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Rossi D, Catallo MR, Pierantozzi E, Sorrentino V. Mutations in proteins involved in E-C coupling and SOCE and congenital myopathies. J Gen Physiol 2022; 154:e202213115. [PMID: 35980353 PMCID: PMC9391951 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.202213115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In skeletal muscle, Ca2+ necessary for muscle contraction is stored and released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), a specialized form of endoplasmic reticulum through the mechanism known as excitation-contraction (E-C) coupling. Following activation of skeletal muscle contraction by the E-C coupling mechanism, replenishment of intracellular stores requires reuptake of cytosolic Ca2+ into the SR by the activity of SR Ca2+-ATPases, but also Ca2+ entry from the extracellular space, through a mechanism called store-operated calcium entry (SOCE). The fine orchestration of these processes requires several proteins, including Ca2+ channels, Ca2+ sensors, and Ca2+ buffers, as well as the active involvement of mitochondria. Mutations in genes coding for proteins participating in E-C coupling and SOCE are causative of several myopathies characterized by a wide spectrum of clinical phenotypes, a variety of histological features, and alterations in intracellular Ca2+ balance. This review summarizes current knowledge on these myopathies and discusses available knowledge on the pathogenic mechanisms of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Rossi
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
- Interdepartmental Program of Molecular Diagnosis and Pathogenetic Mechanisms of Rare Genetic Diseases, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Catallo
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Enrico Pierantozzi
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Sorrentino
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
- Interdepartmental Program of Molecular Diagnosis and Pathogenetic Mechanisms of Rare Genetic Diseases, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy
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2
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Bolaños P, Calderón JC. Excitation-contraction coupling in mammalian skeletal muscle: Blending old and last-decade research. Front Physiol 2022; 13:989796. [PMID: 36117698 PMCID: PMC9478590 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.989796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The excitation–contraction coupling (ECC) in skeletal muscle refers to the Ca2+-mediated link between the membrane excitation and the mechanical contraction. The initiation and propagation of an action potential through the membranous system of the sarcolemma and the tubular network lead to the activation of the Ca2+-release units (CRU): tightly coupled dihydropyridine and ryanodine (RyR) receptors. The RyR gating allows a rapid, massive, and highly regulated release of Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). The release from triadic places generates a sarcomeric gradient of Ca2+ concentrations ([Ca2+]) depending on the distance of a subcellular region from the CRU. Upon release, the diffusing Ca2+ has multiple fates: binds to troponin C thus activating the contractile machinery, binds to classical sarcoplasmic Ca2+ buffers such as parvalbumin, adenosine triphosphate and, experimentally, fluorescent dyes, enters the mitochondria and the SR, or is recycled through the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger and store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) mechanisms. To commemorate the 7th decade after being coined, we comprehensively and critically reviewed “old”, historical landmarks and well-established concepts, and blended them with recent advances to have a complete, quantitative-focused landscape of the ECC. We discuss the: 1) elucidation of the CRU structures at near-atomic resolution and its implications for functional coupling; 2) reliable quantification of peak sarcoplasmic [Ca2+] using fast, low affinity Ca2+ dyes and the relative contributions of the Ca2+-binding mechanisms to the whole concert of Ca2+ fluxes inside the fibre; 3) articulation of this novel quantitative information with the unveiled structural details of the molecular machinery involved in mitochondrial Ca2+ handing to understand how and how much Ca2+ enters the mitochondria; 4) presence of the SOCE machinery and its different modes of activation, which awaits understanding of its magnitude and relevance in situ; 5) pharmacology of the ECC, and 6) emerging topics such as the use and potential applications of super-resolution and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) in ECC. Blending the old with the new works better!
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Affiliation(s)
- Pura Bolaños
- Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Centre of Biophysics and Biochemistry, Venezuelan Institute for Scientific Research (IVIC), Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Juan C. Calderón
- Physiology and Biochemistry Research Group-PHYSIS, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
- *Correspondence: Juan C. Calderón,
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3
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Vattemi GNA, Rossi D, Galli L, Catallo MR, Pancheri E, Marchetto G, Cisterna B, Malatesta M, Pierantozzi E, Tonin P, Sorrentino V. Ryanodine receptor 1 (RYR1) mutations in two patients with tubular aggregate myopathy. Eur J Neurosci 2022; 56:4214-4223. [PMID: 35666680 PMCID: PMC9539902 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Two likely causative mutations in the RYR1 gene were identified in two patients with myopathy with tubular aggregates, but no evidence of cores or core‐like pathology on muscle biopsy. These patients were clinically evaluated and underwent routine laboratory investigations, electrophysiologic tests, muscle biopsy and muscle magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). They reported stiffness of the muscles following sustained activity or cold exposure and had serum creatine kinase elevation. The identified RYR1 mutations (p.Thr2206Met or p.Gly2434Arg, in patient 1 and patient 2, respectively) were previously identified in individuals with malignant hyperthermia susceptibility and are reported as causative according to the European Malignant Hyperthermia Group rules. To our knowledge, these data represent the first identification of causative mutations in the RYR1 gene in patients with tubular aggregate myopathy and extend the spectrum of histological alterations caused by mutation in the RYR1 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaetano Nicola Alfio Vattemi
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Clinical Neurology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Daniela Rossi
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, Molecular Medicine Section, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.,Interdepartmental Program of Molecular Diagnosis and Pathogenetic Mechanisms of Rare Genetic Diseases, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy
| | - Lucia Galli
- Interdepartmental Program of Molecular Diagnosis and Pathogenetic Mechanisms of Rare Genetic Diseases, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Catallo
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, Molecular Medicine Section, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Elia Pancheri
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Clinical Neurology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Giulia Marchetto
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Clinical Neurology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Barbara Cisterna
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Anatomy and Histology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Manuela Malatesta
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Anatomy and Histology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Enrico Pierantozzi
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, Molecular Medicine Section, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Paola Tonin
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Anatomy and Histology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Sorrentino
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, Molecular Medicine Section, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.,Interdepartmental Program of Molecular Diagnosis and Pathogenetic Mechanisms of Rare Genetic Diseases, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy
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4
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Hughes DC, Hardee JP, Waddell DS, Goodman CA. CORP: Gene delivery into murine skeletal muscle using in vivo electroporation. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2022; 133:41-59. [PMID: 35511722 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00088.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The strategy of gene delivery into skeletal muscles has provided exciting avenues in identifying new potential therapeutics towards muscular disorders and addressing basic research questions in muscle physiology through overexpression and knockdown studies. In vivo electroporation methodology offers a simple, rapidly effective technique for the delivery of plasmid DNA into post-mitotic skeletal muscle fibers and the ability to easily explore the molecular mechanisms of skeletal muscle plasticity. The purpose of this review is to describe how to robustly electroporate plasmid DNA into different hindlimb muscles of rodent models. Further, key parameters (e.g., voltage, hyaluronidase, plasmid concentration) which contribute to the successful introduction of plasmid DNA into skeletal muscle fibers will be discussed. In addition, details on processing tissue for immunohistochemistry and fiber cross-sectional area (CSA) analysis will be outlined. The overall goal of this review is to provide the basic and necessary information needed for successful implementation of in vivo electroporation of plasmid DNA and thus open new avenues of discovery research in skeletal muscle physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Hughes
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Justin P Hardee
- Centre for Muscle Research (CMR), Department of Anatomy and Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - David S Waddell
- Department of Biology, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL, United States
| | - Craig A Goodman
- Centre for Muscle Research (CMR), Department of Anatomy and Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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5
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Rossi D, Pierantozzi E, Amadsun DO, Buonocore S, Rubino EM, Sorrentino V. The Sarcoplasmic Reticulum of Skeletal Muscle Cells: A Labyrinth of Membrane Contact Sites. Biomolecules 2022; 12:488. [PMID: 35454077 PMCID: PMC9026860 DOI: 10.3390/biom12040488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The sarcoplasmic reticulum of skeletal muscle cells is a highly ordered structure consisting of an intricate network of tubules and cisternae specialized for regulating Ca2+ homeostasis in the context of muscle contraction. The sarcoplasmic reticulum contains several proteins, some of which support Ca2+ storage and release, while others regulate the formation and maintenance of this highly convoluted organelle and mediate the interaction with other components of the muscle fiber. In this review, some of the main issues concerning the biology of the sarcoplasmic reticulum will be described and discussed; particular attention will be addressed to the structure and function of the two domains of the sarcoplasmic reticulum supporting the excitation-contraction coupling and Ca2+-uptake mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Rossi
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy; (E.P.); (D.O.A.); (S.B.); (E.M.R.); (V.S.)
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6
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Lilliu E, Koenig S, Koenig X, Frieden M. Store-Operated Calcium Entry in Skeletal Muscle: What Makes It Different? Cells 2021; 10:cells10092356. [PMID: 34572005 PMCID: PMC8468011 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Current knowledge on store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) regarding its localization, kinetics, and regulation is mostly derived from studies performed in non-excitable cells. After a long time of relative disinterest in skeletal muscle SOCE, this mechanism is now recognized as an essential contributor to muscle physiology, as highlighted by the muscle pathologies that are associated with mutations in the SOCE molecules STIM1 and Orai1. This review mainly focuses on the peculiar aspects of skeletal muscle SOCE that differentiate it from its counterpart found in non-excitable cells. This includes questions about SOCE localization and the movement of respective proteins in the highly organized skeletal muscle fibers, as well as the diversity of expressed STIM isoforms and their differential expression between muscle fiber types. The emerging evidence of a phasic SOCE, which is activated during EC coupling, and its physiological implication is described as well. The specific issues related to the use of SOCE modulators in skeletal muscles are discussed. This review highlights the complexity of SOCE activation and its regulation in skeletal muscle, with an emphasis on the most recent findings and the aim to reach a current picture of this mesmerizing phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Lilliu
- Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Department of Neurophysiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Stéphane Koenig
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva, 1201 Geneva, Switzerland;
| | - Xaver Koenig
- Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Department of Neurophysiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria;
- Correspondence: (X.K.); (M.F.)
| | - Maud Frieden
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva, 1201 Geneva, Switzerland;
- Correspondence: (X.K.); (M.F.)
