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Mohammed RDS, Piell KM, Maurer MC. Identification of Factor XIII β-Sandwich Residues Mediating Glutamine Substrate Binding and Activation Peptide Cleavage. Thromb Haemost 2024; 124:408-422. [PMID: 38040030 DOI: 10.1055/a-2220-7544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Factor XIII (FXIII) forms covalent crosslinks across plasma and cellular substrates and has roles in hemostasis, wound healing, and bone metabolism. FXIII activity is implicated in venous thromboembolism (VTE) and is a target for developing pharmaceuticals, which requires understanding FXIII - substrate interactions. Previous studies proposed the β-sandwich domain of the FXIII A subunit (FXIII-A) exhibits substrate recognition sites. MATERIAL AND METHODS Recombinant FXIII-A proteins (WT, K156E, F157L, R158Q/E, R171Q, and R174E) were generated to identify FXIII-A residues mediating substrate recognition. Proteolytic (FXIII-A*) and non-proteolytic (FXIII-A°) forms were analyzed for activation and crosslinking activities toward physiological substrates using SDS-PAGE and MALDI-TOF MS. RESULTS All FXIII-A* variants displayed reduced crosslinking abilities compared to WT for Fbg αC (233 - 425), fibrin, and actin. FXIII-A* WT activity was greater than A°, suggesting the binding site is more exposed in FXIII-A*. With Fbg αC (233 - 425), FXIII-A* variants R158Q/E, R171Q, and R174E exhibited decreased activities approaching those of FXIII-A°. However, with a peptide substrate, FXIII-A* WT and variants showed similar crosslinking suggesting the recognition site is distant from the catalytic site. Surprisingly, FXIII-A R158E and R171Q displayed slower thrombin activation than WT, potentially due to loss of crucial H-bonding with neighboring activation peptide (AP) residues. CONCLUSION In conclusion, FXIII-A residues K156, F157, R158, R171, and R174 are part of a binding site for physiological substrates [fibrin (α and γ) and actin]. Moreover, R158 and R171 control AP cleavage during thrombin activation. These investigations provide new molecular details on FXIII - substrate interactions that control crosslinking abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kellianne M Piell
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, United States
| | - Muriel C Maurer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States
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2
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Wang TH, Watanabe K, Hamada N, Tani-Ishii N. Role of MAPKs in TGF-β1-induced maturation and mineralization in human osteoblast-like cells. J Oral Biosci 2024; 66:61-67. [PMID: 38110177 DOI: 10.1016/j.job.2023.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Our study aimed to clarify the role of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1-stimulated mineralization in the human osteoblast-like MG63 cells. METHODS The viability of MG63 cells under TGF-β1 stimulation was assessed by MTS assay. Western blotting determined TGF-β1-mediated activation of extracellular signal-related protein kinase (ERK), p38, and c-Jun amino-terminal kinase (JNK). Mineralization-related gene expression was examined by quantitative real-time PCR, and mineral deposition levels were evaluated by alizarin red S staining. RESULTS TGF-β1 had no effect on MG63 cell proliferation. Activation of p38 was observed at 3 h post TGF-β1 stimulation. Moreover, JNK phosphorylation was upregulated by TGF-β1 from 1 to 6 h post stimulation, but had no activation on ERK phosphorylation throughout the experimental period. Treatment with JNK inhibitor diminished the alizarin red S-stained area in a dose-dependent manner. Mineral deposition was unaffected by MEK inhibitor, whereas p38 inhibitor increased the red-stained area. Gene expression levels of ALP and BSP were significantly decreased under treatment with JNK inhibitor and p38 inhibitor. The MEK inhibitor had no effect on the TGF-β1-mediated upregulation of ALP and BSP. Although all three inhibitors suppressed expression of COL I, none were found to stimulate expression of OCN. CONCLUSIONS Human osteoblast-like MG63 cells maturation and mineralization are induced through JNK activation of MAPK signaling in response to TGF-β1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Hsuan Wang
- Department of Pulp Biology and Endodontics, Graduate School of Dentistry, Kanagawa Dental University, 82 Inaoka-cho, Yokosuka, 238-8580, Japan
| | - Kiyoko Watanabe
- Department of Liberal Arts Education, Kanagawa Dental University, 82 Inaoka-cho, Yokosuka, 238-8580, Japan
| | - Nobushiro Hamada
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Graduate School of Dentistry, Kanagawa Dental University, 82 Inaoka-cho, Yokosuka, 238-8580, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Tani-Ishii
- Department of Pulp Biology and Endodontics, Graduate School of Dentistry, Kanagawa Dental University, 82 Inaoka-cho, Yokosuka, 238-8580, Japan.
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3
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Dang Y, Zhang Y, Jian M, Luo P, Anwar N, Ma Y, Zhang D, Wang X. Advances of Blood Coagulation Factor XIII in Bone Healing. TISSUE ENGINEERING. PART B, REVIEWS 2023; 29:591-604. [PMID: 37166415 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2023.0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The biologic process of bone healing is complicated, involving a variety of cells, cytokines, and growth factors. As a result of bone damage, the activation of a clotting cascade leads to hematoma with a high osteogenic potential in the initial stages of healing. A major factor involved in this course of events is clotting factor XIII (FXIII), which can regulate bone defect repair in different ways during various stages of healing. Autografts and allografts often have defects in clinical practice, making the development of advanced materials that support bone regeneration a critical requirement. Few studies, however, have examined the promotion of bone healing by FXIII in combination with biomaterials, in particular, its effect on blood coagulation and osteogenesis. Therefore, we mainly summarized the role of FXIII in promoting bone regeneration by regulating the extracellular matrix and type I collagen, bone-related cells, angiogenesis, and platelets, and described the research progress of FXIII = related biomaterials on osteogenesis. This review provides a reference for investigators to explore the mechanism by which FXIII promotes bone healing and the combination of FXIII with biomaterials to achieve targeted bone tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Dang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Hygiene Toxicology, School of Public Health, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Minghui Jian
- Department of Hygiene Toxicology, School of Public Health, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Peng Luo
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Nadia Anwar
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Yaping Ma
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Dingmei Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- Center for Tissue Engineering, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xian, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Center for Biomedical Technologies, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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4
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Li L, Liu K, Chen J, Wen W, Li H, Li L, Ding S, Liu M, Zhou C, Luo B. Bone ECM-inspired biomineralization chitin whisker liquid crystal hydrogels for bone regeneration. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 231:123335. [PMID: 36690237 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
As a particular cell niche, natural bone extracellular matrix (ECM) is an organic-inorganic composite material formed by mineralization of liquid crystal (LC) collagen fiber network. However, designing bone repair materials that highly imitate the LC characteristic and composite components of natural bone ECM is a great challenge. Here, we report a novel kind of bone ECM-inspired biomineralization chitin whisker LC hydrogels. First, photocurable chitin whisker LC hydrogels with bone ECM-like chiral nematic LC state and viscoelasticity are created. Next, biomineralization, guided by LC hydrogels, is carried out to truly mimic the mineralization process of natural bone, so as to obtain the organic-inorganic composite materials with bone ECM-like microenvironment. The chitin whisker LC hydrogels exhibit superior biomineralization, protein adsorption and osteogenesis ability, more importantly, LC hydrogel with negatively charged -COOH groups is more conducive to biomineralization and shows more desirable osteogenic activity than that with positively charged -NH2 groups. Notably, compared with the pristine LC hydrogels, the biomineralization LC hydrogels display more favorable osteogenesis ability due to their bone ECM-like LC texture and bone-like hydroxyapatite. This study opens an avenue toward the design of bone ECM-inspired biomineralization chitin whisker LC hydrogels for bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Li
- Biomaterial Research Laboratory, Department of Material Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Materials, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Kun Liu
- Biomaterial Research Laboratory, Department of Material Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Materials, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Jingsheng Chen
- Biomaterial Research Laboratory, Department of Material Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Materials, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Wei Wen
- Biomaterial Research Laboratory, Department of Material Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Materials, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Artificial Organs and Materials, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Hong Li
- Biomaterial Research Laboratory, Department of Material Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Materials, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Artificial Organs and Materials, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Lihua Li
- Biomaterial Research Laboratory, Department of Material Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Materials, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Artificial Organs and Materials, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Shan Ding
- Biomaterial Research Laboratory, Department of Material Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Materials, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Artificial Organs and Materials, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Mingxian Liu
- Biomaterial Research Laboratory, Department of Material Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Materials, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Artificial Organs and Materials, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Changren Zhou
- Biomaterial Research Laboratory, Department of Material Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Materials, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Artificial Organs and Materials, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Binghong Luo
- Biomaterial Research Laboratory, Department of Material Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Materials, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Artificial Organs and Materials, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510632, PR China.
