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Hubert A, Tabuteau H, Farasin J, Loncar A, Dufresne A, Méheust Y, Le Borgne T. Fluid flow drives phenotypic heterogeneity in bacterial growth and adhesion on surfaces. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6161. [PMID: 39039040 PMCID: PMC11263347 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49997-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Bacteria often thrive in surface-attached communities, where they can form biofilms affording them multiple advantages. In this sessile form, fluid flow is a key component of their environments, renewing nutrients and transporting metabolic products and signaling molecules. It also controls colonization patterns and growth rates on surfaces, through bacteria transport, attachment and detachment. However, the current understanding of bacterial growth on surfaces neglects the possibility that bacteria may modulate their division behavior as a response to flow. Here, we employed single-cell imaging in microfluidic experiments to demonstrate that attached Escherichia coli cells can enter a growth arrest state while simultaneously enhancing their adhesion underflow. Despite utilizing clonal populations, we observed a non-uniform response characterized by bistable dynamics, with co-existing subpopulations of non-dividing and actively dividing bacteria. As the proportion of non-dividing bacteria increased with the applied flow rate, it resulted in a reduction in the average growth rate of bacterial populations on flow-exposed surfaces. Dividing bacteria exhibited asymmetric attachment, whereas non-dividing counterparts adhered to the surface via both cell poles. Hence, this phenotypic diversity allows bacterial colonies to combine enhanced attachment with sustained growth, although at a reduced rate, which may be a significant advantage in fluctuating flow conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Hubert
- Géosciences Rennes, UMR 6118 University of Rennes and CNRS, Rennes, France
| | - Hervé Tabuteau
- Institut de Physique de Rennes, UMR 6251 University of Rennes and CNRS, Rennes, France.
| | - Julien Farasin
- Géosciences Rennes, UMR 6118 University of Rennes and CNRS, Rennes, France
| | - Aleksandar Loncar
- Géosciences Rennes, UMR 6118 University of Rennes and CNRS, Rennes, France
| | - Alexis Dufresne
- ECOBIO, UMR 6553 University of Rennes and CNRS, Rennes, France
| | - Yves Méheust
- Géosciences Rennes, UMR 6118 University of Rennes and CNRS, Rennes, France
| | - Tanguy Le Borgne
- Géosciences Rennes, UMR 6118 University of Rennes and CNRS, Rennes, France.
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2
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Sharma A, Shuppara AM, Padron GC, Sanfilippo JE. Combining multiple stressors unexpectedly blocks bacterial migration and growth. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.27.595753. [PMID: 38853869 PMCID: PMC11160647 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.27.595753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
In nature, organisms experience combinations of stressors. However, laboratory studies typically simplify reality and focus on the effects of an individual stressor. Here, we use a microfluidic approach to simultaneously provide a physical stressor (shear flow) and a chemical stressor (H 2 O 2 ) to the human pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa . By treating cells with levels of flow and H 2 O 2 that commonly co-occur in nature, we discover that previous reports significantly overestimate the H 2 O 2 levels required to block bacterial growth. Specifically, we establish that flow increases H 2 O 2 effectiveness 50-fold, explaining why previous studies lacking flow required much higher concentrations. Using natural H 2 O 2 levels, we identify the core H 2 O 2 regulon, characterize OxyR-mediated dynamic regulation, and dissect the redundant roles of multiple H 2 O 2 scavenging systems. By examining single-cell behavior, we serendipitously discover that the combined effects of H 2 O 2 and flow block pilus-driven surface migration. Thus, our results counter previous studies and reveal that natural levels of H 2 O 2 and flow synergize to restrict bacterial colonization and survival. By studying two stressors at once, our research highlights the limitations of oversimplifying nature and demonstrates that physical and chemical stress can combine to yield unpredictable effects.
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3
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Shuppara AM, Padron GC, Sharma A, Modi Z, Koch MD, Sanfilippo JE. Fluid flow overcomes antimicrobial resistance by boosting delivery. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.08.591722. [PMID: 38766052 PMCID: PMC11100760 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.08.591722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance is an emerging global threat to humanity. As resistance outpaces development, new perspectives are required. For decades, scientists have prioritized chemical optimization, while largely ignoring the physical process of delivery. Here, we used biophysical simulations and microfluidic experiments to explore how fluid flow delivers antimicrobials into communities of the highly resistant pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa . We discover that increasing flow overcomes bacterial resistance towards three chemically distinct antimicrobials: hydrogen peroxide, gentamicin, and carbenicillin. Without flow, resistant P. aeruginosa cells generate local zones of depletion by neutralizing all three antimicrobials through degradation or chemical modification. As flow increases, delivery overwhelms neutralization, allowing antimicrobials to regain effectiveness against resistant bacteria. Additionally, we discover that cells on the edge of a community shield internal cells, and cell-cell shielding is abolished in higher flow regimes. Collectively, our quantitative experiments reveal the unexpected result that physical flow and chemical dosage are equally important to antimicrobial effectiveness. Thus, our results should inspire the incorporation of flow into the discovery, development, and implementation of antimicrobials, and could represent a new strategy to combat antimicrobial resistance.
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4
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Marra D, Orillo E, Toscano G, Petala M, Karapantsios TD, Caserta S. The role of air relative humidity on the wettability of Pseudomonas fluorescens AR11 biofilms. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2024; 237:113831. [PMID: 38508084 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2024.113831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Biofilms are complex porous materials formed by microorganisms, polysaccharides, proteins, eDNA, inorganic matter, and water. They are ubiquitous in various environmental niches and are known to grow at solid-liquid, solid-air and air-liquid interfaces, often causing problems in several industrial and sanitary fields. Their removal is a challenge in many applications and numerous studies have been conducted to identify promising chemical species as cleaning agents. While these substances target specific components of biofilm structure, the role of water content in biofilm, and how it can influence wettability and detergent absorption have been quite neglected in the literature. Estimating water content in biofilm is a challenging task due to its heterogeneity in morphology and chemical composition. In this study, we controlled water content in Pseudomonas fluorescens AR 11 biofilms grown on submerged glass slides by regulating environmental relative humidity after drying. Interfacial properties of biofilm were investigated by measuring wetting of water and soybean oil. The morphology of biofilm structure was evaluated using Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy. The results showed that biofilm water content has a significant and measurable effect on its wettability, leading to the hypothesis that a preliminary control of water content can play a crucial role in biofilm removal process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Marra
- DICMaPI, Università di Napoli Federico II, P.le V.Tecchio 80, Napoli 80125, Italy
| | - Emilia Orillo
- DICMaPI, Università di Napoli Federico II, P.le V.Tecchio 80, Napoli 80125, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Toscano
- DICMaPI, Università di Napoli Federico II, P.le V.Tecchio 80, Napoli 80125, Italy
| | - Maria Petala
- Department of Civil Engineering, University Box 487, Thessaloniki 54 124, Greece
| | - Thodoris D Karapantsios
- Department of Chemical Technology and Industrial Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Aristotle University, University Box 116, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Sergio Caserta
- DICMaPI, Università di Napoli Federico II, P.le V.Tecchio 80, Napoli 80125, Italy; CEINGE, Advanced Biotechnologies, Naples 80145, Italy.
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5
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Ugolini GS, Wang M, Secchi E, Pioli R, Ackermann M, Stocker R. Microfluidic approaches in microbial ecology. LAB ON A CHIP 2024; 24:1394-1418. [PMID: 38344937 PMCID: PMC10898419 DOI: 10.1039/d3lc00784g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Microbial life is at the heart of many diverse environments and regulates most natural processes, from the functioning of animal organs to the cycling of global carbon. Yet, the study of microbial ecology is often limited by challenges in visualizing microbial processes and replicating the environmental conditions under which they unfold. Microfluidics operates at the characteristic scale at which microorganisms live and perform their functions, thus allowing for the observation and quantification of behaviors such as growth, motility, and responses to external cues, often with greater detail than classical techniques. By enabling a high degree of control in space and time of environmental conditions such as nutrient gradients, pH levels, and fluid flow patterns, microfluidics further provides the opportunity to study microbial processes in conditions that mimic the natural settings harboring microbial life. In this review, we describe how recent applications of microfluidic systems to microbial ecology have enriched our understanding of microbial life and microbial communities. We highlight discoveries enabled by microfluidic approaches ranging from single-cell behaviors to the functioning of multi-cellular communities, and we indicate potential future opportunities to use microfluidics to further advance our understanding of microbial processes and their implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Stefano Ugolini
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering, Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zurich, Laura-Hezner-Weg 7, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Miaoxiao Wang
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Duebendorf, Switzerland
| | - Eleonora Secchi
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering, Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zurich, Laura-Hezner-Weg 7, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Roberto Pioli
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering, Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zurich, Laura-Hezner-Weg 7, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Martin Ackermann
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Duebendorf, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Microbial Systems Ecology, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), École Polytechnique Fédéral de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Roman Stocker
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering, Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zurich, Laura-Hezner-Weg 7, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
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Rosales AB, Causserand C, Coetsier C, Formosa-Dague C. Probing the reduction of adhesion forces between biofilms and anti-biofouling filtration membrane surfaces using FluidFM technology. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2024; 234:113701. [PMID: 38101142 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2023.113701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Biofouling is a persistent problem in many sectors (healthcare, medicine, marine, and membrane filtration processes). To control the biofouling of surfaces, it is essential to overcome or reduce the adhesion forces between biofilms and surfaces. To access and understand the molecular basis of these interactions, atomic force microscopy (AFM) is a well-suited technology that can measure adhesion forces at the piconewton level. However, AFM-based existing methods only probe interactions between individual cells and surfaces, which is not representative of realistic conditions given that bacteria mainly exist in biofilms. We develop here an original method using FluidFM, a combination of AFM and microfluidics, to probe the adhesion forces between biofilms and filtration membranes modified with an anti-biofouling agent, vanillin. This strategy involves i) growing bacterial biofilms on micrometer-sized polystyrene beads, ii) aspirating these biofilm beads at the aperture of microfluidic cantilevers and iii) using them as probes in force spectroscopy experiments. The results obtained first showed that COOH-functionalized polystyrene beads are more suitable for bacterial growth, and that biofilms obtained after 3 h of incubation could be used with FluidFM. Then, biofilm-scale force spectroscopy experiments showed a significant decrease in adhesion forces, adhesion work, and adhesion events after membrane modification, demonstrating the potential of vanillin-coated membranes to reduce biofouling. In addition, the comparison between results at the individual cell and biofilm scales highlighted the complexity of polymeric matrix unbinding and/or unfolding in the biofilm, showing that individual cells behave differently from biofilms. Overall, this method could have implications in the fields of materials science, chemical engineering, health, and the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail Burato Rosales
- Laboratoire de Génie Chimique, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPS, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Christel Causserand
- Laboratoire de Génie Chimique, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPS, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Clémence Coetsier
- Laboratoire de Génie Chimique, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPS, 31062 Toulouse, France; Fédération de Recherche Fermat, CNRS, 31000 Toulouse, France.
| | - Cécile Formosa-Dague
- TBI, Université de Toulouse, INSA, INRAE, CNRS, 31400 Toulouse, France; Fédération de Recherche Fermat, CNRS, 31000 Toulouse, France.