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7
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Michelucci A, Boncompagni S, Pietrangelo L, Takano T, Protasi F, Dirksen RT. Pre-assembled Ca2+ entry units and constitutively active Ca2+ entry in skeletal muscle of calsequestrin-1 knockout mice. J Gen Physiol 2021; 152:152001. [PMID: 32761048 PMCID: PMC7537346 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.202012617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) is a ubiquitous Ca2+ influx mechanism triggered by depletion of Ca2+ stores from the endoplasmic/sarcoplasmic reticulum (ER/SR). We recently reported that acute exercise in WT mice drives the formation of Ca2+ entry units (CEUs), intracellular junctions that contain STIM1 and Orai1, the two key proteins mediating SOCE. The presence of CEUs correlates with increased constitutive- and store-operated Ca2+ entry, as well as sustained Ca2+ release and force generation during repetitive stimulation. Skeletal muscle from mice lacking calsequestrin-1 (CASQ1-null), the primary Ca2+-binding protein in the lumen of SR terminal cisternae, exhibits significantly reduced total Ca2+ store content and marked SR Ca2+ depletion during high-frequency stimulation. Here, we report that CEUs are constitutively assembled in extensor digitorum longus (EDL) and flexor digitorum brevis (FDB) muscles of sedentary CASQ1-null mice. The higher density of CEUs in EDL (39.6 ± 2.1/100 µm2 versus 2.0 ± 0.3/100 µm2) and FDB (16.7 ± 1.0/100 µm2 versus 2.7 ± 0.5/100 µm2) muscles of CASQ1-null compared with WT mice correlated with enhanced constitutive- and store-operated Ca2+ entry and increased expression of STIM1, Orai1, and SERCA. The higher ability to recover Ca2+ ions via SOCE in CASQ1-null muscle served to promote enhanced maintenance of peak Ca2+ transient amplitude, increased dependence of luminal SR Ca2+ replenishment on BTP-2-sensitive SOCE, and increased maintenance of contractile force during repetitive, high-frequency stimulation. Together, these data suggest that muscles from CASQ1-null mice compensate for the lack of CASQ1 and reduction in total releasable SR Ca2+ content by assembling CEUs to promote constitutive and store-operated Ca2+ entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Michelucci
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY.,Center for Advanced Studies and Technologies, University G. d'Annunzio of Chieti, Chieti, Italy
| | - Simona Boncompagni
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technologies, University G. d'Annunzio of Chieti, Chieti, Italy.,Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University G. d'Annunzio of Chieti, Chieti, Italy
| | - Laura Pietrangelo
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technologies, University G. d'Annunzio of Chieti, Chieti, Italy.,Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University G. d'Annunzio of Chieti, Chieti, Italy
| | - Takahiro Takano
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY
| | - Feliciano Protasi
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technologies, University G. d'Annunzio of Chieti, Chieti, Italy.,Department of Medicine and Ageing Sciences, University G. d'Annunzio of Chieti, Chieti, Italy
| | - Robert T Dirksen
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY
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8
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Woo JS, Jeong SY, Park JH, Choi JH, Lee EH. Calsequestrin: a well-known but curious protein in skeletal muscle. Exp Mol Med 2020; 52:1908-1925. [PMID: 33288873 PMCID: PMC8080761 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-020-00535-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Calsequestrin (CASQ) was discovered in rabbit skeletal muscle tissues in 1971 and has been considered simply a passive Ca2+-buffering protein in the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) that provides Ca2+ ions for various Ca2+ signals. For the past three decades, physiologists, biochemists, and structural biologists have examined the roles of the skeletal muscle type of CASQ (CASQ1) in skeletal muscle and revealed that CASQ1 has various important functions as (1) a major Ca2+-buffering protein to maintain the SR with a suitable amount of Ca2+ at each moment, (2) a dynamic Ca2+ sensor in the SR that regulates Ca2+ release from the SR to the cytosol, (3) a structural regulator for the proper formation of terminal cisternae, (4) a reverse-directional regulator of extracellular Ca2+ entries, and (5) a cause of human skeletal muscle diseases. This review is focused on understanding these functions of CASQ1 in the physiological or pathophysiological status of skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Seok Woo
- Department of Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 10833, USA
| | - Seung Yeon Jeong
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 06591, Korea
- Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, Graduate School, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 06591, Korea
| | - Ji Hee Park
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 06591, Korea
- Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, Graduate School, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 06591, Korea
| | - Jun Hee Choi
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 06591, Korea
- Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, Graduate School, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 06591, Korea
| | - Eun Hui Lee
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 06591, Korea.
- Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, Graduate School, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 06591, Korea.
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9
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Protasi F, Pietrangelo L, Boncompagni S. Calcium entry units (CEUs): perspectives in skeletal muscle function and disease. J Muscle Res Cell Motil 2020; 42:233-249. [PMID: 32812118 PMCID: PMC8332569 DOI: 10.1007/s10974-020-09586-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In the last decades the term Store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) has been used in the scientific literature to describe an ubiquitous cellular mechanism that allows recovery of calcium (Ca2+) from the extracellular space. SOCE is triggered by a reduction of Ca2+ content (i.e. depletion) in intracellular stores, i.e. endoplasmic or sarcoplasmic reticulum (ER and SR). In skeletal muscle the mechanism is primarily mediated by a physical interaction between stromal interaction molecule-1 (STIM1), a Ca2+ sensor located in the SR membrane, and ORAI1, a Ca2+-permeable channel of external membranes, located in transverse tubules (TTs), the invaginations of the plasma membrane (PM) deputed to propagation of action potentials. It is generally accepted that in skeletal muscle SOCE is important to limit muscle fatigue during repetitive stimulation. We recently discovered that exercise promotes the assembly of new intracellular junctions that contains colocalized STIM1 and ORAI1, and that the presence of these new junctions increases Ca2+ entry via ORAI1, while improving fatigue resistance during repetitive stimulation. Based on these findings we named these new junctions Ca2+ Entry Units (CEUs). CEUs are dynamic organelles that assemble during muscle activity and disassemble during recovery thanks to the plasticity of the SR (containing STIM1) and the elongation/retraction of TTs (bearing ORAI1). Interestingly, similar structures described as SR stacks were previously reported in different mouse models carrying mutations in proteins involved in Ca2+ handling (calsequestrin-null mice; triadin and junctin null mice, etc.) or associated to microtubules (MAP6 knockout mice). Mutations in Stim1 and Orai1 (and calsequestrin-1) genes have been associated to tubular aggregate myopathy (TAM), a muscular disease characterized by: (a) muscle pain, cramping, or weakness that begins in childhood and worsens over time, and (b) the presence of large accumulations of ordered SR tubes (tubular aggregates, TAs) that do not contain myofibrils, mitochondria, nor TTs. Interestingly, TAs are also present in fast twitch muscle fibers of ageing mice. Several important issues remain un-answered: (a) the molecular mechanisms and signals that trigger the remodeling of membranes and the functional activation of SOCE during exercise are unclear; and (b) how dysfunctional SOCE and/or mutations in Stim1, Orai1 and calsequestrin (Casq1) genes lead to the formation of tubular aggregates (TAs) in aging and disease deserve investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feliciano Protasi
- CAST, Center for Advanced Studies and Technology, University G. d'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, 66100, Chieti, Italy.
- DMSI, Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University G. d'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, 66100, Chieti, Italy.
| | - Laura Pietrangelo
- CAST, Center for Advanced Studies and Technology, University G. d'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, 66100, Chieti, Italy
- DMSI, Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University G. d'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, 66100, Chieti, Italy
| | - Simona Boncompagni
- CAST, Center for Advanced Studies and Technology, University G. d'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, 66100, Chieti, Italy
- DNICS, Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University G. d'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, 66100, Chieti, Italy
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10
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Wang Q, Michalak M. Calsequestrin. Structure, function, and evolution. Cell Calcium 2020; 90:102242. [PMID: 32574906 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2020.102242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Calsequestrin is the major Ca2+ binding protein in the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), serves as the main Ca2+ storage and buffering protein and is an important regulator of Ca2+ release channels in both skeletal and cardiac muscle. It is anchored at the junctional SR membrane through interactions with membrane proteins and undergoes reversible polymerization with increasing Ca2+ concentration. Calsequestrin provides high local Ca2+ at the junctional SR and communicates changes in luminal Ca2+ concentration to Ca2+ release channels, thus it is an essential component of excitation-contraction coupling. Recent studies reveal new insights on calsequestrin trafficking, Ca2+ binding, protein evolution, protein-protein interactions, stress responses and the molecular basis of related human muscle disease, including catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT). Here we provide a comprehensive overview of calsequestrin, with recent advances in structure, diverse functions, phylogenetic analysis, and its role in muscle physiology, stress responses and human pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6H 2S7, Canada
| | - Marek Michalak
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6H 2S7, Canada.
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11
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Rossi D, Gamberucci A, Pierantozzi E, Amato C, Migliore L, Sorrentino V. Calsequestrin, a key protein in striated muscle health and disease. J Muscle Res Cell Motil 2020; 42:267-279. [PMID: 32488451 DOI: 10.1007/s10974-020-09583-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Calsequestrin (CASQ) is the most abundant Ca2+ binding protein localized in the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) of skeletal and cardiac muscle. The genome of vertebrates contains two genes, CASQ1 and CASQ2. CASQ1 and CASQ2 have a high level of homology, but show specific patterns of expression. Fast-twitch skeletal muscle fibers express only CASQ1, both CASQ1 and CASQ2 are present in slow-twitch skeletal muscle fibers, while CASQ2 is the only protein present in cardiomyocytes. Depending on the intraluminal SR Ca2+ levels, CASQ monomers assemble to form large polymers, which increase their Ca2+ binding ability. CASQ interacts with triadin and junctin, two additional SR proteins which contribute to localize CASQ to the junctional region of the SR (j-SR) and also modulate CASQ ability to polymerize into large macromolecular complexes. In addition to its ability to bind Ca2+ in the SR, CASQ appears also to be able to contribute to regulation of Ca2+ homeostasis in muscle cells. Both CASQ1 and CASQ2 are able to either activate and inhibit the ryanodine receptors (RyRs) calcium release channels, likely through their interactions with junctin and triadin. Additional evidence indicates that CASQ1 contributes to regulate the mechanism of store operated calcium entry in skeletal muscle via a direct interaction with the Stromal Interaction Molecule 1 (STIM1). Mutations in CASQ2 and CASQ1 have been identified, respectively, in patients with catecholamine-induced polymorphic ventricular tachycardia and in patients with some forms of myopathy. This review will highlight recent developments in understanding CASQ1 and CASQ2 in health and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Rossi
- Molecular Medicine Section, Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Via A. Moro, 2, 53100, Siena, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Gamberucci
- Molecular Medicine Section, Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Via A. Moro, 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Enrico Pierantozzi
- Molecular Medicine Section, Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Via A. Moro, 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Caterina Amato
- Molecular Medicine Section, Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Via A. Moro, 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Loredana Migliore
- Molecular Medicine Section, Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Via A. Moro, 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Sorrentino
- Molecular Medicine Section, Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Via A. Moro, 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
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Cho CH, Lee KJ, Lee EH. With the greatest care, stromal interaction molecule (STIM) proteins verify what skeletal muscle is doing. BMB Rep 2018; 51:378-387. [PMID: 29898810 PMCID: PMC6130827 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2018.51.8.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle contracts or relaxes to maintain the body position and locomotion. For the contraction and relaxation of skeletal muscle, Ca2+ in the cytosol of skeletal muscle fibers acts as a switch to turn on and off a series of contractile proteins. The cytosolic Ca2+ level in skeletal muscle fibers is governed mainly by movements of Ca2+ between the cytosol and the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). Store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE), a Ca2+ entryway from the extracellular space to the cytosol, has gained a significant amount of attention from muscle physiologists. Orai1 and stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1) are the main protein identities of SOCE. This mini-review focuses on the roles of STIM proteins and SOCE in the physiological and pathophysiological functions of skeletal muscle and in their correlations with recently identified proteins, as well as historical proteins that are known to mediate skeletal muscle function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Hyun Cho
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Keon Jin Lee
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea; Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, Graduate School, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
| | - Eun Hui Lee
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea; Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, Graduate School, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