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5
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Dinesh NEH, Campeau PM, Reinhardt DP. Fibronectin isoforms in skeletal development and associated disorders. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2022; 323:C536-C549. [PMID: 35759430 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00226.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix is an intricate and essential network of proteins and non-proteinaceous components that provide a conducive microenvironment for cells to regulate cell function, differentiation, and survival. Fibronectin is one key component in the extracellular matrix that participates in determining cell fate and function crucial for normal vertebrate development. Fibronectin undergoes time dependent expression patterns during stem cell differentiation, providing a unique stem cell niche. Mutations in fibronectin have been recently identified to cause a rare form of skeletal dysplasia with scoliosis and abnormal growth plates. Even though fibronectin has been extensively analyzed in developmental processes, the functional role and importance of this protein and its various isoforms in skeletal development remains less understood. This review attempts to provide a concise and critical overview of the role of fibronectin isoforms in cartilage and bone physiology and associated pathologies. This will facilitate a better understanding of the possible mechanisms through which fibronectin exerts its regulatory role on cellular differentiation during skeletal development. The review discusses the consequences of mutations in fibronectin leading to corner fracture type spondylometaphyseal dysplasia and presents a new outlook towards matrix-mediated molecular pathways in relation to therapeutic and clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha E H Dinesh
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | | | - Dieter P Reinhardt
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.,Faculty of Dental Medicine and Oral Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
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6
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Liu P, Cui Y, Liu M, Xiao B, Zhang J, Huang W, Zhang X, Song M, Li Y. Protective effect of mitophagy against aluminum-induced MC3T3-E1 cells dysfunction. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 282:131086. [PMID: 34119729 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Aluminum (Al) is a ubiquitous environmental metal toxicant that causes osteoblast (OB) damage which leads to Al-related bone diseases. Mitochondrial damage plays a key role in Al-related bone diseases, and while mitophagy can clear damaged mitochondria and improve OB function, the relationship between mitophagy and Al-induced OB dysfunction is unknown. To explore the role of mitophagy in Al-induced OB dysfunction in vitro, we used 2 μM carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP) and 0.4 μM Cyclosporin A (CsA) to activate and inhibit mitophagy, respectively. MC3T3-E1 cells were treated with 0 mM AlCl3 (control group); 2 mM AlCl3 (Al group); 2 μM CCCP (CCCP group); 2 μM CCCP and 2 mM AlCl3 (CCCP + Al group); 0.4 μM CsA (CsA group); 0.4 μM CsA and 2 mM AlCl3 (CsA + Al group). The results showed that Al induced ultrastructural and functional impairment of MC3T3-E1 cells. Compared to the Al group, mitophagy activation caused mitochondrial membrane potentials to collapse, up-regulated PINK1, Parkin, and LC3 expression, down-regulated p62 expression, and increased mitophagosome numbers. Mitophagy activation also reduced Al-induced oxidative stress and MC3T3-E1 cell functional damage, as seen in improvement in cell viability, cellular calcium and phosphorus contents, and collagen I, osteocalcin, and bone alkaline phosphatase gene expression. Mitophagy inhibition had the opposite effects on activation. Overall, these results show that mitophagy can protect against Al-induced OB dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengli Liu
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education, Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Yilong Cui
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education, Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Menglin Liu
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education, Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Bonan Xiao
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education, Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education, Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Wanyue Huang
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education, Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Xuliang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education, Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Miao Song
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education, Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Yanfei Li
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education, Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
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7
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Fibronectin: Molecular Structure, Fibrillar Structure and Mechanochemical Signaling. Cells 2021; 10:cells10092443. [PMID: 34572092 PMCID: PMC8471655 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) plays a key role as both structural scaffold and regulator of cell signal transduction in tissues. In times of ECM assembly and turnover, cells upregulate assembly of the ECM protein, fibronectin (FN). FN is assembled by cells into viscoelastic fibrils that can bind upward of 40 distinct growth factors and cytokines. These fibrils play a key role in assembling a provisional ECM during embryonic development and wound healing. Fibril assembly is also often upregulated during disease states, including cancer and fibrotic diseases. FN fibrils have unique mechanical properties, which allow them to alter mechanotransduction signals sensed and relayed by cells. Binding of soluble growth factors to FN fibrils alters signal transduction from these proteins, while binding of other ECM proteins, including collagens, elastins, and proteoglycans, to FN fibrils facilitates the maturation and tissue specificity of the ECM. In this review, we will discuss the assembly of FN fibrils from individual FN molecules; the composition, structure, and mechanics of FN fibrils; the interaction of FN fibrils with other ECM proteins and growth factors; the role of FN in transmitting mechanobiology signaling events; and approaches for studying the mechanics of FN fibrils.
