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Thöny B, Ng J, Kurian MA, Mills P, Martinez A. Mouse models for inherited monoamine neurotransmitter disorders. J Inherit Metab Dis 2024; 47:533-550. [PMID: 38168036 DOI: 10.1002/jimd.12710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Several mouse models have been developed to study human defects of primary and secondary inherited monoamine neurotransmitter disorders (iMND). As the field continues to expand, current defects in corresponding mouse models include enzymes and a molecular co-chaperone involved in monoamine synthesis and metabolism (PAH, TH, PITX3, AADC, DBH, MAOA, DNAJC6), tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) cofactor synthesis and recycling (adGTPCH1/DRD, arGTPCH1, PTPS, SR, DHPR), and vitamin B6 cofactor deficiency (ALDH7A1), as well as defective monoamine neurotransmitter packaging (VMAT1, VMAT2) and reuptake (DAT). No mouse models are available for human DNAJC12 co-chaperone and PNPO-B6 deficiencies, disorders associated with recessive variants that result in decreased stability and function of the aromatic amino acid hydroxylases and decreased neurotransmitter synthesis, respectively. More than one mutant mouse is available for some of these defects, which is invaluable as different variant-specific (knock-in) models may provide more insights into underlying mechanisms of disorders, while complete gene inactivation (knock-out) models often have limitations in terms of recapitulating complex human diseases. While these mouse models have common phenotypic traits also observed in patients, reflecting the defective homeostasis of the monoamine neurotransmitter pathways, they also present with disease-specific manifestations with toxic accumulation or deficiency of specific metabolites related to the specific gene affected. This review provides an overview of the currently available models and may give directions toward selecting existing models or generating new ones to investigate novel pathogenic mechanisms and precision therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beat Thöny
- Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Joanne Ng
- Genetic Therapy Accelerator Centre, University College London, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Manju A Kurian
- Zayed Centre for Research into Rare Disease in Children, GOS Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Neurology, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK
| | - Philippa Mills
- Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Aurora Martinez
- Department of Biomedicine and Center for Translational Research in Parkinson's Disease, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Neuro-SysMed, Department of Neurology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
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2
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Mastrangelo M, Tolve M, Artiola C, Bove R, Carducci C, Carducci C, Angeloni A, Pisani F, Leuzzi V. Phenotypes and Genotypes of Inherited Disorders of Biogenic Amine Neurotransmitter Metabolism. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:genes14020263. [PMID: 36833190 PMCID: PMC9957200 DOI: 10.3390/genes14020263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Inherited disorders of biogenic amine metabolism are genetically determined conditions resulting in dysfunctions or lack of enzymes involved in the synthesis, degradation, or transport of dopamine, serotonin, adrenaline/noradrenaline, and their metabolites or defects of their cofactor or chaperone biosynthesis. They represent a group of treatable diseases presenting with complex patterns of movement disorders (dystonia, oculogyric crises, severe/hypokinetic syndrome, myoclonic jerks, and tremors) associated with a delay in the emergence of postural reactions, global development delay, and autonomic dysregulation. The earlier the disease manifests, the more severe and widespread the impaired motor functions. Diagnosis mainly depends on measuring neurotransmitter metabolites in cerebrospinal fluid that may address the genetic confirmation. Correlations between the severity of phenotypes and genotypes may vary remarkably among the different diseases. Traditional pharmacological strategies are not disease-modifying in most cases. Gene therapy has provided promising results in patients with DYT-DDC and in vitro models of DYT/PARK-SLC6A3. The rarity of these diseases, combined with limited knowledge of their clinical, biochemical, and molecular genetic features, frequently leads to misdiagnosis or significant diagnostic delays. This review provides updates on these aspects with a final outlook on future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Mastrangelo
- Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit, Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Policlinico Umberto I, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Manuela Tolve
- Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Policlinico Umberto I, 00161 Rome, Italy
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Cristiana Artiola
- Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Policlinico Umberto I, 00161 Rome, Italy
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Rossella Bove
- Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit, Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Carducci
- Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Policlinico Umberto I, 00161 Rome, Italy
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Carla Carducci
- Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Policlinico Umberto I, 00161 Rome, Italy
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Angeloni
- Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Policlinico Umberto I, 00161 Rome, Italy
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Pisani
- Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit, Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Policlinico Umberto I, 00161 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-649972930; Fax: +39-64440232
| | - Vincenzo Leuzzi
- Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit, Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Policlinico Umberto I, 00161 Rome, Italy
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3
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Hoshijima H, Takeuchi R, Kikuchi K, Mizuta K. Anesthetic management in MAO-A and MAO-B deficiency: a case report. J Anesth 2020; 34:773-776. [DOI: 10.1007/s00540-020-02808-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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4
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Blondelle J, Marrocco V, Clark M, Desmond P, Myers S, Nguyen J, Wright M, Bremner S, Pierantozzi E, Ward S, Estève E, Sorrentino V, Ghassemian M, Lange S. Murine obscurin and Obsl1 have functionally redundant roles in sarcolemmal integrity, sarcoplasmic reticulum organization, and muscle metabolism. Commun Biol 2019; 2:178. [PMID: 31098411 PMCID: PMC6509138 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-019-0405-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Biological roles of obscurin and its close homolog Obsl1 (obscurin-like 1) have been enigmatic. While obscurin is highly expressed in striated muscles, Obsl1 is found ubiquitously. Accordingly, obscurin mutations have been linked to myopathies, whereas mutations in Obsl1 result in 3M-growth syndrome. To further study unique and redundant functions of these closely related proteins, we generated and characterized Obsl1 knockouts. Global Obsl1 knockouts are embryonically lethal. In contrast, skeletal muscle-specific Obsl1 knockouts show a benign phenotype similar to obscurin knockouts. Only deletion of both proteins and removal of their functional redundancy revealed their roles for sarcolemmal stability and sarcoplasmic reticulum organization. To gain unbiased insights into changes to the muscle proteome, we analyzed tibialis anterior and soleus muscles by mass spectrometry, uncovering additional changes to the muscle metabolism. Our analyses suggest that all obscurin protein family members play functions for muscle membrane systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Blondelle
- Division of Cardiology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 92093 CA USA
| | - Valeria Marrocco
- Division of Cardiology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 92093 CA USA
| | - Madison Clark
- Division of Cardiology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 92093 CA USA
| | - Patrick Desmond
- Division of Cardiology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 92093 CA USA
| | - Stephanie Myers
- Division of Cardiology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 92093 CA USA
| | - Jim Nguyen
- Division of Cardiology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 92093 CA USA
| | - Matthew Wright
- Division of Cardiology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 92093 CA USA
| | - Shannon Bremner
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 92093 CA USA
| | - Enrico Pierantozzi
- Molecular Medicine Section, Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, 53100 Italy
| | - Samuel Ward
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 92093 CA USA
| | - Eric Estève
- Division of Cardiology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 92093 CA USA
- Université Grenoble Alpes, HP2, Grenoble, 38706 France
| | - Vincenzo Sorrentino
- Molecular Medicine Section, Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, 53100 Italy
| | - Majid Ghassemian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 92093 CA USA
| | - Stephan Lange
- Division of Cardiology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 92093 CA USA
- Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, 413 45 Sweden
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Rodríguez-Muñoz A, García-García G, Menor F, Millán JM, Tomás-Vila M, Jaijo T. The importance of biochemical and genetic findings in the diagnosis of atypical Norrie disease. Clin Chem Lab Med 2019; 56:229-235. [PMID: 28742514 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2017-0226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Norrie disease (ND) is a rare X-linked disorder characterized by bilateral congenital blindness. ND is caused by a mutation in the Norrie disease pseudoglioma (NDP) gene, which encodes a 133-amino acid protein called norrin. Intragenic deletions including NDP and adjacent genes have been identified in ND patients with a more severe neurologic phenotype. We report the biochemical, molecular, clinical and radiological features of two unrelated affected males with a deletion including NDP and MAO genes. METHODS Biochemical and genetic analyses were performed to understand the atypical phenotype and radiological findings. Biogenic amines in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography. The coding exons of NDP gene were amplified by polymerase chain reaction. Multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification and chromosomal microarray were carried out on both affected males. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging were performed on the two patients. RESULTS In one patient, the serotonin and catecholamine metabolite levels in CSF were virtually undetectable. In both patients, genetic studies revealed microdeletions in the Xp11.3 region, involving the NDP, MAOA and MAOB genes. Radiological examination demonstrated brain and cerebellar atrophy. CONCLUSIONS We suggest that alterations caused by MAO deficit may remain during the first years of life. Clinical phenotype, biochemical findings and neuroimaging can guide the genetic study in patients with atypical ND and help us to a better understanding of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Rodríguez-Muñoz