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Semplicini C, Bertolin C, Bello L, Pantic B, Guidolin F, Vianello S, Catapano F, Colombo I, Moggio M, Gavassini BF, Cenacchi G, Papa V, Previtero M, Calore C, Sorarù G, Minervini G, Tosatto SCE, Stramare R, Pegoraro E. The clinical spectrum of CASQ1-related myopathy. Neurology 2018; 91:e1629-e1641. [PMID: 30258016 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000006387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify and characterize patients with calsequestrin 1 (CASQ1)-related myopathy. METHODS Patients selected according to histopathologic features underwent CASQ1 genetic screening. CASQ1-mutated patients were clinically evaluated and underwent muscle MRI. Vacuole morphology and vacuolated fiber type were characterized. RESULTS Twenty-two CASQ1-mutated patients (12 families) were identified, 21 sharing the previously described founder mutation (p.Asp244Gly) and 1 with the p.Gly103Asp mutation. Patients usually presented in the sixth decade with exercise intolerance and myalgias and later developed mild to moderate, slowly progressive proximal weakness with quadriceps atrophy and scapular winging. Muscle MRI (n = 11) showed a recurrent fibrofatty substitution pattern. Three patients presented subclinical cardiac abnormalities. Muscle histopathology in patients with p.Asp244Gly showed vacuoles in type II fibers appearing empty in hematoxylin-eosin, Gomori, and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) tetrazolium reductase stains but strongly positive for sarcoplasmic reticulum proteins. The muscle histopathology of p.Gly103Asp mutation was different, showing also NADH-positive accumulation consistent with tubular aggregates. CONCLUSIONS We report the clinical and molecular details of the largest cohort of CASQ1-mutated patients. A possible heart involvement is presented, further expanding the phenotype of the disease. One mutation is common due to a founder effect, but other mutations are possible. Because of a paucity of symptoms, it is likely that CASQ1 mutations may remain undiagnosed if a muscle biopsy is not performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Semplicini
- From the Neuromuscular Center (C.S., C.B., L.B., B.P., F.G., S.V., B.F.G., G.S., E.P.), Department of Neurosciences, and Departments of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences (M.P., C.C.), Biomedical Sciences (G.M., S.C.E.T.), and Medicine (R.S.), Section of Radiology, University of Padova, Italy; Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre (Developmental Neuroscience Programme) (F.C.), UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, UK; Neuromuscular and Rare Disease Unit (I.C., M.M.), Department of Neuroscience, Foundation IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (G.C., V.P.), University of Bologna; and CNR Institute of Neuroscience (S.C.E.T.), Padova, Italy
| | - Cinzia Bertolin
- From the Neuromuscular Center (C.S., C.B., L.B., B.P., F.G., S.V., B.F.G., G.S., E.P.), Department of Neurosciences, and Departments of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences (M.P., C.C.), Biomedical Sciences (G.M., S.C.E.T.), and Medicine (R.S.), Section of Radiology, University of Padova, Italy; Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre (Developmental Neuroscience Programme) (F.C.), UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, UK; Neuromuscular and Rare Disease Unit (I.C., M.M.), Department of Neuroscience, Foundation IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (G.C., V.P.), University of Bologna; and CNR Institute of Neuroscience (S.C.E.T.), Padova, Italy
| | - Luca Bello
- From the Neuromuscular Center (C.S., C.B., L.B., B.P., F.G., S.V., B.F.G., G.S., E.P.), Department of Neurosciences, and Departments of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences (M.P., C.C.), Biomedical Sciences (G.M., S.C.E.T.), and Medicine (R.S.), Section of Radiology, University of Padova, Italy; Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre (Developmental Neuroscience Programme) (F.C.), UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, UK; Neuromuscular and Rare Disease Unit (I.C., M.M.), Department of Neuroscience, Foundation IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (G.C., V.P.), University of Bologna; and CNR Institute of Neuroscience (S.C.E.T.), Padova, Italy
| | - Boris Pantic
- From the Neuromuscular Center (C.S., C.B., L.B., B.P., F.G., S.V., B.F.G., G.S., E.P.), Department of Neurosciences, and Departments of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences (M.P., C.C.), Biomedical Sciences (G.M., S.C.E.T.), and Medicine (R.S.), Section of Radiology, University of Padova, Italy; Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre (Developmental Neuroscience Programme) (F.C.), UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, UK; Neuromuscular and Rare Disease Unit (I.C., M.M.), Department of Neuroscience, Foundation IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (G.C., V.P.), University of Bologna; and CNR Institute of Neuroscience (S.C.E.T.), Padova, Italy
| | - Francesca Guidolin
- From the Neuromuscular Center (C.S., C.B., L.B., B.P., F.G., S.V., B.F.G., G.S., E.P.), Department of Neurosciences, and Departments of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences (M.P., C.C.), Biomedical Sciences (G.M., S.C.E.T.), and Medicine (R.S.), Section of Radiology, University of Padova, Italy; Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre (Developmental Neuroscience Programme) (F.C.), UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, UK; Neuromuscular and Rare Disease Unit (I.C., M.M.), Department of Neuroscience, Foundation IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (G.C., V.P.), University of Bologna; and CNR Institute of Neuroscience (S.C.E.T.), Padova, Italy
| | - Sara Vianello
- From the Neuromuscular Center (C.S., C.B., L.B., B.P., F.G., S.V., B.F.G., G.S., E.P.), Department of Neurosciences, and Departments of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences (M.P., C.C.), Biomedical Sciences (G.M., S.C.E.T.), and Medicine (R.S.), Section of Radiology, University of Padova, Italy; Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre (Developmental Neuroscience Programme) (F.C.), UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, UK; Neuromuscular and Rare Disease Unit (I.C., M.M.), Department of Neuroscience, Foundation IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (G.C., V.P.), University of Bologna; and CNR Institute of Neuroscience (S.C.E.T.), Padova, Italy
| | - Francesco Catapano
- From the Neuromuscular Center (C.S., C.B., L.B., B.P., F.G., S.V., B.F.G., G.S., E.P.), Department of Neurosciences, and Departments of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences (M.P., C.C.), Biomedical Sciences (G.M., S.C.E.T.), and Medicine (R.S.), Section of Radiology, University of Padova, Italy; Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre (Developmental Neuroscience Programme) (F.C.), UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, UK; Neuromuscular and Rare Disease Unit (I.C., M.M.), Department of Neuroscience, Foundation IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (G.C., V.P.), University of Bologna; and CNR Institute of Neuroscience (S.C.E.T.), Padova, Italy
| | - Irene Colombo
- From the Neuromuscular Center (C.S., C.B., L.B., B.P., F.G., S.V., B.F.G., G.S., E.P.), Department of Neurosciences, and Departments of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences (M.P., C.C.), Biomedical Sciences (G.M., S.C.E.T.), and Medicine (R.S.), Section of Radiology, University of Padova, Italy; Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre (Developmental Neuroscience Programme) (F.C.), UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, UK; Neuromuscular and Rare Disease Unit (I.C., M.M.), Department of Neuroscience, Foundation IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (G.C., V.P.), University of Bologna; and CNR Institute of Neuroscience (S.C.E.T.), Padova, Italy
| | - Maurizio Moggio
- From the Neuromuscular Center (C.S., C.B., L.B., B.P., F.G., S.V., B.F.G., G.S., E.P.), Department of Neurosciences, and Departments of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences (M.P., C.C.), Biomedical Sciences (G.M., S.C.E.T.), and Medicine (R.S.), Section of Radiology, University of Padova, Italy; Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre (Developmental Neuroscience Programme) (F.C.), UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, UK; Neuromuscular and Rare Disease Unit (I.C., M.M.), Department of Neuroscience, Foundation IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (G.C., V.P.), University of Bologna; and CNR Institute of Neuroscience (S.C.E.T.), Padova, Italy
| | - Bruno F Gavassini
- From the Neuromuscular Center (C.S., C.B., L.B., B.P., F.G., S.V., B.F.G., G.S., E.P.), Department of Neurosciences, and Departments of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences (M.P., C.C.), Biomedical Sciences (G.M., S.C.E.T.), and Medicine (R.S.), Section of Radiology, University of Padova, Italy; Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre (Developmental Neuroscience Programme) (F.C.), UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, UK; Neuromuscular and Rare Disease Unit (I.C., M.M.), Department of Neuroscience, Foundation IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (G.C., V.P.), University of Bologna; and CNR Institute of Neuroscience (S.C.E.T.), Padova, Italy
| | - Giovanna Cenacchi
- From the Neuromuscular Center (C.S., C.B., L.B., B.P., F.G., S.V., B.F.G., G.S., E.P.), Department of Neurosciences, and Departments of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences (M.P., C.C.), Biomedical Sciences (G.M., S.C.E.T.), and Medicine (R.S.), Section of Radiology, University of Padova, Italy; Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre (Developmental Neuroscience Programme) (F.C.), UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, UK; Neuromuscular and Rare Disease Unit (I.C., M.M.), Department of Neuroscience, Foundation IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (G.C., V.P.), University of Bologna; and CNR Institute of Neuroscience (S.C.E.T.), Padova, Italy
| | - Valentina Papa
- From the Neuromuscular Center (C.S., C.B., L.B., B.P., F.G., S.V., B.F.G., G.S., E.P.), Department of Neurosciences, and Departments of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences (M.P., C.C.), Biomedical Sciences (G.M., S.C.E.T.), and Medicine (R.S.), Section of Radiology, University of Padova, Italy; Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre (Developmental Neuroscience Programme) (F.C.), UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, UK; Neuromuscular and Rare Disease Unit (I.C., M.M.), Department of Neuroscience, Foundation IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (G.C., V.P.), University of Bologna; and CNR Institute of Neuroscience (S.C.E.T.), Padova, Italy
| | - Marco Previtero
- From the Neuromuscular Center (C.S., C.B., L.B., B.P., F.G., S.V., B.F.G., G.S., E.P.), Department of Neurosciences, and Departments of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences (M.P., C.C.), Biomedical Sciences (G.M., S.C.E.T.), and Medicine (R.S.), Section of Radiology, University of Padova, Italy; Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre (Developmental Neuroscience Programme) (F.C.), UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, UK; Neuromuscular and Rare Disease Unit (I.C., M.M.), Department of Neuroscience, Foundation IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (G.C., V.P.), University of Bologna; and CNR Institute of Neuroscience (S.C.E.T.), Padova, Italy
| | - Chiara Calore
- From the Neuromuscular Center (C.S., C.B., L.B., B.P., F.G., S.V., B.F.G., G.S., E.P.), Department of Neurosciences, and Departments of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences (M.P., C.C.), Biomedical Sciences (G.M., S.C.E.T.), and Medicine (R.S.), Section of Radiology, University of Padova, Italy; Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre (Developmental Neuroscience Programme) (F.C.), UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, UK; Neuromuscular and Rare Disease Unit (I.C., M.M.), Department of Neuroscience, Foundation IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (G.C., V.P.), University of Bologna; and CNR Institute of Neuroscience (S.C.E.T.), Padova, Italy
| | - Gianni Sorarù
- From the Neuromuscular Center (C.S., C.B., L.B., B.P., F.G., S.V., B.F.G., G.S., E.P.), Department of Neurosciences, and Departments of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences (M.P., C.C.), Biomedical Sciences (G.M., S.C.E.T.), and Medicine (R.S.), Section of Radiology, University of Padova, Italy; Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre (Developmental Neuroscience Programme) (F.C.), UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, UK; Neuromuscular and Rare Disease Unit (I.C., M.M.), Department of Neuroscience, Foundation IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (G.C., V.P.), University of Bologna; and CNR Institute of Neuroscience (S.C.E.T.), Padova, Italy
| | - Giovanni Minervini
- From the Neuromuscular Center (C.S., C.B., L.B., B.P., F.G., S.V., B.F.G., G.S., E.P.), Department of Neurosciences, and Departments of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences (M.P., C.C.), Biomedical Sciences (G.M., S.C.E.T.), and Medicine (R.S.), Section of Radiology, University of Padova, Italy; Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre (Developmental Neuroscience Programme) (F.C.), UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, UK; Neuromuscular and Rare Disease Unit (I.C., M.M.), Department of Neuroscience, Foundation IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (G.C., V.P.), University of Bologna; and CNR Institute of Neuroscience (S.C.E.T.), Padova, Italy
| | - Silvio C E Tosatto
- From the Neuromuscular Center (C.S., C.B., L.B., B.P., F.G., S.V., B.F.G., G.S., E.P.), Department of Neurosciences, and Departments of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences (M.P., C.C.), Biomedical Sciences (G.M., S.C.E.T.), and Medicine (R.S.), Section of Radiology, University of Padova, Italy; Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre (Developmental Neuroscience Programme) (F.C.), UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, UK; Neuromuscular and Rare Disease Unit (I.C., M.M.), Department of Neuroscience, Foundation IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (G.C., V.P.), University of Bologna; and CNR Institute of Neuroscience (S.C.E.T.), Padova, Italy
| | - Roberto Stramare
- From the Neuromuscular Center (C.S., C.B., L.B., B.P., F.G., S.V., B.F.G., G.S., E.P.), Department of Neurosciences, and Departments of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences (M.P., C.C.), Biomedical Sciences (G.M., S.C.E.T.), and Medicine (R.S.), Section of Radiology, University of Padova, Italy; Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre (Developmental Neuroscience Programme) (F.C.), UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, UK; Neuromuscular and Rare Disease Unit (I.C., M.M.), Department of Neuroscience, Foundation IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (G.C., V.P.), University of Bologna; and CNR Institute of Neuroscience (S.C.E.T.), Padova, Italy
| | - Elena Pegoraro
- From the Neuromuscular Center (C.S., C.B., L.B., B.P., F.G., S.V., B.F.G., G.S., E.P.), Department of Neurosciences, and Departments of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences (M.P., C.C.), Biomedical Sciences (G.M., S.C.E.T.), and Medicine (R.S.), Section of Radiology, University of Padova, Italy; Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre (Developmental Neuroscience Programme) (F.C.), UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, UK; Neuromuscular and Rare Disease Unit (I.C., M.M.), Department of Neuroscience, Foundation IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (G.C., V.P.), University of Bologna; and CNR Institute of Neuroscience (S.C.E.T.), Padova, Italy.