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8
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Watanabe Y, Oguri R, Suzuki R, Meng Q, Ishikawa Y, Tatsukawa H, Hashimoto H, Hitomi K. Thrombin-deficient mutant of medaka, a model fish, displays serious retardation in blood coagulation. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2021; 85:824-833. [PMID: 33589932 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbaa098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
At the last stage of the blood coagulation cascade, thrombin plays a central role in the processing of fibrinogen for the polymerization and in the additional activation of Factor XIII for the stable cross-linking of fibrin. In addition, thrombin carries out possible multiple roles via processing or interaction with various functional proteins. Several studies conducted in order to elucidate additional physiological significance are ongoing. To clarify further significance of thrombin and to establish an associated disease model, we characterized the orthologue gene for medaka (Oryzias latipes), a research model fish. Tissue distribution of medaka prothrombin has been immunotechnically analyzed. Furthermore, thrombin-deficient medaka mutants were viably established by utilizing a genome-editing method. The established gene-deficient mutants exhibited retarded blood coagulation even in the heterozygous fish. Taking advantage of their ease of handling, this specific model is useful for further investigation in medical research areas on human coagulation diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Watanabe
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Rina Oguri
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Risa Suzuki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Qi Meng
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yuta Ishikawa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hideki Tatsukawa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | | | - Kiyotaka Hitomi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
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9
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Memtsas VP, Arachchillage DRJ, Gorog DA. Role, Laboratory Assessment and Clinical Relevance of Fibrin, Factor XIII and Endogenous Fibrinolysis in Arterial and Venous Thrombosis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22031472. [PMID: 33540604 PMCID: PMC7867291 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Diseases such as myocardial infarction, ischaemic stroke, peripheral vascular disease and venous thromboembolism are major contributors to morbidity and mortality. Procoagulant, anticoagulant and fibrinolytic pathways are finely regulated in healthy individuals and dysregulated procoagulant, anticoagulant and fibrinolytic pathways lead to arterial and venous thrombosis. In this review article, we discuss the (patho)physiological role and laboratory assessment of fibrin, factor XIII and endogenous fibrinolysis, which are key players in the terminal phase of the coagulation cascade and fibrinolysis. Finally, we present the most up-to-date evidence for their involvement in various disease states and assessment of cardiovascular risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vassilios P. Memtsas
- Cardiology Department, East and North Hertfordshire NHS Trust, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 4AB, UK;
| | - Deepa R. J. Arachchillage
- Centre for Haematology, Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK;
- Department of Haematology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London W2 1NY, UK
- Department of Haematology, Royal Brompton Hospital, London SW3 6NP, UK
| | - Diana A. Gorog
- Cardiology Department, East and North Hertfordshire NHS Trust, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 4AB, UK;
- School of Life and Medical Sciences, Postgraduate Medical School, University of Hertfordshire, Hertfordshire AL10 9AB, UK
- Faculty of Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London SW3 6LY, UK
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-207-0348841
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10
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Abstract
Hemophilia is caused by a lack of antihemophilic factor(s), for example, factor VIII (FVIII; hemophilia A) and factor IX (FIX; hemophilia B). Low bone mass is widely reported in epidemiological studies of hemophilia, and patients with hemophilia are at an increased risk of fracture. The detailed etiology of bone homeostasis imbalance in hemophilia is unclear. Clinical and experimental studies show that FVIII and FIX are involved in bone remodeling. However, it is likely that antihemophilic factors affect bone biology through thrombin pathways rather than via their own intrinsic properties. In addition, among patients with hemophilia, there are pathophysiological processes in several systems that might contribute to bone loss. This review summarizes studies on the association between hemophilia and bone remodeling, and might shed light on the challenges facing the care and prevention of osteoporosis and fracture in patients with hemophilia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanshi Wang
- Department of Sports Medicine and Joint Surgery, The People's Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xizhuang Bai
- Department of Sports Medicine and Joint Surgery, The People's Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
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Kaartinen MT, Arora M, Heinonen S, Rissanen A, Kaprio J, Pietiläinen KH. Transglutaminases and Obesity in Humans: Association of F13A1 to Adipocyte Hypertrophy and Adipose Tissue Immune Response. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E8289. [PMID: 33167412 PMCID: PMC7663854 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Transglutaminases TG2 and FXIII-A have recently been linked to adipose tissue biology and obesity, however, human studies for TG family members in adipocytes have not been conducted. In this study, we investigated the association of TGM family members to acquired weight gain in a rare set of monozygotic (MZ) twins discordant for body weight, i.e., heavy-lean twin pairs. We report that F13A1 is the only TGM family member showing significantly altered, higher expression in adipose tissue of the heavier twin. Our previous work linked adipocyte F13A1 to increased weight, body fat mass, adipocyte size, and pro-inflammatory pathways. Here, we explored further the link of F13A1 to adipocyte size in the MZ twins via a previously conducted TWA study that was further mined for genes that specifically associate to hypertrophic adipocytes. We report that differential expression of F13A1 (ΔHeavy-Lean) associated with 47 genes which were linked via gene enrichment analysis to immune response, leucocyte and neutrophil activation, as well as cytokine response and signaling. Our work brings further support to the role of F13A1 in the human adipose tissue pathology, suggesting a role in the cascade that links hypertrophic adipocytes with inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari T. Kaartinen
- Faculty of Medicine (Experimental Medicine), McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0J7, Canada;
- Faculty of Dentistry (Biomedical Sciences), McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0J7, Canada
| | - Mansi Arora
- Faculty of Medicine (Experimental Medicine), McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0J7, Canada;
| | - Sini Heinonen
- Obesity Research Unit, Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; (S.H.); (A.R.); (K.H.P.)
| | - Aila Rissanen
- Obesity Research Unit, Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; (S.H.); (A.R.); (K.H.P.)
| | - Jaakko Kaprio
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, 00100 Helsinki, Finland;
| | - Kirsi H. Pietiläinen
- Obesity Research Unit, Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; (S.H.); (A.R.); (K.H.P.)
- Abdominal Center, Obesity Center, Endocrinology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
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12
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Al-Horani RA, Kar S. Factor XIIIa inhibitors as potential novel drugs for venous thromboembolism. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 200:112442. [PMID: 32502864 PMCID: PMC7513741 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Human factor XIIIa (FXIIIa) is a multifunctional transglutaminase with a significant role in hemostasis. FXIIIa catalyzes the last step in the coagulation process. It stabilizes the blood clot by cross-linking the α- and γ-chains of fibrin. It also protects the newly formed clot from plasmin-mediated fibrinolysis, primarily by cross-linking α2-antiplasmin to fibrin. Furthermore, FXIIIa is a major determinant of clot size and clot's red blood cells content. Therefore, inhibitors targeting FXIIIa have been considered to develop a new generation of anticoagulants to prevent and/or treat venous thromboembolism. Several inhibitors of FXIIIa have been discovered or designed including active site and allosteric site small molecule inhibitors as well as natural and modified polypeptides. This work reviews the structural, biochemical, and pharmacological aspects of FXIIIa inhibitors so as to advance their molecular design to become more clinically relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rami A Al-Horani
- Division of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, LA, 70125, USA.
| | - Srabani Kar
- Division of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, LA, 70125, USA
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Sun H, Kaartinen MT. Assessment of expression and specific activities of transglutaminases TG1, TG2, and FXIII-A during osteoclastogenesis. Anal Biochem 2019; 591:113512. [PMID: 31786225 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2019.113512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Osteoclasts are large multinucleated bone-resorbing cells derived from monocyte/macrophage lineage. Macrophage-colony stimulating factor (M-CSF) and receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL) drive the multi-stage osteoclastogenesis. Transglutaminases (TGs) are Ca2+- and thiol-dependent acyl transferases and protein crosslinking enzymes. TG enzyme family contains eight catalytically active enzymes TG1-7 and Factor XIII-A (FXIII-A). Recent studies have shown that TG1, TG2, and FXIII-A are present in osteoclasts and that TG2 and FXIII-A regulate osteoclastogenesis. In this study, we examined gene and protein expression and specific activities of TG1, TG2, and FXIII-A during osteoclastogenesis using "Hitomi peptides" in a day-by-day manner. We report that TG activities are highest in the differentiation and early fusion phases and then decrease dramatically. TG activities were upregulated by M-CSF and downregulated by addition of RANKL. FXIII-A was dramatically downregulated by RANKL, suggesting its involvement in M-CSF-mediated precursor commitment phase. TG1 and TG2 proteins were present throughout osteoclastogenesis, suggesting that they may have functions in both differentiation and fusion. In summary, the three TGs likely exert distinct functions at different stages of osteoclastogenesis. Our work also demonstrates that the "Hitomi peptides" are highly specific tools for detection of distinct TGs in a system where multiple TGs are present.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Sun
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - M T Kaartinen
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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14
