical and Morphometric Assessment on the Biological Function and Vascular Endothelial Cells in the Initial Process of Cortical Porosity in Mice With PTH Administration. J Histochem Cytochem 2024; 72:309-327. [PMID: 38725403 PMCID: PMC11107436 DOI: 10.1369/00221554241247883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
To clarify the cellular mechanism of cortical porosity induced by intermittent parathyroid hormone (PTH) administration, we examined the femoral cortical bone of mice that received 40 µg/kg/day (four times a day) human PTH (hPTH) (1-34). The PTH-driven cortical porosity initiated from the metaphyseal region and chronologically expanded toward the diaphysis. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP)-positive osteoblasts in the control mice covered the cortical surface, and endomucin-positive blood vessels were distant from these osteoblasts. In PTH-administered mice, endomucin-reactive blood vessels with TRAP-positive penetrated the ALP-positive osteoblast layer, invading the cortical bone. Statistically, the distance between endomucin-positive blood vessels and the cortical bone surface abated after PTH administration. Transmission electron microscopic observation demonstrated that vascular endothelial cells often pass through the flattened osteoblast layer and accompanied osteoclasts in the deep region of the cortical bone. The cell layers covering mature osteoblasts thickened with PTH administration and exhibited ALP, α-smooth muscle actin (αSMA), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM1), and receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL). Within these cell layers, osteoclasts were found near endomucin-reactive blood vessels. In PTH-administered femora, osteocytes secreted Dkk1, a Wnt inhibitor that affects angiogenesis, and blood vessels exhibited plasmalemma vesicle-associated protein, an angiogenic molecule. In summary, endomucin-positive blood vessels, when accompanied by osteoclasts in the ALP/αSMA/VCAM1/RANKL-reactive osteoblastic cell layers, invade the cortical bone, potentially due to the action of osteocyte-derived molecules such as DKK1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miki Abe
- Ultrastructure of Hard Tissue, Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Faculty of Dental Medicine
| | - Tomoka Hasegawa
- Ultrastructure of Hard Tissue, Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Faculty of Dental Medicine
| | - Hiromi Hongo
- Ultrastructure of Hard Tissue, Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Faculty of Dental Medicine
| | - Tomomaya Yamamoto
- Ultrastructure of Hard Tissue, Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Faculty of Dental Medicine
- Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan, and Department of Dentistry, Japan Ground Self-Defense Force Camp Shinmachi, Takasaki, Japan
| | - Yan Shi
- Ultrastructure of Hard Tissue, Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Faculty of Dental Medicine
| | - Jiaxin Cui
- Ultrastructure of Hard Tissue, Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Faculty of Dental Medicine
| | - Xuanyu Liu
- Ultrastructure of Hard Tissue, Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Faculty of Dental Medicine
| | - Qi Yao
- Ultrastructure of Hard Tissue, Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Faculty of Dental Medicine
| | - Hotaka Ishizu
- Ultrastructure of Hard Tissue, Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Faculty of Dental Medicine and Orthopedics, Graduate School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine
| | - Haruhi Maruoka
- Ultrastructure of Hard Tissue, Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Faculty of Dental Medicine
| | - Hirona Yoshino
- Ultrastructure of Hard Tissue, Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Faculty of Dental Medicine
| | - Mai Haraguchi-Kitakamae
- Ultrastructure of Hard Tissue, Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Faculty of Dental Medicine
| | | | - Norio Amizuka
- Ultrastructure of Hard Tissue, Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Faculty of Dental Medicine
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6
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Daponte V, Henke K, Drissi H. Current perspectives on the multiple roles of osteoclasts: Mechanisms of osteoclast-osteoblast communication and potential clinical implications. eLife 2024; 13:e95083. [PMID: 38591777 PMCID: PMC11003748 DOI: 10.7554/elife.95083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Bone remodeling is a complex process involving the coordinated actions of osteoblasts and osteoclasts to maintain bone homeostasis. While the influence of osteoblasts on osteoclast differentiation is well established, the reciprocal regulation of osteoblasts by osteoclasts has long remained enigmatic. In the past few years, a fascinating new role for osteoclasts has been unveiled in promoting bone formation and facilitating osteoblast migration to the remodeling sites through a number of different mechanisms, including the release of factors from the bone matrix following bone resorption and direct cell-cell interactions. Additionally, considerable evidence has shown that osteoclasts can secrete coupling factors known as clastokines, emphasizing the crucial role of these cells in maintaining bone homeostasis. Due to their osteoprotective function, clastokines hold great promise as potential therapeutic targets for bone diseases. However, despite long-standing work to uncover new clastokines and their effect in vivo, more substantial efforts are still required to decipher the mechanisms and pathways behind their activity in order to translate them into therapies. This comprehensive review provides insights into our evolving understanding of the osteoclast function, highlights the significance of clastokines in bone remodeling, and explores their potential as treatments for bone diseases suggesting future directions for the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Daponte
- Department of Orthopaedics, Emory University School of MedicineAtlantaUnited States
- VA Medical CenterAtlantaUnited States
| | - Katrin Henke
- Department of Orthopaedics, Emory University School of MedicineAtlantaUnited States
| | - Hicham Drissi
- Department of Orthopaedics, Emory University School of MedicineAtlantaUnited States
- VA Medical CenterAtlantaUnited States
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Al-Omari FA, Kuroshima S, Uto Y, Uchida Y, Sawase T. Effect of intraoral administration of parathyroid hormone on osseous and soft tissue healing around implants in ovariectomized rat maxillae. Clin Oral Implants Res 2024; 35:305-320. [PMID: 38124678 DOI: 10.1111/clr.14227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Intermittent administration of parathyroid hormone (PTH) increases systemic bone mass. However, the effect of PTH on osseous and soft tissue healing around implants in osteoporosis patients remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the effects of PTH on tissue healing around implants in ovariectomized rats and to compare systemic and intraoral administration routes. MATERIAL AND METHODS Implants were placed at the healed sites of ovariectomized rats 3 weeks after maxillary first molar extraction. Rats were randomly divided into two groups that received either daily systemic subcutaneous or local intraoral PTH administration. Maxillae were dissected to examine bone architectures with micro-computed tomography images. Histomorphometric and immunohistochemical analyses were performed to evaluate osseous and soft tissue healing around the implants. RESULTS Regardless of the administration route, PTH significantly increased bone area and the numbers of osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes in the first and second inside and outside areas of implant threads, in addition to decreasing the number of sclerostin+ osteocytes. However, the intraoral PTH administration route was superior to the systemic route by significantly improving bone quality and promoting collagen production in the connective tissue around implants. CONCLUSIONS Parathyroid hormone administration promoted both osseous and soft tissue healing around implants, irrespective of administration route. Interestingly, intraoral administration improved the evaluated parameters more than systemic administration. Thus, the intraoral route could become a useful treatment strategy for implant treatment in osteoporosis patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farah A Al-Omari
- Department of Applied Prosthodontics, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Kuroshima
- Department of Applied Prosthodontics, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Yusuke Uto
- Department of Applied Prosthodontics, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Yusuke Uchida
- Department of Applied Prosthodontics, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Takashi Sawase
- Department of Applied Prosthodontics, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
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González-Casaus ML. El diálogo oculto entre el hueso y los tejidos a través del remodelado óseo. ADVANCES IN LABORATORY MEDICINE 2024; 5:35-45. [PMID: 38634083 PMCID: PMC11019877 DOI: 10.1515/almed-2023-0101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
El hueso es mucho más que un reservorio de calcio y fósforo. Su disposición lacuno-canalicular ofrece una importante vía de intercambio con la circulación y actualmente, el esqueleto se considera un gran órgano endocrino, con acciones que van más allá del control del balance fosfocálcico mediado por el factor fibroblástico 23 (FGF23). Paralelamente al efecto modulador de las adipoquinas sobre el remodelado óseo, diversas proteínas óseas, como la osteocalcina y la esclerostina, ejercen cierta acción contra-reguladora sobre el metabolismo energético, posiblemente en un intento de asegurar los enormes requerimientos energéticos del remodelado. En esta interacción del hueso con otros tejidos, especialmente el adiposo, participa la señalización canónica Wnt/β-catenina y por ello la esclerostina, una proteína osteocítica que inhibe esta señalización, emerge como un potencial biomarcador. Es más, su participación en diversas patologías le posiciona como diana terapéutica, existiendo un anticuerpo anti-esclerostina, recientemente aprobado en nuestro país para el tratamiento de la osteoporosis. Esta revisión aborda el carácter endocrino del hueso, el papel de la osteocalcina y, especialmente, el papel regulador y modulador de la esclerostina sobre remodelado óseo y la homeóstasis energética a través de su interacción con la señalización canónica Wnt/β-catenina, así como su potencial utilidad como biomarcador.
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9
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González-Casaus ML. The hidden cross talk between bone and tissues through bone turnover. ADVANCES IN LABORATORY MEDICINE 2024; 5:24-34. [PMID: 38634076 PMCID: PMC11019897 DOI: 10.1515/almed-2023-0160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Bone is more than a reservoir of calcium and phosphorus. Its lacuno-canalicular arrangement provides an important pathway for exchange with circulation and currently, the skeleton is considered a large endocrine organ with actions that go beyond the control of calcium-phosphorus balance mediated by fibroblastic growth factor 23 (FGF23). Parallel to the modulating effect of adipokines on bone turnover, certain bone proteins, such as osteocalcin and sclerostin, play a counter-regulatory role on energy metabolism, probably in an attempt to ensure its high energy requirement for bone turnover. In this crosstalk between bone and other tissues, especially with adipose tissue, canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling is involved and therefore, sclerostin, an osteocyte derived protein that inhibits this signalling, emerges as a potential biomarker. Furthermore, its involvement in diverse pathologic conditions supports sclerostin as a therapeutic target, with an anti-sclerostin antibody recently approved in our country for the treatment of osteoporosis. This review addresses the endocrine nature of bone, the role of osteocalcin, and specially, the regulatory and modulatory role of sclerostin on bone turnover and energy homeostasis through its inhibitory effect on canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling, as well as its potential utility as a biomarker.