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7
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Jain S, Singh A, Tiwari N, Naik A, Chatterjee R, Chakravortty D, Basu S. Observations on phenomenological changes in Klebsiella Pneumoniae under fluidic stresses. SOFT MATTER 2023; 19:9239-9253. [PMID: 37999932 DOI: 10.1039/d3sm01521a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
In the present work, experiments are conducted to understand the consequence of stresses generated by flowing fluid on the bacterial morphology and virulence in microfluidic channels. We consider Klebsiella pneumoniae (KP, a clinical isolate), an ESKAPE pathogen, to be the model bacteria responsible for blood stream infections, bacteremia, including pneumonia, urinary tract infections and more. Four different stress conditions are generated by changing the flow rate and channel geometry subsequently altering the shear rate and stressing time (τ). We observe significant changes in the structural aspects of the stressed bacteria. With an increase in stressing parameters, the viability of the bacterial sample deteriorated. Most importantly, these stressed samples proliferate much more than unstressed samples inside the RAW264.7 murine macrophages. The results shed light on the complex relationship between flow stresses and bacterial virulence. Furthermore, the bacterial samples are challenged with ciprofloxacin to see how they behave under different stress conditions. The observations presented in the present study can be extended to model deadly diseases including bacteremia using organ-on-a-chip technology and to understand bacterial pathogenicity under realistic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddhant Jain
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru 560012, India.
| | - Anmol Singh
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru 560012, India
| | - Nivedita Tiwari
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru 560012, India.
| | - Aparna Naik
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru 560012, India.
| | - Ritika Chatterjee
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru 560012, India
| | - Dipshikha Chakravortty
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru 560012, India
- School of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - Saptarshi Basu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru 560012, India.
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8
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Biagini F, Botte E, Calvigioni M, De Maria C, Mazzantini D, Celandroni F, Ghelardi E, Vozzi G. A Millifluidic Chamber for Controlled Shear Stress Testing: Application to Microbial Cultures. Ann Biomed Eng 2023; 51:2923-2933. [PMID: 37713099 PMCID: PMC10632311 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-023-03361-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
In vitro platforms such as bioreactors and microfluidic devices are commonly designed to engineer tissue models as well as to replicate the crosstalk between cells and microorganisms hosted in the human body. These systems promote nutrient supply and waste removal through culture medium recirculation; consequently, they intrinsically expose cellular structures to shear stress, be it a desired mechanical stimulus to drive the cell fate or a potential inhibitor for the model maturation. Assessing the impact of shear stress on cellular or microbial cultures thus represents a crucial step to define proper environmental conditions for in vitro models. In this light, the aim of this study was to develop a millifluidic device enabling to generate fully controlled shear stress profiles for quantitatively probing its influence on tissue or bacterial models, overcoming the limitations of previous reports proposing similar devices. Relying on this millifluidic tool, we present a systematic methodology to test how adherent cellular structures react to shear forces, which was applied to the case of microbial biofilms as a proof of concept. The results obtained suggest our approach as a suitable testbench to evaluate culture conditions in terms of shear stress faced by cells or microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Biagini
- Research Center "E. Piaggio", University of Pisa, Largo L. Lazzarino 1, 56122, Pisa, Italy
| | - Ermes Botte
- Research Center "E. Piaggio", University of Pisa, Largo L. Lazzarino 1, 56122, Pisa, Italy
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Pisa, Via G. Caruso 16, 56122, Pisa, Italy
| | - Marco Calvigioni
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Via San Zeno 35, 56123, Pisa, Italy
| | - Carmelo De Maria
- Research Center "E. Piaggio", University of Pisa, Largo L. Lazzarino 1, 56122, Pisa, Italy
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Pisa, Via G. Caruso 16, 56122, Pisa, Italy
| | - Diletta Mazzantini
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Via San Zeno 35, 56123, Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesco Celandroni
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Via San Zeno 35, 56123, Pisa, Italy
| | - Emilia Ghelardi
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Via San Zeno 35, 56123, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giovanni Vozzi
- Research Center "E. Piaggio", University of Pisa, Largo L. Lazzarino 1, 56122, Pisa, Italy.
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Pisa, Via G. Caruso 16, 56122, Pisa, Italy.
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9
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Zhang Y, Young P, Traini D, Li M, Ong HX, Cheng S. Challenges and current advances in in vitro biofilm characterization. Biotechnol J 2023; 18:e2300074. [PMID: 37477959 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202300074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Biofilms are structured communities of bacterial cells encased in a self-produced polymeric matrix, which develop over time and exhibit temporal responses to stimuli from internal biological processes or external environmental changes. They can be detrimental, threatening public health and causing economic loss, while they also play beneficial roles in ecosystem health, biotechnology processes, and industrial settings. Biofilms express extreme heterogeneity in their physical properties and structural composition, resulting in critical challenges in understanding them comprehensively. The lack of detailed knowledge of biofilms and their phenotypes has deterred significant progress in developing strategies to control their negative impacts and take advantage of their beneficial applications. A range of in vitro models and characterization tools have been developed and used to study biofilm growth and, specifically, to investigate the impact of environmental and growth factors on their development. This review article discusses the existing knowledge of biofilm properties and explains how external factors, such as flow condition, surface, interface, and host factor, may impact biofilm growth. The limitations of current tools, techniques, and in vitro models that are currently used for biofilms are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Zhang
- School of Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Paul Young
- Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Marketing, Macquarie Business School, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Daniela Traini
- Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ming Li
- School of Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Hui Xin Ong
- Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Shaokoon Cheng
- School of Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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10
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Palalay JJS, Simsek AN, Reed JL, Koch MD, Sabass B, Sanfilippo JE. Shear force enhances adhesion of Pseudomonas aeruginosa by counteracting pilus-driven surface departure. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2307718120. [PMID: 37788310 PMCID: PMC10576114 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2307718120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Fluid flow is thought to prevent bacterial adhesion, but some bacteria use adhesins with catch bond properties to enhance adhesion under high shear forces. However, many studies on bacterial adhesion either neglect the influence of shear force or use shear forces that are not typically found in natural systems. In this study, we use microfluidics and single-cell imaging to examine how the human pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa interacts with surfaces when exposed to shear forces typically found in the human body (0.1 pN to 10 pN). Through cell tracking, we demonstrate that the angle between the cell and the surface predicts if a cell will depart the surface. We discover that at lower shear forces, type IV pilus retraction tilts cells away from the surface, promoting surface departure. Conversely, we show that higher shear forces counterintuitively enhance adhesion by counteracting type IV pilus retraction-dependent cell tilting. Thus, our results reveal that P. aeruginosa exhibits behavior reminiscent of a catch bond, without having a specific adhesin that is enhanced by force. Instead, P. aeruginosa couples type IV pilus dynamics and cell geometry to tune adhesion to its mechanical environment, which likely provides a benefit in dynamic host environments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ahmet N. Simsek
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich80752, Germany
| | - Jessie L. Reed
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX77843
| | - Matthias D. Koch
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX77843
| | - Benedikt Sabass
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich80752, Germany
| | - Joseph E. Sanfilippo
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL61801
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11
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Thornton JM, Padovani CM, Rodriguez A, Spur BW, Yin K. Lipoxin A 4 promotes antibiotic and monocyte bacterial killing in established Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm formed under hydrodynamic conditions. FASEB J 2023; 37:e23098. [PMID: 37462621 PMCID: PMC10694838 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202300619r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a gram-negative, opportunistic bacteria commonly found in wounds and in lungs of immunocompromised patients. These bacteria commonly form biofilms which encapsulate the bacteria, making it difficult for antibiotics or immune cells to reach the bacterial cells. We previously reported that Lipoxin A4 (LxA4 ), a Specialized Pro-resolving Mediator, has direct effects on P. aeruginosa where it reduced biofilm formation and promoted ciprofloxacin antibiotic efficacy in a static biofilm-forming system. In the current studies, we examined the actions of LxA4 on established biofilms formed in a biofilm reactor under dynamic conditions with constant flow and shear stress. These conditions allow for biofilm growth with nutrient replenishment and for examination of bacteria within the biofilm structure. We show that LxA4 helped ciprofloxacin reduction of live/dead ratio of bacteria within the biofilm. THP-1 monocytes interacted with the biofilm to increase the number of viable bacteria within the biofilm as well as TNF-α production in the biofilm milieu, suggesting that monocyte interaction with bacterial biofilm exacerbates the inflammatory state. Pre-treatment of the THP-1 monocytes with LxA4 abolished the increase in biofilm bacteria and reduced TNF-α production. The effect of decreased biofilm bacteria was associated with increased LxA4 -induced monocyte adherence to biofilm but not increased bacteria killing suggesting that the mechanism for the reduced biofilm bacteria was due to LxA4 -mediated increase in adherence to biofilm. These results suggest that LxA4 can help antibiotic efficacy and promote monocyte activity against established P. aeruginosa biofilm formed under hydrodynamic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julianne M. Thornton
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rowan-Virtua School of Osteopathic Medicine Stratford, NJ, USA 08084
| | - Cristina M. Padovani
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rowan-Virtua School of Osteopathic Medicine Stratford, NJ, USA 08084
| | - Ana Rodriguez
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rowan-Virtua School of Osteopathic Medicine Stratford, NJ, USA 08084
| | - Bernd W. Spur
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rowan-Virtua School of Osteopathic Medicine Stratford, NJ, USA 08084
| | - Kingsley Yin
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rowan-Virtua School of Osteopathic Medicine Stratford, NJ, USA 08084
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12
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Hogan K, Paul S, Lin G, Fuerte-Stone J, Sokurenko EV, Thomas WE. Effect of Gravity on Bacterial Adhesion to Heterogeneous Surfaces. Pathogens 2023; 12:941. [PMID: 37513788 PMCID: PMC10383686 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12070941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial adhesion is the first step in the formation of surface biofilms. The number of bacteria that bind to a surface from the solution depends on how many bacteria can reach the surface (bacterial transport) and the strength of interactions between bacterial adhesins and surface receptors (adhesivity). By using microfluidic channels and video microscopy as well as computational simulations, we investigated how the interplay between bacterial transport and adhesivity affects the number of the common human pathogen Escherichia coli that bind to heterogeneous surfaces with different receptor densities. We determined that gravitational sedimentation causes bacteria to concentrate at the lower surface over time as fluid moves over a non-adhesive region, so bacteria preferentially adhere to adhesive regions on the lower, inflow-proximal areas that are downstream of non-adhesive regions within the entered compartments. Also, initial bacterial attachment to an adhesive region of a heterogeneous lower surface may be inhibited by shear due to mass transport effects alone rather than shear forces per se, because higher shear washes out the sedimented bacteria. We also provide a conceptual framework and theory that predict the impact of sedimentation on adhesion between and within adhesive regions in flow, where bacteria would likely bind both in vitro and in vivo, and how to normalize the bacterial binding level under experimental set-ups based on the flow compartment configuration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayla Hogan