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Anokhin BA, Dean WL, Smith KA, Flick MJ, Ariëns RAS, Philippou H, Maurer MC. Proteolytic and nonproteolytic activation mechanisms result in conformationally and functionally different forms of coagulation factor XIII A. FEBS J 2019; 287:452-464. [PMID: 31407850 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Factor XIIIA (FXIIIA) is a transglutaminase that cross-links intra- and extracellular protein substrates. FXIIIA is expressed as an inactive zymogen, and during blood coagulation, it is activated by removal of an activation peptide by the protease thrombin. No such proteolytic FXIIIA activation is known to occur in other tissues or the intracellular form of FXIIIA. For those locations, FXIIIA is assumed instead to undergo activation by Ca2+ ions. Previously, we demonstrated a monomeric state for active FXIIIA. Current analytical ultracentrifugation and kinetic experiments revealed that thrombin-activated FXIIIA has a higher conformational flexibility and a stronger affinity toward glutamine substrate than does nonproteolytically activated FXIIIA. The proteolytic activation of FXIIIA was further investigated in a context of fibrin clotting. In a series of fibrin cross-linking assays and scanning electron microscopy studies of plasma clots, the activation rates of FXIIIA V34X variants were correlated with the extent of fibrin cross-linking and incorporation of nonfibrous protein into the clot. Overall, the results suggest conformational and functional differences between active FXIIIA forms, thus expanding the understanding of FXIIIA function. Those differences may serve as a basis for developing therapeutic strategies to target FXIIIA in different physiological environments. ENZYMES: Factor XIIIA ( EC 2.3.2.13).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - William L Dean
- Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, KY, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, KY, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Kerrie A Smith
- Leeds Thrombosis Collective, Department of Discovery and Translational Science, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, UK
| | - Matthew J Flick
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH, USA
| | - Robert A S Ariëns
- Leeds Thrombosis Collective, Department of Discovery and Translational Science, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, UK
| | - Helen Philippou
- Leeds Thrombosis Collective, Department of Discovery and Translational Science, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, UK
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15
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Mitchell JL, Mutch NJ. Let's cross-link: diverse functions of the promiscuous cellular transglutaminase factor XIII-A. J Thromb Haemost 2019; 17:19-30. [PMID: 30489000 DOI: 10.1111/jth.14348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Essentials Plasma Factor XIII, a heterodimer of A and B subunits FXIIIA2 B2 , is a transglutaminase enzyme with a well-established role in haemostasis. Cells of bone marrow and mesenchymal lineage express the FXIII-A gene (F13A1) that encodes the cellular form of the transglutaminase, a homodimer of the A subunits, FXIII-A. FXIII-A was presumed to function intracellularly, however, several lines of evidence now indicate that FXIII-A is externalised by an as yet unknown mechanism This review describes the mounting evidence that FXIII-A is a diverse transglutaminase with many intracellular and extracellular substrates that can participate in an array of biological processes SUMMARY: Factor XIII is a tranglutaminase enzyme that catalyzes the formation of ε-(γ-glutamyl)lysyl isopeptide bonds in protein substrates. The plasma form, FXIII-A2 B2 , has an established function in hemostasis, where its primary substrate is fibrin. A deficiency in FXIII manifests as a severe bleeding diathesis, underscoring its importance in this pathway. The cellular form of the enzyme, a homodimer of the A-subunits, denoted FXIII-A, has not been studied in as extensive detail. FXIII-A was generally perceived to remain intracellular, owing to the lack of a classical signal peptide for its release. In the last decade, emerging evidence has revealed that this diverse transglutaminase can be externalized from cells, by an as yet unknown mechanism, and can cross-link extracellular substrates and participate in a number of diverse pathways. The FXIII-A gene (F13A1) is expressed in cells of bone marrow and mesenchymal lineage, notably megakaryocytes, monocytes/macrophages, dendritic cells, chrondrocytes, osteoblasts, and preadipocytes. The biological processes that FXIII-A is coupled with, such as wound healing, phagocytosis, and bone and matrix remodeling, reflect its expression in these cell types. This review describes the mounting evidence that this cellular transglutaminase can be externalized, usually in response to stimuli, and participate in extracellular cross-linking reactions. A corollary of being involved in these biological pathways is the participation of FXIII-A in pathological processes. In conclusion, the functions of this transglutaminase extend far beyond its role in hemostasis, and our understanding of this enzyme in terms of its secretion, regulation and substrates is in its infancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Mitchell
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - N J Mutch
- Aberdeen Cardiovascular & Diabetes Centre, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
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16
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Isleroglu H, Turker I, Tokatli M, Koc B. Ultrasonic spray-freeze drying of partially purified microbial transglutaminase. FOOD AND BIOPRODUCTS PROCESSING 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbp.2018.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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17
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Kumra H, Sabatier L, Hassan A, Sakai T, Mosher DF, Brinckmann J, Reinhardt DP. Roles of fibronectin isoforms in neonatal vascular development and matrix integrity. PLoS Biol 2018; 16:e2004812. [PMID: 30036393 PMCID: PMC6072322 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2004812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibronectin (FN) exists in two forms—plasma FN (pFN) and cellular FN (cFN). Although the role of FN in embryonic blood vessel development is well established, its function and the contribution of individual isoforms in early postnatal vascular development are poorly understood. Here, we employed a tamoxifen-dependent cFN inducible knockout (cFN iKO) mouse model to study the consequences of postnatal cFN deletion in smooth muscle cells (SMCs), the major cell type in the vascular wall. Deletion of cFN influences collagen deposition but does not affect life span. Unexpectedly, pFN translocated to the aortic wall in the cFN iKO and in control mice, possibly rescuing the loss of cFN. Postnatal pFN deletion did not show a histological aortic phenotype. Double knockout (dKO) mice lacking both, cFN in SMCs and pFN, resulted in postnatal lethality. These data demonstrate a safeguard role of pFN in vascular stability and the dispensability of the individual FN isoforms in postnatal vascular development. Complete absence of FNs in the dKOs resulted in a disorganized tunica media of the aortic wall. Matrix analysis revealed common and differential roles of the FN isoforms in guiding the assembly/deposition of elastogenic extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins in the aortic wall. In addition, we determined with two cell culture models that that the two FN isoforms acted similarly in supporting matrix formation with a greater contribution from cFN. Together, these data show that pFN exerts a critical role in safeguarding vascular organization and health, and that the two FN isoforms function in an overlapping as well as distinct manner to maintain postnatal vascular matrix integrity. Fibronectin is a protein that exists in vertebrates in two distinct forms: one present in the blood and the other in blood vessel walls. In mammals, fibronectin is important for the development of blood vessels before birth, but whether it is continuously required for blood vessel homeostasis from birth to adulthood is unknown. We present important results from three genetically modified mouse models, which show that at least one form of fibronectin is required for the proper function and integrity of blood vessels during this period. We show that fibronectin can be transferred from the blood into the vessel wall, where it can rescue the integrity of blood vessels in the absence of the vessel form. This represents an important biological mechanism to maintain the health of blood vessels. Our data also highlight the importance of both fibronectin forms in producing and organizing the microenvironment of cells, with a higher contribution from the fibronectin form residing in the blood vessel walls. Together, our findings show that fibronectin from the blood acts as a safeguard to maintain the health of blood vessels, and both fibronectin forms play crucial roles in development and support of the blood vessel microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heena Kumra
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Laetitia Sabatier
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Amani Hassan
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Takao Sakai
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Deane F. Mosher
- Departments of Biomolecular Chemistry and Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Jürgen Brinckmann
- Department of Dermatology and Institute of Virology and Cell Biology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Dieter P. Reinhardt
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- * E-mail:
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18
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Zhu X, Gao Q, Zhao G, Wang H, Liu L, Chen Z, Chen Y, Wu L, Xu Z, Li W. Comparison Study of Bone Defect Healing Effect of Raw and Processed Pyritum in Rats. Biol Trace Elem Res 2018; 184:136-147. [PMID: 28980123 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-017-1166-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
To evaluate and compare the effect of raw and processed pyritum on tibial defect healing, 32 male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups. After tibial defect, animals were produced and grouped: sham and control group were orally administrated with distilled water (1 mL/100 g), while treatment groups were given aqueous extracts of raw and processed pyritum (1.5 g/kg) for successive 42 days. Radiographic examination showed that bone defect healing effect of the treatment groups was obviously superior compared to that of the control group. Bone mineral density of whole tibia was increased significantly after treating with pyritum. Inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry showed that the contents of Ca, P, and Mg in callus significantly increased in the treatment groups comparing with the control. Moreover, serological analysis showed that the concentration of serum phosphorus of the treatment groups significantly increased compared with that of the control group. By in vitro study, we have evaluated the effects of drug-containing serum of raw and processed pyritum on osteoblasts. It was manifested that both the drug-containing sera of raw and processed pyritum significantly increased the mRNA levels of alkaline phosphatase and collagen type I. Protein levels of phosphorylated Smad2/3 also increased. The mRNA levels of osteocalcin and transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) type I and II receptors, as well as the protein levels of TGF-β1 in the processed groups, were higher than those in the control. In summary, both raw and processed pyritum-containing sera exhibited positive effects on osteoblasts, which maybe via the TGF-β1/Smad signaling pathway. Notably, the tibia defect healing effect of pyritum was significantly enhanced after processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyu Zhu
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Qianqian Gao
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Genhua Zhao
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Heng Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhipeng Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
- Engineering Center of State Ministry of Education for Standardization of Chinese Medicine Processing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yijun Chen
- Modern Analysis Center of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Li Wu
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Zisheng Xu
- Wuhu Pure Sunshine Natural Medicine Company Limited, Wuhu, Anhui, People's Republic of China.