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10
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Lee KK, Changoor A, Grynpas MD, Mitchell J. Increased Osteoblast Gα S Promotes Ossification by Suppressing Cartilage and Enhancing Callus Mineralization During Fracture Repair in Mice. JBMR Plus 2023; 7:e10841. [PMID: 38130768 PMCID: PMC10731140 DOI: 10.1002/jbm4.10841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
GαS, the stimulatory G protein α-subunit that raises intracellular cAMP levels by activating adenylyl cyclase, plays a vital role in bone development, maintenance, and remodeling. Previously, using transgenic mice overexpressing GαS in osteoblasts (GS-Tg), we demonstrated the influence of osteoblast GαS level on osteogenesis, bone turnover, and skeletal responses to hyperparathyroidism. To further investigate whether alterations in GαS levels affect endochondral bone repair, a postnatal bone regenerative process that recapitulates embryonic bone development, we performed stabilized tibial osteotomy in male GS-Tg mice at 8 weeks of age and examined the progression of fracture healing by micro-CT, histomorphometry, and gene expression analysis over a 4-week period. Bone fractures from GS-Tg mice exhibited diminished cartilage formation at the time of peak soft callus formation at 1 week post-fracture followed by significantly enhanced callus mineralization and new bone formation at 2 weeks post-fracture. The opposing effects on chondrogenesis and osteogenesis were validated by downregulation of chondrogenic markers and upregulation of osteogenic markers. Histomorphometric analysis at times of increased bone formation (2 and 3 weeks post-fracture) revealed excess fibroblast-like cells on newly formed woven bone surfaces and elevated osteocyte density in GS-Tg fractures. Coincident with enhanced callus mineralization and bone formation, GS-Tg mice showed elevated active β-catenin and Wntless proteins in osteoblasts at 2 weeks post-fracture, further substantiated by increased mRNA encoding various canonical Wnts and Wnt target genes, suggesting elevated osteoblastic Wnt secretion and Wnt/β-catenin signaling. The GS-Tg bony callus at 4 weeks post-fracture exhibited greater mineral density and decreased polar moment of inertia, resulting in improved material stiffness. These findings highlight that elevated GαS levels increase Wnt signaling, conferring an increased osteogenic differentiation potential at the expense of chondrogenic differentiation, resulting in improved mechanical integrity. © 2023 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals LLC. on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathy K Lee
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyUniversity of TorontoTorontoCanada
- Lunenfeld‐Tanenbaum Research InstituteMount Sinai HospitalTorontoCanada
| | - Adele Changoor
- Lunenfeld‐Tanenbaum Research InstituteMount Sinai HospitalTorontoCanada
- Department of SurgeryUniversity of TorontoTorontoCanada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and PathobiologyUniversity of TorontoTorontoCanada
| | - Marc D Grynpas
- Lunenfeld‐Tanenbaum Research InstituteMount Sinai HospitalTorontoCanada
- Department of SurgeryUniversity of TorontoTorontoCanada
| | - Jane Mitchell
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyUniversity of TorontoTorontoCanada
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11
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DeMambro VE, Tian L, Karthik V, Rosen CJ, Guntur AR. Effects of PTH on osteoblast bioenergetics in response to glucose. Bone Rep 2023; 19:101705. [PMID: 37576927 PMCID: PMC10412867 DOI: 10.1016/j.bonr.2023.101705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Parathyroid hormone acts through its receptor, PTHR1, expressed on osteoblasts, to control bone remodeling. Metabolic flexibility for energy generation has been demonstrated in several cell types dependent on substrate availability. Recent studies have identified a critical role for PTH in regulating glucose, fatty acid and amino acid metabolism thus stimulating both glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation. Therefore, we postulated that PTH stimulates increased energetic output by osteoblasts either by increasing glycolysis or oxidative phosphorylation depending on substrate availability. To test this hypothesis, undifferentiated and differentiated MC3T3E1C4 calvarial pre-osteoblasts were treated with PTH to study osteoblast bioenergetics in the presence of exogenous glucose. Significant increases in glycolysis with acute ∼1 h PTH treatment with minimal effects on oxidative phosphorylation in undifferentiated MC3T3E1C4 in the presence of exogenous glucose were observed. In differentiated cells, the increased glycolysis observed with acute PTH was completely blocked by pretreatment with a Glut1 inhibitor (BAY-876) resulting in a compensatory increase in oxidative phosphorylation. We then tested the effect of PTH on the function of complexes I and II of the mitochondrial electron transport chain in the absence of glycolysis. Utilizing a novel cell plasma membrane permeability mitochondrial (PMP) assay, in combination with complex I and II specific substrates, slight but significant increases in basal and maximal oxygen consumption rates with 24 h PTH treatment in undifferentiated MC3T3E1C4 cells were noted. Taken together, our data demonstrate for the first time that PTH stimulates both increases in glycolysis and the function of the electron transport chain, particularly complexes I and II, during high energy demands in osteoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria E. DeMambro
- Center for Molecular Medicine, MaineHealth Institute for Research, Scarborough, ME, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA
| | - Li Tian
- Center for Molecular Medicine, MaineHealth Institute for Research, Scarborough, ME, USA
| | - Vivin Karthik
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA
| | - Clifford J. Rosen
- Center for Molecular Medicine, MaineHealth Institute for Research, Scarborough, ME, USA
- Tufts University School of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA
| | - Anyonya R. Guntur
- Center for Molecular Medicine, MaineHealth Institute for Research, Scarborough, ME, USA
- Tufts University School of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA
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12
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Martin TJ, Seeman E. Bone Remodeling and Modeling: Cellular Targets for Antiresorptive and Anabolic Treatments, Including Approaches Through the Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)/PTH-Related Protein Pathway. Neurospine 2023; 20:1097-1109. [PMID: 38171279 PMCID: PMC10762382 DOI: 10.14245/ns.2346966.483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Bone is continuously in a state of building and renewal, though the process of remodeling that takes place at many sites asynchronously throughout the skeleton, with bone formation and resorption equal at these sites (bone multicellular units). Remodeling takes place on bone surfaces, both on trabeculae and in the cortex, and serves the purposes of replacing old bone or that damaged by microfractures throughout the skeleton. The bone loss and consequent osteoporotic fractures that result from excess resorption over formation have mainly been prevented or treated by antiresorptive drugs that inhibit osteoclast formation and/or activity. Virtually all of the evidence leading to acceptance of antiresorptive drugs as treatment has depended upon their prevention of vertebral fractures. In recent decades, new prospects came of anabolic treatments that partly restore bone volume and microstructure restore bone that has been lost. The first of these was parathyroid hormone (PTH), shown by daily injection to increase markers of bone formation and prevent fractures. This field of interest enlarged with the discovery of PTH-related protein (PTHrP), so closely related in structure and action to PTH. The structural relationship between PTH and PTHrP is important in assessing their physiological and pharmacological roles, with the N-terminal domains of the 2 having virtually equal actions on target cells. Abaloparatide, a peptide analogue based on the structures of PTHrP and PTH, has been approved in some countries as a therapy for osteoporosis. Treatment through the PTH receptor activation pathway, and probably with any anabolic therapy, needs to be followed by antiresorptive treatment in order to maintain bone that has been restored. No matter how effective anabolic therapies for the skeleton become, it seems highly likely that there will be a continuing need for antiresorptive drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas John Martin
- Department of Medicine and St. Vincent’s Institute of Medical Research, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ego Seeman
- Department of Endocrinology and Medicine, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Mary MacKillop Institute of Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia
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13
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Yang W, Zuo Y, Zhang N, Wang K, Zhang R, Chen Z, He Q. GNAS locus: bone related diseases and mouse models. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1255864. [PMID: 37920253 PMCID: PMC10619756 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1255864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
GNASis a complex locus characterized by multiple transcripts and an imprinting effect. It orchestrates a variety of physiological processes via numerous signaling pathways. Human diseases associated with the GNAS gene encompass fibrous dysplasia (FD), Albright's Hereditary Osteodystrophy (AHO), parathyroid hormone(PTH) resistance, and Progressive Osseous Heteroplasia (POH), among others. To facilitate the study of the GNAS locus and its associated diseases, researchers have developed a range of mouse models. In this review, we will systematically explore the GNAS locus, its related signaling pathways, the bone diseases associated with it, and the mouse models pertinent to these bone diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yiyi Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Nuo Zhang
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Kangning Wang
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Runze Zhang
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ziyi Chen
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qing He
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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14
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Kitase Y, Prideaux M. Regulation of the Osteocyte Secretome with Aging and Disease. Calcif Tissue Int 2023; 113:48-67. [PMID: 37148298 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-023-01089-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
As the most numerous and long-lived of all bone cells, osteocytes have essential functions in regulating skeletal health. Through the lacunar-canalicular system, secreted proteins from osteocytes can reach cells throughout the bone. Furthermore, the intimate connectivity between the lacunar-canalicular system and the bone vasculature allows for the transport of osteocyte-secreted factors into the circulation to reach the entire body. Local and endocrine osteocyte signaling regulates physiological processes such as bone remodeling, bone mechanoadaptation, and mineral homeostasis. However, these processes are disrupted by impaired osteocyte function induced by aging and disease. Dysfunctional osteocyte signaling is now associated with the pathogenesis of many disorders, including chronic kidney disease, cancer, diabetes mellitus, and periodontitis. In this review, we focus on the targeting of bone and extraskeletal tissues by the osteocyte secretome. In particular, we highlight the secreted osteocyte proteins, which are known to be dysregulated during aging and disease, and their roles during disease progression. We also discuss how therapeutic or genetic targeting of osteocyte-secreted proteins can improve both skeletal and systemic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Kitase
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Matthew Prideaux
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
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15
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Zagrodna A, Książek A, Słowińska-Lisowska M, Chmura J, Ponikowski P, Lombardi G. Effects of running a marathon on sclerostin and parathyroid hormone concentration in males aged over 50. J Sports Sci 2023; 41:796-802. [PMID: 37506230 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2023.2240618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
The aim of our study was to verify whether running a marathon (32nd Wroclaw Marathon) was associated with changes in sclerostin and intact PTH (iPTH) concentration in middle-aged males. We enrolled 33 males who completed the marathon race. Blood samples were taken 60 minutes before (V1), immediately after (V2), and 7 days after the run (V3). The mean serum sclerostin concentration was 42.4 ± 10.8 pmol/L at V1, increased to 62.9 ± 12.6 pmol/L at V2 (t= -11.206; p < 0.001) and returned to baseline in V3 (t = 8.344; p < 0.001, V3 vs. V2). A similar trend was recorded for iPTH (t= -7.440; p < 0.001, for V2 vs. V1; t = 6.229; p < 0.001, for V3 vs. V2), at V3, iPTH levels remained significantly higher than V1 (t= -2.759; p = 0.010). The results of our study suggest that, in middle-aged males, running a marathon affects skeletal metabolism by activating two counteracting mechanisms, although temporarily overlapping: first, by a sudden inhibition of bone formation, through induction sclerostin expression and, secondly, by a long-lasting induction of PTH, which also guarantees the maintenance of adequate circulating levels of calcium. The net effect would be the maintenance of adequately high levels of circulating calcium to be used for neuromuscular activity and muscle contraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Zagrodna
- Department of Biological and Medical Basis of Sport, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Anna Książek
- Department of Biological and Medical Basis of Sport, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Słowińska-Lisowska
- Department of Biological and Medical Basis of Sport, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Jan Chmura
- Department of Biological and Motor Sport Bases, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Ponikowski
- Department of Heart Diseases, Medical University, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Giovanni Lombardi
- Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milano, Italy
- Department of Athletics, Strength and Conditioning, Poznań University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland
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16
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Luo F, Xie Y, Chen H, Huang J, Li C, Chen L, Yang J, Su N. Fgfr1 deficiency in osteocytes leads to increased bone mass by enhancing Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Bone 2023:116817. [PMID: 37268269 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2023.116817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Osteoporosis (OP) is the most common skeletal disease in middle-aged and elderly people. A comprehensive understanding of the pathogenesis of osteoporosis is important. Fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) is an important molecule for skeletal development and bone remodeling. Osteocytes are the most numerous cells in bone and play critical roles in bone homeostasis, however the effect of FGFR1 on osteocytes is still unclear. To clarify the direct effects of FGFR1 on osteocytes, we conditionally deleted Fgfr1 in osteocytes with Dentin matrix protein 1 (Dmp1)-Cre. We found that mice lacking Fgfr1 in osteocytes (Fgfr1f/f;Dmp-cre, MUT) showed increased trabecular bone mass at 2 and 6 months of age, which resulted from enhanced bone formation and decreased bone resorption. Furthermore, the cortical bone was thicker in WT mice than that in MUT mice at 2 and 6 months of age. Histological analysis showed that MUT mice had a decreased number of osteocytes but an increased number of osteocyte dendrites. We further found that mice lacking Fgfr1 in osteocytes showed enhanced activation of β-catenin signaling. The expression of sclerostin, an inhibitor of Wnt/β-catenin signaling, was obviously decreased in MUT mice. Furthermore, we found that FGFR1 can inhibit the expression of β-catenin and decrease the activity of β-catenin signaling. In brief, our study showed that FGFR1 in osteocytes can regulate bone mass by regulating Wnt/β-catenin signaling, providing genetic evidence that FGFR1 plays essential roles in osteocytes during bone remodeling and suggesting that FGFR1 is a potential therapeutic target for the prevention of bone loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengtao Luo
- Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, Department of Wound Repair and Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, PR China; Emergency Department of the 940th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Lanzhou, Gansu, PR China
| | - Yangli Xie
- Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, Department of Wound Repair and Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Hangang Chen
- Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, Department of Wound Repair and Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Junlan Huang
- Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, Department of Wound Repair and Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Can Li
- Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, Department of Wound Repair and Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Lin Chen
- Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, Department of Wound Repair and Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, PR China.
| | - Jing Yang
- Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, Department of Wound Repair and Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, PR China.
| | - Nan Su
- Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, Department of Wound Repair and Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, PR China.
