1
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Ruscu M, Glavan D, Surugiu R, Doeppner TR, Hermann DM, Gresita A, Capitanescu B, Popa-Wagner A. Pharmacological and stem cell therapy of stroke in animal models: Do they accurately reflect the response of humans? Exp Neurol 2024; 376:114753. [PMID: 38490317 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2024.114753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Cerebrovascular diseases are the second leading cause of death worldwide. Despite significant research investment, the only available therapeutic options are mechanical thrombectomy and tissue plasminogen activator thrombolysis. None of the more than a thousand drugs tested on animal models have proven successful in human clinical trials. Several factors contribute to this poor translation of data from stroke-related animal models to human stroke patients. Firstly, our understanding of the molecular and cellular processes involved in recovering from an ischemic stroke is severely limited. Secondly, although the risk of stroke is particularly high among older patients with comorbidities, most drugs are tested on young, healthy animals in controlled laboratory conditions. Furthermore, in animal models, the tracking of post-stroke recovery typically spans only 3 to 28 days, with occasional extensions to 60 days, whereas human stroke recovery is a more extended and complex process. Thirdly, young animal models often exhibit a considerably higher rate of spontaneous recovery compared to humans following a stroke. Fourth, only a very limited number of animals are utilized for each condition, including control groups. Another contributing factor to the much smaller beneficial effects in humans is that positive outcomes from numerous animal studies are more readily accepted than results reported in human trials that do not show a clear benefit to the patient. Useful recommendations for conducting experiments in animal models, with increased chances of translatability to humans, have been issued by both the STEPS investigative team and the STAIR committee. However, largely, due to economic factors, these recommendations are largely ignored. Furthermore, one might attribute the overall failures in predicting and subsequently developing effective acute stroke therapies beyond thrombolysis to potential design deficiencies in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihai Ruscu
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, Essen 45147, Germany; Department of Psychiatry, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania; Department of Neurology, University of Giessen Medical School, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Daniela Glavan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania
| | - Roxana Surugiu
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania; Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen 37075, Germany
| | - Thorsten R Doeppner
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen 37075, Germany; Department of Neurology, University of Giessen Medical School, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Dirk M Hermann
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, Essen 45147, Germany
| | - Andrei Gresita
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Old Westbury, NY 115680-8000, USA
| | - Bogdan Capitanescu
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania; Department of Biomedical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Old Westbury, NY 115680-8000, USA.
| | - Aurel Popa-Wagner
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania; Department of Biomedical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Old Westbury, NY 115680-8000, USA.
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2
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Beker MC, Aydinli FI, Caglayan AB, Beker M, Baygul O, Caglayan A, Popa-Wagner A, Doeppner TR, Hermann DM, Kilic E. Age-Associated Resilience Against Ischemic Injury in Mice Exposed to Transient Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion. Mol Neurobiol 2023:10.1007/s12035-023-03353-4. [PMID: 37093494 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03353-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is the leading cause of death and disability. Although stroke mainly affects aged individuals, animal research is mostly one on young rodents. Here, we examined the development of ischemic injury in young (9-12-week-old) and adult (72-week-old) C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice exposed to 30 min of intraluminal middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo). Post-ischemic reperfusion did not differ between young and adult mice. Ischemic injury assessed by infarct area and blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity assessed by IgG extravasation analysis was smaller in adult compared with young mice. Microvascular viability and neuronal survival assessed by CD31 and NeuN immunohistochemistry were higher in adult than young mice. Tissue protection was associated with stronger activation of cell survival pathways in adult than young mice. Microglial/macrophage accumulation and activation assessed by F4/80 immunohistochemistry were more restricted in adult than young mice, and pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine and chemokine responses were reduced by aging. By means of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, we identified a hitherto unknown proteome profile comprising the upregulation of glycogen degradation-related pathways and the downregulation of mitochondrial dysfunction-related pathways, which distinguished post-ischemic responses of the aged compared with the young brain. Our study suggests that aging increases the brain's resilience against ischemic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa C Beker
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technologies (SABITA), Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Fatmagul I Aydinli
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technologies (SABITA), Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Department of Medical Biology, School of Medicine, Nisantasi University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ahmet B Caglayan
- Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technologies (SABITA), Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Department of Physiology, International School of Medicine, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Merve Beker
- Department of Medical Biology, International School of Medicine, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Oguzhan Baygul
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technologies (SABITA), Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Aysun Caglayan
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technologies (SABITA), Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Aurel Popa-Wagner
- Experimental Research Center for Normal and Pathological Aging, ARES, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Craiova, Craiova, Romania
| | | | - Dirk M Hermann
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Ertugrul Kilic
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey.
- Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technologies (SABITA), Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey.
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Unalan, TR-34700, Istanbul, Turkey.
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3
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Stuckey SM, Ong LK, Collins-Praino LE, Turner RJ. Neuroinflammation as a Key Driver of Secondary Neurodegeneration Following Stroke? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222313101. [PMID: 34884906 PMCID: PMC8658328 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222313101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischaemic stroke involves the rapid onset of focal neurological dysfunction, most commonly due to an arterial blockage in a specific region of the brain. Stroke is a leading cause of death and common cause of disability, with over 17 million people worldwide suffering from a stroke each year. It is now well-documented that neuroinflammation and immune mediators play a key role in acute and long-term neuronal tissue damage and healing, not only in the infarct core but also in distal regions. Importantly, in these distal regions, termed sites of secondary neurodegeneration (SND), spikes in neuroinflammation may be seen sometime after the initial stroke onset, but prior to the presence of the neuronal tissue damage within these regions. However, it is key to acknowledge that, despite the mounting information describing neuroinflammation following ischaemic stroke, the exact mechanisms whereby inflammatory cells and their mediators drive stroke-induced neuroinflammation are still not fully understood. As a result, current anti-inflammatory treatments have failed to show efficacy in clinical trials. In this review we discuss the complexities of post-stroke neuroinflammation, specifically how it affects neuronal tissue and post-stroke outcome acutely, chronically, and in sites of SND. We then discuss current and previously assessed anti-inflammatory therapies, with a particular focus on how failed anti-inflammatories may be repurposed to target SND-associated neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon M. Stuckey
- Discipline of Anatomy and Pathology, School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia; (S.M.S.); (L.E.C.-P.)
| | - Lin Kooi Ong
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia;
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy and the Priority Research Centre for Stroke and Brain Injury, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan 2308, Australia
| | - Lyndsey E. Collins-Praino
- Discipline of Anatomy and Pathology, School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia; (S.M.S.); (L.E.C.-P.)