| | - Weidong Li
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
- Engineering Center of State Ministry of Education for Standardization of Chinese Medicine Processing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.
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19
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Bone impairment caused by AlCl3 is associated with activation of the JNK apoptotic pathway mediated by oxidative stress. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 116:307-314. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.04.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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20
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Burkhardt MA, Gerber I, Moshfegh C, Lucas MS, Waser J, Emmert MY, Hoerstrup SP, Schlottig F, Vogel V. Clot-entrapped blood cells in synergy with human mesenchymal stem cells create a pro-angiogenic healing response. Biomater Sci 2018; 5:2009-2023. [PMID: 28809406 DOI: 10.1039/c7bm00276a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Blood clots stop bleeding and provide cell-instructive microenvironments. Still, in vitro models used to study implant performance typically neglect any possible interactions of recruited cells with surface-adhering blood clots. Here we study the interaction and synergies of bone marrow derived human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) with surface-induced blood clots in an in vitro model by fluorescence microscopy, scanning and correlative light and electron microscopy, ELISA assays and zymography. The clinically used alkali-treated rough titanium (Ti) surfaces investigated here are known to enhance blood clotting compared to native Ti and to improve the healing response, but the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Here we show that the presence of blood clots synergistically increased hMSC proliferation, extracellular matrix (ECM) remodelling and the release of matrix fragments and angiogenic VEGF, but did not increase the osteogenic differentiation of hMSCs. While many biomaterials are nowadays engineered to release pro-angiogenic factors, we show here that clot-entrapped blood cells on conventional materials in synergy with hMSCs are potent producers of pro-angiogenic factors. Our data might thus not only explain why alkali-treatment is beneficial for Ti implant integration, but they suggest that the physiological importance of blood clots to create pro-angiogenic environments on implants has been greatly underestimated. The importance of blood clots might have been missed because the pro-angiogenic functions get activated only upon stimulation by synergistic interactions with the invading cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie A Burkhardt
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute of Translational Medicine, Laboratory of Applied Mechanobiology, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland.
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21
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Sun H, Kaartinen MT. Transglutaminase activity regulates differentiation, migration and fusion of osteoclasts via affecting actin dynamics. J Cell Physiol 2018; 233:7497-7513. [PMID: 29663380 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Osteoclasts, bone resorbing cells, derive from monocyte/macrophage cell lineage. Increased osteoclast activity is responsible for bone destruction in diseases such as osteoporosis, periodontitis and rheumatoid arthritis. Transglutaminases (TGs), protein crosslinking enzymes, were recently found involved in osteoclastogenesis in vivo, however their mechanisms of action have remained unknown. In this study, we have investigated the role of TG activity in osteoclastogenesis in vitro using four TG inhibitors, NC9, Z006, T101, and monodansyl cadaverine. Our results showed that all TG inhibitors were capable of blocking the entire osteoclastogenesis process. The most potent of the inhibitors, NC9 when added to cultures at different phases of osteoclastogenesis, inhibited differentiation, migration, and fusion of pre-osteoclasts as well as resorption activity of mature osteoclasts. Further investigation into the mechanisms revealed that NC9 increased RhoA levels and blocked podosome belt formation suggesting that TG activity regulates actin dynamics in pre-osteoclasts. The inhibitory effect of NC9 on osteoclastogenesis as well as podosome belt formation was completely reversed with a Rho-family inhibitor Exoenzyme C3. Microtubule architecture, acetylation, and detyrosination of α-tubulin were not affected. Finally, we demonstrated that macrophages and osteoclasts expressed mRNA of three TGs:TG1, TG2, and Factor XIII-A which were all differentially regulated in these cells during differentiation. Immunofluoresence microscopic analysis showed that all three enzymes co-localized to podosomes in osteoclasts. Taken together, our data suggests that TG activity regulates differentiation, migration and fusion of osteoclasts via affecting actin dynamics and that this may involve contribution from all three TG enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huifang Sun
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mari T Kaartinen
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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22
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Iseme RA, Mcevoy M, Kelly B, Agnew L, Walker FR, Attia J. Is osteoporosis an autoimmune mediated disorder? Bone Rep 2017; 7:121-131. [PMID: 29124082 PMCID: PMC5671387 DOI: 10.1016/j.bonr.2017.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The last two decades have marked a growing understanding of the interaction occurring between bone and immune cells. The chronic inflammation and immune system dysfunction commonly observed to occur during the ageing process and as part of a range of other pathological conditions, commonly associated with osteoporosis has led to the recognition of these processes as important determinants of bone disease. This is further supported by the recognition that the immune and bone systems in fact share regulatory mechanisms and progenitor molecules. Research into this complex synergy has provided a better understanding of the immunopathogenesis underlying bone diseases such as osteoporosis. However, existing research has largely focussed on delineating the role played by inflammation in pathogenic bone destruction, despite increasing evidence implicating autoantibodies as important drivers of osteoporosis. This review shall attempt to provide a comprehensive overview of existing research examining the role played by autoantibodies in osteoporosis in order to determine the potential for further research in this area. Autoantibodies represent promising targets for the improved treatment and diagnosis of inflammatory bone loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosebella A. Iseme
- Department of Population and Reproductive Health, School of Public Health, Kenyatta University, P.O. Box 43844 –, 00100, Nairobi, Kenya
- School of Medicine & Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Mark Mcevoy
- School of Medicine & Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, Kookaburra Circuit, New Lambton Heights, NSW, 2305, Australia
| | - Brian Kelly
- School of Medicine & Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
- Centre for Brain and Mental Health Research, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Linda Agnew
- Brain Behaviour Research Group, School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
| | - Frederick R. Walker
- School of Medicine & Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
- Laboratory of Affective Neuroscience, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
- University of Newcastle, Medical Sciences MS413, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - John Attia
- School of Medicine & Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, Kookaburra Circuit, New Lambton Heights, NSW, 2305, Australia
- Department of General Medicine, John Hunter Hospital, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
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23