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Kelley RC, McDonagh B, Ferreira LF. Advanced aging causes diaphragm functional abnormalities, global proteome remodeling, and loss of mitochondrial cysteine redox flexibility in mice. Exp Gerontol 2018; 103:69-79. [PMID: 29289553 PMCID: PMC6880408 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2017.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
AIM Inspiratory muscle (diaphragm) function declines with age, contributing to exercise intolerance and impaired airway clearance. Studies of diaphragm dysfunction in rodents have focused on moderate aging (~24months); thus, the impact of advanced age on the diaphragm and potential mechanisms of dysfunction are less clear. Therefore, we aimed to define the effects of advanced age on the mechanics, morphology, and global and redox proteome of the diaphragm. METHODS We studied diaphragm from young (6months) and very old male mice (30months). Diaphragm function was evaluated using isolated muscle bundles. Proteome analyses followed LC-MS/MS processing of diaphragm muscle. RESULTS Advanced aging decreased diaphragm peak power by ~35% and maximal isometric specific force by ~15%, and prolonged time to peak twitch tension by ~30% (P<0.05). These changes in contractile properties were accompanied, and might be caused by, decreases in abundance of calsequestrin, sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase, sarcalumenin, and parvalbumin that were revealed by our label-free proteomics data. Advanced aging also increased passive stiffness (P<0.05), which might be a consequence of an upregulation of cytoskeletal and extracellular matrix proteins identified by proteomics. Analyses of cysteine redox state indicated that the main diaphragm abnormalities with advanced aging are in metabolic enzymes and mitochondrial proteins. CONCLUSION Our novel findings are that the most pronounced impact of advanced aging on the diaphragm is loss of peak power and disrupted cysteine redox homeostasis in metabolic enzymes and mitochondrial proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel C Kelley
- Dept. of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Brian McDonagh
- Dept. of Physiology, School of Medicine, NUI, Galway, Ireland.
| | - Leonardo F Ferreira
- Dept. of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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15
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Barone V, Del Re V, Gamberucci A, Polverino V, Galli L, Rossi D, Costanzi E, Toniolo L, Berti G, Malandrini A, Ricci G, Siciliano G, Vattemi G, Tomelleri G, Pierantozzi E, Spinozzi S, Volpi N, Fulceri R, Battistutta R, Reggiani C, Sorrentino V. Identification and characterization of three novel mutations in the CASQ1 gene in four patients with tubular aggregate myopathy. Hum Mutat 2017; 38:1761-1773. [PMID: 28895244 DOI: 10.1002/humu.23338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Here, we report the identification of three novel missense mutations in the calsequestrin-1 (CASQ1) gene in four patients with tubular aggregate myopathy. These CASQ1 mutations affect conserved amino acids in position 44 (p.(Asp44Asn)), 103 (p.(Gly103Asp)), and 385 (p.(Ile385Thr)). Functional studies, based on turbidity and dynamic light scattering measurements at increasing Ca2+ concentrations, showed a reduced Ca2+ -dependent aggregation for the CASQ1 protein containing p.Asp44Asn and p.Gly103Asp mutations and a slight increase in Ca2+ -dependent aggregation for the p.Ile385Thr. Accordingly, limited trypsin proteolysis assay showed that p.Asp44Asn and p.Gly103Asp were more susceptible to trypsin cleavage in the presence of Ca2+ in comparison with WT and p.Ile385Thr. Analysis of single muscle fibers of a patient carrying the p.Gly103Asp mutation showed a significant reduction in response to caffeine stimulation, compared with normal control fibers. Expression of CASQ1 mutations in eukaryotic cells revealed a reduced ability of all these CASQ1 mutants to store Ca2+ and a reduced inhibitory effect of p.Ile385Thr and p.Asp44Asn on store operated Ca2+ entry. These results widen the spectrum of skeletal muscle diseases associated with CASQ1 and indicate that these mutations affect properties critical for correct Ca2+ handling in skeletal muscle fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Barone
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, Molecular Medicine Section, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Valeria Del Re
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, Molecular Medicine Section, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Alessandra Gamberucci
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, Molecular Medicine Section, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Valentina Polverino
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, Molecular Medicine Section, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Lucia Galli
- Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy
| | - Daniela Rossi
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, Molecular Medicine Section, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.,Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy
| | - Elisa Costanzi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Luana Toniolo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.,CNR, Institute of Neuroscience, Padova, Italy
| | - Gianna Berti
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Neurological Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Alessandro Malandrini
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Neurological Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Giulia Ricci
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Gabriele Siciliano
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Gaetano Vattemi
- Department of Neurological Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Clinical Neurology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Giuliano Tomelleri
- Department of Neurological Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Clinical Neurology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Enrico Pierantozzi
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, Molecular Medicine Section, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Simone Spinozzi
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, Molecular Medicine Section, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Nila Volpi
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Neurological Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Rosella Fulceri
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, Molecular Medicine Section, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | | | - Carlo Reggiani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.,CNR, Institute of Neuroscience, Padova, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Sorrentino
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, Molecular Medicine Section, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.,Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy
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16
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A focus on extracellular Ca 2+ entry into skeletal muscle. Exp Mol Med 2017; 49:e378. [PMID: 28912570 PMCID: PMC5628281 DOI: 10.1038/emm.2017.208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Revised: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The main task of skeletal muscle is contraction and relaxation for body movement and posture maintenance. During contraction and relaxation, Ca2+ in the cytosol has a critical role in activating and deactivating a series of contractile proteins. In skeletal muscle, the cytosolic Ca2+ level is mainly determined by Ca2+ movements between the cytosol and the sarcoplasmic reticulum. The importance of Ca2+ entry from extracellular spaces to the cytosol has gained significant attention over the past decade. Store-operated Ca2+ entry with a low amplitude and relatively slow kinetics is a main extracellular Ca2+ entryway into skeletal muscle. Herein, recent studies on extracellular Ca2+ entry into skeletal muscle are reviewed along with descriptions of the proteins that are related to extracellular Ca2+ entry and their influences on skeletal muscle function and disease.
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Bjorksten AR, Gillies RL, Hockey BM, Du Sart D. Sequencing of genes involved in the movement of calcium across human skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum: continuing the search for genes associated with malignant hyperthermia. Anaesth Intensive Care 2017; 44:762-768. [PMID: 27832566 DOI: 10.1177/0310057x1604400625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The genetic basis of malignant hyperthermia (MH) is not fully characterised and likely involves more than just the currently classified mutations in the gene encoding the skeletal muscle ryanodine receptor (RYR1) and the gene encoding the α1 subunit of the dihydropyridine receptor (CACNA1S). In this paper we sequence other genes involved in calcium trafficking within skeletal muscle in patients with positive in vitro contracture tests, searching for alternative genes associated with MH. We identified four rare variants in four different genes (CACNB1, CASQ1, SERCA1 and CASQ2) encoding proteins involved in calcium handling in skeletal muscle in a cohort of 30 Australian MH susceptible probands in whom prior complete sequencing of RYR1 and CACNA1S had yielded no rare variants. These four variants have very low minor allele frequencies and while it is tempting to speculate that they have a role in MH, they remain at present variants of unknown significance. Nevertheless they provide the basis for a new set of functional studies, which may indeed identify novel players in MH.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Bjorksten
- Senior Scientist, Malignant Hyperthermia Diagnostic Unit, Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Management, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Anaesthesia, Perioperative and Pain Medicine Unit, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Victorian Clinical Genetics Service Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Murdoch Children's Research Institut
| | - R L Gillies
- Head, Malignant Hyperthermia Diagnostic Unit, Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Management, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Anaesthesia, Perioperative and Pain Medicine Unit, University of Melbourne, Victoria
| | - B M Hockey
- Malignant Hyperthermia Diagnostic Unit, Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Management, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Consultant Anaesthetist, Anaesthesia, Perioperative and Pain Medicine Unit, University of Melbourne, Victoria
| | - D Du Sart
- Research Affiliate/Head, Victorian Clinical Genetics Service Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria
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Michelucci A, Paolini C, Boncompagni S, Canato M, Reggiani C, Protasi F. Strenuous exercise triggers a life-threatening response in mice susceptible to malignant hyperthermia. FASEB J 2017; 31:3649-3662. [PMID: 28465322 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201601292r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In humans, hyperthermic episodes can be triggered by halogenated anesthetics [malignant hyperthermia (MH) susceptibility] and by high temperature [environmental heat stroke (HS)]. Correlation between MH susceptibility and HS is supported by extensive work in mouse models that carry a mutation in ryanodine receptor type-1 (RYR1Y522S/WT) and calsequestrin-1 knockout (CASQ1-null), 2 proteins that control Ca2+ release in skeletal muscle. As overheating episodes in humans have also been described during exertion, here we subjected RYR1Y522S/WT and CASQ1-null mice to an exertional-stress protocol (incremental running on a treadmill at 34°C and 40% humidity). The mortality rate was 80 and 78.6% in RYR1Y522S/WT and CASQ1-null mice, respectively, vs. 0% in wild-type mice. Lethal crises were characterized by hyperthermia and rhabdomyolysis, classic features of MH episodes. Of importance, pretreatment with azumolene, an analog of the drug used in humans to treat MH crises, reduced mortality to 0 and 12.5% in RYR1Y522S/WT and CASQ1-null mice, respectively, thanks to a striking reduction of hyperthermia and rhabdomyolysis. At the molecular level, azumolene strongly prevented Ca2+-dependent activation of calpains and NF-κB by lowering myoplasmic Ca2+ concentration and nitro-oxidative stress, parameters that were elevated in RYR1Y522S/WT and CASQ1-null mice. These results suggest that common molecular mechanisms underlie MH crises and exertional HS in mice.-Michelucci, A., Paolini, C., Boncompagni, S., Canato, M., Reggiani, C., Protasi, F. Strenuous exercise triggers a life-threatening response in mice susceptible to malignant hyperthermia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Michelucci
- Center for Research on Ageing and Translational Medicine (CeSI-MeT), Department of Neuroscience, Imaging, and Clinical Sciences (DNICS), Università degli Studi G. d'Annunzio, Chieti, Italy
| | - Cecilia Paolini
- Center for Research on Ageing and Translational Medicine (CeSI-MeT), Department of Neuroscience, Imaging, and Clinical Sciences (DNICS), Università degli Studi G. d'Annunzio, Chieti, Italy
| | - Simona Boncompagni
- Center for Research on Ageing and Translational Medicine (CeSI-MeT), Department of Neuroscience, Imaging, and Clinical Sciences (DNICS), Università degli Studi G. d'Annunzio, Chieti, Italy
| | - Marta Canato
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Carlo Reggiani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Feliciano Protasi
- Center for Research on Ageing and Translational Medicine (CeSI-MeT), Department of Neuroscience, Imaging, and Clinical Sciences (DNICS), Università degli Studi G. d'Annunzio, Chieti, Italy; .,Department of Medicine and Aging Science, University G. d' Annunzio of Chieti, Chieti, Italy
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19
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King EC, Patel V, Anand M, Zhao X, Crump SM, Hu Z, Weisleder N, Abbott GW. Targeted deletion of Kcne3 impairs skeletal muscle function in mice. FASEB J 2017; 31:2937-2947. [PMID: 28356343 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201600965rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
KCNE3 (MiRP2) forms heteromeric voltage-gated K+ channels with the skeletal muscle-expressed KCNC4 (Kv3.4) α subunit. KCNE3 was the first reported skeletal muscle K+ channel disease gene, but the requirement for KCNE3 in skeletal muscle has been questioned. Here, we confirmed KCNE3 transcript and protein expression in mouse skeletal muscle using Kcne3-/- tissue as a negative control. Whole-transcript microarray analysis (770,317 probes, interrogating 28,853 transcripts) findings were consistent with Kcne3 deletion increasing gastrocnemius oxidative metabolic gene expression and the proportion of type IIa fast-twitch oxidative muscle fibers, which was verified using immunofluorescence. The down-regulated transcript set overlapped with muscle unloading gene expression profiles (≥1.5-fold change; P < 0.05). Gastrocnemius K+ channel α subunit remodeling arising from Kcne3 deletion was highly specific, involving just 3 of 69 α subunit genes probed: known KCNE3 partners KCNC4 and KCNH2 (mERG) were down-regulated, and KCNK4 (TRAAK) was up-regulated (P < 0.05). Functionally, Kcne3-/- mice exhibited abnormal hind-limb clasping upon tail suspension (63% of Kcne3-/- mice ≥10-mo-old vs. 0% age-matched Kcne3+/+ littermates). Whereas 5 of 5 Kcne3+/+ mice exhibited the typical biphasic decline in contractile force with repetitive stimuli of hind-limb muscle, both in vivo and in vitro, this was absent in 6 of 6 Kcne3-/- mice tested. Finally, myoblasts isolated from Kcne3-/- mice exhibit faster-inactivating and smaller sustained outward currents than those from Kcne3+/+ mice. Thus, Kcne3 deletion impairs skeletal muscle function in mice.-King, E. C., Patel, V., Anand, M., Zhao, X., Crump, S. M., Hu, Z., Weisleder, N., Abbott, G. W. Targeted deletion of Kcne3 impairs skeletal muscle function in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth C King