- Grupo de Investigación en Biomedicina Molecular, Celular y Genómica, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Gema García-García
- Grupo de Investigación en Biomedicina Molecular, Celular y Genómica, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Valencia, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Valencia, Spain
| | - Francisco Menor
- Radiología Infantil, Hospital Universitari i Politecnic La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - José M Millán
- Grupo de Investigación en Biomedicina Molecular, Celular y Genómica, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Valencia, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Valencia, Spain
| | - Miguel Tomás-Vila
- Neuropediatría, Hospital Universitari i Politecnic La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Teresa Jaijo
- Grupo de Investigación en Biomedicina Molecular, Celular y Genómica, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Valencia, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Valencia, Spain.,Unidad de Genética y Diagnóstico Prenatal, Hospital Universitari i Politecnic La Fe, Valencia, Spain
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Garbarino VR, Gilman TL, Daws LC, Gould GG. Extreme enhancement or depletion of serotonin transporter function and serotonin availability in autism spectrum disorder. Pharmacol Res 2019; 140:85-99. [PMID: 30009933 PMCID: PMC6345621 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2018.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A variety of human and animal studies support the hypothesis that serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT) system dysfunction is a contributing factor to the development of autism in some patients. However, many questions remain about how developmental manipulation of various components that influence 5-HT signaling (5-HT synthesis, transport, metabolism) persistently impair social behaviors. This review will summarize key aspects of central 5-HT function important for normal brain development, and review evidence implicating perinatal disruptions in 5-HT signaling in the pathophysiology of autism spectrum disorder. We discuss the importance, and relative dearth, of studies that explore the possible correlation to autism in the interactions between important intrinsic and extrinsic factors that may disrupt 5-HT homeostasis during development. In particular, we focus on exposure to 5-HT transport altering mechanisms such as selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors or genetic polymorphisms in primary or auxiliary transporters of 5-HT, and how they relate to neurological stores of serotonin and its precursors. A deeper understanding of the many mechanisms by which 5-HT signaling can be disrupted, alone and in concert, may contribute to an improved understanding of the etiologies and heterogeneous nature of this disorder. We postulate that extreme bidirectional perturbations of these factors during development likely compound or synergize to facilitate enduring neurochemical changes resulting in insufficient or excessive 5-HT signaling, that could underlie the persistent behavioral characteristics of autism spectrum disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina R Garbarino
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, United States; The Sam and Ann Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, United States.
| | - T Lee Gilman
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, United States; Addiction Research, Treatment & Training Center of Excellence, United States.
| | - Lynette C Daws
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, United States; Addiction Research, Treatment & Training Center of Excellence, United States; Department of Pharmacology, United States.
| | - Georgianna G Gould
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, United States; Center for Biomedical Neuroscience, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
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7
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Ferreira CR, van Karnebeek CDM, Vockley J, Blau N. A proposed nosology of inborn errors of metabolism. Genet Med 2018; 21:102-106. [PMID: 29884839 PMCID: PMC6286709 DOI: 10.1038/s41436-018-0022-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose We propose a nosology for inborn errors of metabolism that builds on their recent redefinition. Methods We established a strict definition of criteria in order to develop a self-consistent schema for inclusion of a disorder into the nosology. Results We identified 1,015 well-characterized inborn errors of metabolism described in the literature. In addition, there are 111 less well-characterized conditions that may be inborn errors but do not meet strict criteria for inclusion in the current nosology. Conclusion We provide a master list of all currently recognized inborn errors of metabolism grouped according to their pathophysiological basis, with the hope of setting a standard against which new errors should be defined, as well as to promote awareness and foster collaboration in the area. With the rapid advances in the field of genetics in recent years, it is likely that this nosology will need to be updated in the near future, a process that will benefit from broader input and collaboration of experts in the field in order to improve future versions of the proposed classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos R Ferreira
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA. .,Division of Genetics and Metabolism, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC, USA.