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Hoac B, Nelea V, Jiang W, Kaartinen MT, McKee MD. Mineralization-inhibiting effects of transglutaminase-crosslinked polymeric osteopontin. Bone 2017; 101:37-48. [PMID: 28428079 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2017.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Osteopontin (OPN) belongs to the SIBLING family (Small, Integrin-Binding LIgand N-linked Glycoproteins) of mineral-binding matrix proteins found in bones and teeth. OPN is a well-known inhibitor of matrix mineralization, and enzymatic modification of OPN can affect this inhibitory function. In bone, OPN exists both as a monomer and as a high-molecular-weight polymer - the latter is formed by transglutaminase-mediated crosslinking of glutamine and lysine residues in OPN to create homotypic protein assemblies. OPN can be covalently crosslinked by transglutaminase 2 (TG2) and Factor XIII-A. Polymeric OPN has increased binding to collagen and promotes osteoblast adhesion, but despite these initial observations, its role in mineralization is not clear. In this study, we investigated the effect of polymerized OPN on mineralization using a hydroxyapatite crystal growth assay and mineralizing MC3T3-E1 osteoblast cultures. In the cultures, endogenous polymeric OPN was detected after mineralization occurred. In cell-free conditions, TG2 was used to crosslink bovine OPN into its polymeric form, and atomic force microscopy and dynamic light scattering revealed variably-sized, large branched aggregates ranging across hundreds of nanometers. These OPN polymers inhibited the growth of hydroxyapatite crystals in solution at concentrations similar to monomeric OPN, although the crosslinking slightly reduced its inhibitory potency. When added to MC3T3-E1 osteoblast cultures, this exogenous polymeric OPN essentially did not inhibit mineralization when given during the later mineralization stages of culture; however, cultures treated early and then continuously with polymeric OPN throughout both the matrix assembly and mineral deposition stages showed reduced mineralization. Immunoblotting of protein extracts from these continuously treated cultures revealed exogenous OPN polymers incorporated into mature matrix that had not yet mineralized. These results suggest that in bone, the increased size and branched structure of crosslinked inhibitory polymeric OPN near the mineralization front could hinder it from accessing focal mineralization sites in the dense collagen-rich matrix, suggesting that OPN-crosslinking into polymers may represent a way to fine-tune the inhibitory potency of OPN on bone mineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betty Hoac
- Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Valentin Nelea
- Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Wenge Jiang
- Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Mari T Kaartinen
- Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Marc D McKee
- Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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24
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Sun X, Wang H, Huang W, Yu H, Shen T, Song M, Han Y, Li Y, Zhu Y. Inhibition of bone formation in rats by aluminum exposure via Wnt/β-catenin pathway. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 176:1-7. [PMID: 28249195 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.02.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The previous research found that aluminum trichloride (AlCl3) inhibited rat osteoblastic differentiation through inactivation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in vitro. On that basis, the experiment in vivo was conducted in this study. Rats were orally exposed to 0 (control group) and 0.4 g/L AlCl3 (AlCl3-treated group) for 30, 60, 90 or 120 days, respectively. We found that mRNA expressions of type I collagen and insulin-like growth factor-1, mRNA and protein expressions of Runx2 and survivin, ratio of p-GSK3β/GSK3β and protein expression of β-catenin were all decreased, whereas the mRNA and protein expressions Dkk1 and sFRP1 and the mRNA expressions and activity of Caspase-3 were increased in the AlCl3-treated group compared with the control group with time prolonged. These results suggest that AlCl3 inhibits bone formation and induces bone impairment by inhibiting the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in young growing rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xudong Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Haoran Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Wanyue Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Hongyan Yu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Tongtong Shen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Miao Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Yanfei Han
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Yanfei Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
| | - Yanzhu Zhu
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130112, China.
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Mousa A, Cui C, Song A, Myneni VD, Sun H, Li JJ, Murshed M, Melino G, Kaartinen MT. Transglutaminases factor XIII-A and TG2 regulate resorption, adipogenesis and plasma fibronectin homeostasis in bone and bone marrow. Cell Death Differ 2017; 24:844-854. [PMID: 28387755 PMCID: PMC5423109 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2017.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Appropriate bone mass is maintained by bone-forming osteoblast and bone-resorbing osteoclasts. Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) lineage cells control osteoclastogenesis via expression of RANKL and OPG (receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand and osteoprotegerin), which promote and inhibit bone resorption, respectively. Protein crosslinking enzymes transglutaminase 2 (TG2) and Factor XIII-A (FXIII-A) have been linked to activity of myeloid and MSC lineage cells; however, in vivo evidence has been lacking to support their function. In this study, we show in mice that TG2 and FXIII-A control monocyte-macrophage cell differentiation into osteoclasts as well as RANKL production in MSCs and in adipocytes. Long bones of mice lacking TG2 and FXIII-A transglutaminases, show compromised biomechanical properties and trabecular bone loss in axial and appendicular skeleton. This was caused by increased osteoclastogenesis, a cellular phenotype that persists in vitro. The increased potential of TG2 and FXIII-A deficient monocytes to form osteoclasts was reversed by chemical inhibition of TG activity, which revealed the presence of TG1 in osteoclasts and assigned different roles for the TGs as regulators of osteoclastogenesis. TG2- and FXIII-A-deficient mice had normal osteoblast activity, but increased bone marrow adipogenesis, MSCs lacking TG2 and FXIII-A showed high adipogenic potential and significantly increased RANKL expression as well as upregulated TG1 expression. Chemical inhibition of TG activity in the null cells further increased adipogenic potential and RANKL production. Altered differentiation of TG2 and FXIII-A null MSCs was associated with plasma fibronectin (FN) assembly defect in cultures and FN retention in serum and marrow in vivo instead of assembly into bone. Our findings provide new functions for TG2, FXIII-A and TG1 in bone cells and identify them as novel regulators of bone mass, plasma FN homeostasis, RANKL production and myeloid and MSC cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisha Mousa
- Faculty of Dentistry, Division of Biomedical Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Cui Cui
- Faculty of Dentistry, Division of Biomedical Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Aimei Song
- Faculty of Dentistry, Division of Biomedical Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Vamsee D Myneni
- Faculty of Dentistry, Division of Biomedical Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Huifang Sun
- Faculty of Dentistry, Division of Biomedical Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jin Jin Li
- Shriners Hospital for Children, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Monzur Murshed
- Faculty of Dentistry, Division of Biomedical Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Shriners Hospital for Children, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Gerry Melino
- Department Experimental Medicine & Surgery, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
- MRC Toxicology Unit, Leicester LE19HN, UK
| | - Mari T Kaartinen
- Faculty of Dentistry, Division of Biomedical Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Sulfated hyaluronan alters fibronectin matrix assembly and promotes osteogenic differentiation of human bone marrow stromal cells. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36418. [PMID: 27808176 PMCID: PMC5093463 DOI: 10.1038/srep36418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular matrix (ECM) composition and structural integrity is one of many factors that influence cellular differentiation. Fibronectin (FN) which is in many tissues the most abundant ECM protein forms a unique fibrillary network. FN homes several binding sites for sulfated glycosaminoglycans (sGAG), such as heparin (Hep), which was previously shown to influence FN conformation and protein binding. Synthetically sulfated hyaluronan derivatives (sHA) can serve as model molecules with a well characterized sulfation pattern to study sGAG-FN interaction. Here is shown that the low-sulfated sHA (sHA1) interacts with FN and influences fibril assembly. The interaction of FN fibrils with sHA1 and Hep, but not with non-sulfated HA was visualized by immunofluorescent co-staining. FRET analysis of FN confirmed the presence of more extended fibrils in human bone marrow stromal cells (hBMSC)-derived ECM in response to sHA1 and Hep. Although both sHA1 and Hep affected FN conformation, exclusively sHA1 increased FN protein level and led to thinner fibrils. Further, only sHA1 had a pro-osteogenic effect and enhanced the activity of tissue non-specific alkaline phosphatase. We hypothesize that the sHA1-triggered change in FN assembly influences the entire ECM network and could be the underlying mechanism for the pro-osteogenic effect of sHA1 on hBMSC.