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Vishal Patel
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Marie Anand
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California, USA.,Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Xiaoli Zhao
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Shawn M Crump
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California, USA.,Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Zhaoyang Hu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California, USA.,Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Noah Weisleder
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA;
| | - Geoffrey W Abbott
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California, USA; .,Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
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20
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Friedrich O, Reid MB, Van den Berghe G, Vanhorebeek I, Hermans G, Rich MM, Larsson L. The Sick and the Weak: Neuropathies/Myopathies in the Critically Ill. Physiol Rev 2015; 95:1025-109. [PMID: 26133937 PMCID: PMC4491544 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00028.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Critical illness polyneuropathies (CIP) and myopathies (CIM) are common complications of critical illness. Several weakness syndromes are summarized under the term intensive care unit-acquired weakness (ICUAW). We propose a classification of different ICUAW forms (CIM, CIP, sepsis-induced, steroid-denervation myopathy) and pathophysiological mechanisms from clinical and animal model data. Triggers include sepsis, mechanical ventilation, muscle unloading, steroid treatment, or denervation. Some ICUAW forms require stringent diagnostic features; CIM is marked by membrane hypoexcitability, severe atrophy, preferential myosin loss, ultrastructural alterations, and inadequate autophagy activation while myopathies in pure sepsis do not reproduce marked myosin loss. Reduced membrane excitability results from depolarization and ion channel dysfunction. Mitochondrial dysfunction contributes to energy-dependent processes. Ubiquitin proteasome and calpain activation trigger muscle proteolysis and atrophy while protein synthesis is impaired. Myosin loss is more pronounced than actin loss in CIM. Protein quality control is altered by inadequate autophagy. Ca(2+) dysregulation is present through altered Ca(2+) homeostasis. We highlight clinical hallmarks, trigger factors, and potential mechanisms from human studies and animal models that allow separation of risk factors that may trigger distinct mechanisms contributing to weakness. During critical illness, altered inflammatory (cytokines) and metabolic pathways deteriorate muscle function. ICUAW prevention/treatment is limited, e.g., tight glycemic control, delaying nutrition, and early mobilization. Future challenges include identification of primary/secondary events during the time course of critical illness, the interplay between membrane excitability, bioenergetic failure and differential proteolysis, and finding new therapeutic targets by help of tailored animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Friedrich
- Institute of Medical Biotechnology, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany; College of Health and Human Performance, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida; Clinical Department and Laboratory of Intensive Care Medicine, Division of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology and Physiology, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio; and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Clinical Neurophysiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M B Reid
- Institute of Medical Biotechnology, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany; College of Health and Human Performance, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida; Clinical Department and Laboratory of Intensive Care Medicine, Division of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology and Physiology, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio; and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Clinical Neurophysiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - G Van den Berghe
- Institute of Medical Biotechnology, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany; College of Health and Human Performance, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida; Clinical Department and Laboratory of Intensive Care Medicine, Division of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology and Physiology, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio; and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Clinical Neurophysiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - I Vanhorebeek
- Institute of Medical Biotechnology, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany; College of Health and Human Performance, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida; Clinical Department and Laboratory of Intensive Care Medicine, Division of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology and Physiology, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio; and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Clinical Neurophysiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - G Hermans
- Institute of Medical Biotechnology, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany; College of Health and Human Performance, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida; Clinical Department and Laboratory of Intensive Care Medicine, Division of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology and Physiology, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio; and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Clinical Neurophysiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M M Rich
- Institute of Medical Biotechnology, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany; College of Health and Human Performance, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida; Clinical Department and Laboratory of Intensive Care Medicine, Division of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology and Physiology, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio; and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Clinical Neurophysiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - L Larsson
- Institute of Medical Biotechnology, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany; College of Health and Human Performance, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida; Clinical Department and Laboratory of Intensive Care Medicine, Division of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology and Physiology, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio; and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Clinical Neurophysiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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21
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Wang L, Zhang L, Li S, Zheng Y, Yan X, Chen M, Wang H, Putney JW, Luo D. Retrograde regulation of STIM1-Orai1 interaction and store-operated Ca2+ entry by calsequestrin. Sci Rep 2015; 5:11349. [PMID: 26087026 PMCID: PMC4471903 DOI: 10.1038/srep11349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Interaction between the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-located stromal interaction molecue1 (STIM1) and the plasma membrane-located Ca2+ channel subunit, Orai1, underlies store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE). Calsequestrin1 (CSQ1), a sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ buffering protein, inhibits SOCE, but the mechanism of action is unknown. We identified an interaction between CSQ1 and STIM1 in HEK293 cells. An increase in monomeric CSQ1 induced by depleted Ca2+ stores, or trifluoperazine (TFP), a blocker of CSQ folding and aggregation, enhanced the CSQ1-STIM1 interaction. In cells with Ca2+ stores depleted, TFP further increased CSQ1 monomerization and CSQ1-STIM1 interaction, but reduced the association of STIM1 with Orai1 and SOCE. Over-expression of CSQ1 or a C-terminal (amino acid 388–396) deletion mutant significantly promoted the association of CSQ1 with STIM1, but suppressed both STIM1-Orai1 interaction and SOCE, while over-expression of the C-terminal (amino acid 362–396) deletion mutant had no effect. The physical interaction between low polymeric forms of CSQ1 and STIM1 likely acts by interfering with STIM1 oligimerization and inhibits STIM1-Orai1 interaction, providing a brake to SOCE under physiological conditions. This novel regulatory mechanism for SOCE may also contribute to the pathological Ca2+ overload in calsequestrin deficient diseases, such as malignant hyperthermia and ventricular tachycardia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limin Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P.R. China
| | - Lane Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P.R. China
| | - Shu Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P.R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Zheng
- Department of Pharmacology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P.R. China
| | - Xinxin Yan
- Department of Pharmacology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P.R. China
| | - Min Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P.R. China
| | - Haoyang Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P.R. China
| | - James W Putney
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Dali Luo
- Department of Pharmacology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P.R. China
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22
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Paolini C, Quarta M, Wei-LaPierre L, Michelucci A, Nori A, Reggiani C, Dirksen RT, Protasi F. Oxidative stress, mitochondrial damage, and cores in muscle from calsequestrin-1 knockout mice. Skelet Muscle 2015; 5:10. [PMID: 26075051 PMCID: PMC4464246 DOI: 10.1186/s13395-015-0035-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mutations in the gene encoding ryanodine receptor type-1 (RYR1), the calcium ion (Ca2+) release channel in the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) of skeletal muscle, are linked to central core disease (CCD) and malignant hyperthermia (MH) susceptibility. We recently reported that mice lacking the skeletal isoform of calsequestrin (CASQ1-null), the primary Ca2+ buffer in the SR of skeletal muscle and a modulator of RYR1 activity, exhibit lethal heat- and anesthetic-induced hypermetabolic episodes that resemble MH events in humans. Methods We compared ultrastructure, oxidative status, and contractile function in skeletal fibers of extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles in wild type (WT) and CASQ1-null mice at different ages (from 4 to 27 months) using structural, biochemical, and functional assays. Results About 25% of fibers in EDL muscles from CASQ1-null mice of 14 to 27 months of age exhibited large areas of structural disarray (named core-like regions), which were rarely observed in muscle from age-matched WT mice. To determine early events that may lead to the formation of cores, we analyzed EDL muscles from adult mice: at 4 to 6 months of age, CASQ1-null mice (compared to WT) displayed significantly reduced grip strength (40 ± 1 vs. 86 ± 1 mN/gr) and exhibited an increase in the percentage of damaged mitochondria (15.1% vs. 2.6%) and a decrease in average cross-sectional fiber area (approximately 37%) in EDL fibers. Finally, oxidative stress was also significantly increased (25% reduction in ratio between reduced and oxidized glutathione, or GSH/GSSG, and 35% increase in production of mitochondrial superoxide flashes). Providing ad libitum access to N-acetylcysteine in the drinking water for 2 months normalized GSH/GSSG ratio, reduced mitochondrial damage (down to 8.9%), and improved grip strength (from 46 ± 3 to 59 ± 2 mN/gr) in CASQ1-null mice. Conclusions Our findings: 1) demonstrate that ablation of CASQ1 leads to enhanced oxidative stress, mitochondrial damage, and the formation of structural cores in skeletal muscle; 2) provide new insights in the pathogenic mechanisms that lead to damage/disappearance of mitochondria in cores; and 3) suggest that antioxidants may provide some therapeutic benefit in reducing mitochondrial damage, limiting the development of cores, and improving muscle function. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13395-015-0035-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Paolini
- CeSI - Center for Research on Ageing & DNICS - Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University G. d'Annunzio, Via L. Polacchi, 11, I-66013 Chieti, Italy
| | - Marco Quarta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi 58/B, I-35131 Padova, Italy ; Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, 450 Serra Mall, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| | - Lan Wei-LaPierre
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Ave., Rochester, NY 14642 USA
| | - Antonio Michelucci
- CeSI - Center for Research on Ageing & DNICS - Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University G. d'Annunzio, Via L. Polacchi, 11, I-66013 Chieti, Italy
| | - Alessandra Nori
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi 58/B, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Carlo Reggiani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi 58/B, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Robert T Dirksen
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Ave., Rochester, NY 14642 USA
| | - Feliciano Protasi
- CeSI - Center for Research on Ageing & DNICS - Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University G. d'Annunzio, Via L. Polacchi, 11, I-66013 Chieti, Italy
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The disorders of the calcium release unit of skeletal muscles: what have we learned from mouse models? J Muscle Res Cell Motil 2014; 36:61-9. [PMID: 25424378 DOI: 10.1007/s10974-014-9396-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Calcium storage, release, and reuptake are essential for normal physiological function of muscle. Several human skeletal muscle disorders can arise from dysfunction in the control and coordination of these three critical processes. The release from the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum stores (SR) is handled by a multiprotein complex called Calcium Release Unit and composed of DiHydroPyridine Receptor or DHPR, Ryanodine Receptor or RYR, Calsequestrin or CASQ, junctin, Triadin, Junctophilin and Mitsugumin 29. Malignant hyperthermia (MH), Central Core Disease (CCD), Exertional/environmental Heat Stroke (EHS) and Multiminicore disease (MmD) are inherited disorders of calcium homeostasis in skeletal muscles directly related to mutations of genes coding for proteins of the CRU, primarily ryanodine receptor (RYR1). To understand the pathophysiology of MH and CCD, four murine lines carrying point mutations of human RYR1 have been developed: Y524S, R163C, I4898T and T4826I. Mice carrying those mutations show a phenotype with the traits of MH and/or CCD. Interestingly, also ablation of skeletal muscle calsequestrin (CASQ1) leads to a phenotype with MH-like lethal episodes in response to halothane and heat stress and development of central cores. In this review, we aim to describe the murine lines with RYR mutations or CASQ ablation, which show a phenotype similar to human MH or CCD, to underline their specific phenotypes and their differences and to discuss their contribution to the understanding of the pathophysiology of the disorders and the development of therapeutic strategies.