| | - Clara D M van Karnebeek
- Departments of Pediatrics and Clinical Genetics, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Pediatrics, Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jerry Vockley
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Nenad Blau
- Dietmar-Hopp Metabolic Center, University Children's Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
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8
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Bortolato M, Floris G, Shih JC. From aggression to autism: new perspectives on the behavioral sequelae of monoamine oxidase deficiency. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2018; 125:1589-1599. [PMID: 29748850 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-018-1888-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The two monoamine oxidase (MAO) enzymes, A and B, catalyze the metabolism of monoamine neurotransmitters, such as serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine. The phenotypic outcomes of MAO congenital deficiency have been studied in humans and animal models, to explore the role of these enzymes in behavioral regulation. The clinical condition caused by MAOA deficiency, Brunner syndrome, was first described as a disorder characterized by overt antisocial and aggressive conduct. Building on this discovery, subsequent studies were focused on the characterization of the role of MAOA in the neurobiology of antisocial conduct. MAO A knockout mice were found to display high levels of intermale aggression; however, further analyses of these mutants unveiled additional behavioral abnormalities mimicking the core symptoms of autism-spectrum disorder. These findings were strikingly confirmed in newly reported cases of Brunner syndrome. The role of MAOB in behavioral regulation remains less well-understood, even though Maob-deficient mice have been found to exhibit greater behavioral disinhibition and risk-taking responses, supporting previous clinical studies showing associations between low MAO B activity and impulsivity. Furthermore, lack of MAOB was found to exacerbate the severity of psychopathological deficits induced by concurrent MAOA deficiency. Here, we summarize how the convergence of clinical reports and behavioral phenotyping in mutant mice has helped frame a complex picture of psychopathological features in MAO-deficient individuals, which encompass a broad spectrum of neurodevelopmental problems. This emerging knowledge poses novel conceptual challenges towards the identification of the endophenotypes shared by autism-spectrum disorder, antisocial behavior and impulse-control problems, as well as their monoaminergic underpinnings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Bortolato
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, L.S. Skaggs Hall, 30 S 2000 E, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA.
| | - Gabriele Floris
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, L.S. Skaggs Hall, 30 S 2000 E, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Jean C Shih
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Cell and Neurobiology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Jia B, Huang L, Chen Y, Liu S, Chen C, Xiong K, Song L, Zhou Y, Yang X, Zhong M. A novel contiguous deletion involving NDP, MAOB and EFHC2 gene in a patient with familial Norrie disease: bilateral blindness and leucocoria without other deficits. J Genet 2018; 96:1015-1020. [PMID: 29321361 DOI: 10.1007/s12041-017-0869-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Contiguous microdeletions of the Norrie disease pseudoglioma (NDP) region on chromosome Xp11.3 have been widely confirmed as contributing to the typical clinical features of Norrie disease (ND). However, the precise relation between genotype and phenotype could vary. The contiguous deletion of NDP and its neighbouring genes, MAOA/B and EFHC2, reportedly leads to syndromic clinical features such as microcephaly, intellectual disability, and epilepsy. Herewe report a novel contiguous microdeletion of the NDP region containing the MAOB and EFHC2 genes,which causes eye defects but no cognitive disability.We detected a deletion of 494.6 kb atXp11.3 in both the proband and carrier mother. This deletionwas then used as the molecular marker in prenatal diagnosis for two subsequent pregnancies. The deletion was absent in one of the foetuses, who remain without any abnormalities at 2 years of age. The proband shows the typical ocular clinical features of ND including bilateral retinal detachment, microphthalmia, atrophic irides, corneal opacification, and cataracts, but no symptoms of microcephaly, intellectual disability, and epilepsy. This familial study demonstrates that a deficiency in one of two MAO genes may not lead to psychomotor delay, and deletion of EFHC2 may not cause epilepsy. Our observations provide new information on the genotype-phenotype relations of MAOA/B and EFHC2 genes involved in the contiguous deletions of ND.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bei Jia
- The Center for Prenatal and Hereditary DiseaseDiagnosis,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, People's Republic of China.