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Sai Paul
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Guanyou Lin
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Jay Fuerte-Stone
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Evgeni V Sokurenko
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Wendy E Thomas
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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13
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Qamar A, Kerdi S, Vrouwenvelder JS, Ghaffour N. Airfoil-shaped filament feed spacer for improved filtration performance in water treatment. Sci Rep 2023; 13:10798. [PMID: 37402781 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-37885-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Optimal spacer design enhances the filtration performance in spiral-wound modules by controlling the local hydrodynamics inside the filtration channel. A novel airfoil feed spacer design fabricated using 3D-printing technology is proposed in this study. The design is a ladder-shaped configuration with primary airfoil-shaped filaments facing the incoming feed flow. The airfoil filaments are reinforced by cylindrical pillars supporting the membrane surface. Laterally, all the airfoil filaments are connected by thin cylindrical filaments. The performances of the novel airfoil spacers are evaluated at Angle of Attack (AOA) of 10° (A-10 spacer) and 30° (A-30 spacer) and compared with commercial (COM) spacer. At fixed operating conditions, simulations indicate steady-state hydrodynamics inside the channel for A-10 spacer, while an unsteady state is found for A-30 spacer. Numerical wall shear stress for airfoil spacers is uniformly distributed and has a higher magnitude than the COM spacer. A-30 spacer design is the most efficient in ultrafiltration process with enhanced permeate flux (228%) and reduced specific energy consumption (23%) and biofouling development (74%) as characterized by Optical Coherence Tomography. Results systematically demonstrate the influential role of airfoil-shaped filaments for feed spacer design. Modifying AOA allows localized hydrodynamics to be effectively controlled according to the filtration type and operating conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adnan Qamar
- Water Desalination and Reuse Center (WDRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sarah Kerdi
- Water Desalination and Reuse Center (WDRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Johannes S Vrouwenvelder
- Water Desalination and Reuse Center (WDRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
- Environmental Science and Engineering Program, Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE) Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Noreddine Ghaffour
- Water Desalination and Reuse Center (WDRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
- Environmental Science and Engineering Program, Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE) Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
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14
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Simsek AN, Koch MD, Sanfilippo JE, Gitai Z, Gompper G, Sabass B. Type-IV pili tune an adhesion-migration trade-off during surface colonization of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.09.538458. [PMID: 37215001 PMCID: PMC10197611 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.09.538458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial pathogenicity relies on both firm surface adhesion and cell dissemination. How twitching bacteria resolve the fundamental contradiction between adhesion and migration is unknown. To address this question, we employ live-cell imaging of type-IV pili (T4P) and therewith construct a comprehensive mathematical model of Pseudomonas aeruginosa migration. The data show that only 10% to 50% of T4P bind to substrates and contribute to migration through random extension and retraction. Individual T4P do not display a measurable sensory response to surfaces, but their number increases on cellular surface contact. Attachment to surfaces is mediated, besides T4P, by passive adhesive forces acting on the cell body. Passive adhesions slow down cell migration and result in local random motion on short time scales, which is followed by directionally persistent, superdiffusive motion on longer time scales. Moreover, passive adhesions strongly enhance surface attachment under shear flow. Δ pilA mutants, which produce no T4P, robustly stick to surfaces under shear flow. In contrast, rapidly migrating Δ pilH cells, which produce an excessive number of T4P, are easily detached by shear. Wild-type cells sacrifice migration speed for robust surface attachment by maintaining a low number of active pili. The different cell strains pertain to disjunct regimes in a generic adhesion-migration trait space. Depending on the nature of the adhesion structures, adhesion and migration are either compatible or a trade-off is required for efficient bacterial surface colonization under different conditions.
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15
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Palalay JJS, Simsek AN, Sabass B, Sanfilippo JE. Shear force enhances adhesion of Pseudomonas aeruginosa by counteracting pilus-driven surface departure. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.08.539440. [PMID: 37215027 PMCID: PMC10197566 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.08.539440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Fluid flow is thought to prevent bacterial adhesion, but some bacteria use adhesins with catch bond properties to enhance adhesion under high shear forces. However, many studies on bacterial adhesion either neglect the influence of shear force or use shear forces that are not typically found in natural systems. In this study, we use microfluidics and single-cell imaging to examine how the human pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa interacts with surfaces when exposed to shear forces typically found in the human body (0.1 pN to 10 pN). Through cell tracking, we demonstrate that the angle between the cell and the surface predicts if a cell will depart the surface. We discover that at lower shear forces, type IV pilus retraction tilts cells away from the surface, promoting surface departure. Conversely, we show that higher shear forces counterintuitively enhance adhesion by counteracting type IV pilus retraction-dependent cell tilting. Thus, our results reveal that P. aeruginosa exhibits behavior reminiscent of a catch bond, without having a specific adhesin that is enhanced by force. Instead, P. aeruginosa couples type IV pilus dynamics and cell geometry to tune adhesion to its mechanical environment, which likely provides a benefit in dynamic host environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica-Jae S. Palalay
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA, 61801
| | - Ahmet N. Simsek
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Faculty of Physics, Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany, 80752
| | - Benedikt Sabass
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Faculty of Physics, Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany, 80752
| | - Joseph E. Sanfilippo
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA, 61801
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16
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Abstract
Bacteria thrive in environments rich in fluid flow, such as the gastrointestinal tract, bloodstream, aquatic systems, and the urinary tract. Despite the importance of flow, how flow affects bacterial life is underappreciated. In recent years, the combination of approaches from biology, physics, and engineering has led to a deeper understanding of how bacteria interact with flow. Here, we highlight the wide range of bacterial responses to flow, including changes in surface adhesion, motility, surface colonization, quorum sensing, virulence factor production, and gene expression. To emphasize the diversity of flow responses, we focus our review on how flow affects four ecologically distinct bacterial species: Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Caulobacter crescentus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Additionally, we present experimental approaches to precisely study bacteria in flow, discuss how only some flow responses are triggered by shear force, and provide perspective on flow-sensitive bacterial signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilberto C. Padron
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Alexander M. Shuppara
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Jessica-Jae S. Palalay
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Anuradha Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Joseph E. Sanfilippo
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
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17
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Recupido F, Petala M, Caserta S, Marra D, Kostoglou M, Karapantsios TD. Forced Wetting Properties of Bacteria-Laden Droplets Experiencing Initial Evaporation. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023. [PMID: 37079897 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c00179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Microbial adhesion and spreading on surfaces are crucial aspects in environmental and industrial settings being also the early stage of complex surface-attached microbial communities known as biofilms. In this work, Pseudomonas fluorescens-laden droplets on hydrophilic substrates (glass coupons) are allowed to partially evaporate before running wetting measurements, to study the effect of evaporation on their interfacial behavior during spillover or splashing. Forced wetting is investigated by imposing controlled centrifugal forces, using a novel rotatory device (Kerberos). At a defined evaporation time, results for the critical tangential force required for the inception of sliding are presented. Microbe-laden droplets exhibit different wetting/spreading properties as a function of the imposed evaporation times. It is found that evaporation is slowed down in bacterial droplets with respect to nutrient medium ones. After sufficient drying times, bacteria accumulate at droplet edges, affecting the droplet shape and thus depinning during forced wetting tests. Droplet rear part does not pin during the rotation test, while only the front part advances and spreads along the force direction. Quantitative results obtained from the well-known Furmidge's equation reveal that force for sliding inception increases as evaporation time increases. This study can be of support for control of biofilm contamination and removal and possible design of antimicrobial/antibiofouling surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Recupido
- Division of Chemical Technology, School of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Box 116, 54 124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Maria Petala
- Department of Civil Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Box 10, 54 124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Sergio Caserta
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Industrial Production Engineering (DICMaPI), Piazzale V. Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy
- CEINGE Advanced Biotechnology, Gaetano Salvatore 486, 80145 Naples, Italy
| | - Daniele Marra
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Industrial Production Engineering (DICMaPI), Piazzale V. Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy
| | - Margaritis Kostoglou
- Division of Chemical Technology, School of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Box 116, 54 124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Thodoris D Karapantsios
- Division of Chemical Technology, School of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Box 116, 54 124 Thessaloniki, Greece
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18
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Mu M, Liu S, DeFlorio W, Hao L, Wang X, Salazar KS, Taylor M, Castillo A, Cisneros-Zevallos L, Oh JK, Min Y, Akbulut M. Influence of Surface Roughness, Nanostructure, and Wetting on Bacterial Adhesion. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:5426-5439. [PMID: 37014907 PMCID: PMC10848269 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c00091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial fouling is a persistent problem causing the deterioration and failure of functional surfaces for industrial equipment/components; numerous human, animal, and plant infections/diseases; and energy waste due to the inefficiencies at internal and external geometries of transport systems. This work gains new insights into the effect of surface roughness on bacterial fouling by systematically studying bacterial adhesion on model hydrophobic (methyl-terminated) surfaces with roughness scales spanning from ∼2 nm to ∼390 nm. Additionally, a surface energy integration framework is developed to elucidate the role of surface roughness on the energetics of bacteria and substrate interactions. For a given bacteria type and surface chemistry; the extent of bacterial fouling was found to demonstrate up to a 75-fold variation with surface roughness. For the cases showing hydrophobic wetting behavior, both increased effective surface area with increasing roughness and decreased activation energy with increased surface roughness was concluded to enhance the extent of bacterial adhesion. For the cases of superhydrophobic surfaces, the combination of factors including (i) the surpassing of Laplace pressure force of interstitial air over bacterial adhesive force, (ii) the reduced effective substrate area for bacteria wall due to air gaps to have direct/solid contact, and (iii) the reduction of attractive van der Waals force that holds adhering bacteria on the substrate were summarized to weaken the bacterial adhesion. Overall, this study is significant in the context of designing antifouling coatings and systems as well as explaining variations in bacterial contamination and biofilm formation processes on functional surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minchen Mu