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24
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Abstract
Ca(2+) release from intracellular stores and influx from extracellular reservoir regulate a wide range of physiological functions including muscle contraction and rhythmic heartbeat. One of the most ubiquitous pathways involved in controlled Ca(2+) influx into cells is store-operated Ca(2+) entry (SOCE), which is activated by the reduction of Ca(2+) concentration in the lumen of endoplasmic or sarcoplasmic reticulum (ER/SR). Although SOCE is pronounced in non-excitable cells, accumulating evidences highlight its presence and important roles in skeletal muscle and heart. Recent discovery of STIM proteins as ER/SR Ca(2+) sensors and Orai proteins as Ca(2+) channel pore forming unit expedited the mechanistic understanding of this pathway. This review focuses on current advances of SOCE components, regulation and physiologic and pathophysiologic roles in muscles. The specific property and the dysfunction of this pathway in muscle diseases, and new directions for future research in this rapidly growing field are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zui Pan
- Department of Internal Medicine-Cardiovascular Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA; Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Marco Brotto
- Muscle Biology Research Group-MUBIG, Schools of Nursing & Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Jianjie Ma
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA; Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
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25
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Li Y, Wang Y, Ma L. An association study of CASQ1 gene polymorphisms and heat stroke. GENOMICS, PROTEOMICS & BIOINFORMATICS 2014; 12:127-32. [PMID: 24887214 PMCID: PMC4411341 DOI: 10.1016/j.gpb.2014.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Although molecular mechanisms of heat stroke under physiological and pathological conditions have not yet been elucidated, a novel disease-associated gene encoding a calcium-binding protein, calsequestrin-1 (CASQ1), was suggested relevant based on results from a transgenic murine model. Here, we show the association between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of CASQ1 and physiological parameters for heat stroke from a study involving 150 patients. Pooled DNA from heat stroke patients were subjected to sequencing and 3 SNPs were identified. Genotypes were assigned for all patients according to g. 175A>G, one SNP which leads to a nonsynonymous substitution (N59D) in the first exon of human CASQ1 gene. We analyzed the genotypic data with a linear model based on significance scores between SNP (175A>G) and heat stroke parameters. As a result, we found a significant association between SNP A175G and heat stroke (P<0.05). Further bioinformatics analysis of the 1-Mb flanking sequence revealed the presence of two genes that encode DDB1 and CUL4 associated factor 8 (DCAF8), and peroxisomal biogenesis factor 19 (PEX19), respectively, which might be functionally related to CASQ1. Our results showed that the blood calcium of patients with allele D increased significantly, compared to patients with allele N (P<0.05), which may result from the decreased calcium in muscle, suggesting that N59D in CASQ1 might account for the dysfunction of CASQ1 in calcium regulation during heat stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- Department of Radiology, Chinese PLA Medical School, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Health Medicine, Beijing Electric Power Hospital, Beijing 100073, China
| | - Lin Ma
- Department of Radiology, Chinese PLA Medical School, Beijing 100853, China.
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26
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siRNA delivery via electropulsation: a review of the basic processes. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1121:81-98. [PMID: 24510814 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-9632-8_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
Abstract
Due to their capacity for inducing strong and sequence specific gene silencing in cells, small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) are now recognized not only as powerful experimental tools for basic research in Molecular biology but with promising potentials in therapeutic development. Delivery is a bottleneck in many studies. There is a common opinion that full potential of siRNA as therapeutic agent will not be attained until better methodologies for its targeted intracellular delivery to cells and tissues are developed. Electropulsation (EP) is one of the physical methods successfully used to transfer siRNA into living cells in vitro and in vivo. This review will describe how siRNA electrotransfer obeys characterized biophysical processes (cell-size-dependent electropermeabilization, electrophoretic drag) with a strong control of a low loss of viability. Protocols can be easily adjusted by a proper setting of the electrical parameters and pulsing buffers. EP can be easily directly applied on animals. Preclinical studies showed that electropermeabilization brings a direct cytoplasmic distribution of siRNA and an efficient silencing of the targeted protein expression. EP appears as a promising tool for clinical applications of gene silencing. A panel of successful trials will be given.
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Yarotskyy V, Protasi F, Dirksen RT. Accelerated activation of SOCE current in myotubes from two mouse models of anesthetic- and heat-induced sudden death. PLoS One 2013; 8:e77633. [PMID: 24143248 PMCID: PMC3797063 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Store-operated calcium entry (SOCE) channels play an important role in Ca2+ signaling. Recently, excessive SOCE was proposed to play a central role in the pathogenesis of malignant hyperthermia (MH), a pharmacogenic disorder of skeletal muscle. We tested this hypothesis by characterizing SOCE current (ISkCRAC) magnitude, voltage dependence, and rate of activation in myotubes derived from two mouse models of anesthetic- and heat-induced sudden death: 1) type 1 ryanodine receptor (RyR1) knock-in mice (Y524S/+) and 2) calsequestrin 1 and 2 double knock-out (dCasq-null) mice. ISkCRAC voltage dependence and magnitude at -80 mV were not significantly different in myotubes derived from wild type (WT), Y524S/+ and dCasq-null mice. However, the rate of ISkCRAC activation upon repetitive depolarization was significantly faster at room temperature in myotubes from Y524S/+ and dCasq-null mice. In addition, the maximum rate of ISkCRAC activation in dCasq-null myotubes was also faster than WT at more physiological temperatures (35-37°C). Azumolene (50 µM), a more water-soluble analog of dantrolene that is used to reverse MH crises, failed to alter ISkCRAC density or rate of activation. Together, these results indicate that while an increased rate of ISkCRAC activation is a common characteristic of myotubes derived from Y524S/+ and dCasq-null mice and that the protective effects of azumolene are not due to a direct inhibition of SOCE channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktor Yarotskyy
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Feliciano Protasi
- Center for Research on Ageing & Department of Neuroscience and Imaging, Università Gabriele d'Annunzio, Chieti, Italy
| | - Robert T. Dirksen
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Scorzeto M, Giacomello M, Toniolo L, Canato M, Blaauw B, Paolini C, Protasi F, Reggiani C, Stienen GJM. Mitochondrial Ca2+-handling in fast skeletal muscle fibers from wild type and calsequestrin-null mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e74919. [PMID: 24098358 PMCID: PMC3789688 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial calcium handling and its relation with calcium released from sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) in muscle tissue are subject of lively debate. In this study we aimed to clarify how the SR determines mitochondrial calcium handling using dCASQ-null mice which lack both isoforms of the major Ca2+-binding protein inside SR, calsequestrin. Mitochondrial free Ca2+-concentration ([Ca2+]mito) was determined by means of a genetically targeted ratiometric FRET-based probe. Electron microscopy revealed a highly significant increase in intermyofibrillar mitochondria (+55%) and augmented coupling (+12%) between Ca2+ release units of the SR and mitochondria in dCASQ-null vs. WT fibers. Significant differences in the baseline [Ca2+]mito were observed between quiescent WT and dCASQ-null fibers, but not in the resting cytosolic Ca2+ concentration. The rise in [Ca2+]mito during electrical stimulation occurred in 20−30 ms, while the decline during and after stimulation was governed by 4 rate constants of approximately 40, 1.6, 0.2 and 0.03 s−1. Accordingly, frequency-dependent increase in [Ca2+]mito occurred during sustained contractions. In dCASQ-null fibers the increases in [Ca2+]mito were less pronounced than in WT fibers and even lower when extracellular calcium was removed. The amplitude and duration of [Ca2+]mito transients were increased by inhibition of mitochondrial Na+/Ca2+ exchanger (mNCX). These results provide direct evidence for fast Ca2+ accumulation inside the mitochondria, involvement of the mNCX in mitochondrial Ca2+-handling and a dependence of mitochondrial Ca2+-handling on intracellular (SR) and external Ca2+ stores in fast skeletal muscle fibers. dCASQ-null mice represent a model for malignant hyperthermia. The differences in structure and in mitochondrial function observed relative to WT may represent compensatory mechanisms for the disease-related reduction of calcium storage capacity of the SR and/or SR Ca2+-leakage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Scorzeto
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Interuniversity Institute of Myology (IIM), University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | | | - Luana Toniolo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Interuniversity Institute of Myology (IIM), University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Marta Canato
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Interuniversity Institute of Myology (IIM), University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Bert Blaauw
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Interuniversity Institute of Myology (IIM), University of Padova, Padua, Italy
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padua, Italy
| | - Cecilia Paolini
- Department of Neuroscience and Imaging (DNI) and Center for Research on Ageing (CeSI), and Interuniversity Institute of Myology (IIM), University G. d' Annunzio, Chieti, Italy
| | - Feliciano Protasi
- Department of Neuroscience and Imaging (DNI) and Center for Research on Ageing (CeSI), and Interuniversity Institute of Myology (IIM), University G. d' Annunzio, Chieti, Italy
| | - Carlo Reggiani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Interuniversity Institute of Myology (IIM), University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Ger J. M. Stienen
- Laboratory for Physiology, Institute for Cardiovascular Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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Dantrolene-induced inhibition of skeletal L-type Ca2+ current requires RyR1 expression. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2012; 2013:390493. [PMID: 23509717 PMCID: PMC3591246 DOI: 10.1155/2013/390493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2012] [Revised: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 06/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Malignant hyperthermia (MH) is a pharmacogenetic disorder most often linked to mutations in the type 1 ryanodine receptor (RyR1) or the skeletal L-type Ca2+ channel (CaV1.1). The only effective treatment for an MH crisis is administration of the hydantoin derivative Dantrolene. In addition to reducing voltage induced Ca2+ release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, Dantrolene was recently found to inhibit L-type currents in developing myotubes by shifting the voltage-dependence of CaV1.1 channel activation to more depolarizing potentials. Thus, the purpose of this study was to obtain information regarding the mechanism of Dantrolene-induced inhibition of CaV1.1. A mechanism involving a general depression of plasma membrane excitability was excluded because the biophysical properties of skeletal muscle Na+ current in normal mouse myotubes were largely unaffected by exposure to Dantrolene. However, a role for RyR1 was evident as Dantrolene failed to alter the amplitude, voltage dependence and inactivation kinetics of L-type currents recorded from dyspedic (RyR1 null) myotubes. Taken together, these results suggest that the mechanism of Dantrolene-induced inhibition of the skeletal muscle L-type Ca2+ current is related to altered communication between CaV1.1 and RyR1.