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17
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Butylina M, Föger-Samwald U, Gelles K, Pietschmann P, Sipos W. Challenges in establishing animal models for studying osteoimmunology of hypoparathyroidism. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1163903. [PMID: 37180074 PMCID: PMC10169642 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1163903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoparathyroidism is a relatively rare human and veterinary disease characterized by deficient or absent production of parathyroid hormone (PTH). PTH is known as a classical regulator of calcium and phosphorus homeostasis. Nevertheless, the hormone also appears to modulate immune functions. For example, increased CD4:CD8 T-cell ratios and elevated interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-17A levels were observed in patients with hyperparathyroidism, whereas gene expression of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) was decreased in patients with chronic postsurgical hypoparathyroidism. Various immune cell populations are affected differently. So, there is a need for validated animal models for the further characterization of this disease for identifying targeted immune-modulatory therapies. In addition to genetically modified mouse models of hypoparathyroidism, there are surgical rodent models. Parathyroidectomy (PTX) can be well performed in rats-for pharmacological and associated osteoimmunological research and bone mechanical studies, a large animal model could be preferable, however. A major drawback for successfully performing total PTX in large animal species (pigs and sheep) is the presence of accessory glands, thus demanding to develop new approaches for real-time detection of all parathyroid tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Butylina
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ursula Föger-Samwald
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Katharina Gelles
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Pietschmann
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Sipos
- Clinical Department for Farm Animals, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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18
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Houston DA, Stephen LA, Jayash SN, Myers K, Little K, Hopkinson M, Pitsillides AA, MacRae VE, Millan JL, Staines KA, Farquharson C. Increased PHOSPHO1 and alkaline phosphatase expression during the anabolic bone response to intermittent parathyroid hormone delivery. Cell Biochem Funct 2023; 41:189-201. [PMID: 36540015 PMCID: PMC10946561 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The administration of intermittent parathyroid hormone (iPTH) is anabolic to the skeleton. Recent studies with cultured osteoblasts have revealed that the expression of PHOSPHO1, a bone-specific phosphatase essential for the initiation of mineralisation, is regulated by PTH. Therefore, this study sought to determine whether the bone anabolic response to iPTH involves modulation of expression of Phospho1 and of other enzymes critical for bone matrix mineralisation. To mimic iPTH treatment, primary murine osteoblasts were challenged with 50 nM PTH for 6 h in every 48 h period for 8 days (4 cycles), 14 days (7 cycles) and 20 days (10 cycles) in total. The expression of both Phospho1 and Smpd3 was almost completely inhibited after 4 cycles, whereas 10 cycles were required to stimulate a similar response in Alpl expression. To explore the in vivo role of PHOSPHO1 in PTH-mediated osteogenesis, the effects of 14- and 28-day iPTH (80 µg/kg/day) administration was assessed in male wild-type (WT) and Phospho1-/- mice. The expression of Phospho1, Alpl, Smpd3, Enpp1, Runx2 and Trps1 expression was enhanced in the femora of WT mice following iPTH administration but remained unchanged in the femora of Phospho1-/- mice. After 28 days of iPTH administration, the anabolic response in the femora of WT was greater than that noted in Phospho1-/- mice. Specifically, cortical and trabecular bone volume/total volume, as well as cortical thickness, were increased in femora of iPTH-treated WT but not in iPTH-treated Phospho1-/- mice. Trabecular bone osteoblast number was also increased in iPTH-treated WT mice but not in iPTH-treated Phospho1-/- mice. The increased levels of Phospho1, Alpl, Enpp1 and Smpd3 in WT mice in response to iPTH administration is consistent with their contribution to the potent anabolic properties of iPTH in bone. Furthermore, as the anabolic response to iPTH was attenuated in mice deficient in PHOSPHO1, this suggests that the osteoanabolic effects of iPTH are at least partly mediated via bone mineralisation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean A. Houston
- Functional Genetics Division, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary StudiesUniversity of EdinburghMidlothianUK
| | - Louise A. Stephen
- Functional Genetics Division, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary StudiesUniversity of EdinburghMidlothianUK
| | - Soher N. Jayash
- Functional Genetics Division, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary StudiesUniversity of EdinburghMidlothianUK
| | - Katherine Myers
- Functional Genetics Division, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary StudiesUniversity of EdinburghMidlothianUK
| | - Kirsty Little
- Functional Genetics Division, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary StudiesUniversity of EdinburghMidlothianUK
| | - Mark Hopkinson
- Comparative Biomedical SciencesThe Royal Veterinary CollegeLondonUK
| | | | - Vicky E. MacRae
- Functional Genetics Division, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary StudiesUniversity of EdinburghMidlothianUK
| | - Jose Luis Millan
- Human Genetics ProgramSanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery InstituteLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Katherine A. Staines
- School of Applied Sciences, Centre for Stress and Age‐Related DiseaseUniversity of BrightonBrightonUK
| | - Colin Farquharson
- Functional Genetics Division, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary StudiesUniversity of EdinburghMidlothianUK
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19
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Qin Y, Chen ZH, Wu JJ, Zhang ZY, Yuan ZD, Guo DY, Chen MN, Li X, Yuan FL. Circadian clock genes as promising therapeutic targets for bone loss. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 157:114019. [PMID: 36423544 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.114019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The circadian clock regulates many key physiological processes such as the sleep-wake cycle, hormone release, cardiovascular health, glucose metabolism and body temperature. Recent evidence has suggested a critical role of the circadian system in controlling bone metabolism. Here we review the connection between bone metabolism and the biological clock, and the roles of these mechanisms in bone loss. We also analyze the regulatory effects of clock-related genes on signaling pathways and transcription factors in osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Additionally, osteocytes and endothelial cells (ECs) regulated by the circadian clock are also discussed in our review. Furthermore, we also summarize the regulation of circadian clock genes by some novel modulators, which provides us with a new insight into a potential strategy to prevent and treat bone diseases such as osteoporosis by targeting circadian genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Qin
- Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhong-Hua Chen
- Institute of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, The Hospital Affiliated to Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214041, China
| | - Jun-Jie Wu
- Institute of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, The Hospital Affiliated to Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214041, China
| | - Zhen-Yu Zhang
- Institute of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, The Hospital Affiliated to Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214041, China
| | - Zheng-Dong Yuan
- Institute of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, The Hospital Affiliated to Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214041, China
| | - Dan-Yang Guo
- Institute of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, The Hospital Affiliated to Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214041, China
| | - Meng-Nan Chen
- Institute of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, The Hospital Affiliated to Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214041, China
| | - Xia Li
- Institute of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, The Hospital Affiliated to Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214041, China.
| | - Feng-Lai Yuan
- Institute of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, The Hospital Affiliated to Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214041, China.
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20
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Bone Disease in Chronic Kidney Disease and Kidney Transplant. Nutrients 2022; 15:nu15010167. [PMID: 36615824 PMCID: PMC9824497 DOI: 10.3390/nu15010167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic Kidney Disease-Mineral and Bone Disorder (CKD-MBD) comprises alterations in calcium, phosphorus, parathyroid hormone (PTH), Vitamin D, and fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF-23) metabolism, abnormalities in bone turnover, mineralization, volume, linear growth or strength, and vascular calcification leading to an increase in bone fractures and vascular disease, which ultimately result in high morbidity and mortality. The bone component of CKD-MBD, referred to as renal osteodystrophy, starts early during the course of CKD as a result of the effects of progressive reduction in kidney function which modify the tight interaction between mineral, hormonal, and other biochemical mediators of cell function that ultimately lead to bone disease. In addition, other factors, such as osteoporosis not apparently dependent on the typical pathophysiologic abnormalities resulting from altered kidney function, may accompany the different varieties of renal osteodystrophy leading to an increment in the risk of bone fracture. After kidney transplantation, these bone alterations and others directly associated or not with changes in kidney function may persist, progress or transform into a different entity due to new pathogenetic mechanisms. With time, these alterations may improve or worsen depending to a large extent on the restoration of kidney function and correction of the metabolic abnormalities developed during the course of CKD. In this paper, we review the bone lesions that occur during both CKD progression and after kidney transplant and analyze the factors involved in their pathogenesis as a means to raise awareness of their complexity and interrelationship.
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21
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Relationships between Sclerostin, Leptin and Metabolic Parameters in Non-Dialysis Chronic Kidney Disease Males. J Pers Med 2022; 13:jpm13010031. [PMID: 36675692 PMCID: PMC9864785 DOI: 10.3390/jpm13010031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Sclerostin is an inhibitor of the Wnt-beta-catenin pathway. The relationship between sclerostin and adipose tissue or between sclerostin and nutritional status has been the subject of research interest in the last decade. Sclerostin concentrations are elevated in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Leptin is an adipocytokine which inhibits food intake by stimulating the satiety center in the hypothalamus. Leptin concentrations rise with the reduction of eGFR (glomerular filtration rate). The aim of this study was to investigate the possible association between sclerostin and leptin, between sclerostin and selected poor prognostic factors of CKD progression, and between sclerostin and nutritional parameters in non-dialysis CKD male patients. 101 men with non-dialysis CKD stage 3-5 were included in the study. Bioimpedance spectroscopy (BIS) was used to measure body composition. Blood samples were drawn to measure the serum concentrations of sclerostin, leptin, creatinine, hemoglobin (Hgb), parathormone (PTH), inflammatory markers, and markers of nutritional status. We also measured homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) as well as blood pressure. We observed a significant, positive relationship between sclerostin and age, leptin, and glycated hemoglobin (HgbA1c) concentrations. A significant, negative association was observed between sclerostin and eGFR. Sclerostin is associated with leptin in non-dialysis CKD male patients. Sclerostin is also related to metabolic disturbances such as hyperglycemia in this population.
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22
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Vavanikunnel J, Sewing L, Triantafyllidou M, Steighardt A, Baumann S, Egger A, Grize L, Felix B, Kraenzlin M, Henzen C, Meier C. Determinants of Low Bone Turnover in Type 2 Diabetes-the Role of PTH. Calcif Tissue Int 2022; 111:587-596. [PMID: 36190530 PMCID: PMC9613733 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-022-01022-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Determinants of low bone turnover in type 2 diabetes (T2DM) are poorly understood. To investigate the relationship between markers of bone turnover, glycaemic control, disease duration and calciotropic hormones in T2DM we assessed baseline biochemical data from the DiabOS Study, a prospective multicenter observational cohort study. In a cross-sectional study-design data from 110 postmenopausal women and men aged 50-75 years diagnosed with T2DM for at least 3 years and 92 non-diabetic controls were evaluated. Biochemical markers of bone formation (N-terminal propeptide of type I procollagen [PINP]), bone-specific alkaline phosphatase [BAP]) and resorption (C-terminal cross-linking telopeptide of type I collagen [CTX]), measures of calcium homeostasis (intact parathormone [iPTH], 25-Hydroxyvitamin D, calcium, magnesium) and glycaemic control were assessed. After adjustment for age, gender and body mass index (BMI), patients with T2DM had lower serum levels of PINP (p < 0.001), CTX (p < 0.001), iPTH (p = 0.03) and magnesium (p < 0.001) compared to controls. Serum calcium, creatinine, 25-Hydroxyvitamin D and sclerostin did not differ between both groups. In multivariate linear regression analyses only serum iPTH remained an independent determinant of bone turnover markers in T2DM (PINP: p = 0.02; CTX: p < 0.001 and BAP: p < 0.01), whereas glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c), disease duration, age and BMI were not associated with bone turnover. In conclusion low bone turnover in T2DM is associated with low iPTH. The underlying mechanism remains to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janina Vavanikunnel
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Lilian Sewing
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Anna Steighardt
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kantonsspital Lucerne, Switzerland
| | - Sandra Baumann
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Egger
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Leticia Grize
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Barbara Felix
- Division of Endocrinology, Kantonsspital Baselland, Switzerland
| | | | - Christoph Henzen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kantonsspital Lucerne, Switzerland
| | - Christian Meier
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
- Endocrine Clinic and Laboratory, Basel, Switzerland.