- Artie
McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Shuhao Liu
- Artie
McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - William DeFlorio
- Artie
McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Li Hao
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhongkai
University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510225, P. R. China
| | - Xunhao Wang
- Department
of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Karla Solis Salazar
- Department
of Food Science and Technology, Texas A&M
University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Matthew Taylor
- Department
of Food Science and Technology, Texas A&M
University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Alejandro Castillo
- Department
of Food Science and Technology, Texas A&M
University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Luis Cisneros-Zevallos
- Department
of Horticultural Sciences, Texas A&M
University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Jun Kyun Oh
- Department
of Polymer Science and Engineering, Dankook
University, 152 Jukjeon-ro, Suji-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 16890, Republic of Korea
| | - Younjin Min
- Department
of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Mustafa Akbulut
- Artie
McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
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19
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Lee SH, Secchi E, Kang PK. Rapid formation of bioaggregates and morphology transition to biofilm streamers induced by pore-throat flows. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2204466120. [PMID: 36989304 PMCID: PMC10083537 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2204466120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Bioaggregates are condensed porous materials comprising microbes, organic and inorganic matters, and water. They are commonly found in natural and engineered porous media and often cause clogging. Despite their importance, the formation mechanism of bioaggregates in porous media systems is largely unknown. Through microfluidic experiments and direct numerical simulations of fluid flow, we show that the rapid bioaggregation is driven by the interplay of the viscoelastic nature of biomass and hydrodynamic conditions at pore throats. At an early stage, unique flow structures around a pore throat promote the biomass attachment at the throat. Then, the attached biomass fluidizes when the shear stress at the partially clogged pore throat reaches a critical value. After the fluidization, the biomass is displaced and accumulated in the expansion region of throats forming bioaggregates. We further find that such criticality in shear stress triggers morphological changes in bioaggregates from rounded- to streamer-like shapes. This knowledge was used to control the clogging of throats by tuning the flow conditions: When the shear stress at the throat exceeded the critical value, clogging was prevented. The bioaggregation process did not depend on the detailed pore-throat geometry, as we reproduced the same dynamics in various pore-throat geometries. This study demonstrates that pore-throat structures, which are ubiquitous in porous media systems, induce bioaggregation and can lead to abrupt disruptions in flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Hyun Lee
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN55455
| | - Eleonora Secchi
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zürich, Zürich8093, Switzerland
| | - Peter K. Kang
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN55455
- Saint Anthony Falls Laboratory, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN55455
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20
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Nanoparticle Coatings on Glass Surfaces to Prevent Pseudomonas fluorescens AR 11 Biofilm Formation. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11030621. [PMID: 36985196 PMCID: PMC10057769 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11030621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbial colonization of surfaces is a sanitary and industrial issue for many applications, leading to product contamination and human infections. When microorganisms closely interact with a surface, they start to produce an exo-polysaccaridic matrix to adhere to and protect themselves from adverse environmental conditions. This type of structure is called a biofilm. The aim of our work is to investigate novel technologies able to prevent biofilm formation by surface coatings. We coated glass surfaces with melanin-ZnO2, melanin-TiO2, and TiO2 hybrid nanoparticles. The functionalization was performed using cold plasma to activate glass-substrate-coated surfaces, that were characterized by performing water and soybean oil wetting tests. A quantitative characterization of the antibiofilm properties was done using Pseudomonas fluorescens AR 11 as a model organism. Biofilm morphologies were observed using confocal laser scanning microscopy and image analysis techniques were used to obtain quantitative morphological parameters. The results highlight the efficacy of the proposed surface coating to prevent biofilm formation. Melanin-TiO2 proved to be the most efficient among the particles investigated. Our results can be a valuable support for future implementation of the technique proposed here in an extended range of applications that may include further testing on other strains and other support materials.
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21
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Biagini F, Daddi C, Calvigioni M, De Maria C, Zhang YS, Ghelardi E, Vozzi G. Designs and methodologies to recreate in vitro human gut microbiota models. Biodes Manuf 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s42242-022-00210-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe human gut microbiota is widely considered to be a metabolic organ hidden within our bodies, playing a crucial role in the host’s physiology. Several factors affect its composition, so a wide variety of microbes residing in the gut are present in the world population. Individual excessive imbalances in microbial composition are often associated with human disorders and pathologies, and new investigative strategies to gain insight into these pathologies and define pharmaceutical therapies for their treatment are needed. In vitro models of the human gut microbiota are commonly used to study microbial fermentation patterns, community composition, and host-microbe interactions. Bioreactors and microfluidic devices have been designed to culture microorganisms from the human gut microbiota in a dynamic environment in the presence or absence of eukaryotic cells to interact with. In this review, we will describe the overall elements required to create a functioning, reproducible, and accurate in vitro culture of the human gut microbiota. In addition, we will analyze some of the devices currently used to study fermentation processes and relationships between the human gut microbiota and host eukaryotic cells.
Graphic abstract
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22
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Ritter AL, Chang YR, Benmamoun Z, Ducker WA. History-dependent attachment of Pseudomonas aeruginosato solid-liquid interfaces and the dependence of the bacterial surface density on the residence time distribution. Phys Biol 2022; 20. [PMID: 36541507 DOI: 10.1088/1478-3975/aca6c9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study investigates how the recent history of bacteria affects their attachment to a solid-liquid interface. We compare the attachment from a flowing suspension of the bacterium,Pseudomonas aeruginosaPAO1, after one of two histories: (a) passage through a tube packed with glass beads or (b) passage through an empty tube. The glass beads were designed to increase the rate of bacterial interactions with solid-liquid surfaces prior to observation in a flow cell. Analysis of time-lapse microscopy of the bacteria in the flow cells shows that the residence time distribution and surface density of bacteria differ for these two histories. In particular, bacteria exiting the bead-filled tube, in contrast to those bacteria exiting the empty tube, are less likely to attach to the subsequent flow cell window and begin surface growth. In contrast, when we compared two histories defined by different lengths of tubing, there was no difference in either the mean residence time or the surface density. In order to provide a framework for understanding these results, we present a phenomenological model in which the rate of bacterial surface density growth,dN(t)/dt, depends on two terms. One term models the initial attachment of bacteria to a surface, and is proportional to the nonprocessive cumulative residence time distribution for bacteria that attach and detach from the surface without cell division. The second term for the rate is proportional to the bacterial surface density and models surface cell division. The model is in surprisingly good agreement with the data even though the surface growth process is a complex interplay between attachment/detachment at the solid-liquid interface and cell division on the surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Ritter
- Center for Soft Matter and Biological Physics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States of America
| | - Yow-Ren Chang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States of America
| | - Zachary Benmamoun
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States of America
| | - William A Ducker
- Center for Soft Matter and Biological Physics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States of America.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States of America
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23
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Opoku PA, Jingyu H, Yi L, Guang L, Ewusi-Mensah D, Norgbey E. Performance investigation of multi-anode-shared cathode microbial fuel cells with different anodic internal configurations. J APPL ELECTROCHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10800-022-01795-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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24
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Shave MK, Zhou Y, Kim J, Kim YC, Hutchison J, Bendejacq D, Goulian M, Choi J, Composto RJ, Lee D. Zwitterionic surface chemistry enhances detachment of bacteria under shear. SOFT MATTER 2022; 18:6618-6628. [PMID: 36000279 PMCID: PMC10838016 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm00065b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The ubiquitous nature of microorganisms, especially of biofilm-forming bacteria, makes biofouling a prevalent challenge in many settings, including medical and industrial environments immersed in liquid and subjected to shear forces. Recent studies have shown that zwitterionic groups are effective in suppressing bacteria and protein adhesion as well as biofilm growth. However, the effect of zwitterionic groups on the removal of surface-bound bacteria has not been extensively studied. Here we present a microfluidic approach to evaluate the effectiveness in facilitating bacteria detachment by shear of an antifouling surface treatment using (3-(dimethyl;(3-trimethoxysilyl)propyl)ammonia propane-1-sulfonate), a sulfobetaine silane (SBS). Control studies show that SBS-functionalized surfaces greatly increase protein (bovine serum albumin) removal upon rinsing. On the same surfaces, enhanced bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa) removal is observed under shear. To quantify this enhancement a microfluidic shear device is employed to investigate how SBS-functionalized surfaces promote bacteria detachment under shear. By using a microfluidic channel with five shear zones, we compare the removal of bacteria from zwitterionic and glass surfaces under different shear rates. At times of 15 min, 30 min, and 60 min, bacteria adhesion on SBS-functionalized surfaces is reduced relative to the control surface (glass) under quiescent conditions. However, surface-associated bacteria on the SBS-functionalized glass and control show similar percentages of live cells, suggesting minimal intrinsic biocidal effect from the SBS-functionalized surface. Notably, when exposed to shear rates ranging from 104 to 105 s-1, significantly fewer bacteria remain on the SBS-functionalized surfaces. These results demonstrate the potential of zwitterionic sulfobetaine as effective antifouling coatings that facilitate the removal of bacteria under shear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly K Shave
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Yitian Zhou
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Jiwon Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Ye Chan Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | | | | | - Mark Goulian
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Jonghoon Choi
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Russell J Composto
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Daeyeon Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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25
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Immobilized Stenotrophomonas maltophilia KB2 in Naproxen Degradation. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27185795. [PMID: 36144528 PMCID: PMC9501314 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27185795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Immobilization is a commonly used method in response to the need to increase the resistance of microorganisms to the toxic effects of xenobiotics. In this study, a plant sponge from Luffa cylindrica was used as a carrier for the immobilization of the Stenotrophomonas maltophilia KB2 strain since such a carrier meets the criteria for high-quality carriers, i.e., low price and biodegradability. The optimal immobilization conditions were established as a temperature of 30 °C, pH 7.2, incubation time of 72 h, and an optical density of the culture of 1.4. The strain immobilized in such conditions was used for the biodegradation of naproxen, and an average rate of degradation of 3.8 µg/hour was obtained under cometabolic conditions with glucose. The obtained results indicate that a microbiological preparation based on immobilized cells on a luffa sponge can be used in bioremediation processes where it is necessary to remove the introduced carrier.