| | - Renée J. Turner
- Discipline of Anatomy and Pathology, School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia; (S.M.S.); (L.E.C.-P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-8-8313-3114
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4
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Zhang H, Lin S, McElroy CL, Wang B, Jin D, Uteshev VV, Jin K. Circulating Pro-Inflammatory Exosomes Worsen Stroke Outcomes in Aging. Circ Res 2021; 129:e121-e140. [PMID: 34399581 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.121.318897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxia Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas
| | - Siyang Lin
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas
| | - Christopher L McElroy
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas
| | - Brian Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas
| | - Dana Jin
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas
| | - Victor V Uteshev
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas
| | - Kunlin Jin
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas
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5
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Candelario-Jalil E, Paul S. Impact of aging and comorbidities on ischemic stroke outcomes in preclinical animal models: A translational perspective. Exp Neurol 2021; 335:113494. [PMID: 33035516 PMCID: PMC7874968 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a highly complex and devastating neurological disease. The sudden loss of blood flow to a brain region due to an ischemic insult leads to severe damage to that area resulting in the formation of an infarcted tissue, also known as the ischemic core. This is surrounded by the peri-infarct region or penumbra that denotes the functionally impaired but potentially salvageable tissue. Thus, the penumbral tissue is the main target for the development of neuroprotective strategies to minimize the extent of ischemic brain damage by timely therapeutic intervention. Given the limitations of reperfusion therapies with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator or mechanical thrombectomy, there is high enthusiasm to combine reperfusion therapy with neuroprotective strategies to further reduce the progression of ischemic brain injury. Till date, a large number of candidate neuroprotective drugs have been identified as potential therapies based on highly promising results from studies in rodent ischemic stroke models. However, none of these interventions have shown therapeutic benefits in stroke patients in clinical trials. In this review article, we discussed the urgent need to utilize preclinical models of ischemic stroke that more accurately mimic the clinical conditions in stroke patients by incorporating aged animals and animal stroke models with comorbidities. We also outlined the recent findings that highlight the significant differences in stroke outcome between young and aged animals, and how major comorbid conditions such as hypertension, diabetes, obesity and hyperlipidemia dramatically increase the vulnerability of the brain to ischemic damage that eventually results in worse functional outcomes. It is evident from these earlier studies that including animal models of aging and comorbidities during the early stages of drug development could facilitate the identification of neuroprotective strategies with high likelihood of success in stroke clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Candelario-Jalil
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
| | - Surojit Paul
- Department of Neurology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
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6
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Ageing as a risk factor for cerebral ischemia: Underlying mechanisms and therapy in animal models and in the clinic. Mech Ageing Dev 2020; 190:111312. [PMID: 32663480 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2020.111312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Age is the only one non-modifiable risk of cerebral ischemia. Advances in stroke medicine and behavioral adaptation to stroke risk factors and comorbidities was successful in decreasing stroke incidence and increasing the number of stroke survivors in western societies. Comorbidities aggravates the outcome after cerebral ischemia. However, due to the increased in number of elderly, the incidence of stroke has increased again paralleled by an increase in the number of stroke survivors, many with severe disabilities, that has led to an increased economic and social burden in society. Animal models of stroke often ignore age and comorbidities frequently associated with senescence. This might explain why drugs working nicely in animal models fail to show efficacy in stroke survivors. Since stroke afflicts mostly the elderly comorbid patients, it is highly desirable to test the efficacy of stroke therapies in an appropriate animal stroke model. Therefore, in this review, we make parallels between animal models of stroke und clinical data and summarize the impact of ageing and age-related comorbidities on stroke outcome.
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7
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Li S, Lu Y, Ding D, Ma Z, Xing X, Hua X, Xu J. Fibroblast growth factor 2 contributes to the effect of salidroside on dendritic and synaptic plasticity after cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:10951-10968. [PMID: 32518214 PMCID: PMC7346066 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke, a serious neurological disease, is associated with cell death, axonal and dendritic plasticity, and other activities. Anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, promote dendritic and synaptic plasticity are critical therapeutic targets after ischemic stroke. Fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF2), which is involved in the cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)/protein kinase A (PKA)/CAMP response element (CRE)-binding protein (CREB) pathway, has been shown to facilitate dendritic and synaptic plasticity. Salidroside (Sal) has been reported to have anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, and anti-apoptotic effects; however, the underlying mechanisms of Sal in promoting dendritic and synaptic plasticity remain unclear. Here, the anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, dendritic and synaptic plasticity effects of Sal were investigated in vitro in PC12 cells under oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) conditions and in vivo in rats with middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/R). We investigated the role of Sal in promoting dendritic and synaptic plasticity in the ischemic penumbra and whether the FGF2-mediated cAMP/PKA/CREB pathway was involved in this process. The present study demonstrated that Sal could significantly inhibit inflammation and apoptosis, and promote dendritic and synaptic plasticity. Overall, our study suggests that Sal is an effective treatment for ischemic stroke that functions via the FGF2-mediated cAMP/PKA/CREB pathway to promote dendritic and synaptic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sisi Li
- School of Rehabilitation Science, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, PR China.,Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200437, PR China
| | - Yechen Lu
- School of Rehabilitation Science, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, PR China.,Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200437, PR China
| | - Daofang Ding
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200437, PR China
| | - Zhenzhen Ma
- School of Rehabilitation Science, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, PR China.,Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200437, PR China
| | - Xiangxin Xing
- School of Rehabilitation Science, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, PR China.,Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200437, PR China
| | - Xuyun Hua
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200437, PR China.,Department of Trauma and Orthopedics, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200437, PR China
| | - Jianguang Xu
- School of Rehabilitation Science, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, PR China.,Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200437, PR China.,Department of Hand Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, PR China
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8
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Yip HK, Chen KH, Dubey NK, Sun CK, Deng YH, Su CW, Lo WC, Cheng HC, Deng WP. Cerebro- and renoprotective activities through platelet-derived biomaterials against cerebrorenal syndrome in rat model. Biomaterials 2019; 214:119227. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.119227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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9