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Myneni VD, Mousa A, Kaartinen MT. Factor XIII-A transglutaminase deficient mice show signs of metabolically healthy obesity on high fat diet. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35574. [PMID: 27759118 PMCID: PMC5069677 DOI: 10.1038/srep35574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
F13A1 gene, which encodes for Factor XIII-A blood clotting factor and a transglutaminase enzyme, was recently identified as a potential causative gene for obesity in humans. In our previous in vitro work, we showed that FXIII-A regulates preadipocyte differentiation and modulates insulin signaling via promoting plasma fibronectin assembly into the extracellular matrix. To understand the role of FXIII-A in whole body energy metabolism, here we have characterized the metabolic phenotype of F13a1-/- mice. F13a1-/- and F13a1+/+ type mice were fed chow or obesogenic, high fat diet for 20 weeks. Weight gain, total fat mass and fat pad mass, glucose handling, insulin sensitivity, energy expenditure and, morphological and biochemical analysis of adipose tissue was performed. We show that mice lacking FXIII-A gain weight on obesogenic diet, similarly as wild type mice, but exhibit a number of features of metabolically healthy obesity such as protection from developing diet-induced insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia. Mice also show normal fasting glucose levels, larger adipocytes, decreased extracellular matrix accumulation and inflammation of adipose tissue, as well as decreased circulating triglycerides. This study reveals that FXIII-A transglutaminase can regulate whole body insulin sensitivity and may have a role in the development of diet-induced metabolic disturbances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vamsee D Myneni
- Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Aisha Mousa
- Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Mari T Kaartinen
- Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Sun X, Liu J, Zhuang C, Yang X, Han Y, Shao B, Song M, Li Y, Zhu Y. Aluminum trichloride induces bone impairment through TGF-β1/Smad signaling pathway. Toxicology 2016; 371:49-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2016.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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29
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The Extracellular Matrix, Basement Membrane, and Glycocalyx. Protein Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1201/9781315374307-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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30
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SPARC/osteonectin in mineralized tissue. Matrix Biol 2016; 52-54:78-87. [PMID: 26851678 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Revised: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC/osteonectin/BM40) is one of the most abundant non-collagenous protein expressed in mineralized tissues. This review will focus on elucidating functional roles of SPARC in bone formation building upon results from non-mineralized cells and tissues, the phenotype of SPARC-null bones, and recent discoveries of human diseases with either dysregulated expression of SPARC or mutations in the gene encoding SPARC that give rise to bone pathologies. The capacity of SPARC to influence pathways involved in extracellular matrix assembly such as procollagen processing and collagen fibril formation as well as the capacity to influence osteoblast differentiation and osteoclast activity will be addressed. In addition, the potential for SPARC to regulate cross-linking of extracellular matrix proteins by members of the transglutaminase family of enzymes is explored. Elucidating defined biological functions of SPARC in terms of bone formation and turnover are critical. Further insight into specific cellular mechanisms involved in the formation and homeostasis of mineralized tissues will lead to a better understanding of disease progression.
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31
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Sun X, Cao Z, Zhang Q, Li M, Han L, Li Y. Aluminum trichloride inhibits osteoblast mineralization via TGF-β1/Smad signaling pathway. Chem Biol Interact 2016; 244:9-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2015.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Trombetta-eSilva J, Rosset EA, Hepfer RG, Wright GJ, Baicu C, Yao H, Bradshaw AD. Decreased Mechanical Strength and Collagen Content in SPARC-Null Periodontal Ligament Is Reversed by Inhibition of Transglutaminase Activity. J Bone Miner Res 2015; 30:1914-24. [PMID: 25827352 PMCID: PMC4734383 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.2522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Revised: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The periodontal ligament (PDL) is a critical tissue that provides a physical link between the mineralized outer layer of the tooth and the alveolar bone. The PDL is composed primarily of nonmineralized fibrillar collagens. Expression of secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC/osteonectin), a collagen-binding matricellular protein, has been shown to be essential for collagen homeostasis in PDL. In the absence of SPARC, PDL collagen fibers are smaller and less dense than fibers that constitute WT PDL. The aim of this study was to identify cellular mechanisms by which SPARC affected collagen fiber assembly and morphology in PDL. Cross-linking of fibrillar collagens is one parameter that is known to affect insoluble collagen incorporation and fiber morphology. Herein, the reduction in collagen fiber size and quantity in the absence of SPARC expression was shown to result in a PDL with reduced molar extraction force in comparison to that of WT mice (C57Bl/6J). Furthermore, an increase in transglutaminase activity was found in SPARC-null PDL by biochemical analyses that was supported by immunohistochemical results. Specifically, collagen I was identified as a substrate for transglutaminase in PDL and transglutaminase activity on collagen I was found to be greater in SPARC-null tissues in comparison to WT. Strikingly, inhibition of transglutaminase activity in SPARC-null PDL resulted in increases in both collagen fiber thickness and in collagen content, whereas transglutaminase inhibitors injected into WT mice resulted in increases in collagen fiber thickness only. Furthermore, PDL treated with transglutaminase inhibitors exhibited increases in molar extraction force in WT and in SPARC-null mice. Thus, SPARC is proposed to act as a critical regulator of transglutaminase activity on collagen I with implications for mechanical strength of tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Trombetta-eSilva
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, Clemson, SC, USA
| | - Emilie A Rosset
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, Clemson, SC, USA
| | - R Glenn Hepfer
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
| | - Gregory J Wright
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
| | - Catalin Baicu
- Gazes Cardiac Research Institute, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Hai Yao
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, Clemson, SC, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
| | - Amy D Bradshaw
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, Clemson, SC, USA
- Gazes Cardiac Research Institute, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
- Ralph H. Johnson Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC, USA
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Wang S, Kaartinen MT. Cellular Factor XIIIA Transglutaminase Localizes in Caveolae and Regulates Caveolin-1 Phosphorylation, Homo-oligomerization and c-Src Signaling in Osteoblasts. J Histochem Cytochem 2015; 63:829-41. [PMID: 26231113 DOI: 10.1369/0022155415597964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Transglutaminases (TGs) are a family of widely distributed enzymes that catalyze protein crosslinking by forming a covalent isopeptide bond between the substrate proteins. We have shown that MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts express Factor XIII-A (FXIII-A), and that the extracellular crosslinking activity of FXIII-A is involved in regulating matrix secretion and deposition. In this study, we have investigated the localization and potential role of intracellular FXIII-A. Conventional immunofluorescence microscopy and TIRF microscopy analyses showed that FXIII-A co-localizes with caveolin-1 in specialized membrane structures, caveolae, in differentiating osteoblasts. The caveolae-disrupting agent methyl-β-cyclodextrin abolished FXIII-A staining and co-localization with caveolin-1 from the osteoblast plasma membrane. The presence of FXIII-A in caveolae was confirmed by preparing caveolae-enriched cellular fractions using sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation followed by western blotting. Despite this association of FXIII-A with caveolae, there was no detectable transglutaminase activity in caveolae, as measured by monodansylcadaverine incorporation. TG inhibitor NC9--which can alter TG enzyme conformation--localized to caveolae and displaced FXIII-A from these structures when added to the osteoblast cultures. The decreased FXIII-A levels in caveolae after NC9 treatment increased c-Src activation, which resulted in caveolin-1 phosphorylation, homo-oligomerization and Akt phosphorylation, suggesting cellular FXIII-A has a role in regulating c-Src signaling in osteoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Wang
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada. (SW, MTK)
| | - Mari T Kaartinen
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada (MTK),Division of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada. (SW, MTK)