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23
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Romosozumab improves low bone mineral density in a postmenopausal woman undergoing chronic hemodialysis and treated with a calcium-sensing receptor agonist. Bone Rep 2022; 17:101639. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bonr.2022.101639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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24
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Yoon SH, Tang CC, Wein MN. Salt inducible kinases and PTH1R action. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2022; 120:23-45. [PMID: 35953111 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2022.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Parathyroid hormone is a central regulator of calcium homeostasis. PTH protects the organism from hypocalcemia through its actions in bone and kidney. Recent physiologic studies have revealed key target genes for PTH receptor (PTH1R) signaling in these target organs. However, the complete signal transduction cascade used by PTH1R to accomplish these physiologic actions has remained poorly defined. Here we will review recent studies that have defined an important role for salt inducible kinases downstream of PTH1R in bone, cartilage, and kidney. PTH1R signaling inhibits the activity of salt inducible kinases. Therefore, direct SIK inhibitors represent a promising novel strategy to mimic PTH actions using small molecules. Moreover, a detailed understanding of the molecular circuitry used by PTH1R to exert its biologic effects will afford powerful new models to better understand the diverse actions of this important G protein coupled receptor in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Hee Yoon
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Cheng-Chia Tang
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Marc N Wein
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.
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25
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Kimura T, Panaroni C, Rankin EB, Purton LE, Wu JY. Loss of Parathyroid Hormone Receptor Signaling in Osteoprogenitors Is Associated With Accumulation of Multiple Hematopoietic Lineages in the Bone Marrow. J Bone Miner Res 2022; 37:1321-1334. [PMID: 35490308 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.4568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Osteoblasts and their progenitors play an important role in the support of hematopoiesis within the bone marrow (BM) microenvironment. We have previously reported that parathyroid hormone receptor (PTH1R) signaling in osteoprogenitors is required for normal B cell precursor differentiation, and for trafficking of maturing B cells out of the BM. Cells of the osteoblast lineage have been implicated in the regulation of several other hematopoietic cell populations, but the effects of PTH1R signaling in osteoprogenitors on other maturing hematopoietic populations have not been investigated. Here we report that numbers of maturing myeloid, T cell, and erythroid populations were increased in the BM of mice lacking PTH1R in Osx-expressing osteoprogenitors (PTH1R-OsxKO mice; knockout [KO]). This increase in maturing hematopoietic populations was not associated with an increase in progenitor populations or proliferation. The spleens of PTH1R-OsxKO mice were small with decreased numbers of all hematopoietic populations, suggesting that trafficking of mature hematopoietic populations between BM and spleen is impaired in the absence of PTH1R in osteoprogenitors. RNA sequencing (RNAseq) of osteoprogenitors and their descendants in bone and BM revealed increased expression of vascular cell adhesion protein 1 (VCAM-1) and C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 12 (CXCL12), factors that are involved in trafficking of several hematopoietic populations. © 2022 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Takaharu Kimura
- Department of Medicine (Endocrinology), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Cristina Panaroni
- Department of Medicine (Endocrinology), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Erinn B Rankin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Louise E Purton
- St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
- The University of Melbourne, Department of Medicine at St Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | - Joy Y Wu
- Department of Medicine (Endocrinology), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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26
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Brent MB, Brüel A, Thomsen JS. Anti-sclerostin antibodies and abaloparatide have additive effects when used as a countermeasure against disuse osteopenia in female rats. Bone 2022; 160:116417. [PMID: 35398589 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2022.116417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Prolonged disuse and substantial mechanical unloading are particularly damaging to skeletal integrity. Preclinical studies in rodents and clinical studies have highlighted the need for potent bone anabolic drugs to counteract disuse-induced osteopenia. The aim of present study was to compare the efficacy of romosozumab (Scl-Ab) and abaloparatide (ABL), alone or in combination, to prevent botulinum toxin (BTX) induced bone loss in a rat model. Eighty female Wistar rats were divided into the following six groups: 1. Baseline (n = 12); 2. Control (Ctrl) (n = 12); 3. BTX (n = 12); 4. BTX + Scl-Ab (n = 16); 5. BTX + ABL (n = 12); and 6. BTX + Scl-Ab + ABL (n = 16). Disuse was achieved by injecting 4 IU BTX into the hind limb musculature at study start. Scl-Ab (25 mg/kg) was injected s.c. twice weekly, while ABL (80 μg/kg) was injected s.c. five days a week for four weeks. Hind limb disuse dramatically decreased muscle mass and skeletal integrity and deteriorated the cortical morphology and trabecular microstructure. Treatment with Scl-Ab alone prevented most of the adverse cortical and trabecular effects of disuse, while ABL monotherapy mainly attenuated the disuse-induced loss of femoral areal bone mineral density (aBMD). Moreover, the combination of Scl-Ab and ABL not only counteracted most of the negative skeletal effects of unloading, but also increased aBMD (+10% and +20%), epiphyseal trabecular bone volume fraction (BV/TV) (+25% and +73%), and metaphyseal bone strength (+18% and +30%) significantly above that of Scl-Ab or ABL monotherapy, respectively. The potent and additive osteoanabolic effect of Scl-Ab and ABL, when given in combination, is highly intriguing and underlines that an osteoanabolic bone gain can be maximized by utilizing two pharmaceuticals targeting different cellular signaling pathways. From a clinical perspective, a combination treatment may be warranted in patients where the osteoanabolic effect of either monotherapy is not sufficient, or if a dose-reduction is required due to adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikkel Bo Brent
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark.
| | - Annemarie Brüel
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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27
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Iwamoto R, Koide M, Udagawa N, Kobayashi Y. Positive and Negative Regulators of Sclerostin Expression. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094895. [PMID: 35563281 PMCID: PMC9102037 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Sclerostin is secreted from osteocytes, binds to the Wnt co-receptor Lrp5/6, and affects the interaction between Wnt ligands and Lrp5/6, which inhibits Wnt/β-catenin signals and suppresses bone formation. Sclerostin plays an important role in the preservation of bone mass by functioning as a negative regulator of bone formation. A sclerostin deficiency causes sclerosteosis, which is characterized by an excess bone mass with enhanced bone formation in humans and mice. The expression of sclerostin is positively and negatively regulated by many factors, which also govern bone metabolism. Positive and negative regulators of sclerostin expression and their effects are introduced and discussed herein based on recent and previous findings, including our research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rina Iwamoto
- Division of Hard Tissue Research, Institute for Oral Science, Matsumoto Dental University, 1780 Gobara Hiro-oka, Shiojiri 399-0781, Nagano, Japan; (R.I.); (M.K.)
| | - Masanori Koide
- Division of Hard Tissue Research, Institute for Oral Science, Matsumoto Dental University, 1780 Gobara Hiro-oka, Shiojiri 399-0781, Nagano, Japan; (R.I.); (M.K.)
| | - Nobuyuki Udagawa
- Department of Biochemistry, Matsumoto Dental University, 1780 Gobara Hiro-oka, Shiojiri 399-0781, Nagano, Japan;
| | - Yasuhiro Kobayashi
- Division of Hard Tissue Research, Institute for Oral Science, Matsumoto Dental University, 1780 Gobara Hiro-oka, Shiojiri 399-0781, Nagano, Japan; (R.I.); (M.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-263-51-2238
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28
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Delgado-Calle J, McAndrews K, Wu G, Orr AL, Ferrari A, Tu X, Srinivasan V, Roodman GD, Ebetino FH, Boeckman RK, Bellido T. The Notch pathway regulates the bone gain induced by PTH anabolic signaling. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22196. [PMID: 35137455 PMCID: PMC8855690 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202101807r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) signaling downstream of the PTH 1 receptor (Pth1r) results in both bone anabolic and catabolic actions by mechanisms not yet fully understood. In this study, we show that Pth1r signaling upregulates the expression of several components of the Notch pathway and that Notch signals contribute to the catabolic actions of PTH in bone. We found that constitutive genetic activation of PTH receptor signaling in osteocytes (caPth1rOt ) or treatment with PTH daily increased the expression of several Notch ligands/receptors in bone. In contrast, sustained elevation of endogenous PTH did not change Notch components expression. Deletion of the PTH receptor or sclerostin overexpression in osteocytes abolished Notch increases by PTH. Further, deleting the canonical Notch transcription factor Rbpjk in osteocytes decreased bone mass and increased resorption and Rankl expression in caPth1rOt mice. Moreover, pharmacological bone-targeted Notch inhibition potentiated the bone mass gain induced by intermittent PTH by reducing bone resorption and preserving bone formation. Thus, Notch activation lies downstream of anabolic signaling driven by PTH actions in osteocytes, and Notch pharmacological inhibition maximizes the bone anabolic effects of PTH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesus Delgado-Calle
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72223, USA,The Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72223, USA,Corresponding authors’ information: Jesus Delgado-Calle, Ph.D., Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham St. Little Rock, AR 72205, Office: +1-501-686-7668, ; Teresita Bellido, Ph.D., Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham St. Little Rock, AR 72205, Office: +1 (501) 686-5442,
| | - Kevin McAndrews
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Gerald Wu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Ashley L. Orr
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14627, USA
| | - Adam Ferrari
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14627, USA
| | - Xiaolin Tu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | | | - G. David Roodman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14627, USA
| | - Frank H. Ebetino
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14627, USA,Biovinc, LLC, Pasadena, CA, 91107, USA
| | - Robert K. Boeckman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14627, USA
| | - Teresita Bellido
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72223, USA,The Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72223, USA,Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA,Corresponding authors’ information: Jesus Delgado-Calle, Ph.D., Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham St. Little Rock, AR 72205, Office: +1-501-686-7668, ; Teresita Bellido, Ph.D., Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham St. Little Rock, AR 72205, Office: +1 (501) 686-5442,
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29
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Nagata Y, Imanishi Y, Tateishi T, Miyaoka D, Kurajoh M, Arnold A, Emoto M. Parathyroid Hormone Regulates Circulating Levels of Sclerostin and FGF23 in a Primary Hyperparathyroidism Model. J Endocr Soc 2022; 6:bvac027. [PMID: 35284773 PMCID: PMC8907412 DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvac027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) increases fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23), mediated both by protein kinase A (PKA) and Wnt signaling, and decreases expression of sclerostin, a Wnt antagonist derived from osteocytes. Patients with primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) have lower serum sclerostin levels than healthy controls, consistent with the idea of SOST downregulation by PTH. Nevertheless, the relationship between FGF23 and sclerostin in PHPT is still unclear. We examined this issue in a mouse model of PHPT. PHPT mice had increased FGF23 and decreased sclerostin expression in calvaria and in their serum concentrations compared with wild-type (WT) mice. In UMR106 osteoblasts, PTH increased Fgf23 expression and decreased Sost expression, as well as forskolin, a PKA agonist, whereas inhibition of PKA reversed the changes in Fgf23 and Sost expression, stimulated by PTH. Sclerostin treatment had no effect on Fgf23 expression, but when it was added together with PTH, it statistically significantly abrogated the increase in Fgf23 expression. By contrast, there was no statistically significant correlation between serum FGF23 and sclerostin, whereas PTH was positively and negatively correlated with serum FGF23 and sclerostin, respectively. These results indicate that the high level of PTH in PHPT mice leads to increased FGF23 and decreased sclerostin expression in serum and calvaria. A decrease of sclerostin may further augment FGF23 in vitro; however, there was no statistically significant association between circulating FGF23 and sclerostin. It is suggested that the pathogenesis of increased FGF23 expression in PHPT mice may be modified by not only sclerostin, but also other regulatory factors modulated by PTH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Nagata
- Department of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Molecular Medicine, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Vascular Medicine, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
- Vascular Science Center for Translational Research, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Yasuo Imanishi
- Department of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Molecular Medicine, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomomi Tateishi
- Department of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Molecular Medicine, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Daichi Miyaoka
- Department of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Molecular Medicine, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masafumi Kurajoh
- Department of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Molecular Medicine, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Andrew Arnold
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Masanori Emoto
- Department of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Molecular Medicine, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
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30
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Vasiliadis ES, Evangelopoulos DS, Kaspiris A, Benetos IS, Vlachos C, Pneumaticos SG. The Role of Sclerostin in Bone Diseases. J Clin Med 2022; 11:806. [PMID: 35160258 PMCID: PMC8836457 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11030806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Sclerostin has been identified as an important regulator of bone homeostasis through inhibition of the canonical Wnt-signaling pathway, and it is involved in the pathogenesis of many different skeletal diseases. Many studies have been published in the last few years regarding sclerostin's origin, regulation, and mechanism of action. The ongoing research emphasizes the potential therapeutic implications of sclerostin in many pathological conditions with or without skeletal involvement. Antisclerostin antibodies have recently been approved for the treatment of osteoporosis, and several animal studies and clinical trials are currently under way to evaluate the effectiveness of antisclerostin antibodies in the treatment of other than osteoporosis skeletal disorders and cancer with promising results. Understanding the exact role of sclerostin may lead to new therapeutic approaches for the treatment of skeletal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias S. Vasiliadis
- 3rd Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, KAT Hospital, 16541 Athens, Greece; (D.-S.E.); (I.S.B.); (C.V.); (S.G.P.)