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26
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Nguyen AV, Shourabi AY, Yaghoobi M, Zhang S, Simpson KW, Abbaspourrad A. A high-throughput integrated biofilm-on-a-chip platform for the investigation of combinatory physicochemical responses to chemical and fluid shear stress. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0272294. [PMID: 35960726 PMCID: PMC9374262 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0272294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Physicochemical conditions play a key role in the development of biofilm removal strategies. This study presents an integrated, double-layer, high-throughput microfluidic chip for real-time screening of the combined effect of antibiotic concentration and fluid shear stress (FSS) on biofilms. Biofilms of Escherichia coli LF82 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were tested against gentamicin and streptomycin to examine the time dependent effects of concentration and FSS on the integrity of the biofilm. A MatLab image analysis method was developed to measure the bacterial surface coverage and total fluorescent intensity of the biofilms before and after each treatment. The chip consists of two layers. The top layer contains the concentration gradient generator (CGG) capable of diluting the input drug linearly into four concentrations. The bottom layer contains four expanding FSS chambers imposing three different FSSs on cultured biofilms. As a result, 12 combinatorial states of concentration and FSS can be investigated on the biofilm simultaneously. Our proof-of-concept study revealed that the reduction of E. coli biofilms was directly dependent upon both antibacterial dose and shear intensity, whereas the P. aeruginosa biofilms were not impacted as significantly. This confirmed that the effectiveness of biofilm removal is dependent on bacterial species and the environment. Our experimental system could be used to investigate the physicochemical responses of other biofilms or to assess the effectiveness of biofilm removal methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann V. Nguyen
- Department of Food Science, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Arash Yahyazadeh Shourabi
- Department of Food Science, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Mohammad Yaghoobi
- Department of Food Science, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Shiying Zhang
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Kenneth W. Simpson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Alireza Abbaspourrad
- Department of Food Science, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Mechanical Forces Govern Interactions of Host Cells with Intracellular Bacterial Pathogens. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2022; 86:e0009420. [PMID: 35285720 PMCID: PMC9199418 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00094-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To combat infectious diseases, it is important to understand how host cells interact with bacterial pathogens. Signals conveyed from pathogen to host, and vice versa, may be either chemical or mechanical. While the molecular and biochemical basis of host-pathogen interactions has been extensively explored, relatively less is known about mechanical signals and responses in the context of those interactions. Nevertheless, a wide variety of bacterial pathogens appear to have developed mechanisms to alter the cellular biomechanics of their hosts in order to promote their survival and dissemination, and in turn many host responses to infection rely on mechanical alterations in host cells and tissues to limit the spread of infection. In this review, we present recent findings on how mechanical forces generated by host cells can promote or obstruct the dissemination of intracellular bacterial pathogens. In addition, we discuss how in vivo extracellular mechanical signals influence interactions between host cells and intracellular bacterial pathogens. Examples of such signals include shear stresses caused by fluid flow over the surface of cells and variable stiffness of the extracellular matrix on which cells are anchored. We highlight bioengineering-inspired tools and techniques that can be used to measure host cell mechanics during infection. These allow for the interrogation of how mechanical signals can modulate infection alongside biochemical signals. We hope that this review will inspire the microbiology community to embrace those tools in future studies so that host cell biomechanics can be more readily explored in the context of infection studies.
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Caldara M, Belgiovine C, Secchi E, Rusconi R. Environmental, Microbiological, and Immunological Features of Bacterial Biofilms Associated with Implanted Medical Devices. Clin Microbiol Rev 2022; 35:e0022120. [PMID: 35044203 PMCID: PMC8768833 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00221-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The spread of biofilms on medical implants represents one of the principal triggers of persistent and chronic infections in clinical settings, and it has been the subject of many studies in the past few years, with most of them focused on prosthetic joint infections. We review here recent works on biofilm formation and microbial colonization on a large variety of indwelling devices, ranging from heart valves and pacemakers to urological and breast implants and from biliary stents and endoscopic tubes to contact lenses and neurosurgical implants. We focus on bacterial abundance and distribution across different devices and body sites and on the role of environmental features, such as the presence of fluid flow and properties of the implant surface, as well as on the interplay between bacterial colonization and the response of the human immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Caldara
- Interdepartmental Center on Safety, Technologies, and Agri-food Innovation (SITEIA.PARMA), University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Cristina Belgiovine
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano–Milan, Italy
- Scuola di Specializzazione in Microbiologia e Virologia, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Eleonora Secchi
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Roberto Rusconi
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano–Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele–Milan, Italy
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29
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Abstract
Pathogen attachment to host tissue is critical in the progress of many infections. Bacteria use adhesion in vivo to stabilize colonization and subsequently regulate the deployment of contact-dependent virulence traits. To specifically target host cells, they decorate themselves with adhesins, proteins that bind to mammalian cell surface receptors. One common assumption is that adhesin-receptor interactions entirely govern bacterial attachment. However, how adhesins engage with their receptors in an in vivo-like context remains unclear, in particular under the influence of a heterogeneous mechanical microenvironment. We here investigate the biophysical processes governing bacterial adhesion to host cells using a tunable adhesin-receptor system. By dynamically visualizing attachment, we found that bacterial adhesion to host cell surface, unlike adhesion to inert surfaces, involves two consecutive steps. Bacteria initially attach to their host without engaging adhesins. This step lasts about 1 min, during which bacteria can easily detach. We found that at this stage, the glycocalyx, a layer of glycosylated proteins and lipids, shields the host cell by keeping adhesins away from their receptor ligand. In a second step, adhesins engage with their target receptors to strengthen attachment for minutes to hours. The active properties of the membrane, endowed by the actin cytoskeleton, strengthen specific adhesion. Altogether, our results demonstrate that adhesin-ligand binding is not the sole regulator of bacterial adhesion. In fact, the host cell’s surface mechanical microenvironment mediates the physical interactions between host and bacteria, thereby playing an essential role in the onset of infection.
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Jiang Z, Nero T, Mukherjee S, Olson R, Yan J. Searching for the Secret of Stickiness: How Biofilms Adhere to Surfaces. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:686793. [PMID: 34305846 PMCID: PMC8295476 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.686793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial biofilms are communities of cells enclosed in an extracellular polymeric matrix in which cells adhere to each other and to foreign surfaces. The development of a biofilm is a dynamic process that involves multiple steps, including cell-surface attachment, matrix production, and population expansion. Increasing evidence indicates that biofilm adhesion is one of the main factors contributing to biofilm-associated infections in clinics and biofouling in industrial settings. This review focuses on describing biofilm adhesion strategies among different bacteria, including Vibrio cholerae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus. Techniques used to characterize biofilm adhesion are also reviewed. An understanding of biofilm adhesion strategies can guide the development of novel approaches to inhibit or manipulate biofilm adhesion and growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaowei Jiang
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Thomas Nero
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Sampriti Mukherjee
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Rich Olson
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Molecular Biophysics Program, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT, United States
| | - Jing Yan
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States.,Quantitative Biology Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
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31
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Both Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans Accumulate Greater Biomass in Dual-Species Biofilms under Flow. mSphere 2021; 6:e0041621. [PMID: 34160236 PMCID: PMC8265656 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00416-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbe-microbe interactions can strongly influence growth and biofilm formation kinetics. For Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans, which are found together in diverse clinical sites, including urinary and intravenous catheters and the lungs of individuals with cystic fibrosis (CF), we compared the kinetics of biofilm formation by each species in dual-species and single-species biofilms. We engineered fluorescent protein constructs for P. aeruginosa (producing mKO-κ) and C. albicans (producing mKate2) that did not alter growth and enabled single-cell resolution imaging by live-sample microscopy. Using these strains in an optically clear derivative of synthetic CF sputum medium, we found that both P. aeruginosa and C. albicans displayed increased biovolume accumulation—by three- and sixfold, respectively—in dual-species biofilms relative to single-species biofilms. This result was specific to the biofilm environment, as enhanced growth was not observed in planktonic cocultures. Stimulation of C. albicans biofilm formation occurred regardless of whether P. aeruginosa was added at the time of fungal inoculation or 24 h after the initiation of biofilm development. P. aeruginosa biofilm increases in cocultures did not require the Pel extracellular polysaccharide, phenazines, and siderophores known to influence C. albicans. P. aeruginosa mutants lacking Anr, LasR, and BapA were not significantly stimulated by C. albicans, but they still promoted a significant enhancement of biofilm development of the fungus, suggesting a fungal response to the presence of bacteria. Last, we showed that a set of P. aeruginosa clinical isolates also prompted an increase of biovolume by C. albicans in coculture. IMPORTANCE There is an abundance of work on both P. aeruginosa and C. albicans in isolation, and quite some work as well on the way these two microbes interact. These studies do not, however, consider biofilm environments under flow, and our results here show that the expected outcome of interaction between these two pathogens can actually be reversed under flow, from pure antagonism to an increase in biomass on the part of both. Our work also highlights the importance of cellular-scale spatial structure in biofilms for understanding multispecies population dynamics.