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10
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Chen K, Kardys A, Chen Y, Flink S, Tabakoff B, Shih JC. Altered gene expression in early postnatal monoamine oxidase A knockout mice. Brain Res 2017; 1669:18-26. [PMID: 28535982 PMCID: PMC5531263 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2017.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We reported previously that monoamine oxidase (MAO) A knockout (KO) mice show increased serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) levels and autistic-like behaviors characterized by repetitive behaviors, and anti-social behaviors. We showed that administration of the serotonin synthesis inhibitor para-chlorophenylalanine (pCPA) from post-natal day 1 (P1) through 7 (P7) in MAO A KO mice reduced the serotonin level to normal and reverses the repetitive behavior. These results suggested that the altered gene expression at P1 and P7 may be important for the autistic-like behaviors seen in MAO A KO mice and was studied here. In this study, Affymetrix mRNA array data for P1 and P7 MAO A KO mice were analyzed using Partek Genomics Suite and Ingenuity Pathways Analysis to identify genes differentially expressed versus wild-type and assess their functions and relationships. The number of significant differentially expressed genes (DEGs) varied with age: P1 (664) and P7 (3307) [false discovery rate (FDR) <0.05, fold-change (FC) >1.5 for autism-linked genes and >2.0 for functionally categorized genes]. Eight autism-linked genes were differentially expressed in P1 (upregulated: NLGN3, SLC6A2; down-regulated: HTR2C, MET, ADSL, MECP2, ALDH5A1, GRIN3B) while four autism-linked genes were differentially expressed at P7 (upregulated: HTR2B; downregulated: GRIN2D, GRIN2B, CHRNA4). Many other genes involved in neurodevelopment, apoptosis, neurotransmission, and cognitive function were differentially expressed at P7 in MAO A KO mice. This result suggests that modulation of these genes by the increased serotonin may lead to neurodevelopmental alteration in MAO A KO mice and results in autistic-like behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Chen
- Dept. of Pharmacology & Pharmaceutical Science, School of Pharmacy, Los Angeles, CA 90089, United States
| | - Abbey Kardys
- Dept. of Pharmacology & Pharmaceutical Science, School of Pharmacy, Los Angeles, CA 90089, United States
| | - Yibu Chen
- Norris Medical Library, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, United States
| | - Stephen Flink
- University of Colorado Health Science Center, Denver, CO 80262, United States
| | - Boris Tabakoff
- University of Colorado Health Science Center, Denver, CO 80262, United States
| | - Jean C Shih
- Dept. of Pharmacology & Pharmaceutical Science, School of Pharmacy, Los Angeles, CA 90089, United States; USC-Taiwan Center for Translational Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, United States; Dept. of Cell & Neurobiology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, United States.
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Abstract
The monoamine neurotransmitter disorders are important genetic syndromes that cause disturbances in catecholamine (dopamine, noradrenaline and adrenaline) and serotonin homeostasis. These disorders result in aberrant monoamine synthesis, metabolism and transport. The clinical phenotypes are predominantly neurological, and symptoms resemble other childhood neurological disorders, such as dystonic or dyskinetic cerebral palsy, hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy and movement disorders. As a consequence, monoamine neurotransmitter disorders are under-recognized and often misdiagnosed. The diagnosis of monoamine neurotransmitter disorders requires detailed clinical assessment, cerebrospinal fluid neurotransmitter analysis and further supportive diagnostic investigations. Prompt and accurate diagnosis of neurotransmitter disorders is paramount, as many are responsive to treatment. The treatment is usually mechanism-based, with the aim to reverse disturbances of monoamine synthesis and/or metabolism. Therapeutic intervention can lead to complete resolution of motor symptoms in some conditions, and considerably improve quality of life in others. In this Review, we discuss the clinical features, diagnosis and management of monoamine neurotransmitter disorders, and consider novel concepts, the latest advances in research and future prospects for therapy.
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12
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Wang CC, Man GCW, Chu CY, Borchert A, Ugun-Klusek A, Billett EE, Kühn H, Ufer C. Serotonin receptor 6 mediates defective brain development in monoamine oxidase A-deficient mouse embryos. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:8252-63. [PMID: 24497636 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.522094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Monoamine oxidases A and B (MAO-A and MAO-B) are enzymes of the outer mitochondrial membrane that metabolize biogenic amines. In the adult central nervous system, MAOs have important functions for neurotransmitter homeostasis. Expression of MAO isoforms has been detected in the developing embryo. However, suppression of MAO-B does not induce developmental alterations. In contrast, targeted inhibition and knockdown of MAO-A expression (E7.5-E10.5) caused structural abnormalities in the brain. Here we explored the molecular mechanisms underlying defective brain development induced by MAO-A knockdown during in vitro embryogenesis. The developmental alterations were paralleled by diminished apoptotic activity in the affected neuronal structures. Moreover, dysfunctional MAO-A expression led to elevated levels of embryonic serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)), and we found that knockdown of serotonin receptor-6 (5-Htr6) expression or pharmacologic inhibition of 5-Htr6 activity rescued the MAO-A knockdown phenotype and restored apoptotic activity in the developing brain. Our data suggest that excessive 5-Htr6 activation reduces activation of caspase-3 and -9 of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway and enhances expression of antiapoptotic proteins Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL. Moreover, we found that elevated 5-HT levels in MAO-A knockdown embryos coincided with an enhanced activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) and a reduction of proliferating cell numbers. In summary, our findings suggest that excessive 5-HT in MAO-A-deficient mouse embryos triggers cellular signaling cascades via 5-Htr6, which suppresses developmental apoptosis in the brain and thus induces developmental retardations.