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Gupte R, Christian S, Keselman P, Habiger J, Brooks WM, Harris JL. Evaluation of taurine neuroprotection in aged rats with traumatic brain injury. Brain Imaging Behav 2019; 13:461-471. [PMID: 29656312 PMCID: PMC6186512 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-018-9865-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Despite higher rates of hospitalization and mortality following traumatic brain injury (TBI) in patients over 65 years old, older patients remain underrepresented in drug development studies. Worse outcomes in older individuals compared to younger adults could be attributed to exacerbated injury mechanisms including oxidative stress, inflammation, blood-brain barrier disruption, and bioenergetic dysfunction. Accordingly, pleiotropic treatments are attractive candidates for neuroprotection. Taurine, an endogenous amino acid with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, osmolytic, and neuromodulator effects, is neuroprotective in adult rats with TBI. However, its effects in the aged brain have not been evaluated. We subjected aged male rats to a unilateral controlled cortical impact injury to the sensorimotor cortex, and randomized them into four treatment groups: saline or 25 mg/kg, 50 mg/kg, or 200 mg/kg i.p. taurine. Treatments were administered 20 min post-injury and daily for 7 days. We assessed sensorimotor function on post-TBI days 1-14 and tissue loss on day 14 using T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging. Experimenters were blinded to the treatment group for the duration of the study. We did not observe neuroprotective effects of taurine on functional impairment or tissue loss in aged rats after TBI. These findings in aged rats are in contrast to previous reports of taurine neuroprotection in younger animals. Advanced age is an important variable for drug development studies in TBI, and further research is required to better understand how aging may influence mechanisms of taurine neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raeesa Gupte
- Hoglund Brain Imaging Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, KS 66160, USA, 913-588-3519,
| | - Sarah Christian
- Hoglund Brain Imaging Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, KS 66160, USA, 913-588-9070,
| | - Paul Keselman
- Hoglund Brain Imaging Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, KS 66160, USA, 913-588-9079,
| | - Joshua Habiger
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Kansas Medical Center, KS 66160, USA, 405-744-9657,
| | - William M. Brooks
- Department of Neurology, Director, Hoglund Brain Imaging Center, Director, University of Kansas Alzheimer’s Disease Center Neuroimaging Core, University of Kansas Medical Center, KS 66160, USA, 913-588-9075,
| | - Janna L. Harris
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Director, Animal Magnetic Resonance Imaging Core, Hoglund Brain Imaging Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, KS 66160, USA, 913-588-9076,
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10
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Wu KJ, Yu S, Lee JY, Hoffer B, Wang Y. Improving Neurorepair in Stroke Brain Through Endogenous Neurogenesis-Enhancing Drugs. Cell Transplant 2018; 26:1596-1600. [PMID: 29113469 PMCID: PMC5680955 DOI: 10.1177/0963689717721230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke induces not only cell death but also neurorepair. De novo neurogenesis has been found in the subventricular zone of the adult mammalian brain days after stroke. Most of these newly generated cells die shortly after the insult. Recent studies have shown that pharmacological manipulation can improve the survival of endogenous neuroprogenitor cells and neural regeneration in stroke rats. As these drugs target the endogenous reparative processes that occur days after stroke, they may provide a prolonged window for stroke therapy. Here, we discuss endogenous neurogenesis-enhancing drugs and review the general status of stroke therapeutics in evaluating the field of pharmacotherapy for stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo-Jen Wu
- 1 Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Seongjin Yu
- 1 Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Jea-Young Lee
- 2 University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, FL, USA
| | - Barry Hoffer
- 3 Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Yun Wang
- 1 Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
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11
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Popa-Wagner A, Glavan DG, Olaru A, Olaru DG, Margaritescu O, Tica O, Surugiu R, Sandu RE. Present Status and Future Challenges of New Therapeutic Targets in Preclinical Models of Stroke in Aged Animals with/without Comorbidities. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19020356. [PMID: 29370078 PMCID: PMC5855578 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19020356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The aging process, comorbidities, and age-associated diseases are closely dependent on each other. Cerebral ischemia impacts a wide range of systems in an age-dependent manner. However, the aging process has many facets which are influenced by the genetic background and epigenetic or environmental factors, which can explain why some people age differently than others. Therefore, there is an urgent need to identify age-related changes in body functions or structures that increase the risk for stroke and which are associated with a poor outcome. Multimodal imaging, electrophysiology, cell biology, proteomics, and transcriptomics, offer a useful approach to link structural and functional changes in the aging brain, with or without comorbidities, to post-stroke rehabilitation. This can help us to improve our knowledge about senescence firstly, and in this context, aids in elucidating the pathophysiology of age-related diseases that allows us to develop therapeutic strategies or prevent diseases. These processes, including potential therapeutical interventions, need to be studied first in relevant preclinical models using aged animals, with and without comorbidities. Therefore, preclinical research on ischemic stroke should consider age as the most important risk factor for cerebral ischemia. Furthermore, the identification of effective therapeutic strategies, corroborated with successful translational studies, will have a dramatic impact on the lives of millions of people with cerebrovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurel Popa-Wagner
- Griffith University School of Medicine, Gold Coast Campus, QLD, Queensland Eye Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4101, Australia.
- Department of Functional Sciences, Center of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania.
| | - Daniela-Gabriela Glavan
- Psychiatry Clinic Hospital, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Petru Rares Street 2, 200349 Craiova, Romania.
| | - Andrei Olaru
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania.
| | | | - Otilia Margaritescu
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania.
| | - Oana Tica
- Department of "Mother and Child", University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania.
| | - Roxana Surugiu
- Department of Functional Sciences, Center of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania.
| | - Raluca Elena Sandu
- Department of Functional Sciences, Center of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania.
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12
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Pan M, Wang P, Zheng C, Zhang H, Lin S, Shao B, Zhuge Q, Jin K. Aging Systemic Milieu Impairs Outcome after Ischemic Stroke in Rats. Aging Dis 2017; 8:519-530. [PMID: 28966798 PMCID: PMC5614318 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2017.0710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Compelling evidence indicates that factors in the blood can profoundly reverse aging-related impairments, as exposure of aged mice to young blood rejuvenates adult stem cell function, improves cognition, and ameliorates cardiac hypertrophy. Systemic factors from mice can also extend the life span of a partner exposed to a lethal treatment or disease. These findings suggest that the systemic milieu of a healthy young partner may be beneficial for an aged organism. However, it is unknown whether a healthy young systemic milieu can improve functional recovery after ischemic stroke. Intraperitoneal administration of young plasma into aged rats after ischemic stroke induced by distal middle cerebral artery occlusion (dMCAO) reduced infarct volume and motor impairment, compared with vehicle group. On the contrary, intraperitoneal administration of plasma from aged rats into young ischemic rats worsened brain injury and motor deficits. Using a proteomic approach, we found that haptoglobin levels were significantly increased in serum of aged rats and that intraperitoneal administration of haptoglobin impaired outcome after ischemic stroke in young rats. Our data suggest that the aging systemic milieu plays a critical role in functional outcome after ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxiong Pan
- 1Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disorder Research, the First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China.,2Institute for Healthy Aging, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas 76107, USA
| | - Peng Wang
- 1Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disorder Research, the First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Chengcai Zheng
- 1Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disorder Research, the First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Hongxia Zhang
- 2Institute for Healthy Aging, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas 76107, USA
| | - Siyang Lin
- 1Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disorder Research, the First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Bei Shao
- 1Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disorder Research, the First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Qichuan Zhuge
- 1Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disorder Research, the First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Kunlin Jin
- 1Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disorder Research, the First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China.,2Institute for Healthy Aging, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas 76107, USA
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13