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Abstract
There is substantial evidence indicating that disruption of Ca2+ homeostasis and activation of cytosolic proteases play a key role in the pathogenesis and progression of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD). However, the exact nature of the Ca2+ deregulation and the Ca2+ signaling pathways that are altered in dystrophic muscles have not yet been resolved. Here we examined the contribution of the store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) for the pathogenesis of DMD. RT-PCR and Western blot found that the expression level of Orai1, the pore-forming unit of SOCE, was significantly elevated in the dystrophic muscles, while parallel increases in SOCE activity and SR Ca2+ storage were detected in adult mdx muscles using Fura-2 fluorescence measurements. High-efficient shRNA probes against Orai1 were delivered into the flexor digitorum brevis muscle in live mice and knockdown of Orai1 eliminated the differences in SOCE activity and SR Ca2+ storage between the mdx and wild type muscle fibers. SOCE activity was repressed by intraperitoneal injection of BTP-2, an Orai1 inhibitor, and cytosolic calpain1 activity in single muscle fibers was measured by a membrane-permeable calpain substrate. We found that BTP-2 injection for 2 weeks significantly reduced the cytosolic calpain1 activity in mdx muscle fibers. Additionally, ultrastructural changes were observed by EM as an increase in the number of triad junctions was identified in dystrophic muscles. Compensatory changes in protein levels of SERCA1, TRP and NCX3 appeared in the mdx muscles, suggesting that comprehensive adaptations occur following altered Ca2+ homeostasis in mdx muscles. Our data indicates that upregulation of the Orai1-mediated SOCE pathway and an overloaded SR Ca2+ store contributes to the disrupted Ca2+ homeostasis in mdx muscles and is linked to elevated proteolytic activity, suggesting that targeting Orai1 activity may be a promising therapeutic approach for the prevention and treatment of muscular dystrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Zhao
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
- Division of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail: (XZ); (NW)
| | - Joseph G. Moloughney
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Sai Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Shinji Komazaki
- Department of Anatomy, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Noah Weisleder
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
- Department of Physiology & Cell Biology, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail: (XZ); (NW)
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Park CS, Cha H, Kwon EJ, Jeong D, Hajjar RJ, Kranias EG, Cho C, Park WJ, Kim DH. AAV-mediated knock-down of HRC exacerbates transverse aorta constriction-induced heart failure. PLoS One 2012; 7:e43282. [PMID: 22952658 PMCID: PMC3429470 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Histidine-rich calcium binding protein (HRC) is located in the lumen of sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) that binds to both triadin (TRN) and SERCA affecting Ca2+ cycling in the SR. Chronic overexpression of HRC that may disrupt intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis is implicated in pathogenesis of cardiac hypertrophy. Ablation of HRC showed relatively normal phenotypes under basal condition, but exhibited a significantly increased susceptibility to isoproterenol-induced cardiac hypertrophy. In the present study, we characterized the functions of HRC related to Ca2+ cycling and pathogenesis of cardiac hypertrophy using the in vitro siRNA- and the in vivo adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated HRC knock-down (KD) systems, respectively. Methodology/Principal Findings AAV-mediated HRC-KD system was used with or without C57BL/6 mouse model of transverse aortic constriction-induced failing heart (TAC-FH) to examine whether HRC-KD could enhance cardiac function in failing heart (FH). Initially we expected that HRC-KD could elicit cardiac functional recovery in failing heart (FH), since predesigned siRNA-mediated HRC-KD enhanced Ca2+ cycling and increased activities of RyR2 and SERCA2 without change in SR Ca2+ load in neonatal rat ventricular cells (NRVCs) and HL-1 cells. However, AAV9-mediated HRC-KD in TAC-FH was associated with decreased fractional shortening and increased cardiac fibrosis compared with control. We found that phospho-RyR2, phospho-CaMKII, phospho-p38 MAPK, and phospho-PLB were significantly upregulated by HRC-KD in TAC-FH. A significantly increased level of cleaved caspase-3, a cardiac cell death marker was also found, consistent with the result of TUNEL assay. Conclusions/Significance Increased Ca2+ leak and cytosolic Ca2+ concentration due to a partial KD of HRC could enhance activity of CaMKII and phosphorylation of p38 MAPK, causing the mitochondrial death pathway observed in TAC-FH. Our results present evidence that down-regulation of HRC could deteriorate cardiac function in TAC-FH through perturbed SR-mediated Ca2+ cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Sik Park
- College of Life Sciences and Systems Biology Research Center, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Buk-gu, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeseon Cha
- College of Life Sciences and Systems Biology Research Center, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Buk-gu, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Jeong Kwon
- College of Life Sciences and Systems Biology Research Center, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Buk-gu, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongtak Jeong
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Roger J. Hajjar
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Evangelia G. Kranias
- Department of Pharmacology & Cell Biophysics, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Chunghee Cho
- College of Life Sciences and Systems Biology Research Center, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Buk-gu, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Jin Park
- College of Life Sciences and Systems Biology Research Center, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Buk-gu, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Do Han Kim
- College of Life Sciences and Systems Biology Research Center, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Buk-gu, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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32
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Yarotskyy V, Dirksen RT. Temperature and RyR1 regulate the activation rate of store-operated Ca²+ entry current in myotubes. Biophys J 2012; 103:202-11. [PMID: 22853897 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2012.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2011] [Revised: 05/29/2012] [Accepted: 06/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Store-operated calcium entry (SOCE) is an important Ca(2+) entry pathway in skeletal muscle. However, direct electrophysiological recording and full characterization of the underlying SOCE current in skeletal muscle cells (I(SkCRAC)) has not been reported. Here, we characterized the biophysical properties, pharmacological profile, and molecular identity of I(SkCRAC) in skeletal myotubes, as well as the regulation of its rate of activation by temperature and the type I ryanodine receptor (RyR1). I(SkCRAC) exhibited many hallmarks of Ca(2+) release activated Ca(2+) currents (I(CRAC)): store dependence, strong inward rectification, positive reversal potential, limited cesium permeability, and sensitivity to SOCE channel blockers. I(SkCRAC) was reduced by siRNA knockdown of stromal interaction molecule 1 and expression of dominant negative Orai1. Average I(SkCRAC) current density at -80mV was 1.00 ± 0.05 pA/pF. In the presence of 20 mM intracellular EGTA, I(SkCRAC) activation occurred over tens of seconds during repetitive depolarization at 0.5Hz and was inhibited by treatment with 100 μM ryanodine. The rate of SOCE activation was reduced threefold in myotubes from RyR1-null mice and increased 4.6-fold at physiological temperatures (35-37°C). These results show that I(SkCRAC) exhibits similar biophysical, pharmacological, and molecular properties as I(CRAC) in nonexcitable cells and its rate of activation during repetitive depolarization is strongly regulated by temperature and RyR1 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktor Yarotskyy
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
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33
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Galligan JJ, Petersen DR. The human protein disulfide isomerase gene family. Hum Genomics 2012; 6:6. [PMID: 23245351 PMCID: PMC3500226 DOI: 10.1186/1479-7364-6-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2011] [Accepted: 05/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Enzyme-mediated disulfide bond formation is a highly conserved process affecting over one-third of all eukaryotic proteins. The enzymes primarily responsible for facilitating thiol-disulfide exchange are members of an expanding family of proteins known as protein disulfide isomerases (PDIs). These proteins are part of a larger superfamily of proteins known as the thioredoxin protein family (TRX). As members of the PDI family of proteins, all proteins contain a TRX-like structural domain and are predominantly expressed in the endoplasmic reticulum. Subcellular localization and the presence of a TRX domain, however, comprise the short list of distinguishing features required for gene family classification. To date, the PDI gene family contains 21 members, varying in domain composition, molecular weight, tissue expression, and cellular processing. Given their vital role in protein-folding, loss of PDI activity has been associated with the pathogenesis of numerous disease states, most commonly related to the unfolded protein response (UPR). Over the past decade, UPR has become a very attractive therapeutic target for multiple pathologies including Alzheimer disease, Parkinson disease, alcoholic and non-alcoholic liver disease, and type-2 diabetes. Understanding the mechanisms of protein-folding, specifically thiol-disulfide exchange, may lead to development of a novel class of therapeutics that would help alleviate a wide range of diseases by targeting the UPR.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J Galligan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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34
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STIM1-Ca(2+) signaling is required for the hypertrophic growth of skeletal muscle in mice. Mol Cell Biol 2012; 32:3009-17. [PMID: 22645307 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.06599-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Immediately after birth, skeletal muscle must undergo an enormous period of growth and differentiation that is coordinated by several intertwined growth signaling pathways. How these pathways are integrated remains unclear but is likely to involve skeletal muscle contractile activity and calcium (Ca(2+)) signaling. Here, we show that Ca(2+) signaling governed by stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1) plays a central role in the integration of signaling and, therefore, muscle growth and differentiation. Conditional deletion of STIM1 from the skeletal muscle of mice (mSTIM1(-/-) mice) leads to profound growth delay, reduced myonuclear proliferation, and perinatal lethality. We show that muscle fibers of neonatal mSTIM1(-/-) mice cannot support the activity-dependent Ca(2+) transients evoked by tonic neurostimulation, even though excitation contraction coupling (ECC) remains unperturbed. In addition, disruption of tonic Ca(2+) signaling in muscle fibers attenuates downstream muscle growth signaling, such as that of calcineurin, mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 and 2 (ERK1/2), and AKT. Based on our findings, we propose a model wherein STIM1-mediated store-operated calcium entry (SOCE) governs the Ca(2+) signaling required for cellular processes that are necessary for neonatal muscle growth and differentiation.