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Ye R, Carneiro AMD, Airey D, Sanders-Bush E, Williams RW, Lu L, Wang J, Zhang B, Blakely RD. Evaluation of heritable determinants of blood and brain serotonin homeostasis using recombinant inbred mice. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2013; 13:247-60. [PMID: 24102824 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Revised: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The biogenic amine serotonin (5-HT, 5-hydroxytryptamine) exerts powerful, modulatory control over multiple physiological functions in the brain and periphery, ranging from mood and appetite to vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal motility. In order to gain insight into shared and distinct molecular and phenotypic networks linked to variations in 5-HT homeostasis, we capitalized on the stable genetic variation present in recombinant inbred mouse strains. This family of strains, all derived from crosses between C57BL/6J and DBA/2J (BXD) parents, represents a unique, community resource with approximately 40 years of assembled phenotype data that can be exploited to explore and test causal relationships in silico. We determined levels of 5-HT and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid from whole blood, midbrain and thalamus/hypothalamus (diencephalon) of 38 BXD lines and both sexes. All 5-HT measures proved highly heritable in each region, although both gender and region significantly impacted between-strain correlations. Our studies identified both expected and novel biochemical, anatomical and behavioral phenotypes linked to 5-HT traits, as well as distinct quantitative trait loci. Analyses of these loci nominate a group of genes likely to contribute to gender- and region-specific capacities for 5-HT signaling. Analysis of midbrain mRNA variations across strains revealed overlapping gene expression networks linked to 5-HT synthesis and metabolism. Altogether, our studies provide a rich profile of genomic, molecular and phenotypic networks that can be queried for novel relationships contributing risk for disorders linked to perturbed 5-HT signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Ye
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville
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Piton A, Poquet H, Redin C, Masurel A, Lauer J, Muller J, Thevenon J, Herenger Y, Chancenotte S, Bonnet M, Pinoit JM, Huet F, Thauvin-Robinet C, Jaeger AS, Le Gras S, Jost B, Gérard B, Peoc'h K, Launay JM, Faivre L, Mandel JL. 20 ans après: a second mutation in MAOA identified by targeted high-throughput sequencing in a family with altered behavior and cognition. Eur J Hum Genet 2013; 22:776-83. [PMID: 24169519 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2013.243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Revised: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Intellectual disability (ID) is characterized by an extraordinary genetic heterogeneity, with >250 genes that have been implicated in monogenic forms of ID. Because this complexity precluded systematic testing for mutations and because clinical features are often non-specific, for some of these genes only few cases or families have been unambiguously documented. It is the case of the X-linked gene encoding monoamine oxidase A (MAOA), for which only one nonsense mutation has been identified in Brunner syndrome, characterized in a single family by mild non-dysmorphic ID and impulsive, violent and aggressive behaviors. We have performed targeted high-throughput sequencing of 220 genes, including MAOA, in patients with undiagnosed ID. We identified a c.797_798delinsTT (p.C266F) missense mutation in MAOA in a boy with autism spectrum disorder, attention deficit and autoaggressive behavior. Two maternal uncles carry the mutation and have severe ID, with a history of maltreatment in early childhood. This novel missense mutation decreases MAOA enzymatic activity, leading to abnormal levels of urinary monoamines. The identification of this new point mutation confirms, for the first time since 1993, the monogenic implication of the MAOA gene in ID of various degrees, autism and behavioral disturbances. The variable expressivity of the mutation observed in male patients of this family may involve gene-environment interactions, and the identification of a perturbation in monoamine metabolism should be taken into account when prescribing psychoactive drugs in such patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amélie Piton
- 1] IGBMC, CNRS UMR 7104/INSERM U964/University of Strasbourg, Illkirch Cedex, France [2] Chaire de Génétique Humaine, Collège de France, Paris, France
| | - Hélène Poquet
- 1] Centre de génétique et Centre de Référence Anomalies du développement et Syndromes malformatifs, Hôpital d'Enfants, Dijon, France [2] Service de Pédopsychiatrie, Hôpital d'Enfants, Dijon, France