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Dewan SN, Wang Y, Yu S. Drug treatments that optimize endogenous neurogenesis as a therapeutic option for stroke. Brain Circ 2017; 3:152-155. [PMID: 30276317 PMCID: PMC6057687 DOI: 10.4103/bc.bc_20_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2017] [Revised: 09/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell death and neurogenesis have been examined after stroke in the subventricular zone of the adult mammalian brain. New research focuses on the use of drugs to improve the viability of neural progenitor cells in rats after stroke. The aim of the drugs is to lengthen the timeframe for stroke therapy by targeting the endogenous repair mechanism that follows injury. In this paper, we look at the broad state of stroke therapy to assess the effectiveness of endogenous neurogenesis-enhancing drugs on stroke. This paper is a review article. Referred literature in this paper has been listed in the reference section. The data sets supporting the conclusions of this article are available online by searching various databases, including PubMed. Some original points in this article come from the laboratory practice in our research center and the authors’ experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyam N Dewan
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Yun Wang
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Taiwan
| | - Seongjin Yu
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Taiwan
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14
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Zhang H, Sun F, Wang J, Xie L, Yang C, Pan M, Shao B, Yang GY, Yang SH, ZhuGe Q, Jin K. Combining Injectable Plasma Scaffold with Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells for Repairing Infarct Cavity after Ischemic Stroke. Aging Dis 2017; 8:203-214. [PMID: 28400986 PMCID: PMC5362179 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2017.0305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke survivors are typically left with structural brain damage and associated functional impairment in the chronic phase of injury, for which few therapeutic options exist. We reported previously that transplantation of human embryonic stem cell (hESC)-derived neural stem cells together with Matrigel scaffolding into the brains of rats after focal ischemia reduced infarct volume and improved neurobehavioral performance. Matrigel is a gelatinous protein mixture extracted from mouse sarcoma cells, thus would not be approved for use as a scaffold clinically. In this study, we generated a gel-like scaffold from plasma that was controlled by changing the concentration of CaCl2. In vitro study confirmed that 10-20 mM CaCl2 and 10-40% plasma did not affect the viability and proliferation of human and rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (BMSCs) and neural stem cells (NSCs). We transplanted plasma scaffold in combination of BMSCs into the cystic cavity after focal cerebral ischemia, and found that the atrophy volume was dramatically reduced and motor function was significantly improved in the group transplanted with scaffold/BMSCs compared with the groups treated with vehicle, scaffold or BMSCs only. Our data suggest that plasma-derived scaffold in combination of BMSCs is feasible for tissue engineering approach for the stroke treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxia Zhang
- 1Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disorder Research, First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China; 2Institute for Healthy Aging, University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - Fen Sun
- 2Institute for Healthy Aging, University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - Jixian Wang
- 2Institute for Healthy Aging, University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA; 3Department of Rehabilitation, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Luokun Xie
- 2Institute for Healthy Aging, University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - Chenqi Yang
- 2Institute for Healthy Aging, University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - Mengxiong Pan
- 1Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disorder Research, First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China; 2Institute for Healthy Aging, University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - Bei Shao
- 1Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disorder Research, First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Guo-Yuan Yang
- 4Med-x Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shao-Hua Yang
- 2Institute for Healthy Aging, University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - Qichuan ZhuGe
- 1Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disorder Research, First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Kunlin Jin
- 1Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disorder Research, First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China; 2Institute for Healthy Aging, University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
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15
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Wang PF, Zhou Y, Fang H, Lin S, Wang YC, Liu Y, Xia J, Eslick GD, Yang QW. Treatment of acute cerebral ischemia using animal models: a meta-analysis. Transl Neurosci 2015; 6:47-58. [PMID: 28123790 PMCID: PMC4936615 DOI: 10.1515/tnsci-2015-0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are numerous potential treatments assessed for acute cerebral ischemia using animal models. This study aimed to assess the effect of these treatments in terms of infarct size and neurobehavioral change. This meta-analysis was conducted to determine if any of these treatments provide a superior benefit so that they might be used on humans. METHODS A systematic search was conducted using several electronic databases for controlled animal studies using only nonsurgical interventions for acute cerebral ischemia. A random-effects model was used. RESULTS After an extensive literature search, 145 studies were included in the analysis. These studies included 1408 treated animals and 1362 control animals. Treatments that had the most significant effect on neurobehavioral scales included insulin, various antagonists, including N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist ACEA1021, calmodulin antagonist DY-9760e, and α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor antagonist YM872, and antiviral agents. Treatments providing the greatest effect on infarct size included statins, sphingosine-1-phosphate agonist (fingolimod), alcohol, angiotensin, and leukotrienes. Treatments offering the greatest reduction in brain water content included various agonists, including sphingosine-1-phosphate agonist fingolimod, statins, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ). Treatment groups with more than one study all had high heterogeneity (I2 > 80%), however, using meta-regression we determined several sources of heterogeneity including sample size of the treatment and control groups, the occlusion time, but not the year when the study was conducted. CONCLUSIONS Some treatments stand out when compared to others for acute cerebral ischemia in animals. Greater replication of treatment studies is required before any treatments are selected for future human trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Fei Wang
- Department of Neurology, Xinqiao Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Xinqiao Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Huang Fang
- Department of Neurology, Xinqiao Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Sen Lin
- Department of Development and Regeneration Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Histoembryology and Neurobiology, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan-Chun Wang
- Department of Neurology, Xinqiao Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Department of Neurology, Xinqiao Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jun Xia
- Systematic Review Solutions, China
| | - Guy D Eslick
- Department of Surgery, The University of Sydney, Nepean Hospital, Penrith, Australia
| | - Qing-Wu Yang
- Department of Neurology, Xinqiao Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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16
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Zhang Y, Ying G, Ren C, Jizhang Y, Brogan D, Liu Z, Li S, Ding Y, Borlongan CV, Zhang J, Ji X. Administration of human platelet-rich plasma reduces infarction volume and improves motor function in adult rats with focal ischemic stroke. Brain Res 2015; 1594:267-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Revised: 09/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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17
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Wang J, Yang W, Xie H, Song Y, Li Y, Wang L. Ischemic stroke and repair: current trends in research and tissue engineering treatments. Regen Med Res 2014; 2:3. [PMID: 25984331 PMCID: PMC4389883 DOI: 10.1186/2050-490x-2-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 03/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke, the third leading cause of mortality, is usually associated with severe disabilities, high recurrence rate and other poor outcomes. Currently, there are no long-term effective treatments for stroke. Cell and cytokine therapies have been explored previously. However, the therapeutic outcomes are often limited by poor survival of transplanted cells, uncontrolled cell differentiation, ineffective engraftment with host tissues and non-sustained delivery of growth factors. A tissue-engineering approach provides an alternative for treating ischemic stroke. The key design considerations for the tissue engineering approach include: choice of scaffold materials, choice of cells and cytokines and delivery methods. Here, we review current cell and biomaterial based therapies available for ischemic stroke, with a special focus on tissue-engineering strategies for regeneration of stroke-affected neuronal tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Wang