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Qamar A, Kerdi S, Ali SM, Shon HK, Vrouwenvelder JS, Ghaffour N. Novel hole-pillar spacer design for improved hydrodynamics and biofouling mitigation in membrane filtration. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6979. [PMID: 33772069 PMCID: PMC7998016 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86459-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Feed spacers are the critical components of any spiral-wound filtration module, dictating the filtration performance. Three spacer designs, namely a non-woven commercial spacer (varying filament cross-section), a symmetric pillar spacer, and a novel hole-pillar spacer (constant filament diameter) were studied using Direct Numerical Simulations (DNS), 3-D printed and subsequently experimentally tested in a lab-scale ultrafiltration set-up with high biofouling potential feed water at various feed pressures. Independent of the applied pressure, the novel hole-pillar spacer showed initially the lowest feed channel pressure drop, the lowest shear stress, and the highest permeate flux compared to the commercial and pillar spacers. Furthermore, less biofilm thickness development on membrane surface was visualized by Optical Coherent Tomography (OCT) imaging for the proposed hole-pillar spacer. At higher feed pressure, a thicker biofilm developed on membrane surface for all spacer designs explaining the stronger decrease in permeate flux at high pressure. The findings systematically demonstrated the role of various spacer designs and applied pressure on the performance of pre-treatment process, while identifying specific shear stress distribution guidelines for engineering a new spacer design in different filtration techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adnan Qamar
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Water Desalination and Reuse Center (WDRC), Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sarah Kerdi
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Water Desalination and Reuse Center (WDRC), Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Syed Muztuza Ali
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology, Sydney, Post Box 129, Broadway, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Ho Kyong Shon
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology, Sydney, Post Box 129, Broadway, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Johannes S Vrouwenvelder
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Water Desalination and Reuse Center (WDRC), Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Noreddine Ghaffour
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Water Desalination and Reuse Center (WDRC), Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
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Spatial pattern and surface-specificity of particle and microorganism deposition and attachment: Modeling, analytic solution and experimental test. J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 584:45-56. [PMID: 33039682 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2020.09.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS Understanding microparticle and living cell deposition and attachment on surfaces from a flow is a long-standing surface-science problem, pivotal to developing antifouling strategies. Recent studies indicate a complex non-conservative and surface-specific nature of adhesion and mechanical contact forces that determine attachment kinetics. This requires new models and kinetic data, however, observed deposition rates (e.g., in parallel-plate flow chamber, PPFC) represent a superposition of attachment and bulk transport. Here, we propose to deduce attachment rates (as an appropriate rate constant) from spatial deposition profiles along PPFC and develop an analytical solution for the full problem, suitable for deposition data analysis and parameter fitting. EXPERIMENTS Analytical solution, validated by numerical simulations, reveals relation between the deposition profile along PPFC and key model parameter B, the ratio of sedimentation and attachment rates. Its use is demonstrated on experimental data obtained in a PPFC for particles and bacteria on various surfaces. FINDINGS Fitted B values highlight correlation with the particle/substrate nature and consistently explain the observed trends along PPFC, both decreasing and increasing. Thus derived attachment rates will serve as basis for future microscopic modelling that would relate attachment to appropriate surface and contact-mechanical characteristics of particles and substrate and flow conditions.
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34
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Non-Invasive Measurement, Mathematical Simulation and In Situ Detection of Biofilm Evolution in Porous Media: A Review. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11041391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The development of biofilms and the related changes in porous media in the subsurface cannot be directly observed and evaluated. The primary reason that the mechanism of biofilm clogging in porous media cannot be clearly demonstrated is due to the opacity and structural complexity of three-dimensional pore space. Interest in exploring methods to overcome this limitation has been increasing. In the first part of this review, we introduce the underlying characteristics of biofilm in porous media. Then, we summarize two approaches, non-invasive measurement methods and mathematical simulation strategies, for studying fluid–biofilm–porous medium interaction with spatiotemporal resolution. We also discuss the advantages and limitations of these approaches. Lastly, we provide a perspective on opportunities for in situ monitoring at the field site.
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35
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Senevirathne SWMAI, Hasan J, Mathew A, Woodruff M, Yarlagadda PKDV. Bactericidal efficiency of micro- and nanostructured surfaces: a critical perspective. RSC Adv 2021; 11:1883-1900. [PMID: 35424086 PMCID: PMC8693530 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra08878a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Micro/nanostructured surfaces (MNSS) have shown the ability to inactivate bacterial cells by physical means. An enormous amount of research has been conducted in this area over the past decade. Here, we review the various surface factors that affect the bactericidal efficiency. For example, surface hydrophobicity of the substrate has been accepted to be influential on the bactericidal effect of the surface, but a review of the literature suggests that the influence of hydrophobicity differs with the bacterial species. Also, various bacterial viability quantification methods on MNSS are critically reviewed for their suitability for the purpose, and limitations of currently used protocols are discussed. Presently used static bacterial viability assays do not represent the conditions of which those surfaces could be applied. Such application conditions do have overlaying fluid flow, and bacterial behaviours are drastically different under flow conditions compared to under static conditions. Hence, it is proposed that the bactericidal effect should be assessed under relevant fluid flow conditions with factors such as shear stress and flowrate given due significance. This review will provide a range of opportunities for future research in design and engineering of micro/nanostructured surfaces with varying experimental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S W M A I Senevirathne
- Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology (QUT) Brisbane Qld 4000 Australia
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovations 60 Musk Ave. Kelvin Grove Qld 4059 Australia
| | - J Hasan
- Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology (QUT) Brisbane Qld 4000 Australia
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovations 60 Musk Ave. Kelvin Grove Qld 4059 Australia
| | - A Mathew
- Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology (QUT) Brisbane Qld 4000 Australia
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovations 60 Musk Ave. Kelvin Grove Qld 4059 Australia
| | - M Woodruff
- Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology (QUT) Brisbane Qld 4000 Australia
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovations 60 Musk Ave. Kelvin Grove Qld 4059 Australia
| | - P K D V Yarlagadda
- Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology (QUT) Brisbane Qld 4000 Australia
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovations 60 Musk Ave. Kelvin Grove Qld 4059 Australia
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36
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Zhang Y, He J, Chen H, Xiong C. A new hydrophilic biodegradable ureteral stent restrain encrustation both in vitro and in vivo. J Biomater Appl 2021; 35:720-731. [PMID: 32799701 DOI: 10.1177/0885328220949376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Ureteral stents have been widely used as biomedical devices to treat some urological diseases for several decades. However, the encrustation complications hamper the long-time clinical use of the ureteral stents. In this work, a new type of biodegradable material for the ureteral stents, methoxypoly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(L-lactide-ran-Ɛ-caprolactone) (mPEG-PLACL), is evaluated to overcome this problem. The results show that the hydrophilicity and degradation rate in artificial urine of mPEG-PLACL are both significantly increased. It is worth noting that the mPEG-PLACL shows a lower amount of encrustation after immersing the stents in the dynamic urinary extracorporeal circulation (DUEC) model for 7 days. In addition, 71% Ca and 92% Mg are inhibited in vivo by quantitative analysis. Pathological analysis exhibit that the mPEG-PLACL cause less diffuse mucosal hyperplasia after 7 weeks of implantation. All the results indicate that this new type of biodegradable material had an excellent potential for the ureteral stents in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- 26444Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry CAS, Chengdu, China
| | - Jian He
- 26444Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry CAS, Chengdu, China
| | - Hechun Chen
- 26444Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry CAS, Chengdu, China
| | - Chengdong Xiong
- 26444Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry CAS, Chengdu, China
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37
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Kerdi S, Qamar A, Vrouwenvelder JS, Ghaffour N. Effect of localized hydrodynamics on biofilm attachment and growth in a cross-flow filtration channel. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 188:116502. [PMID: 33065413 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Biofilm attachment and growth in membrane filtration systems are considerably influenced by the localized flow inside the feed channel. The present work aims to map the biofilm attachment/growth mechanism under varying flow conditions. Effect of varying clearance region (space between the spacer filament and membrane surface) on biofouling pattern is investigated by using three 3D-printed pillar spacers having different filament diameters of 340, 500, and 1000 µm while maintaining the same pillar orientation, diameter and height. Direct Numerical Simulations (DNS) and Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) were carried out to accurately predict the local hydrodynamics behavior and in-situ monitor the biofilm formation. On spacer filaments, biofouling attachment is primarily observed in the regions where low and non-fluctuating shear stresses are present. Conversely, on membrane surface, highest biofouling attachment was observed under spacer filaments where high shear stresses are prevalent along with low clearance height. Furthermore, as filtration time progresses, the biofilm grows faster on the membrane in the center of spacer cells where low shear stress with steady hydrodynamics conditions are prevalent. The proposed hydrodynamics approach envisages a full spectrum of spacer design constraints that can lead to intrinsic biofilm mitigation while improving filtration performance of membranes based water treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Kerdi
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Water Desalination and Reuse Center (WDRC), Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Adnan Qamar
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Water Desalination and Reuse Center (WDRC), Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Johannes S Vrouwenvelder
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Water Desalination and Reuse Center (WDRC), Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Noreddine Ghaffour
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Water Desalination and Reuse Center (WDRC), Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
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38
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Gomand F, Mitchell WH, Burgain J, Petit J, Borges F, Spagnolie SE, Gaiani C. Shaving and breaking bacterial chains with a viscous flow. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:9273-9291. [PMID: 32930313 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm00292e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Some food and ferment manufacturing steps such as spray-drying result in the application of viscous stresses to bacteria. This study explores how a viscous flow impacts both bacterial adhesion functionality and bacterial cell organization using a combined experimental and modeling approach. As a model organism we study Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) "wild type" (WT), known to feature strong adhesive affinities towards beta-lactoglobulin thanks to pili produced by the bacteria on cell surfaces, along with three cell-surface mutant strains. Applying repeated flows with high shear-rates reduces bacterial adhesive abilities up to 20% for LGG WT. Bacterial chains are also broken by this process, into 2-cell chains at low industrial shear rates, and into single cells at very high shear rates. To rationalize the experimental observations we study numerically and analytically the Stokes equations describing viscous fluid flow around a chain of elastically connected spheroidal cell bodies. In this model setting we examine qualitatively the relationship between surface traction (force per unit area), a proxy for pili removal rate, and bacterial chain length (number of cells). Longer chains result in higher maximal surface tractions, particularly at the chain extremities, while inner cells enjoy a small protection from surface tractions due to hydrodynamic interactions with their neighbors. Chain rupture therefore may act as a mechanism to preserve surface adhesive functionality in bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faustine Gomand
- LIBio - Université de Lorraine, 2 avenue de la Forêt de Haye, 54500 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France. and Department of Mathematics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 480 Lincoln Dr., Madison, WI 53706, USA.