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35
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Malignant hyperthermia susceptibility arising from altered resting coupling between the skeletal muscle L-type Ca2+ channel and the type 1 ryanodine receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:7923-8. [PMID: 22547813 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1119207109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant hyperthermia (MH) susceptibility is a dominantly inherited disorder in which volatile anesthetics trigger aberrant Ca(2+) release in skeletal muscle and a potentially fatal rise in perioperative body temperature. Mutations causing MH susceptibility have been identified in two proteins critical for excitation-contraction (EC) coupling, the type 1 ryanodine receptor (RyR1) and Ca(V)1.1, the principal subunit of the L-type Ca(2+) channel. All of the mutations that have been characterized previously augment EC coupling and/or increase the rate of L-type Ca(2+) entry. The Ca(V)1.1 mutation R174W associated with MH susceptibility occurs at the innermost basic residue of the IS4 voltage-sensing helix, a residue conserved among all Ca(V) channels [Carpenter D, et al. (2009) BMC Med Genet 10:104-115.]. To define the functional consequences of this mutation, we expressed it in dysgenic (Ca(V)1.1 null) myotubes. Unlike previously described MH-linked mutations in Ca(V)1.1, R174W ablated the L-type current and had no effect on EC coupling. Nonetheless, R174W increased sensitivity of Ca(2+) release to caffeine (used for MH diagnostic in vitro testing) and to volatile anesthetics. Moreover, in Ca(V)1.1 R174W-expressing myotubes, resting myoplasmic Ca(2+) levels were elevated, and sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) stores were partially depleted, compared with myotubes expressing wild-type Ca(V)1.1. Our results indicate that Ca(V)1.1 functions not only to activate RyR1 during EC coupling, but also to suppress resting RyR1-mediated Ca(2+) leak from the SR, and that perturbation of Ca(V)1.1 negative regulation of RyR1 leak identifies a unique mechanism that can sensitize muscle cells to MH triggers.
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36
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Mice null for calsequestrin 1 exhibit deficits in functional performance and sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium handling. PLoS One 2011; 6:e27036. [PMID: 22164205 PMCID: PMC3229475 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2011] [Accepted: 10/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In skeletal muscle, the release of calcium (Ca2+) by ryanodine sensitive sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+ release channels (i.e., ryanodine receptors; RyR1s) is the primary determinant of contractile filament activation. Much attention has been focused on calsequestrin (CASQ1) and its role in SR Ca2+ buffering as well as its potential for modulating RyR1, the L-type Ca2+ channel (dihydropyridine receptor, DHPR) and other sarcolemmal channels through sensing luminal [Ca2+]. The genetic ablation of CASQ1 expression results in significant alterations in SR Ca2+ content and SR Ca2+ release especially during prolonged activation. While these findings predict a significant loss-of-function phenotype in vivo, little information on functional status of CASQ1 null mice is available. We examined fast muscle in vivo and in vitro and identified significant deficits in functional performance that indicate an inability to sustain contractile activation. In single CASQ1 null skeletal myofibers we demonstrate a decrease in voltage dependent RyR Ca2+ release with single action potentials and a collapse of the Ca2+ release with repetitive trains. Under voltage clamp, SR Ca2+ release flux and total SR Ca2+ release are significantly reduced in CASQ1 null myofibers. The decrease in peak Ca2+ release flux appears to be solely due to elimination of the slowly decaying component of SR Ca2+ release, whereas the rapidly decaying component of SR Ca2+ release is not altered in either amplitude or time course in CASQ1 null fibers. Finally, intra-SR [Ca2+] during ligand and voltage activation of RyR1 revealed a significant decrease in the SR[Ca2+]free in intact CASQ1 null fibers and a increase in the release and uptake kinetics consistent with a depletion of intra-SR Ca2+ buffering capacity. Taken together we have revealed that the genetic ablation of CASQ1 expression results in significant functional deficits consistent with a decrease in the slowly decaying component of SR Ca2+ release.
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37
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Protasi F, Paolini C, Canato M, Reggiani C, Quarta M. Lessons from calsequestrin-1 ablation in vivo: much more than a Ca(2+) buffer after all. J Muscle Res Cell Motil 2011; 32:257-70. [PMID: 22130610 DOI: 10.1007/s10974-011-9277-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2011] [Accepted: 11/09/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Calsequestrin type-1 (CASQ1), the main sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca(2+) binding protein, plays a dual role in skeletal fibers: a) it provides a large pool of rapidly-releasable Ca(2+) during excitation-contraction (EC) coupling; and b) it modulates the activity of ryanodine receptors (RYRs), the SR Ca(2+) release channels. We have generated a mouse lacking CASQ1 in order to further characterize the role of CASQ1 in skeletal muscle. Contrary to initial expectations, CASQ1 ablation is compatible with normal motor activity, in spite of moderate muscle atrophy. However, CASQ1 deficiency results in profound remodeling of the EC coupling apparatus: shrinkage of junctional SR lumen; proliferation of SR/transverse-tubule contacts; and increased density of RYRs. While force development during a twitch is preserved, it is nevertheless characterized by a prolonged time course, likely reflecting impaired Ca(2+) re-uptake by the SR. Finally, lack of CASQ1 also results in increased rate of SR Ca(2+) depletion and inability of muscle to sustain tension during a prolonged tetani. All modifications are more pronounced (or only found) in fast-twitch extensor digitorum longus muscle compared to slow-twitch soleus muscle, likely because the latter expresses higher amounts of calsequestrin type-2 (CASQ2). Surprisingly, male CASQ1-null mice also exhibit a marked increased rate of spontaneous mortality suggestive of a stress-induced phenotype. Consistent with this idea, CASQ1-null mice exhibit an increased susceptibility to undergo a hypermetabolic syndrome characterized by whole body contractures, rhabdomyolysis, hyperthermia and sudden death in response to halothane- and heat-exposure, a phenotype remarkably similar to human malignant hyperthermia and environmental heat-stroke. The latter findings validate the CASQ1 gene as a candidate for linkage analysis in human muscle disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feliciano Protasi
- CeSI-Center for Research on Ageing & DNI-Department of Neuroscience and Imaging, University Gabriele d’Annunzioof Chieti, Via Colle dell’Ara, 66100 Chieti, Italy.
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Store-operated calcium entry is present in HL-1 cardiomyocytes and contributes to resting calcium. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 416:45-50. [PMID: 22079292 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.10.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2011] [Accepted: 10/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Store-operated Ca(2+) entry (SOCE) has recently been shown to be of physiological and pathological importance in the heart, particularly during cardiac hypertrophy. However, measuring changes in intracellular Ca(2+) during SOCE is very difficult to study in adult primary cardiomyocytes. As a result there is a need for a stable and reliable in vitro model of SOCE which can be used to test cardiac drugs and investigate the role of SOCE in cardiac pathology. HL-1 cells are the only immortal cardiomyocyte cell line available that continuously divides and spontaneously contracts while maintaining phenotypic characteristics of the adult cardiomyocyte. To date the role of SOCE has not yet been investigated in the HL-1 cardiac cell line. We report for the first time that these cells expressed stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1) and the Ca(2+) release-activated Ca(2+) (CRAC) channel Orai1, which are essential components of the SOCE machinery. In addition, SOCE was tightly coupled to sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)-Ca(2+) release in HL-1 cells, and such response was not impaired in the presence of voltage dependent Ca(2+) channels (L-type and T-type channels) or reverse mode Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchanger (NCX) inhibitors. We were able to abolish the SOCE response with known SOCE inhibitors (BTP-2 and SKF-96365) and by targeted knockdown of Orai1 with RNAi. In addition, knockdown of Orai1 resulted in lower baseline Ca(2+) and an attenuated response to thapsigargin (TG) and caffeine, indicating that SOCE may play a role in Ca(2+) homeostasis during unstressed conditions in cardiomyocytes. Currently, there is little knowledge about SOCE in cardiomyocytes, and the present results suggest that HL-1 cells will be of great utility in investigating the role of SOCE in the heart.
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Tomasi M, Canato M, Paolini C, Dainese M, Reggiani C, Volpe P, Protasi F, Nori A. Calsequestrin (CASQ1) rescues function and structure of calcium release units in skeletal muscles of CASQ1-null mice. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2011; 302:C575-86. [PMID: 22049211 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00119.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Amplitude of Ca(2+) transients, ultrastructure of Ca(2+) release units, and molecular composition of sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) are altered in fast-twitch skeletal muscles of calsequestrin-1 (CASQ1)-null mice. To determine whether such changes are directly caused by CASQ1 ablation or are instead the result of adaptive mechanisms, here we assessed ability of CASQ1 in rescuing the null phenotype. In vivo reintroduction of CASQ1 was carried out by cDNA electro transfer in flexor digitorum brevis muscle of the mouse. Exogenous CASQ1 was found to be correctly targeted to the junctional SR (jSR), as judged by immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy; terminal cisternae (TC) lumen was filled with electron dense material and its width was significantly increased, as judged by electron microscopy; peak amplitude of Ca(2+) transients was significantly increased compared with null muscle fibers transfected only with green fluorescent protein (control); and finally, transfected fibers were able to sustain cytosolic Ca(2+) concentration during prolonged tetanic stimulation. Only the expression of TC proteins, such as calsequestrin 2, sarcalumenin, and triadin, was not rescued as judged by Western blot. Thus our results support the view that CASQ1 plays a key role in both Ca(2+) homeostasis and TC structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirta Tomasi
- Dept. of Experimental Biomedical Sciences, Univ. of Padova, Italy
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Hirshey Dirksen SJ, Larach MG, Rosenberg H, Brandom BW, Parness J, Lang RS, Gangadharan M, Pezalski T. Special article: Future directions in malignant hyperthermia research and patient care. Anesth Analg 2011; 113:1108-19. [PMID: 21709147 DOI: 10.1213/ane.0b013e318222af2e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Malignant hyperthermia (MH) is a complex pharmacogenetic disorder of muscle metabolism. To more closely examine the complexities of MH and other related muscle disorders, the Malignant Hyperthermia Association of the United States (MHAUS) recently sponsored a scientific conference at which an interdisciplinary group of experts gathered to share new information and ideas. In this Special Article, we highlight key concepts and theories presented at the conference along with exciting new trends and challenges in MH research and patient care.
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Massive alterations of sarcoplasmic reticulum free calcium in skeletal muscle fibers lacking calsequestrin revealed by a genetically encoded probe. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:22326-31. [PMID: 21135222 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1009168108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytosolic free Ca(2+) transients elicited by muscle fiber excitation are well characterized, but little is known about the free [Ca(2+)] dynamics within the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). A targetable ratiometric FRET-based calcium indicator (D1ER Cameleon) allowed us to investigate SR Ca(2+) dynamics and analyze the impact of calsequestrin (CSQ) on SR [Ca(2+)] in enzymatically dissociated flexor digitorum brevis muscle fibers from WT and CSQ-KO mice lacking isoform 1 (CSQ-KO) or both isoforms [CSQ-double KO (DKO)]. At rest, free SR [Ca(2+)] did not differ between WT, CSQ-KO, and CSQ-DKO fibers. During sustained contractions, changes were rather small in WT, reflecting powerful buffering of CSQ, whereas in CSQ-KO fibers, significant drops in SR [Ca(2+)] occurred. Their amplitude increased with stimulation frequency between 1 and 60 Hz. At 60 Hz, the SR became virtually depleted of Ca(2+), both in CSQ-KO and CSQ-DKO fibers. In CSQ-KO fibers, cytosolic free calcium detected with Fura-2 declined during repetitive stimulation, indicating that SR calcium content was insufficient for sustained contractile activity. SR Ca(2+) reuptake during and after stimulation trains appeared to be governed by three temporally distinct processes with rate constants of 50, 1-5, and 0.3 s(-1) (at 26 °C), reflecting activity of the SR Ca(2+) pump and interplay of luminal and cytosolic Ca(2+) buffers and pointing to store-operated calcium entry (SOCE). SOCE might play an essential role during muscle contractures responsible for the malignant hyperthermia-like syndrome in mice lacking CSQ.
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