- Center for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wen Yang
- Center for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongjian Xie
- Center for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yu Song
- Center for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yongkui Li
- Center for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Center for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China ; Medical Research Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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18
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Wang LQ, Lin ZZ, Zhang HX, Shao B, Xiao L, Jiang HG, Zhuge QC, Xie LK, Wang B, Su DM, Jin KL. Timing and dose regimens of marrow mesenchymal stem cell transplantation affect the outcomes and neuroinflammatory response after ischemic stroke. CNS Neurosci Ther 2014; 20:317-26. [PMID: 24393245 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Revised: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Intravenous transplantation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) had been documented to improve functional outcome after ischemic stroke. However, the timing and appropriate cell number of transplantation to achieve better outcome after an episode of stroke remain further to be optimized. METHODS To determine the optimal conditions, we transplanted different concentrations of BMSCs at different time points in a rat model of ischemic stroke. Infarction volume and neurological behavioral tests were performed after ischemia. RESULTS We found that transplantation of BMSCs at 3 and 24 h, but not 7 days after focal ischemia, significantly reduced the lesion volume and improved motor deficits. We also found that transplanted cells at 1 × 10(6) to 10(7) , but not at 1 × 10(4) to 10(5) , significantly improved functional outcome after stroke. In addition to inhibiting macrophages/microglia activation in the ischemic brain, BMSC transplantation profoundly reduced infiltration of gamma delta T (γδT) cells, which are detrimental to the ischemic brain, and significantly increased regulatory T cells (Tregs), along with altered Treg-associated cytokines in the ischemic brain. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that timing and cell dose of transplantation determine the therapeutic effects after focal ischemia by modulating poststroke neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu-Qing Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disorder Research, First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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Manwani B, Friedler B, Verma R, Venna VR, McCullough LD, Liu F. Perfusion of ischemic brain in young and aged animals: a laser speckle flowmetry study. Stroke 2013; 45:571-8. [PMID: 24357659 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.113.002944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Aging is an important determinant of ischemic stroke outcomes. Both clinical and experimental stroke studies have shown that aging negatively correlates with infarct volumes but is associated with worsened functional recovery after stroke. This may correspond to a differing cellular and molecular response to stroke in the aged versus young brain. It was hypothesized in this study that the smaller injury seen in the aged ischemic brain is because of structural differences in microvasculature with aging or differences in intraischemic tissue perfusion. METHODS Both young and aged C57BL6 mice were subject to middle cerebral artery occlusion modeling. Laser speckle flowmetry was used to study the functional dynamics of cerebral perfusion, and fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-dextran staining was performed to examine the structural change in microvasculature. In separate cohorts, cresyl violet staining and immunohistochemistry with CD31 and IgG antibodies were applied to further assess the microvascular density and blood-brain barrier breakdown after stroke. RESULTS No difference in cerebral blood flow was seen at the baseline, intraischemically, and postreperfusion in young versus aged mice. FITC-dextran and CD31 staining did not show significant differences in the microvascular density between young and aged ischemic brains. More extravasation of IgG through the blood-brain barrier was found in the young versus aged cohort at both 24 and 72 hours after stroke. CONCLUSIONS Cerebrovascular dynamics and perfusion are not responsible for the different stroke phenotypes seen in the young versus aged animals, which may be more related to different levels of blood-brain barrier breakdown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharti Manwani
- From the Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT
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20
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Sun F, Mao X, Xie L, Ding M, Shao B, Jin K. Notch1 signaling modulates neuronal progenitor activity in the subventricular zone in response to aging and focal ischemia. Aging Cell 2013; 12:978-87. [PMID: 23834718 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurogenesis diminishes with aging and ischemia-induced neurogenesis also occurs, but reduced in aged brain. Currently, the cellular and molecular pathways mediating these effects remain largely unknown. Our previous study has shown that Notch1 signaling regulates neurogenesis in subventricular zone (SVZ) of young adult brain after focal ischemia, but whether a similar effect occurs in aged normal and ischemic animals is unknown. Here, we used normal and ischemic aged rat brains to investigate whether Notch1 signaling was involved in the reduction of neurogenesis in response to aging and modulates neurogenesis in aged brains after focal ischemia. By Western blot, we found that Notch1 and Jagged1 expression in the SVZ of aged brain was significantly reduced compared with young adult brain. Consistently, the activated form of Notch1 (Notch intracellular domain; NICD) expression was also declined. Immunohistochemistry confirmed that expression and activation of Notch1 signaling in the SVZ of aged brain were reduced. Double or triple immunostaining showed that that Notch1 was mainly expressed in doublecortin (DCX)-positive cells, whereas Jagged1 was predominantly expressed in astroglial cells in the SVZ of normal aged rat brain. In addition, disruption or activation of Notch1 signaling altered the number of proliferating cells labeled by bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) and DCX in the SVZ of aged brain. Moreover, ischemia-induced cell proliferation in the SVZ of aged brain was enhanced by activating the Notch1 pathway and was suppressed by inhibiting the Notch1 signaling. Reduced infarct volume and improved motor deficits were also observed in Notch1 activator-treated aged ischemic rats. Our data suggest that Notch1 signaling modulates the SVZ neurogenesis in aged brain in normal and ischemic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fen Sun
- Department of Neurology; Second Affiliated Hospital; School of Medicine; Zhejiang University; No. 88 Jiefang Road Hangzhou Zhejiang 310009 China
- Department of Pharmacology & Neuroscience; Institute for Aging and Alzheimer's Disease Research; University of North Texas Health Science Center; 3500 Camp Bowie Boulevard Fort Worth TX 76107 USA
| | - XiaoOu Mao
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging; 8001 Redwood Blvd. Novato CA 94945 USA
| | - Lin Xie
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging; 8001 Redwood Blvd. Novato CA 94945 USA
| | - Meiping Ding
- Department of Neurology; Second Affiliated Hospital; School of Medicine; Zhejiang University; No. 88 Jiefang Road Hangzhou Zhejiang 310009 China
| | - Bei Shao
- Department of Neurology; First Affiliated Hospital; Wenzhou Medical University; 2 Fuxue Road Wenzhou Zhejiang 325000 China
| | - Kunlin Jin
- Department of Pharmacology & Neuroscience; Institute for Aging and Alzheimer's Disease Research; University of North Texas Health Science Center; 3500 Camp Bowie Boulevard Fort Worth TX 76107 USA
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging; 8001 Redwood Blvd. Novato CA 94945 USA
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21
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Wong R, Bath PMW, Kendall D, Gibson CL. Progesterone and cerebral ischaemia: the relevance of ageing. J Neuroendocrinol 2013; 25:1088-94. [PMID: 23631651 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Revised: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral stroke is a leading cause of long-term disability and a major cause of death in the developed world. The total incidence of stroke is projected to rise substantially over the next 20 years as a result of the rising elderly population. Although age is one of the most significant prognostic markers for poor outcome after stroke, very few experimental studies have been conducted in aged animals. Importantly, sex differences in both vulnerability to stroke and outcome after cerebral ischaemia have frequently been reported and attributed to the action of steroid hormones. Progesterone is a candidate neuroprotective factor for stroke, although the majority of pre-clinical studies have focused on using young, healthy adult animals. In terms of cerebral stroke, males and postmenopausal females represent the groups at highest risk of cerebral stroke and these categories can be modelled using either aged or ovariectomised female animals. In this review, we discuss the importance of conducting experimental studies in aged animals compared to young, healthy animals, as well as the impact this has on experimental outcomes. In addition, we focus on reviewing the studies that have been conducted to date examining the neuroprotective potential of progesterone in aged animals. Importantly, the limited studies that have been conducted in aged animals do lend further support to progesterone as a therapeutic option after ischaemic stroke that warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Wong