| | - Dimitrios-Stergios Evangelopoulos
- 3rd Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, KAT Hospital, 16541 Athens, Greece; (D.-S.E.); (I.S.B.); (C.V.); (S.G.P.)
| | - Angelos Kaspiris
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Division for Orthopaedic Research, School of Health Sciences, University of Patras, 26504 Rion, Greece;
| | - Ioannis S. Benetos
- 3rd Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, KAT Hospital, 16541 Athens, Greece; (D.-S.E.); (I.S.B.); (C.V.); (S.G.P.)
| | - Christos Vlachos
- 3rd Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, KAT Hospital, 16541 Athens, Greece; (D.-S.E.); (I.S.B.); (C.V.); (S.G.P.)
| | - Spyros G. Pneumaticos
- 3rd Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, KAT Hospital, 16541 Athens, Greece; (D.-S.E.); (I.S.B.); (C.V.); (S.G.P.)
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31
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Magalhães J, Quelhas-Santos J, Pereira L, Neto R, Castro-Ferreira I, Martins S, Frazão JM, Carvalho C. Could Bone Biomarkers Predict Bone Turnover after Kidney Transplantation?—A Proof-of-Concept Study. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11020457. [PMID: 35054152 PMCID: PMC8780588 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11020457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Bone disease after kidney transplant (KT) results from multiple factors, including previous bone and mineral metabolism disturbances and effects of transplant-related medications. New biomolecules have been recently associated with the development and progression of the chronic kidney disease–associated bone and mineral disorder (CKD-MBD). These include sclerostin and the soluble receptor activator of nuclear factor-kB ligand (sRANKL). Methods: To better understand the role of biomarkers in post-transplant bone disease, this study was designed to prospectively evaluate and correlate results from the histomorphometric analysis of bone biopsies after KT with emerging serum biomarkers of the CKD-MBD: sclerostin, Dickkopf-related protein 1 (Dkk-1), sRANKL and osteo-protegerin (OPG). Results: Our data shows a significant increase in plasma levels of bioactive sclerostin after KT accompanied by a significant reduction in plasma levels of Dkk-1, suggesting a promotion of the inhibition of bone formation by osteoblasts through the activation of these inhibitors of the Wnt signaling pathway. In addition, we found a significant increase in plasma levels of free sRANKL after KT accompanied by a significant reduction in plasma levels of its decoy receptor OPG, suggesting an enhanced bone resorption by osteoclasts mediated by this mechanism. Conclusions: Taken together, these results suggest that the loss of bone volume observed after KT could be explain mainly by the inhibition of bone formation mediated by sclerostin accompanied by an enhanced bone resorption mediated by sRANKL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Magalhães
- Nephrology and Infectious Diseases Research Group, Institute for Innovation and Health Research (I3S), Institute of Biomedical Engineering (INEB), University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (J.M.); (L.P.); (R.N.); (I.C.-F.); (J.M.F.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-250 Porto, Portugal;
| | | | - Luciano Pereira
- Nephrology and Infectious Diseases Research Group, Institute for Innovation and Health Research (I3S), Institute of Biomedical Engineering (INEB), University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (J.M.); (L.P.); (R.N.); (I.C.-F.); (J.M.F.)
- Nephrology Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-250 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Neto
- Nephrology and Infectious Diseases Research Group, Institute for Innovation and Health Research (I3S), Institute of Biomedical Engineering (INEB), University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (J.M.); (L.P.); (R.N.); (I.C.-F.); (J.M.F.)
- Nephrology Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-250 Porto, Portugal
| | - Inês Castro-Ferreira
- Nephrology and Infectious Diseases Research Group, Institute for Innovation and Health Research (I3S), Institute of Biomedical Engineering (INEB), University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (J.M.); (L.P.); (R.N.); (I.C.-F.); (J.M.F.)
- Nephrology Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-250 Porto, Portugal
| | - Sandra Martins
- Centro Hospitalar de São João and EPI Unit, Clinical Pathology Department, Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal;
| | - João Miguel Frazão
- Nephrology and Infectious Diseases Research Group, Institute for Innovation and Health Research (I3S), Institute of Biomedical Engineering (INEB), University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (J.M.); (L.P.); (R.N.); (I.C.-F.); (J.M.F.)
- Nephrology Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-250 Porto, Portugal
| | - Catarina Carvalho
- Nephrology and Infectious Diseases Research Group, Institute for Innovation and Health Research (I3S), Institute of Biomedical Engineering (INEB), University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (J.M.); (L.P.); (R.N.); (I.C.-F.); (J.M.F.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-226-074900; Fax: +351-226-094567
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Bouchard AL, Dsouza C, Julien C, Rummler M, Gaumond MH, Cermakian N, Willie BM. Bone adaptation to mechanical loading in mice is affected by circadian rhythms. Bone 2022; 154:116218. [PMID: 34571201 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2021.116218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Physical forces are critical for successful function of many organs including bone. Interestingly, the timing of exercise during the day alters physiology and gene expression in many organs due to circadian rhythms. Circadian clocks in tissues, such as bone, express circadian clock genes that target tissue-specific genes, resulting in tissue-specific rhythmic gene expression (clock-controlled genes). We hypothesized that the adaptive response of bone to mechanical loading is regulated by circadian rhythms. First, mice were sham loaded and sacrificed 8 h later, which amounted to tissues being collected at zeitgeber time (ZT)2, 6, 10, 14, 18, and 22. Cortical bone of the tibiae collected from these mice displayed diurnal expression of core clock genes and key osteocyte and osteoblast-related genes, such as the Wnt-signaling inhibitors Sost and Dkk1, indicating these are clock-controlled genes. Serum bone turnover markers did not display rhythmicity. Second, mice underwent a single bout of in vivo loading at either ZT2 or ZT14 and were sacrificed 1, 8, or 24 h after loading. Loading at ZT2 resulted in Sost upregulation, while loading at ZT14 led to Sost and Dkk1 downregulation. Third, mice underwent daily in vivo tibial loading over 2 weeks administered either in the morning, (ZT2, resting phase) or evening (ZT14, active phase). In vivo microCT was performed at days 0, 5, 10, and 15 and conventional histomorphometry was performed at day 15. All outcome measures indicated a robust response to loading, but only microCT-based time-lapse morphometry showed that loading at ZT14 resulted in a greater endocortical bone formation response compared to mice loaded at ZT2. The decreased Sost and Dkk1 expression coincident with the modest, but significant time-of-day specific increase in adaptive bone formation, suggests that circadian clocks influence bone mechanoresponse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice L Bouchard
- Research Centre, Shriners Hospital for Children-Canada, Montreal, Canada; Department of Pediatric Surgery, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Department of Experimental Surgery, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Chrisanne Dsouza
- Research Centre, Shriners Hospital for Children-Canada, Montreal, Canada; Department of Pediatric Surgery, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Department of Experimental Surgery, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Catherine Julien
- Research Centre, Shriners Hospital for Children-Canada, Montreal, Canada; Department of Pediatric Surgery, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Maximilian Rummler
- Research Centre, Shriners Hospital for Children-Canada, Montreal, Canada; Department of Pediatric Surgery, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Department of Experimental Surgery, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Marie-Hélène Gaumond
- Research Centre, Shriners Hospital for Children-Canada, Montreal, Canada; Department of Pediatric Surgery, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Nicolas Cermakian
- Laboratory of Molecular Chronobiology, Douglas Research Centre, Montreal, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Bettina M Willie
- Research Centre, Shriners Hospital for Children-Canada, Montreal, Canada; Department of Pediatric Surgery, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Department of Experimental Surgery, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.