| | - William H Mitchell
- Department of Mathematics, Statistics, and Computer Science, Macalester College, 1600 Grand Ave, St. Paul, MN 55105, USA.
| | - Jennifer Burgain
- LIBio - Université de Lorraine, 2 avenue de la Forêt de Haye, 54500 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France.
| | - Jérémy Petit
- LIBio - Université de Lorraine, 2 avenue de la Forêt de Haye, 54500 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France.
| | - Frédéric Borges
- LIBio - Université de Lorraine, 2 avenue de la Forêt de Haye, 54500 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France.
| | - Saverio E Spagnolie
- Department of Mathematics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 480 Lincoln Dr., Madison, WI 53706, USA.
| | - Claire Gaiani
- LIBio - Université de Lorraine, 2 avenue de la Forêt de Haye, 54500 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France.
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Ye Y, Ngo HH, Guo W, Chang SW, Nguyen DD, Zhang X, Zhang S, Luo G, Liu Y. Impacts of hydraulic retention time on a continuous flow mode dual-chamber microbial fuel cell for recovering nutrients from municipal wastewater. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 734:139220. [PMID: 32450396 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Nutrients recovery has become a meaningful solution to address shortage in the fertilizer production which is the key issue of nations' food security. The concept of municipal wastewater is based on its ability to be a major potential source for recovered nutrients because of its vast quantity and nutrient-rich base. Microbial fuel cell (MFC) has emerged as a sustainable technology, which is able to recover nutrients and simultaneously generate electricity. In this study a two-chambered MFC was constructed, and operated in a continuous flow mode employing artificial municipal wastewater as a substrate. The effects of hydraulic retention time (HRT) on the recovery of nutrients by MFC were studied. The COD removal rates were insignificantly influenced by varying HRT from 0.35 to 0.69 d, that were over 92%. Furthermore, the recovery rate of nutrients was insignificantly affected while increasing the HRT, which fluctuates from 80% to 90%. In contrast, the maximum power generation declined when HRT increased and the lowest one was 510.3 mV at the HRT of 0.35 d. These results demonstrate that the lab-scale double chamber MFC using municipal wastewater as the substrate can provide a highly effective removal strategy for organic matter, nutrients recovery and electricity output when operating at a specific HRT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyao Ye
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, University of Technology Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Huu Hao Ngo
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, University of Technology Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia; Joint Research Centre for Protective Infrastructure Technology and Environmental Green Bioprocess, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin 300384, China.
| | - Wenshan Guo
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, University of Technology Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia; Joint Research Centre for Protective Infrastructure Technology and Environmental Green Bioprocess, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Soon Woong Chang
- Department of Environmental Energy Engineering, Kyonggi University, 442-760, Republic of Korea
| | - Dinh Duc Nguyen
- Department of Environmental Energy Engineering, Kyonggi University, 442-760, Republic of Korea; Institution of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam
| | - Xinbo Zhang
- Joint Research Centre for Protective Infrastructure Technology and Environmental Green Bioprocess, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Shicheng Zhang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, 2205 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Gang Luo
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, 2205 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, 2205 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, China
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40
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Ferreira L, Borges A, Gomes D, Dias S, Pereira C, Henriques M. Adding value and innovation in dairy SMEs: From butter to probiotic butter and buttermilk. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.14867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Ferreira
- Department of Food Science and Technology College of Agriculture Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra Coimbra Portugal
- Department of Environment College of Agriculture Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra Coimbra Portugal
| | - Ana Borges
- Department of Food Science and Technology College of Agriculture Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra Coimbra Portugal
| | - David Gomes
- Department of Food Science and Technology College of Agriculture Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra Coimbra Portugal
| | - Susana Dias
- Department of Environment College of Agriculture Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra Coimbra Portugal
| | - Carlos Pereira
- Department of Food Science and Technology College of Agriculture Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra Coimbra Portugal
- CERNAS—Research Center for Natural Resources, Environment and Society College of Agriculture Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra Coimbra Portugal
| | - Marta Henriques
- Department of Food Science and Technology College of Agriculture Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra Coimbra Portugal
- CERNAS—Research Center for Natural Resources, Environment and Society College of Agriculture Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra Coimbra Portugal
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Analysing the Initial Bacterial Adhesion to Evaluate the Performance of Antifouling Surfaces. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:antibiotics9070421. [PMID: 32709041 PMCID: PMC7400106 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9070421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this work was to study the initial events of Escherichia coli adhesion to polydimethylsiloxane, which is critical for the development of antifouling surfaces. A parallel plate flow cell was used to perform the initial adhesion experiments under controlled hydrodynamic conditions (shear rates ranging between 8 and 100/s), mimicking biomedical scenarios. Initial adhesion studies capture more accurately the cell-surface interactions as in later stages, incoming cells may interact with the surface but also with already adhered cells. Adhesion rates were calculated and results shown that after some time (between 5 and 9 min), these rates decreased (by 55% on average), from the initial values for all tested conditions. The common explanation for this decrease is the occurrence of hydrodynamic blocking, where the area behind each adhered cell is screened from incoming cells. This was investigated using a pair correlation map from which two-dimensional histograms showing the density probability function were constructed. The results highlighted a lower density probability (below 4.0 × 10−4) of the presence of cells around a given cell under different shear rates irrespectively of the radial direction. A shadowing area behind the already adhered cells was not observed, indicating that hydrodynamic blocking was not occurring and therefore it could not be the cause for the decreases in cell adhesion rates. Afterward, cell transport rates from the bulk solution to the surface were estimated using the Smoluchowski-Levich approximation and values in the range of 80–170 cells/cm2.s were obtained. The drag forces that adhered cells have to withstand were also estimated and values in the range of 3–50 × 10−14 N were determined. Although mass transport increases with the flow rate, drag forces also increase and the relative importance of these factors may change in different conditions. This work demonstrates that adjustment of operational parameters in initial adhesion experiments may be required to avoid hydrodynamic blocking, in order to obtain reliable data about cell-surface interactions that can be used in the development of more efficient antifouling surfaces.
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Khezri B, Novotný F, Moo JGS, Nasir MZM, Pumera M. Confined Bubble-Propelled Microswimmers in Capillaries: Wall Effect, Fuel Deprivation, and Exhaust Product Excess. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e2000413. [PMID: 32133771 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202000413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Self-propelled autonomous nano/microswimmers are at the forefront of materials science. These swimmers are expected to operate in highly confined environments, such as between the grains of soil or in the capillaries of the human organism. To date, little attention is paid to the problem that in such a confined environment the fuel powering catalytic nano/microswimmers can be exhausted quickly and the space can be polluted with the product of the catalytic reaction. In addition, the motion of the nano/microswimmers may be influenced by the confinement. These issues are addressed here, showing the influence of the size of the capillary and length of the micromotor on the motion and the influence of the depletion of the fuel and excess of the exhaust products. Theoretical modeling is provided as well to bring further insight into the observations. This article shows challenges that these systems face and stimulates research to overcome them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahareh Khezri
- Center for Advanced Functional Nanorobots, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, Prague, 166 28, Czech Republic
| | - Filip Novotný
- Center for Advanced Functional Nanorobots, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, Prague, 166 28, Czech Republic
| | - James Guo Sheng Moo
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Muhammad Zafir Mohamad Nasir
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Martin Pumera
- Center for Advanced Functional Nanorobots, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, Prague, 166 28, Czech Republic
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
- Future Energy and Innovation Laboratory, Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 656/123, Brno, CZ-616 00, Czech Republic
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, No. 91 Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan
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The effect of flow on swimming bacteria controls the initial colonization of curved surfaces. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2851. [PMID: 32503979 PMCID: PMC7275075 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16620-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The colonization of surfaces by bacteria is a widespread phenomenon with consequences on environmental processes and human health. While much is known about the molecular mechanisms of surface colonization, the influence of the physical environment remains poorly understood. Here we show that the colonization of non-planar surfaces by motile bacteria is largely controlled by flow. Using microfluidic experiments with Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli, we demonstrate that the velocity gradients created by a curved surface drive preferential attachment to specific regions of the collecting surface, namely the leeward side of cylinders and immediately downstream of apexes on corrugated surfaces, in stark contrast to where nonmotile cells attach. Attachment location and rate depend on the local hydrodynamics and, as revealed by a mathematical model benchmarked on the observations, on cell morphology and swimming traits. These results highlight the importance of flow on the magnitude and location of bacterial colonization of surfaces. Bacterial colonization of surfaces has a profound environmental, technological and medical impact. Here, Secchi et al. show how fluid flow affects the magnitude and location of bacterial colonization on curved surfaces through its coupling with cell morphology and motility.