| | - Claire Redin
- 1] IGBMC, CNRS UMR 7104/INSERM U964/University of Strasbourg, Illkirch Cedex, France [2] Chaire de Génétique Humaine, Collège de France, Paris, France
| | - Alice Masurel
- Centre de génétique et Centre de Référence Anomalies du développement et Syndromes malformatifs, Hôpital d'Enfants, Dijon, France
| | - Julia Lauer
- Laboratoire de Diagnostic Génétique, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, France
| | - Jean Muller
- 1] IGBMC, CNRS UMR 7104/INSERM U964/University of Strasbourg, Illkirch Cedex, France [2] Laboratoire de Diagnostic Génétique, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, France
| | - Julien Thevenon
- 1] Centre de génétique et Centre de Référence Anomalies du développement et Syndromes malformatifs, Hôpital d'Enfants, Dijon, France [2] EA 4271 GAD, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Yvan Herenger
- Laboratoire de Diagnostic Génétique, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, France
| | - Sophie Chancenotte
- 1] Centre de génétique et Centre de Référence Anomalies du développement et Syndromes malformatifs, Hôpital d'Enfants, Dijon, France [2] Centre Référent des Troubles du Langage et des Apprentissages, Hôpital d'Enfants, Dijon, France
| | - Marlène Bonnet
- Centre Référent des Troubles du Langage et des Apprentissages, Hôpital d'Enfants, Dijon, France
| | | | - Frédéric Huet
- Centre de génétique et Centre de Référence Anomalies du développement et Syndromes malformatifs, Hôpital d'Enfants, Dijon, France
| | - Christel Thauvin-Robinet
- 1] Centre de génétique et Centre de Référence Anomalies du développement et Syndromes malformatifs, Hôpital d'Enfants, Dijon, France [2] EA 4271 GAD, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Jaeger
- Laboratoire de Diagnostic Génétique, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, France
| | | | - Bernard Jost
- IGBMC, Microarray and Sequencing Platform, Illkirch, France
| | - Bénédicte Gérard
- Laboratoire de Diagnostic Génétique, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, France
| | - Katell Peoc'h
- Service de Biochimie et de Biologie Moléculaire, Groupe Hospitalier Universitaire Saint-Louis Lariboisière Fernand-Widal, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Marie Launay
- Service de Biochimie et de Biologie Moléculaire, Groupe Hospitalier Universitaire Saint-Louis Lariboisière Fernand-Widal, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Laurence Faivre
- 1] Centre de génétique et Centre de Référence Anomalies du développement et Syndromes malformatifs, Hôpital d'Enfants, Dijon, France [2] EA 4271 GAD, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Jean-Louis Mandel
- 1] IGBMC, CNRS UMR 7104/INSERM U964/University of Strasbourg, Illkirch Cedex, France [2] Chaire de Génétique Humaine, Collège de France, Paris, France [3] Laboratoire de Diagnostic Génétique, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, France
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Cognitive abnormalities and hippocampal alterations in monoamine oxidase A and B knockout mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:12816-21. [PMID: 23858446 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1308037110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The monoamine oxidase isoenzymes (MAOs) A and B play important roles in the homeostasis of monoaminergic neurotransmitters. The combined deficiency of MAO A and B results in significantly elevated levels of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine), norepinephrine, dopamine, and β-phenylethylamine; in humans and mice, these neurochemical changes are accompanied by neurodevelopmental perturbations as well as autistic-like responses. Ample evidence indicates that normal levels of monoamines in the hippocampus, amygdala, frontal cortex, and cerebellum are required for the integrity of learning and memory. Thus, in the present study, the cognitive status of MAO A/B knockout (KO) mice was examined with a wide array of behavioral tests. In comparison with male wild-type littermates, MAO A/B KO mice exhibited abnormally high and overgeneralized fear conditioning and enhanced eye-blink conditioning. These alterations were accompanied by significant increases in hippocampal long-term potentiation and alterations in the relative expression of NMDA glutamate receptor subunits. Our data suggest that chronic elevations of monoamines, because of the absence of MAO A and MAO B, cause functional alterations that are accompanied with changes in the cellular mechanisms underlying learning and memory. The characteristics exhibited by MAO A/B KO mice highlight the potential of these animals as a useful tool to provide further insight into the molecular bases of disorders associated with abnormal monoaminergic profiles.
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