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Cui C, Kaartinen MT. Serotonin (5-HT) inhibits Factor XIII-A-mediated plasma fibronectin matrix assembly and crosslinking in osteoblast cultures via direct competition with transamidation. Bone 2015; 72:43-52. [PMID: 25460579 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2014.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Revised: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Serotonin (5-HT)--a monoamine with a variety of physiological functions--has recently emerged as a major regulator of bone mass. 5-HT is synthesized in the brain and the gut, and gut-derived 5-HT contributes to circulating 5-HT levels and is a negative modulator of bone mass and quality. 5-HT's negative effects on the skeleton are considered to be mediated via its receptors and transporter in osteoblasts and osteoclasts; however, 5-HT can also incorporate covalently into proteins via a transglutaminase-mediated serotonylation reaction, which in turn can alter protein function. Plasma fibronectin (pFN)--a major component of the bone extracellular matrix that regulates bone matrix quality in vivo--is a major transglutaminase substrate in bone and in osteoblast cultures. We have recently demonstrated that pFN assembly into osteoblast culture matrix requires a Factor XIII-A (FXIII-A) transglutaminase-mediated crosslinking step that regulates both quantity and quality of type I collagen matrix in vitro. In this study, we show that 5-HT interferes with pFN assembly into the extracellular matrix in osteoblast cultures, which in turn has major consequences on matrix assembly and mineralization. 5-HT treatment of MC3T3-E1 osteoblast cultures dramatically decreased both pFN fibrillogenesis as analyzed by immunofluorescence microscopy and pFN levels in DOC-soluble and DOC-insoluble matrix fractions. This was accompanied by an increase in pFN levels in the culture media. Analysis of the media showed covalent incorporation of 5-HT into pFN. Minor co-localization of pFN with 5-HT was also seen in extracellular fibrils. 5-HT also showed co-localization with FXIII-A on the cell surface and inhibited its transamidation activity directly. 5-HT treatment of osteoblast cultures resulted in a discontinuous pFN matrix and impaired type I collagen deposition, decreased alkaline phosphatase and lysyl oxidase activity, and delayed mineralization of the cultures. Addition of excess exogenous pFN to cultures treated with 5-HT resulted in a significant rescue of pFN fibrillogenesis as well as type I collagen deposition and mineralization. In summary, our study presents a novel mechanism on how increased peripheral extracellular 5-HT levels might contribute to the weakening of bone by directly affecting the stabilization of extracellular matrix networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui Cui
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Mari T Kaartinen
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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35
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Zhang Z, He Q, Deng W, Chen Q, Hu X, Gong A, Cao X, Yu J, Xu X. Nasal ectomesenchymal stem cells: multi-lineage differentiation and transformation effects on fibrin gels. Biomaterials 2015; 49:57-67. [PMID: 25725555 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.01.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Revised: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Ectomesenchymal stem cells (EMSCs) are novel adult stem cells derived from the cranial neural crest. However, their stemness and multi-lineage differentiation potential on three-dimensional fibrin gels has not yet been explored. The objective of this study was to investigate induced differentiation of EMSCs on fibrin gels and their remodeling effects on the scaffolds during the induced differentiation process. The results indicated that CD133(+)/nestin(+)/CD44(+) EMSCs were extensively distributed in the lamina propria of the nasal mucosa. The passaged cells could be induced to differentiate to a greater degree into neurons, Schwann cells and osteoblasts on three-dimensional fibrin gels than on two-dimensional glass slides. More importantly, the induced Schwann cells and osteoblasts exerted channelized and calcified remodeling effects, respectively, on the fibrin gels. Thus, these reshaped scaffolds have desirable biological properties, such as good cell adhesion, biocompatibility and guidance over the cell behavior, providing a tissue-committed niche for specific tissue generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijian Zhang
- School of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212001, PR China; Center for Drug/Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212001, PR China
| | - Qinghua He
- Center for Drug/Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212001, PR China; Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212001, PR China
| | - Wenwen Deng
- Center for Drug/Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212001, PR China; Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212001, PR China
| | - Qian Chen
- School of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212001, PR China; Center for Drug/Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212001, PR China
| | - Xinyuan Hu
- School of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212001, PR China; Center for Drug/Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212001, PR China
| | - Aihua Gong
- School of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212001, PR China; Center for Drug/Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212001, PR China
| | - Xia Cao
- Center for Drug/Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212001, PR China; Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212001, PR China
| | - Jiangnan Yu
- Center for Drug/Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212001, PR China; Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212001, PR China
| | - Ximing Xu
- Center for Drug/Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212001, PR China; Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212001, PR China.
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Dickneite G, Herwald H, Korte W, Allanore Y, Denton CP, Matucci Cerinic M. Coagulation factor XIII: a multifunctional transglutaminase with clinical potential in a range of conditions. Thromb Haemost 2015; 113:686-97. [PMID: 25652913 DOI: 10.1160/th14-07-0625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Coagulation factor XIII (FXIII), a plasma transglutaminase, is best known as the final enzyme in the coagulation cascade, where it is responsible for cross-linking of fibrin. However, a growing body of evidence has demonstrated that FXIII targets a wide range of additional substrates that have important roles in health and disease. These include antifibrinolytic proteins, with cross-linking of α2-antiplasmin to fibrin, and potentially fibrinogen, being the principal mechanism(s) whereby plasmin-mediated clot degradation is minimised. FXIII also acts on endothelial cell VEGFR-2 and αvβ3 integrin, which ultimately leads to downregulation of the antiangiogenic protein thrombospondin-1, promoting angiogenesis and neovascularisation. Under infectious disease conditions, FXIII cross-links bacterial surface proteins to fibrinogen, resulting in immobilisation and killing, while during wound healing, FXIII induces cross-linking of the provisional matrix. The latter process has been shown to influence the interaction of leukocytes with the provisional extracellular matrix and promote wound healing. Through these actions, there are good rationales for evaluating the therapeutic potential of FXIII in diseases in which tissue repair is dysregulated or perturbed, including systemic sclerosis (scleroderma), invasive bacterial infections, and tissue repair, for instance healing of venous leg ulcers or myocardial injuries. Adequate levels of FXIII are also required in patients undergoing surgery to prevent or treat perioperative bleeding, and its augmentation in patients with/at risk for perioperative bleeding may also have potential clinical benefit. While there are preclinical and/or clinical data to support the use of FXIII in a range of settings, further clinical evaluation in these underexplored applications is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Dickneite
- Prof. Dr Gerhard Dickneite, Preclinical R&D, CSL Behring, PO Box 1230, 35002 Marburg, Germany, Tel.: +49 6421 392306, Fax: +49 6421 394663, E-mail:
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Factor XIII-A transglutaminase acts as a switch between preadipocyte proliferation and differentiation. Blood 2014; 124:1344-53. [PMID: 24934257 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2013-12-543223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Factor XIII-A (FXIII-A) transglutaminase (TG) was recently identified as a potential causative obesity gene in human white adipose tissue (WAT). Here, we have examined the role of TG activity and the role of protein crosslinking in adipogenesis. Mouse WAT and preadipocytes showed abundant TG activity arising from FXIII-A. FXIII-A was localized to the cell surface and acted as a negative regulator of adipogenesis by promoting assembly of fibronectin (FN) from plasma into preadipocyte extracellular matrix. This modulated cytoskeletal dynamics and maintained the preadipocyte state. FXIII-A-assembled plasma FN (pFN) matrix promoted preadipocyte proliferation and potentiated the proproliferative effects of insulin (INS) while suppressing the prodifferentiating INS signaling. FXIII-A-deficient mouse embryonic fibroblasts showed increased lipid accumulation and decreased proliferation as well as decreased pFN assembly into extracellular matrix. Thus, FXIII-A serves as a preadipocyte-bound proliferation/differentiation switch that mediates effects of hepatocyte-produced circulating pFN.
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38
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Detyrosinated Glu-tubulin is a substrate for cellular Factor XIIIA transglutaminase in differentiating osteoblasts. Amino Acids 2014; 46:1513-26. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-014-1719-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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