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Abstract
Osteocytes, former osteoblasts encapsulated by mineralized bone matrix, are far from being passive and metabolically inactive bone cells. Instead, osteocytes are multifunctional and dynamic cells capable of integrating hormonal and mechanical signals and transmitting them to effector cells in bone and in distant tissues. Osteocytes are a major source of molecules that regulate bone homeostasis by integrating both mechanical cues and hormonal signals that coordinate the differentiation and function of osteoclasts and osteoblasts. Osteocyte function is altered in both rare and common bone diseases, suggesting that osteocyte dysfunction is directly involved in the pathophysiology of several disorders affecting the skeleton. Advances in osteocyte biology initiated the development of novel therapeutics interfering with osteocyte-secreted molecules. Moreover, osteocytes are targets and key distributors of biological signals mediating the beneficial effects of several bone therapeutics used in the clinic. Here we review the most recent discoveries in osteocyte biology demonstrating that osteocytes regulate bone homeostasis and bone marrow fat via paracrine signaling, influence body composition and energy metabolism via endocrine signaling, and contribute to the damaging effects of diabetes mellitus and hematologic and metastatic cancers in the skeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesus Delgado-Calle
- 1Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas,2Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Teresita Bellido
- 1Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas,2Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas,3Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, Arkansas
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Nakagawa Y, Komaba H, Hamano N, Tanaka H, Wada T, Ishida H, Nakamura M, Takahashi H, Takahashi Y, Hyodo T, Hida M, Suga T, Kakuta T, Fukagawa M. Interrelationships Between Sclerostin, Secondary Hyperparathyroidism, and Bone Metabolism in Patients on Hemodialysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2022; 107:e95-e105. [PMID: 34423837 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgab623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Sclerostin is an osteocyte-derived inhibitor of bone formation and is increased in kidney failure, but its role in the pathogenesis of renal bone disease remains unknown. OBJECTIVE We aimed to explore the association of serum sclerostin with bone metabolism in patients undergoing hemodialysis, with a particular focus on parathyroid hormone (PTH)-dependent and PTH-independent pathways. METHODS This cross-sectional and prospective cohort study included 654 patients undergoing hemodialysis at 10 facilities in Japan. We employed multivariable linear regression to explore whether sclerostin levels were associated with metacarpal bone mineral density (BMD), intact PTH, bone alkaline phosphatase (BAP), and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-5b (TRACP-5b). We employed mediation analyses to explore whether and to what extent the association of PTH with bone turnover markers is mediated by sclerostin. We also compared sclerostin levels between patients with and without previous or incident fractures. RESULTS The median sclerostin level in hemodialysis patients was 3- to 4-fold higher than that in healthy individuals. Higher sclerostin levels were associated with higher metacarpal BMD and lower levels of intact PTH, BAP, and TRACP-5b. However, the relationships of sclerostin with bone turnover markers were substantially attenuated after adjustment for PTH. Mediation analysis suggested that the effects of PTH on bone turnover markers were mainly direct rather than mediated by sclerostin. Sclerostin levels were not associated with previous or incident fractures. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that in patients undergoing dialysis, sclerostin has only a limited role in bone metabolism and may not mediate the effect of PTH on bone turnover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Nakagawa
- Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, 259-1193, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Komaba
- Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, 259-1193, Japan
- The Institute of Medical Sciences, Tokai University, Isehara, 259-1193, Japan
| | - Naoto Hamano
- Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, 259-1193, Japan
| | - Hisae Tanaka
- Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, 259-1193, Japan
| | - Takehiko Wada
- Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, 259-1193, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Ishida
- Department of Transplant Surgery, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, 259-1193, Japan
| | - Michio Nakamura
- Department of Transplant Surgery, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, 259-1193, Japan
| | - Hiroo Takahashi
- Division of Nephrology and Diabetes, Tokai University Oiso Hospital, Oiso, 259-0198, Japan
| | | | - Toru Hyodo
- Medical Corporation Kuratakai, Hiratsuka, 254-0018, Japan
| | - Miho Hida
- Medical Corporation Kuratakai, Hiratsuka, 254-0018, Japan
| | - Takao Suga
- Medical Corporation Showakai, Tokyo, 160-0023, Japan
| | - Takatoshi Kakuta
- Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tokai University Hachioji Hospital, Hachioji, 192-0032, Japan
| | - Masafumi Fukagawa
- Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, 259-1193, Japan
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Uda Y, Saini V, Petty CA, Alshehri M, Shi C, Spatz JM, Santos R, Newell CM, Huang TY, Kochen A, Kim JW, Constantinou CK, Saito H, Held KD, Hesse E, Pajevic PD. Parathyroid hormone signaling in mature osteoblasts/osteocytes protects mice from age-related bone loss. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:25607-25642. [PMID: 34968192 PMCID: PMC8751595 DOI: 10.18632/aging.203808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Aging is accompanied by osteopenia, characterized by reduced bone formation and increased bone resorption. Osteocytes, the terminally differentiated osteoblasts, are regulators of bone homeostasis, and parathyroid hormone (PTH) receptor (PPR) signaling in mature osteoblasts/osteocytes is essential for PTH-driven anabolic and catabolic skeletal responses. However, the role of PPR signaling in those cells during aging has not been investigated. The aim of this study was to analyze the role of PTH signaling in mature osteoblasts/osteocytes during aging. Mice lacking PPR in osteocyte (Dmp1-PPRKO) display an age-dependent osteopenia characterized by a significant decrease in osteoblast activity and increase in osteoclast number and activity. At the molecular level, the absence of PPR signaling in mature osteoblasts/osteocytes is associated with an increase in serum sclerostin and a significant increase in osteocytes expressing 4-hydroxy-2-nonenals, a marker of oxidative stress. In Dmp1-PPRKO mice there was an age-dependent increase in p16Ink4a/Cdkn2a expression, whereas it was unchanged in controls. In vitro studies demonstrated that PTH protects osteocytes from oxidative stress-induced cell death. In summary, we reported that PPR signaling in osteocytes is important for protecting the skeleton from age-induced bone loss by restraining osteoclast's activity and protecting osteocytes from oxidative stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhei Uda
- Department of Translational Dental Medicine, Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Vaibhav Saini
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Christopher A. Petty
- Department of Translational Dental Medicine, Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Majed Alshehri
- Department of Translational Dental Medicine, Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Chao Shi
- Department of Translational Dental Medicine, Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710004, Shaanxi Province, P.R. China
| | - Jordan M. Spatz
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Roberto Santos
- Department of Translational Dental Medicine, Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Carly M. Newell
- Department of Translational Dental Medicine, Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Tim Y. Huang
- Department of Translational Dental Medicine, Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Alejandro Kochen
- Department of Translational Dental Medicine, Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Ji W. Kim
- Department of Translational Dental Medicine, Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Christodoulos K. Constantinou
- Department of Translational Dental Medicine, Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Hiroaki Saito
- Heisenberg-Group for Molecular Skeletal Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg 20251, Germany
| | - Kathryn D. Held
- Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Eric Hesse
- Heisenberg-Group for Molecular Skeletal Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg 20251, Germany
| | - Paola Divieti Pajevic
- Department of Translational Dental Medicine, Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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36
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Aguirre JI, Castillo EJ, Kimmel DB. Biologic and pathologic aspects of osteocytes in the setting of medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ). Bone 2021; 153:116168. [PMID: 34487892 PMCID: PMC8478908 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2021.116168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ) is a potentially severe, debilitating condition affecting patients with cancer and patients with osteoporosis who have been treated with powerful antiresorptives (pARs) or angiogenesis inhibitors (AgIs). Oral risk factors associated with the development of MRONJ include tooth extraction and inflammatory dental disease (e.g., periodontitis, periapical infection). In bone tissues, osteocytes play a bidirectional role in which they not only act as the "receiver" of systemic signals from blood vessels, such as hormones and drugs, or local signals from the mineralized matrix as it is deformed, but they also play a critical role as "transmitter" of signals to the cells that execute bone modeling and remodeling (osteoclasts, osteoblasts and lining cells). When the survival capacity of osteocytes is overwhelmed, they can die. Osteocyte death has been associated with several pathological conditions. Whereas the causes and mechanisms of osteocyte death have been studied in conditions like osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH), few studies of the causes and mechanisms of osteocyte death have been done in MRONJ. The three forms of cell death that affect most of the different cells in the body (apoptosis, autophagy, and necrosis) have been recognized in osteocytes. Notably, necroptosis, a form of regulated cell death with "a necrotic cell death phenotype," has also been identified as a form of cell death in osteocytes under certain pathologic conditions. Improving the understanding of osteocyte death in MRONJ may be critical for preventing disease and developing treatment approaches. In this review, we intend to provide insight into the biology of osteocytes, cell death, in general, and osteocyte death, in particular, and discuss hypothetical mechanisms involved in osteocyte death associated with MRONJ.
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Affiliation(s)
- J I Aguirre
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Florida (UF), Gainesville, FL, United States of America.
| | - E J Castillo
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Florida (UF), Gainesville, FL, United States of America.
| | - D B Kimmel
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Florida (UF), Gainesville, FL, United States of America
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37
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Lyu P, Li B, Li P, Bi R, Cui C, Zhao Z, Zhou X, Fan Y. Parathyroid Hormone 1 Receptor Signaling in Dental Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Basic and Clinical Implications. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:654715. [PMID: 34760881 PMCID: PMC8573197 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.654715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) and parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) are two peptides that regulate mineral ion homeostasis, skeletal development, and bone turnover by activating parathyroid hormone 1 receptor (PTH1R). PTH1R signaling is of profound clinical interest for its potential to stimulate bone formation and regeneration. Recent pre-clinical animal studies and clinical trials have investigated the effects of PTH and PTHrP analogs in the orofacial region. Dental mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are targets of PTH1R signaling and have long been known as major factors in tissue repair and regeneration. Previous studies have begun to reveal important roles for PTH1R signaling in modulating the proliferation and differentiation of MSCs in the orofacial region. A better understanding of the molecular networks and underlying mechanisms for modulating MSCs in dental diseases will pave the way for the therapeutic applications of PTH and PTHrP in the future. Here we review recent studies involving dental MSCs, focusing on relationships with PTH1R. We also summarize recent basic and clinical observations of PTH and PTHrP treatment to help understand their use in MSCs-based dental and bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Lyu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Peiran Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ruiye Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chen Cui
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhihe Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuedong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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38
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Vollersen N, Zhao W, Rolvien T, Lange F, Schmidt FN, Sonntag S, Shmerling D, von Kroge S, Stockhausen KE, Sharaf A, Schweizer M, Karsak M, Busse B, Bockamp E, Semler O, Amling M, Oheim R, Schinke T, Yorgan TA. The WNT1 G177C mutation specifically affects skeletal integrity in a mouse model of osteogenesis imperfecta type XV. Bone Res 2021; 9:48. [PMID: 34759273 PMCID: PMC8580994 DOI: 10.1038/s41413-021-00170-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent identification of homozygous WNT1 mutations in individuals with osteogenesis imperfecta type XV (OI-XV) has suggested that WNT1 is a key ligand promoting the differentiation and function of bone-forming osteoblasts. Although such an influence was supported by subsequent studies, a mouse model of OI-XV remained to be established. Therefore, we introduced a previously identified disease-causing mutation (G177C) into the murine Wnt1 gene. Homozygous Wnt1G177C/G177C mice were viable and did not display defects in brain development, but the majority of 24-week-old Wnt1G177C/G177C mice had skeletal fractures. This increased bone fragility was not fully explained by reduced bone mass but also by impaired bone matrix quality. Importantly, the homozygous presence of the G177C mutation did not interfere with the osteoanabolic influence of either parathyroid hormone injection or activating mutation of LRP5, the latter mimicking the effect of sclerostin neutralization. Finally, transcriptomic analyses revealed that short-term administration of WNT1 to osteogenic cells induced not only the expression of canonical WNT signaling targets but also the expression of genes encoding extracellular matrix modifiers. Taken together, our data demonstrate that regulating bone matrix quality is a primary function of WNT1. They further suggest that individuals with WNT1 mutations should profit from existing osteoanabolic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nele Vollersen
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Wenbo Zhao
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tim Rolvien
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Fabiola Lange
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Felix Nikolai Schmidt
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stephan Sonntag
- PolyGene AG, 8153, Rümlang, Switzerland.,ETH Phenomics Center (EPIC), ETH Zürich, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Simon von Kroge
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kilian Elia Stockhausen
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ahmed Sharaf
- Neuronal and Cellular Signal Transduction, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg (ZMNH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michaela Schweizer
- Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg (ZMNH), University Medical Center, Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Meliha Karsak
- Neuronal and Cellular Signal Transduction, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg (ZMNH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Björn Busse
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ernesto Bockamp
- Institute for Translational Immunology and Research Center for Immunotherapy, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, D 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Oliver Semler
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cologne, 50937, Cologne, Germany
| | - Michael Amling
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ralf Oheim
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Schinke
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Timur Alexander Yorgan
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
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Zygmunt A, Krawczyk-Rusiecka K, Skowrońska-Jóźwiak E, Wojciechowska-Durczyńska K, Głowacka E, Adamczewski Z, Lewiński A. The Effect of Recombinant Human TSH on Sclerostin and Other Selected Bone Markers in Patients after Total Thyroidectomy for Differentiated Thyroid Cancer. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10214905. [PMID: 34768424 PMCID: PMC8584503 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10214905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The direct effect of TSH on bone metabolism in vivo is difficult to capture as the changes of its concentrations are followed by respective alterations of thyroid hormone levels. We evaluated the effect of recombinant human TSH (rhTSH) on sclerostin and other bone markers in 29 patients after total thyroidectomy for differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC), without any signs of disease recurrence, who received L-thyroxine, most at non-suppressive doses. For two consecutive days, the patients were administered a standard dose of 0.9 mg rhTSH, i.m. Concentrations of sclerostin, osteocalcin, β-CrossLaps, PTH, and some other parameters, were measured before and five days after the first rhTSH administration. The greater the increase in TSH concentration (∆TSH), the greater the decrease in: ∆sclerostin (r = -0.672; p < 0.001), ∆β-CrossLaps (r = -0.580; p < 0.001) and ∆osteocalcin (r = -0.405; p = 0.029) levels, were recorded. The degree of TSH increase depended on the baseline PTH (r = 0.651; p < 0.001), age, and creatinine concentrations. rhTSH strongly inhibited bone turnover, thus, TSH-independently of thyroid hormones-exerted a direct protective effect on bone metabolism. Baseline PTH affected the magnitude of TSH increase and the degree of lowering in sclerostin and β-CrossLaps that suggest factors affecting PTH may play a role in the effect of TSH on the bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arkadiusz Zygmunt
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Medical University of Lodz, 93-338 Lodz, Poland; (A.Z.); (K.K.-R.); (E.S.-J.); (K.W.-D.)