- Division of Stroke, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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22
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Miao J, Shen LH, Tang YH, Wang YT, Tao MX, Jin KL, Zhao YJ, Yang GY. Overexpression of adiponectin improves neurobehavioral outcomes after focal cerebral ischemia in aged mice. CNS Neurosci Ther 2013; 19:969-77. [PMID: 24164711 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Revised: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS To study whether adiponectin (APN) could improve neurological outcomes in aged mice after ischemic stroke. METHODS Adeno-associated virus carrying APN gene was injected into aged and young adult mice 7 days before transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO). Atrophic volumes and neurobehavioral deficiencies were determined up to 28 days after tMCAO. Focal angiogenesis was determined based on blood vessel number in the ischemic regions. RESULTS Increased atrophic volume and more sever neurobehavioral deficits were found in the aged mice compared with young adult mice (P < 0.05). AAV-APN gene transfer attenuated atrophic volume and improved neurobehavioral outcomes, along with increased focal angiogenesis in both aged and young adult mice, compared with control animals (P < 0.05). In addition, the attenuation of atrophic volume and the improvement in neurobehavioral outcomes were much more significant in aged mice than in young adult mice after AAV-APN administration (P < 0.05). The number of microvessels in aged AAV-APN mouse ischemic brain was higher than in young adult AAV-APN treated mouse brain (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that APN overexpression reduces ischemic brain injury and improves neurobehavioral function recovery in aged mice than in young mice, suggesting APN is more beneficial in aged animals after ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Miao
- Department of Geriatrics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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23
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Buga AM, Di Napoli M, Popa-Wagner A. Preclinical models of stroke in aged animals with or without comorbidities: role of neuroinflammation. Biogerontology 2013; 14:651-62. [PMID: 24057280 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-013-9465-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Age is the principal nonmodifiable risk factor for stroke. Over the past 10 years, suitable models for stroke in aged rats have been established. At genetic and cellular level there are significant differences in behavioral, cytological and genomics responses to injury in old animals as compared with the young ones. Behaviorally, the aged rats have the capacity to recover after cortical infarcts albeit to a lower extent than the younger counterparts. Similarly, the increased vulnerability of the aged brain to stroke, together with a decreased interhemisphere synchrony after stroke, assessed by different experimental methods (MRI, fMRI, in vivo microscopy, EEG) leads to unfavorable recovery of physical and cognitive functions in aged people and may have a prognostic value for the recovery of stroke patients. Furthermore, in elderly, comorbidities like diabetes or arterial hypertension are associated with higher risk of stroke, increased mortality and disability, and poorer functional status and quality of life. Aging brain reacts strongly to ischemia-reperfusion injury with an early inflammatory response. The process of cellular senescence can be an important additional contributor to chronic post-stroke by creating a "primed" inflammatory environment in the brain. Overall, these pro-inflammatory reactions promote early scar formation associated with tissue fibrosis and reduce functional recovery. A better understanding of molecular factors and signaling pathways underlying the contribution of comorbidities to stroke-induced pathological sequelae, may be translated into successful treatment or prevention therapies for age-associated diseases which would improve lifespan and quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- A-M Buga
- Department of Functional Sciences, Center of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Craiova, Craiova, Romania
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Cojocaru GR, Popa-Wagner A, Stanciulescu EC, Babadan L, Buga AM. Post-stroke depression and the aging brain. J Mol Psychiatry 2013; 1:14. [PMID: 25408907 PMCID: PMC4223891 DOI: 10.1186/2049-9256-1-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ageing is associated with changes in the function of various organ systems. Changes in the cardiovascular system affect both directly and indirectly the function in a variety of organs, including the brain, with consequent neurological (motor and sensory performance) and cognitive impairments, as well as leading to the development of various psychiatric diseases. Post-stroke depression (PSD) is among the most frequent neuropsychiatric consequences of cerebral ischemia. This review discusses several animal models used for the study of PSD and summarizes recent findings in the genomic profile of the ageing brain, which are associated with age-related disorders in the elderly. Since stroke and depression are diseases with increased incidence in the elderly, great clinical benefit may especially accrue from deciphering and targeting basic mechanisms underlying PSD. Finally, we discuss the relationship between ageing, circadian rhythmicity and PSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel R Cojocaru
- Department of Functional Sciences, Center of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Petru Rares str., no 2, Craiova, 200349 Romania
| | - Aurel Popa-Wagner
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Medicine Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Elena C Stanciulescu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Chair of Biochemistry, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova, 200349 Romania
| | - Loredana Babadan
- Department of Functional Sciences, Center of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Petru Rares str., no 2, Craiova, 200349 Romania
| | - Ana-Maria Buga
- Department of Functional Sciences, Center of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Petru Rares str., no 2, Craiova, 200349 Romania
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25
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Sun F, Xie L, Mao X, Hill J, Greenberg DA, Jin K. Effect of a contralateral lesion on neurological recovery from stroke in rats. Restor Neurol Neurosci 2013; 30:491-5. [PMID: 22868223 DOI: 10.3233/rnn-2012-120254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Clinical studies suggest a correlation between changes in activity of the contralesional cerebral cortex and spontaneous recovery from stroke, but whether this is a causal relationship is uncertain. METHODS Young adult Sprague-Dawley male rats underwent unilateral or bilateral permanent distal middle cerebral artery occlusion (dMCAO). Infarct volume was determined by 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining 24 hr after dMCAO, and functional outcome was assessed 1-28 days after dMCAO using the ladder rung walking and limb placing tests. RESULTS Infarct volume was unchanged, but functional neurological deficits were reduced 1 day after bilateral compared to unilateral dMCAO. CONCLUSIONS Activity in the contralesional cerebral cortex may inhibit functional motor recovery after experimental stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fen Sun
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas, TX 76107, USA
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26
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Dibajnia P, Morshead CM. Role of neural precursor cells in promoting repair following stroke. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2013; 34:78-90. [PMID: 23064725 PMCID: PMC4086492 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2012.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cell-based therapies for the treatment of stroke have received considerable attention. Two broad approaches to stem cell-based therapies have been taken: the transplantation of exogenous stem cells, and the activation of endogenous neural stem and progenitor cells (together termed neural precursors). Studies examining the transplantation of exogenous cells have demonstrated that neural stem and progenitor cells lead to the most clinically promising results. Endogenous activation of neural precursors has also been explored based on the fact that resident precursor cells have the inherent capacity to proliferate, migrate and differentiate into mature neurons in the uninjured adult brain. Studies have revealed that these neural precursor cell behaviours can be activated following stroke, whereby neural precursors will expand in number, migrate to the infarct site and differentiate into neurons. However, this innate response is insufficient to lead to functional recovery, making it necessary to enhance the activation of endogenous precursors to promote tissue repair and functional recovery. Herein we will discuss the current state of the stem cell-based approaches with a focus on endogenous repair to treat the stroke injured brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooya Dibajnia
- Department of Surgery, Division of Anatomy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Cindi M Morshead
- Department of Surgery, Division of Anatomy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
