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Oñate-Ponce A, Muñoz-Muñoz C, Catenaccio A, Court FA, Henny P. Applying the area fraction fractionator (AFF) probe for total volume estimations of somatic, dendritic and axonal domains of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system in a murine model. J Neurosci Methods 2024; 410:110226. [PMID: 39038717 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2024.110226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2024] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Cavalieri estimator is used for volume measurement of brain and brain regions. Derived from this estimator is the Area Fraction Fractionator (AFF), used for efficient area and number estimations of small 2D elements, such as axons in cross-sectioned nerves. However, to our knowledge, the AFF has not been combined with serial sectioning analysis to measure the volume of small-size nervous structures. NEW METHOD Using the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system as an illustrative case, we describe a protocol based on Cavalieri's principle and AFF to estimate the volume of its somatic, nuclear, dendritic, axonal and axon terminal cellular compartments in the adult mouse. The protocol consists of (1) systematic random sampling of sites within and across sections in regions of interest (substantia nigra, the nigrostriatal tract, caudate-putamen), (2) confocal image acquisition of sites, (3) marking of cellular domains using Cavalieri's 2D point-counting grids, and 4) determination of compartments' total volume using the estimated area of each compartment, and between-sections distance. RESULTS The volume of the nigrostriatal system per hemisphere is ∼0.38 mm3, with ∼5 % corresponding to perikarya and cell nuclei, ∼10 % to neuropil/dendrites, and ∼85 % to axons and varicosities. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS In contrast to other methods to measure volume of discrete objects, such as the optical nucleator or 3D reconstructions, it stands out for its versatility and ease of use. CONCLUSIONS The use of a simple quantitative, unbiased approach to assess the global state of a system may allow quantification of compartment-specific changes that may accompany neurodegenerative processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Oñate-Ponce
- Laboratorio de Neuroanatomía, Departamento de Anatomía, and Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia, NeuroUC, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile
| | - Catalina Muñoz-Muñoz
- Laboratorio de Neuroanatomía, Departamento de Anatomía, and Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia, NeuroUC, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile
| | - Alejandra Catenaccio
- Center for Integrative Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
| | - Felipe A Court
- Center for Integrative Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile; Geroscience Center for Brain Health and Metabolism (GERO), Santiago, Chile; Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA 94945, USA
| | - Pablo Henny
- Laboratorio de Neuroanatomía, Departamento de Anatomía, and Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia, NeuroUC, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile; Departamento de Neurociencia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Chile.
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2
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Asad Z, Fakheir Y, Abukhaled Y, Khalil R. Implications of altered pyramidal cell morphology on clinical symptoms of neurodevelopmental disorders. Eur J Neurosci 2024; 60:4877-4892. [PMID: 39054743 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.16484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 05/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
The prevalence of pyramidal cells (PCs) in the mammalian cerebral cortex underscore their value as they play a crucial role in various brain functions, ranging from cognition, sensory processing, to motor output. PC morphology significantly influences brain connectivity and plays a critical role in maintaining normal brain function. Pathological alterations to PC morphology are thought to contribute to the aetiology of neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and schizophrenia. This review explores the relationship between abnormalities in PC morphology in key cortical areas and the clinical manifestations in schizophrenia and ASD. We focus largely on human postmortem studies and provide evidence that dendritic segment length, complexity and spine density are differentially affected in these disorders. These morphological alterations can lead to disruptions in cortical connectivity, potentially contributing to the cognitive and behavioural deficits observed in these disorders. Furthermore, we highlight the importance of investigating the functional and structural characteristics of PCs in these disorders to illuminate the underlying pathogenesis and stimulate further research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zummar Asad
- School of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI), Dublin, Ireland
| | - Yara Fakheir
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Yara Abukhaled
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Reem Khalil
- Department of Biology, Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
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3
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Akhgari A, Michel TM, Vafaee MS. Dendritic spines and their role in the pathogenesis of neurodevelopmental and neurological disorders. Rev Neurosci 2024; 35:489-502. [PMID: 38440811 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2023-0151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
Since Cajal introduced dendritic spines in the 19th century, they have attained considerable attention, especially in neuropsychiatric and neurologic disorders. Multiple roles of dendritic spine malfunction and pathology in the progression of various diseases have been reported. Thus, it is inevitable to consider these structures as new therapeutic targets for treating neuropsychiatric and neurologic disorders such as autism spectrum disorders, schizophrenia, dementia, Down syndrome, etc. Therefore, we attempted to prepare a narrative review of the literature regarding the role of dendritic spines in the pathogenesis of aforementioned diseases and to shed new light on their pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisan Akhgari
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Golgasht Street, Tabriz 5166616471, Iran
| | - Tanja Maria Michel
- Research Unit for Psychiatry, Odense University Hospital, J. B. Winsløws Vej 4, Odense 5000, Denmark
- Clinical Institute, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, Odense 5230, Denmark
| | - Manouchehr Seyedi Vafaee
- Research Unit for Psychiatry, Odense University Hospital, J. B. Winsløws Vej 4, Odense 5000, Denmark
- Clinical Institute, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, Odense 5230, Denmark
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4
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Biswal SR, Kumar A, Muthuswamy S, Kumar S. Genetic components of microdeletion syndromes and their role in determining schizophrenia traits. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:804. [PMID: 39001960 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-024-09731-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by various symptoms such as hallucinations, delusions, and disordered thinking. The etiology of this disease is unknown; however, it has been linked to many microdeletion syndromes that are likely to contribute to the pathology of schizophrenia. In this review we have comprehensively analyzed the role of various microdeletion syndromes, like 3q29, 15q13.3, and 22q11.2, which are known to be involved with schizophrenia. A variety of factors lead to schizophrenia phenotypes, but copy number variants that disrupt gene regulation and impair brain function and cognition are one of the causes that have been identified. Multiple case studies have shown that loss of one or more genes in the microdeletion regions lead to brain activity defects. In this article, we present a coherent paradigm that connects copy number variations (CNVs) to numerous neurological and behavioral abnormalities associated with schizophrenia. It would be helpful in understanding the different aspects of the microdeletions and how they contribute in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smruti Rekha Biswal
- Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology (NIT), Rourkela, Odisha, 769008, India
| | - Ajay Kumar
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India
| | - Srinivasan Muthuswamy
- Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology (NIT), Rourkela, Odisha, 769008, India.