| | - Kinga Krawczyk-Rusiecka
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Medical University of Lodz, 93-338 Lodz, Poland; (A.Z.); (K.K.-R.); (E.S.-J.); (K.W.-D.)
| | - Elżbieta Skowrońska-Jóźwiak
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Medical University of Lodz, 93-338 Lodz, Poland; (A.Z.); (K.K.-R.); (E.S.-J.); (K.W.-D.)
| | - Katarzyna Wojciechowska-Durczyńska
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Medical University of Lodz, 93-338 Lodz, Poland; (A.Z.); (K.K.-R.); (E.S.-J.); (K.W.-D.)
| | - Ewa Głowacka
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostics, Research Institute, Polish Mother’s Memorial Hospital, 93-338 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Zbigniew Adamczewski
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Research Institute, Polish Mother’s Memorial Hospital, 93-338 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Andrzej Lewiński
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Medical University of Lodz, 93-338 Lodz, Poland; (A.Z.); (K.K.-R.); (E.S.-J.); (K.W.-D.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-42-271-11-41; Fax: +48-42-271-11-40
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Peng CH, Lin WY, Yeh KT, Chen IH, Wu WT, Lin MD. The molecular etiology and treatment of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. Tzu Chi Med J 2021; 33:212-223. [PMID: 34386357 PMCID: PMC8323641 DOI: 10.4103/tcmj.tcmj_233_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis (GIOP) is the most common form of secondary osteoporosis, accounting for 20% of osteoporosis diagnoses. Using glucocorticoids for >6 months leads to osteoporosis in 50% of patients, resulting in an increased risk of fracture and death. Osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts work together to maintain bone homeostasis. When bone formation and resorption are out of balance, abnormalities in bone structure or function may occur. Excess glucocorticoids disrupt the bone homeostasis by promoting osteoclast formation and prolonging osteoclasts' lifespan, leading to an increase in bone resorption. On the other hand, glucocorticoids inhibit osteoblasts' formation and facilitate apoptosis of osteoblasts and osteocytes, resulting in a reduction of bone formation. Several signaling pathways, signaling modulators, endocrines, and cytokines are involved in the molecular etiology of GIOP. Clinically, adults ≥40 years of age using glucocorticoids chronically with a high fracture risk are considered to have medical intervention. In addition to vitamin D and calcium tablet supplementations, the major therapeutic options approved for GIOP treatment include antiresorption drug bisphosphonates, parathyroid hormone N-terminal fragment teriparatide, and the monoclonal antibody denosumab. The selective estrogen receptor modulator can only be used under specific condition for postmenopausal women who have GIOP but fail to the regular GIOP treatment or have specific therapeutic contraindications. In this review, we focus on the molecular etiology of GIOP and the molecular pharmacology of the therapeutic drugs used for GIOP treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Huan Peng
- Department of Orthopedics, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan.,Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Ying Lin
- Department of Orthopedics, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Kuang-Ting Yeh
- Department of Orthopedics, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Ing-Ho Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Tien Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan.,Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Der Lin
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan.,Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
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41
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Martin TJ, Sims NA, Seeman E. Physiological and Pharmacological Roles of PTH and PTHrP in Bone Using Their Shared Receptor, PTH1R. Endocr Rev 2021; 42:383-406. [PMID: 33564837 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnab005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) and the paracrine factor, PTH-related protein (PTHrP), have preserved in evolution sufficient identities in their amino-terminal domains to share equivalent actions upon a common G protein-coupled receptor, PTH1R, that predominantly uses the cyclic adenosine monophosphate-protein kinase A signaling pathway. Such a relationship between a hormone and local factor poses questions about how their common receptor mediates pharmacological and physiological actions of the two. Mouse genetic studies show that PTHrP is essential for endochondral bone lengthening in the fetus and is essential for bone remodeling. In contrast, the main postnatal function of PTH is hormonal control of calcium homeostasis, with no evidence that PTHrP contributes. Pharmacologically, amino-terminal PTH and PTHrP peptides (teriparatide and abaloparatide) promote bone formation when administered by intermittent (daily) injection. This anabolic effect is remodeling-based with a lesser contribution from modeling. The apparent lesser potency of PTHrP than PTH peptides as skeletal anabolic agents could be explained by lesser bioavailability to PTH1R. By contrast, prolongation of PTH1R stimulation by excessive dosing or infusion, converts the response to a predominantly resorptive one by stimulating osteoclast formation. Physiologically, locally generated PTHrP is better equipped than the circulating hormone to regulate bone remodeling, which occurs asynchronously at widely distributed sites throughout the skeleton where it is needed to replace old or damaged bone. While it remains possible that PTH, circulating within a narrow concentration range, could contribute in some way to remodeling and modeling, its main physiological role is in regulating calcium homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- T John Martin
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia.,The University of Melbourne, Department of Medicine at St. Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Natalie A Sims
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia.,The University of Melbourne, Department of Medicine at St. Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ego Seeman
- The University of Melbourne, Department of Medicine at Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
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Ito N, Prideaux M, Wijenayaka AR, Yang D, Ormsby RT, Bonewald LF, Atkins GJ. Sclerostin Directly Stimulates Osteocyte Synthesis of Fibroblast Growth Factor-23. Calcif Tissue Int 2021; 109:66-76. [PMID: 33616712 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-021-00823-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Osteocyte produced fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) is the key regulator of serum phosphate (Pi) homeostasis. The interplay between parathyroid hormone (PTH), FGF23 and other proteins that regulate FGF23 production and serum Pi levels is complex and incompletely characterised. Evidence suggests that the protein product of the SOST gene, sclerostin (SCL), also a PTH target and also produced by osteocytes, plays a role in FGF23 expression, however the mechanism for this effect is unclear. Part of the problem of understanding the interplay of these mediators is the complex multi-organ system that achieves Pi homeostasis in vivo. In the current study, we sought to address this using a cell line model of the osteocyte, IDG-SW3, known to express FGF23 at both the mRNA and protein levels. In cultures of differentiated IDG-SW3 cells, both PTH1-34 and recombinant human (rh) SCL remarkably induced Fgf23 mRNA expression dose-dependently within 3 h. Both rhPTH1-34 and rhSCL also strongly induced C-terminal FGF23 protein secretion. Secreted intact FGF23 levels remained unchanged, consistent with constitutive post-translational cleavage of FGF23 in this cell model. Both rhPTH1-34 and rhSCL treatments significantly suppressed mRNA levels of Phex, Dmp1 and Enpp1 mRNA, encoding putative negative regulators of FGF23 levels, and induced Galnt3 mRNA expression, encoding N-acetylgalactosaminyl-transferase 3 (GalNAc-T3), which protects FGF23 from furin-like proprotein convertase-mediated cleavage. The effect of both rhPTH1-34 and rhSCL was antagonised by pre-treatment with the NF-κβ signalling inhibitors, BAY11 and TPCK. RhSCL also stimulated FGF23 mRNA expression in ex vivo cultures of human bone. These findings provide evidence for the direct regulation of FGF23 expression by sclerostin. Locally expressed sclerostin via the induction of FGF23 in osteocytes thus has the potential to contribute to the regulation of Pi homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuaki Ito
- Biomedical Orthopaedic Research Group, Centre for Orthopaedic & Trauma Research, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
- Division of Nephrology and Endocrinology, The University of Tokyo Hospital, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Matthew Prideaux
- Biomedical Orthopaedic Research Group, Centre for Orthopaedic & Trauma Research, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
- School of Medicine, Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Asiri R Wijenayaka
- Biomedical Orthopaedic Research Group, Centre for Orthopaedic & Trauma Research, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - Dongqing Yang
- Biomedical Orthopaedic Research Group, Centre for Orthopaedic & Trauma Research, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - Renee T Ormsby
- Biomedical Orthopaedic Research Group, Centre for Orthopaedic & Trauma Research, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lynda F Bonewald
- School of Medicine, Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Gerald J Atkins
- Biomedical Orthopaedic Research Group, Centre for Orthopaedic & Trauma Research, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia.
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Zhang J, Cohen A, Shen B, Du L, Tasdogan A, Zhao Z, Shane EJ, Morrison SJ. The effect of parathyroid hormone on osteogenesis is mediated partly by osteolectin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2026176118. [PMID: 34140410 PMCID: PMC8237660 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2026176118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously described a new osteogenic growth factor, osteolectin/Clec11a, which is required for the maintenance of skeletal bone mass during adulthood. Osteolectin binds to Integrin α11 (Itga11), promoting Wnt pathway activation and osteogenic differentiation by leptin receptor+ (LepR+) stromal cells in the bone marrow. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) and sclerostin inhibitor (SOSTi) are bone anabolic agents that are administered to patients with osteoporosis. Here we tested whether osteolectin mediates the effects of PTH or SOSTi on bone formation. We discovered that PTH promoted Osteolectin expression by bone marrow stromal cells within hours of administration and that PTH treatment increased serum osteolectin levels in mice and humans. Osteolectin deficiency in mice attenuated Wnt pathway activation by PTH in bone marrow stromal cells and reduced the osteogenic response to PTH in vitro and in vivo. In contrast, SOSTi did not affect serum osteolectin levels and osteolectin was not required for SOSTi-induced bone formation. Combined administration of osteolectin and PTH, but not osteolectin and SOSTi, additively increased bone volume. PTH thus promotes osteolectin expression and osteolectin mediates part of the effect of PTH on bone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingzhu Zhang
- Children's Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75235
| | - Adi Cohen
- Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
| | - Bo Shen
- Children's Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75235
| | - Liming Du
- Children's Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75235
| | - Alpaslan Tasdogan
- Children's Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75235
| | - Zhiyu Zhao
- Children's Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75235
| | - Elizabeth J Shane
- Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
| | - Sean J Morrison
- Children's Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75235;
- HHMI, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75235
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75235
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Adhikari M, Delgado-Calle J. Role of Osteocytes in Cancer Progression in the Bone and the Associated Skeletal Disease. Curr Osteoporos Rep 2021; 19:247-255. [PMID: 33818732 PMCID: PMC8486016 DOI: 10.1007/s11914-021-00679-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The goal of this manuscript is to review the current knowledge on the role of osteocytes in cancer in the bone, discuss the potential of osteocytes as a therapeutic target, and propose future research needed to understand the crosstalk between cancer cells and osteocytes in the tumor niche. RECENT FINDINGS Numerous studies have established that cancer cells manipulate osteocytes to facilitate invasion and tumor progression in bone. Moreover, cancer cells dysregulate osteocyte function to disrupt physiological bone remodeling, leading to the development of bone disease. Targeting osteocytes and their derived factors has proven to effectively interfere with the progression of cancer in the bone and the associated bone disease. Osteocytes communicate with cancer cells and are also part of the vicious cycle of cancer in the bone. Additional studies investigating the role of osteocytes on metastases to the bone and the development of drug resistance are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Adhikari
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
| | - Jesús Delgado-Calle
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA.
- Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA.
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45
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Endocrine role of bone in the regulation of energy metabolism. Bone Res 2021; 9:25. [PMID: 34016950 PMCID: PMC8137703 DOI: 10.1038/s41413-021-00142-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone mainly functions as a supportive framework for the whole body and is the major regulator of calcium homeostasis and hematopoietic function. Recently, an increasing number of studies have characterized the significance of bone as an endocrine organ, suggesting that bone-derived factors regulate local bone metabolism and metabolic functions. In addition, these factors can regulate global energy homeostasis by altering insulin sensitivity, feeding behavior, and adipocyte commitment. These findings may provide a new pathological mechanism for related metabolic diseases or be used in the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of metabolic diseases such as osteoporosis, obesity, and diabetes mellitus. In this review, we summarize the regulatory effect of bone and bone-derived factors on energy metabolism and discuss directions for future research.