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Liu F, McCullough LD. Interactions between age, sex, and hormones in experimental ischemic stroke. Neurochem Int 2012; 61:1255-65. [PMID: 23068990 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2012.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2012] [Revised: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 10/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Age, sex, and gonadal hormones have profound effects on ischemic stroke outcomes, although how these factors impact basic stroke pathophysiology remains unclear. There is a plethora of inconsistent data reported throughout the literature, primarily due to differences in the species examined, the timing and methods used to evaluate injury, the models used, and confusion regarding differences in stroke incidence as seen in clinical populations vs. effects on acute neuroprotection or neurorepair in experimental stroke models. Sex and gonadal hormone exposure have considerable independent impact on stroke outcome, but these factors also interact with each other, and the contribution of each differs throughout the lifespan. The contribution of sex and hormones to experimental stroke will be the focus of this review. Recent advances and our current understanding of age, sex, and hormone interactions in ischemic stroke with a focus on inflammation will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fudong Liu
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
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Ankolekar S, Rewell S, Howells DW, Bath PMW. The Influence of Stroke Risk Factors and Comorbidities on Assessment of Stroke Therapies in Humans and Animals. Int J Stroke 2012; 7:386-97. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-4949.2012.00802.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The main driving force behind the assessment of novel pharmacological agents in animal models of stroke is to deliver new drugs to treat the human disease rather than to increase knowledge of stroke pathophysiology. There are numerous animal models of the ischaemic process and it appears that the same processes operate in humans. Yet, despite these similarities, the drugs that appear effective in animal models have not worked in clinical trials. To date, tissue plasminogen activator is the only drug that has been successfully used at the bedside in hyperacute stroke management. Several reasons have been put forth to explain this, but the failure to consider comorbidities and risk factors common in older people is an important one. In this article, we review the impact of the risk factors most studied in animal models of acute stroke and highlight the parallels with human stroke, and, where possible, their influence on evaluation of therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah Rewell
- Florey Neuroscience Institutes, Melbourne Brain Centre, Heidelberg, Australia
| | - David W. Howells
- Florey Neuroscience Institutes, Melbourne Brain Centre, Heidelberg, Australia
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Yan BC, Park JH, Ahn JH, Choi JH, Yoo KY, Lee CH, Cho JH, Kim SK, Lee YL, Shin HC, Won MH. Comparison of glial activation in the hippocampal CA1 region between the young and adult gerbils after transient cerebral ischemia. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2012; 32:1127-38. [PMID: 22555669 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-012-9837-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2012] [Accepted: 03/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
It has been reported that young animals are less vulnerable to brain ischemia. In the present study, we compared gliosis in the hippocampal CA1 region of the young gerbil with those in the adult gerbil induced by 5 min of transient cerebral ischemia by immunohistochemistry and western blot for glial cells. We used male gerbils of postnatal month 1 (PM 1) as the young and PM 6 as the adult. Neuronal death in CA1 pyramidal neurons in the adult gerbil occurred at 4 days post-ischemia; the neuronal death in the young gerbil occurred at 7 days post-ischemia. The findings of glial changes in the young gerbil after ischemic damage were distinctively different from those in the adult gerbil. Glial fibrillary acidic protein-immunoreactive astrocytes, ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule (Iba-1), and isolectin B4-immunoreactive microglia in the ischemic CA1 region were activated much later in the young gerbil than in the adult gerbil. In brief, very less gliosis occurred in the hippocampal CA1 region of the young gerbil than in the adult gerbil after transient cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Chun Yan
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
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Abstract
Stroke remains one of the main causes of death and disability worldwide. The aging of the population is likely to result in a dramatic increase in the burden of stroke. Thus, it is not surprising that the pharmaceutical industry has invested much money in the development of pharmacotherapies for ischemic stroke. Promising experimental data, however, have almost consistently failed to produce a clinically effective neuroprotective or neurorestorative drug. Only intravenous recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rtPA) has been approved for the treatment of acute ischemic stroke. Many pharmaceutical companies have scaled down their stroke programs and despite the unmet need, activity in the field is almost frozen. Trafermin, a recombinant form of human basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), is a good example of a translational failure in neuroprotection. However, trafermin may also promote neuronal plasticity after cerebral insults. Thus, clinical trials with trafermin in stroke are warranted but should be based on neuronal restoration rather than acute neuroprotection.
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Won SJ, Tang XN, Suh SW, Yenari MA, Swanson RA. Hyperglycemia promotes tissue plasminogen activator-induced hemorrhage by Increasing superoxide production. Ann Neurol 2011; 70:583-90. [PMID: 22002675 DOI: 10.1002/ana.22538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2010] [Revised: 06/13/2011] [Accepted: 06/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Risk of intracerebral hemorrhage is the primary factor limiting use of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) for stroke. Clinical studies have established an association between admission hyperglycemia and the risk of hemorrhage with tPA use, independent of prior diabetes. Here we used an animal model of tPA-induced reperfusion hemorrhage to determine if this clinical association reflects a true causal relationship. METHODS Rats underwent 90 minutes of focal ischemia, and tPA infusion was begun 10 minutes prior to vessel reperfusion. Glucose was administered during ischemia to generate blood levels ranging from 5.9 ± 1.8mM (normoglycemia) to 21 ± 2.3mM. In some studies, apocynin was administered to block superoxide production by nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH). Brains were harvested 1 hour or 3 days after reperfusion to evaluate the effects of hyperglycemia and apocynin on oxidative stress, blood-brain barrier breakdown, infarct volume, and hemorrhage volume. RESULTS Rats that were hyperglycemic during tPA infusion had diffusely increased blood-brain barrier permeability in the postischemic territory, and a 3- to 5-fold increase in intracerebral hemorrhage volumes. The hyperglycemic rats also showed increased superoxide formation in the brain parenchyma and vasculature during reperfusion. The effects of hyperglycemia on superoxide production, blood-brain barrier disruption, infarct size, and hemorrhage were all attenuated by apocynin. INTERPRETATION These findings demonstrate a causal relationship between hyperglycemia and hemorrhage in an animal model of tPA stroke treatment, and suggest that this effect of hyperglycemia is mediated through an increase in superoxide production by NADPH oxidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seok Joon Won
- Neurology and Rehabilitation Service, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Department of Neurology, University of California at San Francisco, CA, USA
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Paciaroni M, Bogousslavsky J. Trafermin for stroke recovery: is it time for another randomized clinical trial? Expert Opin Biol Ther 2011; 11:1533-41. [DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2011.616888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Kolb B, Muhammad A, Gibb R. Searching for factors underlying cerebral plasticity in the normal and injured brain. JOURNAL OF COMMUNICATION DISORDERS 2011; 44:503-514. [PMID: 21621219 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcomdis.2011.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Brain plasticity refers to the capacity of the nervous system to change its structure and ultimately its function over a lifetime. There have been major advances in our understanding of the principles of brain plasticity and behavior in laboratory animals and humans. Over the past decade there have been advances in the application of these principles to brain-injured laboratory animals. To date, there have been few major applications of this knowledge to establish postinjury interventions in humans. A significant challenge for the next 20 years will be the translation of this work to improve the outcome from brain injury and disease in humans. The goal of this review is to synthesize the multidisciplinary laboratory work on brain plasticity and behavior in the injured brain to inform the development of rehabilitation programs. LEARNING OUTCOMES Readers will be able to: (a) identify principles of brain plasticity, (b) review the application of these principles to the treatment of brain-injured laboratory animals, and (c) consider the translation of the new treatments to brain-injured humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Kolb
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada T1K 3M4.