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44
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El-Kirat-Chatel S, Beaussart A, Mathelié-Guinlet M, Dufrêne YF. The importance of force in microbial cell adhesion. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cocis.2019.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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45
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Antibacterial Effect of Cupral ® on Oral Biofilms - An In-Vitro Study. Eur Endod J 2020; 5:40-45. [PMID: 32342037 PMCID: PMC7183803 DOI: 10.14744/eej.2019.83997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: This study aimed to assess the efficacy of Cupral®, a Ca(OH)2 and Cu2+ based materials used in endodontics, against biofilms of the oral species Streptococcus oralis, Streptococcus gordonii and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans at different maturation stages. Methods: Biofilms of the bacterial target species were grown in brain heart infusion (BHI) medium for 1 and 5 days on titanium disks (titanium, grade 4) to collect microbial communities at different stages of biofilm maturation. Biofilms were subjected to different Cupral® concentrations (4-, 15- and 50-fold dilution) to assess the antimicrobial- and biofilm dissolving effect. 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate (CHX) solution was used as a positive control. Biovolume and antibacterial efficacy were analyzed by live/dead staining in combination with confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) to quantify biofilm detachment and antibacterial efficacy. Results: All tested Cupral® concentration showed a strong antibacterial effect on tested bacterial species at all biofilm maturation stages. Efficacy of biofilms detachment was concentration dependent, i.e. higher Cupral® concentrations generally led to increased biofilm detachment. The antibacterial efficacy of tested Cupral® concentration was at least equal to CHX treatment (P=0.03). Conclusion: Cupral® shows a strong anti-biofilm efficacy and may be applied for oral biofilm treatment and control in dental disciplines other than endodontics.
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46
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Wang H, Christiansen DE, Mehraeen S, Cheng G. Winning the fight against biofilms: the first six-month study showing no biofilm formation on zwitterionic polyurethanes. Chem Sci 2020; 11:4709-4721. [PMID: 34122926 PMCID: PMC8159170 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc06155j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofilms have been a long-standing challenge for healthcare, water transport, and many other industries. They lead to bacterial growth and infections in animals, food products, and humans, cause premature removal of the implanted materials or devices from patients, and facilitate fouling and corrosion of metals. Despite some published and patented methods on minimizing the effects of biofilms for a short period (less than two weeks), there exists no successful means to mitigate or prevent the long-term formation of biofilms. It is even more challenging to integrate critical anti-fouling properties with other needed physical and chemical properties for a range of applications. In this study, we developed a novel approach for combining incompatible, highly polar anti-fouling groups with less polar, mechanically modifying groups into one material. A multifunctional carboxybetaine precursor was designed and introduced into polyurethane. The carboxybetaine precursors undergo rapid, self-catalyzed hydrolysis at the water/material interface and provide critical anti-fouling properties that lead to undetectable bacterial attachment and zero biofilm formation after six months of constant exposure to Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus epidermidis under the static condition in a nutrient-rich medium. This zwitterionic polyurethane is the first material to demonstrate both critical anti-biofilm properties and tunable mechanical properties and directly validates the unproven anti-fouling strategy and hypothesis for biofilm formation prevention. This approach of designing 'multitasking materials' will be useful for the development of next generation anti-fouling materials for a variety of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huifeng Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Illinois at Chicago Chicago IL 60607 USA https://gancheng.people.uic.edu
| | - Daniel Edward Christiansen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Illinois at Chicago Chicago IL 60607 USA https://gancheng.people.uic.edu
| | - Shafigh Mehraeen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Illinois at Chicago Chicago IL 60607 USA https://gancheng.people.uic.edu
| | - Gang Cheng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Illinois at Chicago Chicago IL 60607 USA https://gancheng.people.uic.edu
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47
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A Microfluidic-Based Investigation of Bacterial Attachment in Ureteral Stents. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:mi11040408. [PMID: 32295085 PMCID: PMC7231375 DOI: 10.3390/mi11040408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Obstructions of the ureter lumen can originate from intrinsic or extrinsic factors, such as kidney stones, tumours, or strictures. These can affect the physiological flow of urine from the kidneys to the bladder, potentially causing infection, pain, and kidney failure. To overcome these complications, ureteral stents are often deployed clinically in order to temporarily re-establish urinary flow. Despite their clinical benefits, stents are prone to encrustation and biofilm formation that lead to reduced quality of life for patients; however, the mechanisms underlying the formation of crystalline biofilms in stents are not yet fully understood. In this study, we developed microfluidic-based devices replicating the urodynamic field within different configurations of an occluded and stented ureter. We employed computational fluid dynamic simulations to characterise the flow dynamic field within these models and investigated bacterial attachment (Pseudomonas fluorescens) by means of crystal violet staining and fluorescence microscopy. We identified the presence of hydrodynamic cavities in the vicinity of a ureteric occlusion, which were characterised by low levels of wall shear stress (WSS < 40 mPa), and observed that initiation of bacterial attachment occurred in these specific regions of the stented ureter. Notably, the bacterial coverage area was directly proportional to the number of cavities present in the model. Fluorescence microscopy confirmed that the number density of bacteria was greater within cavities (3 bacteria·mm-2) when compared to side-holes of the stent (1 bacterium·mm-2) or its luminal surface (0.12·bacteria mm-2). These findings informed the design of a novel technological solution against bacterial attachment, which reduces the extent of cavity flow and increases wall shear stress over the stent's surface.
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Kristensen MF, Leonhardt D, Neland MLB, Schlafer S. A 3D printed microfluidic flow-cell for microscopy analysis of in situ-grown biofilms. J Microbiol Methods 2020; 171:105876. [PMID: 32087186 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2020.105876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Biofilm phenomena ranging from metabolic processes to attachment, detachment and quorum sensing are influenced by the fluid flow across the biofilm. A number of commercially available flow-cells allow for microscopy analysis of laboratory biofilms under flow, but there is a lack of shear controlled microfluidic devices that accommodate biofilms grown in situ on carriers or tissue samples. Therefore, we developed a flow-cell with adjustable geometry for microscopy analysis of in situ-grown biofilm samples under shear-controlled flow. The flow-cells were designed as one-piece disposable models, 3D-printed in resin and sealed with a coverslip after insertion of the biofilm sample. As a proof of concept, we studied the impact of stimulated saliva flow on pH developments in in situ-grown dental biofilms exposed to sucrose. Under static conditions, pH dropped in the biofilms, with pronounced differences between individual biofilms, but also between different microscopic fields of view within one biofilm. pH in the top layer of the biofilms tended to be lower than pH in the bottom layer. Under conditions of stimulated saliva flow (5 mm/min), pH rose to neutral or slightly alkaline values in all biofilms, and the vertical gradients were reversed, with the biofilm bottom becoming more acidic than the top. Hence, the present work demonstrates the importance of flow for the study of pH in dental biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Frost Kristensen
- Department of Dentistry and Oral Health, Aarhus University, Vennelyst Boulevard 9, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark..
| | - Dirk Leonhardt
- Department of Dentistry and Oral Health, Aarhus University, Vennelyst Boulevard 9, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark..
| | | | - Sebastian Schlafer
- Department of Dentistry and Oral Health, Aarhus University, Vennelyst Boulevard 9, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark..
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49
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Tan CAZ, Antypas H, Kline KA. Overcoming the challenge of establishing biofilms in vivo: a roadmap for Enterococci. Curr Opin Microbiol 2020; 53:9-18. [PMID: 32062025 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2020.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Enterococcus faecalis forms single and mixed-species biofilms on both tissue and medical devices in the host, often under exposure to fluid flow, giving rise to infections that are recalcitrant to treatment. The factors that drive enterococcal biofilm formation in the host, however, remain unclear. Recent reports in other pathogens show how surface sensing by bacteria can trigger the transition from planktonic to sessile lifestyle. Fluid flow can enhance initial adhesion, but also influence quorum sensing. Biofilm-specific factors, as well as biofilm size and extracellular polymeric substances, can compromise opsonization and phagocytosis. Bacterial interspecies synergy can create favorable conditions in the host for biofilm formation. Through these concepts, we define the knowledge gaps in understanding host-associated E. faecalis biofilm formation and propose a roadmap for future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casandra Ai Zhu Tan
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Haris Antypas
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Kimberly A Kline
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.
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50
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Pearce P, Song B, Skinner DJ, Mok R, Hartmann R, Singh PK, Jeckel H, Oishi JS, Drescher K, Dunkel J. Flow-Induced Symmetry Breaking in Growing Bacterial Biofilms. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 123:258101. [PMID: 31922766 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.123.258101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial biofilms represent a major form of microbial life on Earth and serve as a model active nematic system, in which activity results from growth of the rod-shaped bacterial cells. In their natural environments, ranging from human organs to industrial pipelines, biofilms have evolved to grow robustly under significant fluid shear. Despite intense practical and theoretical interest, it is unclear how strong fluid flow alters the local and global architectures of biofilms. Here, we combine highly time-resolved single-cell live imaging with 3D multiscale modeling to investigate the mechanisms by which flow affects the dynamics of all individual cells in growing biofilms. Our experiments and cell-based simulations reveal three quantitatively different growth phases in strong external flow and the transitions between them. In the initial stages of biofilm development, flow induces a downstream gradient in cell orientation, causing asymmetrical dropletlike biofilm shapes. In the later developmental stages, when the majority of cells are sheltered from the flow by the surrounding extracellular matrix, buckling-induced cell verticalization in the biofilm core restores radially symmetric biofilm growth, in agreement with predictions of a 3D continuum model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Pearce
- Department of Mathematics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge Massachusetts 02139-4307, USA
| | - Boya Song
- Department of Mathematics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge Massachusetts 02139-4307, USA
| | - Dominic J Skinner
- Department of Mathematics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge Massachusetts 02139-4307, USA
| | - Rachel Mok
- Department of Mathematics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge Massachusetts 02139-4307, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4307, USA
| | - Raimo Hartmann
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Praveen K Singh
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Hannah Jeckel
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, 35043 Marburg, Germany
- Department of Physics, Philipps-Universität Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Jeffrey S Oishi
- Department of Mathematics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge Massachusetts 02139-4307, USA
- Department of Physics, Bates College, Lewiston, Maine 04240, USA
| | - Knut Drescher
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, 35043 Marburg, Germany
- Department of Physics, Philipps-Universität Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Jörn Dunkel
- Department of Mathematics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge Massachusetts 02139-4307, USA
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