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46
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Sato T, Verma S, Khatri A, Dean T, Goransson O, Gardella TJ, Wein MN. Comparable Initial Engagement of Intracellular Signaling Pathways by Parathyroid Hormone Receptor Ligands Teriparatide, Abaloparatide, and Long-Acting PTH. JBMR Plus 2021; 5:e10441. [PMID: 33977197 PMCID: PMC8101618 DOI: 10.1002/jbm4.10441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple analogs of parathyroid hormone, all of which bind to the PTH/PTHrP receptor PTH1R, are used for patients with osteoporosis and hypoparathyroidism. Although ligands such as abaloparatide, teriparatide (hPTH 1-34 [TPTD]), and long-acting PTH (LA-PTH) show distinct biologic effects with respect to skeletal and mineral metabolism endpoints, the mechanistic basis for these clinically-important differences remains incompletely understood. Previous work has revealed that differential signaling kinetics and receptor conformation engagement between different PTH1R peptide ligands. However, whether such acute membrane proximal differences translate into differences in downstream signaling output remains to be determined. Here, we directly compared short-term effects of hPTH (1-34), abaloparatide, and LA-PTH in multiple cell-based PTH1R signaling assays. At the time points and ligand concentrations utilized, no significant differences were observed between these three ligands at the level of receptor internalization, β-arrestin recruitment, intracellular calcium stimulation, and cAMP generation. However, abaloparatide showed significantly quicker PTH1R recycling in washout studies. Downstream of PTH1R-stimulated cAMP generation, protein kinase A regulates gene expression via effects on salt inducible kinases (SIKs) and their substrates. Consistent with no differences between these ligands on cAMP generation, we observed that hPTH (1-34), abaloparatide, and LA-PTH showed comparable effects on SIK2 phosphorylation, SIK substrate dephosphorylation, and downstream gene expression changes. Taken together, these results indicate that these PTH1R peptide agonists engage downstream intracellular signaling pathways to a comparable degree. It is possible that differences observed in vivo in preclinical and clinical models may be related to pharmacokinetic factors. It is also possible that our current in vitro systems are insufficient to perfectly match the complexities of PTH1R signaling in bona fide target cells in bone in vivo. © 2020 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research © 2020 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals LLC. on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadatoshi Sato
- Endocrine Unit, Department of MedicineMassachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | - Shiv Verma
- Endocrine Unit, Department of MedicineMassachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | - Ashok Khatri
- Endocrine Unit, Department of MedicineMassachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | - Thomas Dean
- Endocrine Unit, Department of MedicineMassachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | - Olga Goransson
- Department of Experimental Medical ScienceLund University, Diabetes, Metabolism and EndocrinologyLundSweden
| | - Thomas J Gardella
- Endocrine Unit, Department of MedicineMassachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | - Marc N Wein
- Endocrine Unit, Department of MedicineMassachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
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47
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Patil KC, Soekmadji C. Extracellular Vesicle-Mediated Bone Remodeling and Bone Metastasis: Implications in Prostate Cancer. Subcell Biochem 2021; 97:297-361. [PMID: 33779922 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-67171-6_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Bone metastasis is the tendency of certain primary tumors to spawn and dictate secondary neoplasia in the bone. The process of bone metastasis is regulated by the dynamic crosstalk between metastatic cancer cells, cellular components of the bone marrow microenvironment (osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes), and the bone matrix. The feed-forward loop mechanisms governs the co-option of homeostatic bone remodeling by cancer cells in bone. Recent developments have highlighted the discovery of extracellular vesicles (EVs) and their diverse roles in distant outgrowths. Several studies have implicated EV-mediated interactions between cancer cells and the bone microenvironment in synergistically promoting pathological skeletal metabolism in the metastatic site. Nevertheless, the potential role that EVs serve in arbitrating intricate sequences of coordinated events within the bone microenvironment remains an emerging field. In this chapter, we review the role of cellular participants and molecular mechanisms in regulating normal bone physiology and explore the progress of current research into bone-derived EVs in directly triggering and coordinating the processes of physiological bone remodeling. In view of the emerging role of EVs in interorgan crosstalk, this review also highlights the multiple systemic pathophysiological processes orchestrated by the EVs to direct organotropism in bone in prostate cancer. Given the deleterious consequences of bone metastasis and its clinical importance, in-depth knowledge of the multifarious role of EVs in distant organ metastasis is expected to open new possibilities for prognostic evaluation and therapeutic intervention for advanced bone metastatic prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalyani C Patil
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Carolina Soekmadji
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia. .,School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
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Ashifa N, Viswanathan K, Sundaram R, Srinivasan S. Sclerostin and its role as a bone modifying agent in periodontal disease. J Oral Biosci 2021; 63:104-110. [PMID: 33878470 DOI: 10.1016/j.job.2021.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Periodontitis is a highly prevalent inflammatory disease affecting the periodontium that results from an imbalance between periodontopathogens and host mechanisms. Continuous progression of the disease may lead to tissue and bone destruction, eventually resulting in tooth loss. The extent of bone loss depends on the dysregulated host immune response. Various host-elicited molecules play a major role in disease progression. The discovery of the glycoprotein sclerostin and its role as a regulator of bone mass has led to a better understanding of bone metabolism. HIGHLIGHT Sclerostin, which is primarily expressed by osteocytes, is a negative regulator of bone formation. It is a potent antagonist of the canonical Wingless-related integration site (Wnt) pathway, which is actively involved in bone homeostasis. Sclerostin is known to stimulate bone resorption by altering the osteoprotegerin (OPG)/receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa- β ligand (RANKL) balance. Additionally, in periodontitis, activation of the inflammatory cascade also increases the synthesis of sclerostin. CONCLUSION The recently discovered sclerostin antibody has emerged as a positive therapeutic tool for the treatment of metabolic bone diseases. It has been reported to improve bone strength, bone formation, osseointegration around implants and lower the risk of bone fractures in various animal and human models. This review describes the properties and action of sclerostin, its role in periodontal diseases, and the advent and efficacy of sclerostin antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha Ashifa
- Department of Periodontology, Rajah Muthiah Dental College & Hospital, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Chidambaram, 608002, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Krishnan Viswanathan
- Department of Periodontology, Rajah Muthiah Dental College & Hospital, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Chidambaram, 608002, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Rajasekar Sundaram
- Department of Periodontology, Rajah Muthiah Dental College & Hospital, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Chidambaram, 608002, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Sivapragasam Srinivasan
- Department of Periodontology, Rajah Muthiah Dental College & Hospital, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Chidambaram, 608002, Tamil Nadu, India.
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49
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Balani DH, Trinh S, Xu M, Kronenberg HM. Sclerostin Antibody Administration Increases the Numbers of Sox9creER+ Skeletal Precursors and Their Progeny. J Bone Miner Res 2021; 36:757-767. [PMID: 33400836 PMCID: PMC8140551 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.4238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Blocking the Wnt inhibitor, sclerostin, increases the rate of bone formation in rodents and in humans. On a cellular level, the antibody against sclerostin acts by increasing osteoblast numbers partly by activating the quiescent bone-lining cells in vivo. No evidence currently exists, to determine whether blocking sclerostin affects early cells of the osteoblast lineage. Here we use a lineage-tracing strategy that uses a tamoxifen-dependent cre recombinase, driven by the Sox9 promoter to mark early cells of the osteoblast lineage. We show that, when adult mice are treated with the rat-13C7, an antibody that blocks sclerostin action in rodents, it increases the numbers of osteoblast precursors and their differentiation into mature osteoblasts in vivo. We also show that rat-13C7 administration suppresses adipogenesis by suppressing the differentiation of Sox9creER+ skeletal precursors into bone marrow adipocytes in vivo. Using floxed alleles of the CTNNB1 gene encoding β-catenin, we show that these precursor cells express the canonical Wnt signaling mediator, β-catenin, and that the actions of the rat-13C7 antibody to increase the number of early precursors is dependent on direct stimulation of Wnt signaling. The increase in osteoblast precursors and their progeny after the administration of the antibody leads to a robust suppression of apoptosis without affecting the rate of their proliferation. Thus, neutralizing the Wnt-inhibitor sclerostin increases the numbers of early cells of the osteoblast lineage osteoblasts and suppresses their differentiation into adipocytes in vivo. © 2021 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak H Balani
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sophia Trinh
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mingxin Xu
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Henry M Kronenberg
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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50
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Carrillo-López N, Martínez-Arias L, Fernández-Villabrille S, Ruiz-Torres MP, Dusso A, Cannata-Andía JB, Naves-Díaz M, Panizo S. Role of the RANK/RANKL/OPG and Wnt/β-Catenin Systems in CKD Bone and Cardiovascular Disorders. Calcif Tissue Int 2021; 108:439-451. [PMID: 33586001 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-020-00803-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In the course of chronic kidney disease (CKD), alterations in the bone-vascular axis augment the risk of bone loss, fractures, vascular and soft tissue calcification, left ventricular hypertrophy, renal and myocardial fibrosis, which markedly increase morbidity and mortality rates. A major challenge to improve skeletal and cardiovascular outcomes in CKD patients requires a better understanding of the increasing complex interactions among the main modulators of the bone-vascular axis. Serum parathyroid hormone (PTH), phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca), fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23), calcidiol, calcitriol and Klotho are involved in this axis interact with RANK/RANKL/OPG system and the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. The RANK/RANKL/OPG system controls bone remodeling by inducing osteoblast synthesis of RANKL and downregulating OPG production and it is also implicated in vascular calcification. The complexity of this system has recently increased due the discovery of LGR4, a novel RANKL receptor involved in bone formation, but possibly also in vascular calcification. The Wnt/β-catenin pathway plays a key role in bone formation: when this pathway is activated, bone is formed, but when it is inhibited, bone formation is stopped. In the progression of CKD, a downregulation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway has been described which occurs mainly through the not coincident elevations of sclerostin, Dickkopf1 (Dkk1) and the secreted Frizzled Related Proteins (sFRPs). This review analyzes the interactions of PTH, P, Ca, FGF23, calcidiol, calcitriol and Klotho with the RANKL/RANKL/OPG system and the Wnt/β-catenin, pathway and their implications in bone and cardiovascular disorders in CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Carrillo-López
- Bone and Mineral Research Unit, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Universidad de Oviedo, Retic REDinREN-ISCIII, Avda. Roma, sn., 33011, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Laura Martínez-Arias
- Bone and Mineral Research Unit, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Universidad de Oviedo, Retic REDinREN-ISCIII, Avda. Roma, sn., 33011, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Sara Fernández-Villabrille
- Bone and Mineral Research Unit, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Universidad de Oviedo, Retic REDinREN-ISCIII, Avda. Roma, sn., 33011, Oviedo, Spain
| | - María Piedad Ruiz-Torres
- Department of System Biology, Universidad de Alcalá, Retic REDinREN-ISCIII, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Adriana Dusso
- Bone and Mineral Research Unit, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Universidad de Oviedo, Retic REDinREN-ISCIII, Avda. Roma, sn., 33011, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Jorge B Cannata-Andía
- Bone and Mineral Research Unit, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Universidad de Oviedo, Retic REDinREN-ISCIII, Avda. Roma, sn., 33011, Oviedo, Spain.
| | - Manuel Naves-Díaz
- Bone and Mineral Research Unit, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Universidad de Oviedo, Retic REDinREN-ISCIII, Avda. Roma, sn., 33011, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Sara Panizo
- Bone and Mineral Research Unit, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Universidad de Oviedo, Retic REDinREN-ISCIII, Avda. Roma, sn., 33011, Oviedo, Spain.
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