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Jin K, Xie L, Mao X, Greenberg MB, Moore A, Peng B, Greenberg RB, Greenberg DA. Effect of human neural precursor cell transplantation on endogenous neurogenesis after focal cerebral ischemia in the rat. Brain Res 2010; 1374:56-62. [PMID: 21167824 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2010] [Revised: 12/09/2010] [Accepted: 12/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about the relationship between neuronal cell transplantation and endogenous neurogenesis after experimental stroke. We found previously that transplantation of neuronal precursors derived from BG01 human embryonic stem cells reduced infarct volume and improved behavioral outcome after distal middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in rats. In this study, transplantation was performed 14 days after distal MCAO and doublecortin (Dcx)-expressing cells in the subventricular zone (SVZ) and subgranular zone of dentate gyrus (SGZ) were counted 60 days post-transplant. Transplantation increased neurogenesis (Dcx expression) in ipsilateral SVZ, but not in contralateral SVZ or either SGZ, in both young adult (3-month-old) and aged (24-month-old) rats. These findings suggest that cell-based therapy for stroke may be associated with changes in endogenous adaptive processes, including neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunlin Jin
- Buck Institute for Age Research, 8001 Redwood Blvd., Novato, CA 94945, USA
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Jin K, Mao X, Xie L, Greenberg RB, Peng B, Moore A, Greenberg MB, Greenberg DA. Delayed transplantation of human neural precursor cells improves outcome from focal cerebral ischemia in aged rats. Aging Cell 2010; 9:1076-83. [PMID: 20883527 DOI: 10.1111/j.1474-9726.2010.00638.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural precursor cell (NPC) transplantation may have a role in restoring brain function after stroke, but how aging might affect the brain's receptivity to such transplants is unknown. We reported previously that transplantation of human embryonic stem cell (hESC)-derived NPCs together with biomaterial (Matrigel) scaffolding into the brains of young adult Sprague-Dawley rats 3 weeks after distal middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) reduced infarct volume and improved neurobehavioral performance. In this study, we compared the effect of NPC and Matrigel transplants in young adult (3-month-old) and aged (24-month-old) Fisher 344 rats from the National Institute on Aging's aged rodent colony. Distal MCAO was induced by electrocoagulation, and hESC-derived NPCs were transplanted into the infarct cavity 3 weeks later. Aged rats developed larger infarcts, but infarct volume and performance on the cylinder and elevated body swing tests, measured 6-8 weeks post-transplant, were improved by transplantation. We conclude that advanced age does not preclude a beneficial response to NPC transplantation following experimental stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunlin Jin
- Buck Institute for Age Research, 8001 Redwood Boulevard, Novato, CA 94945, USA
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36
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Different strokes for different folks: the rich diversity of animal models of focal cerebral ischemia. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2010; 30:1412-31. [PMID: 20485296 PMCID: PMC2949237 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2010.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
No single animal model is able to encompass all of the variables known to affect human ischemic stroke. This review highlights the major strengths and weaknesses of the most commonly used animal models of acute ischemic stroke in the context of matching model and experimental aim. Particular emphasis is placed on the relationships between outcome and underlying vascular variability, physiologic control, and use of models of comorbidity. The aim is to provide, for novice and expert alike, an overview of the key controllable determinants of experimental stroke outcome to help ensure the most effective application of animal models to translational research.
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Jin K, Mao X, Xie L, Galvan V, Lai B, Wang Y, Gorostiza O, Wang X, Greenberg DA. Transplantation of human neural precursor cells in Matrigel scaffolding improves outcome from focal cerebral ischemia after delayed postischemic treatment in rats. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2010; 30:534-44. [PMID: 19826433 PMCID: PMC2831107 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2009.219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Transplantation of neural cells is a potential approach for stroke treatment, but disruption of tissue architecture may limit transplant efficacy. One strategy for enhancing the ability of transplants to restore brain structure and function is to administer cells together with biomaterial scaffolding. We electrocoagulated the distal middle cerebral artery in adult rats and, 3 weeks later, injected one of the following into the infarct cavity: artificial cerebrospinal fluid, Matrigel scaffolding, human embryonic stem cell-derived neuronal precursor cells, scaffolding plus cells, or cells cultured in and administered together with scaffolding. Five weeks after transplantation, the latter two groups showed approximately 50% and approximately 60% reductions, respectively, in infarct cavity volume. Rats given cells cultured in and administered together with scaffolding also showed (1) survival and neuronal differentiation of transplanted cells shown by immunostaining for neuronal marker proteins and cleaved caspase-3, and by patch-clamp recording, 8 weeks after transplantation and (2) improved outcome on tests of sensorimotor and cognitive functions, 4 to 9 weeks after transplantation. These results indicate that transplantation of human neural cells together with biomaterial scaffolding has the potential to improve the outcome from stroke, even when treatment is delayed for several weeks after the ischemic event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunlin Jin
- Buck Institute for Age Research, Novato, California 94945, USA
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Cramer SC. Repairing the human brain after stroke: I. Mechanisms of spontaneous recovery. Ann Neurol 2008; 63:272-87. [PMID: 18383072 DOI: 10.1002/ana.21393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 533] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Stroke remains a leading cause of adult disability. Some degree of spontaneous behavioral recovery is usually seen in the weeks after stroke onset. Variability in recovery is substantial across human patients. Some principles have emerged; for example, recovery occurs slowest in those destined to have less successful outcomes. Animal studies have extended these observations, providing insight into a broad range of underlying molecular and physiological events. Brain mapping studies in human patients have provided observations at the systems level that often parallel findings in animals. In general, the best outcomes are associated with the greatest return toward the normal state of brain functional organization. Reorganization of surviving central nervous system elements supports behavioral recovery, for example, through changes in interhemispheric lateralization, activity of association cortices linked to injured zones, and organization of cortical representational maps. A number of factors influence events supporting stroke recovery, such as demographics, behavioral experience, and perhaps genetics. Such measures gain importance when viewed as covariates in therapeutic trials of restorative agents that target stroke recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven C Cramer
- Departments of Neurology and Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92868-4280, USA.
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Bibliography. Current world literature. Growth and development. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2008; 15:79-101. [PMID: 18185067 DOI: 10.1097/med.0b013e3282f4f084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Tang H, Wang Y, Xie L, Mao X, Won SJ, Galvan V, Jin K. Effect of neural precursor proliferation level on neurogenesis in rat brain during aging and after focal ischemia. Neurobiol Aging 2007; 30:299-308. [PMID: 17644223 PMCID: PMC2634816 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2007.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2006] [Revised: 06/04/2007] [Accepted: 06/05/2007] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The observed age-related decline in neurogenesis may result from reduced proliferation or increased death rate of neuronal precursor cells (NPCs). We found that caspase-3, but not caspase-6, -7, or -9, was activated in NPCs in neurogenic regions of young, young-adult, middle-aged and aged rat brains. The number of capase-3-immunoreactive cells was highest in young and lowest in aged rats. Surprisingly, intraventricular administration of a caspase-3 inhibitor failed to restore the number of BrdU-positive cells in the aged dentate gyrus, suggesting that the age-related decline in neurogenesis may be attributable primarily to reduced proliferation. Additionally, we also found that NPCs in the subventricular zone of young-adult and aged rat brain were increased after focal cerebral ischemia, suggesting that the increase in neurogenesis induced by ischemia may result from an increase in the rate of NPC proliferation, but not from a decrease in NPC death. Thus, our results suggest that age-related and injury-induced changes in the rate of neurogenesis are controlled at the level of NPC proliferation. Furthermore, our results may imply that the mechanisms that maintain a stable population of NPCs in the normal adult and in the ischemic brain, which account for the observed age-dependent reduction or injury-induced increases in neurogenesis, impinge on the regulation of cell division at the NPC level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huidong Tang
- Buck Institute for Age Research, 8001 Redwood Blvd. Novato, California 94949, USA
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Yaoming Wang
- Buck Institute for Age Research, 8001 Redwood Blvd. Novato, California 94949, USA
| | - Lin Xie
- Buck Institute for Age Research, 8001 Redwood Blvd. Novato, California 94949, USA
| | - XiaoOu Mao
- Buck Institute for Age Research, 8001 Redwood Blvd. Novato, California 94949, USA
| | - Seok Joon Won
- Buck Institute for Age Research, 8001 Redwood Blvd. Novato, California 94949, USA
| | - Veronica Galvan
- Buck Institute for Age Research, 8001 Redwood Blvd. Novato, California 94949, USA
| | - Kunlin Jin
- Buck Institute for Age Research, 8001 Redwood Blvd. Novato, California 94949, USA
- Corresponding Author: Kunlin Jin, Buck Institute for Age Research, 8001 Redwood Blvd., Novato, CA 94945-0638, (415) 209-2086, (415) 209-2230,
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