| | - Santosh Kumar
- Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology (NIT), Rourkela, Odisha, 769008, India.
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5
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Forsyth JK, Bearden CE. Rethinking the First Episode of Schizophrenia: Identifying Convergent Mechanisms During Development and Moving Toward Prediction. Am J Psychiatry 2023; 180:792-804. [PMID: 37908094 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.20230736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer K Forsyth
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle (Forsyth); Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles (Bearden)
| | - Carrie E Bearden
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle (Forsyth); Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles (Bearden)
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6
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Oltmer J, Rosenblum EW, Williams EM, Roy J, Llamas-Rodriguez J, Perosa V, Champion SN, Frosch MP, Augustinack JC. Stereology neuron counts correlate with deep learning estimates in the human hippocampal subregions. Sci Rep 2023; 13:5884. [PMID: 37041300 PMCID: PMC10090178 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-32903-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Hippocampal subregions differ in specialization and vulnerability to cell death. Neuron death and hippocampal atrophy have been a marker for the progression of Alzheimer's disease. Relatively few studies have examined neuronal loss in the human brain using stereology. We characterize an automated high-throughput deep learning pipeline to segment hippocampal pyramidal neurons, generate pyramidal neuron estimates within the human hippocampal subfields, and relate our results to stereology neuron counts. Based on seven cases and 168 partitions, we vet deep learning parameters to segment hippocampal pyramidal neurons from the background using the open-source CellPose algorithm, and show the automated removal of false-positive segmentations. There was no difference in Dice scores between neurons segmented by the deep learning pipeline and manual segmentations (Independent Samples t-Test: t(28) = 0.33, p = 0.742). Deep-learning neuron estimates strongly correlate with manual stereological counts per subregion (Spearman's correlation (n = 9): r(7) = 0.97, p < 0.001), and for each partition individually (Spearman's correlation (n = 168): r(166) = 0.90, p <0 .001). The high-throughput deep-learning pipeline provides validation to existing standards. This deep learning approach may benefit future studies in tracking baseline and resilient healthy aging to the earliest disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Oltmer
- Department of Radiology, Athinoula A. Martinos Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Emma W Rosenblum
- Department of Radiology, Athinoula A. Martinos Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Emily M Williams
- Department of Radiology, Athinoula A. Martinos Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Jessica Roy
- Department of Radiology, Athinoula A. Martinos Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Josué Llamas-Rodriguez
- Department of Radiology, Athinoula A. Martinos Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Valentina Perosa
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, J. Philip Kistler Stroke Research Center, Cambridge Str. 175, Suite 300, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- Department of Neurology, Otto-Von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Samantha N Champion
- Department of Neuropathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Matthew P Frosch
- Department of Neuropathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jean C Augustinack
- Department of Radiology, Athinoula A. Martinos Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA.
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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7
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Rexrode L, Tennin M, Babu J, Young C, Bollavarapu R, Lawson LA, Valeri J, Pantazopoulos H, Gisabella B. Regulation of dendritic spines in the amygdala following sleep deprivation. FRONTIERS IN SLEEP 2023; 2:1145203. [PMID: 37928499 PMCID: PMC10624159 DOI: 10.3389/frsle.2023.1145203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
The amygdala is a hub of emotional circuits involved in the regulation of cognitive and emotional behaviors and its critically involved in emotional reactivity, stress regulation, and fear memory. Growing evidence suggests that the amygdala plays a key role in the consolidation of emotional memories during sleep. Neuroimaging studies demonstrated that the amygdala is selectively and highly activated during rapid eye movement sleep (REM) and sleep deprivation induces emotional instability and dysregulation of the emotional learning process. Regulation of dendritic spines during sleep represents a morphological correlate of memory consolidation. Several studies indicate that dendritic spines are remodeled during sleep, with evidence for broad synaptic downscaling and selective synaptic upscaling in several cortical areas and the hippocampus. Currently, there is a lack of information regarding the regulation of dendritic spines in the amygdala during sleep. In the present work, we investigated the effect of 5 h of sleep deprivation on dendritic spines in the mouse amygdala. Our data demonstrate that sleep deprivation results in differential dendritic spine changes depending on both the amygdala subregions and the morphological subtypes of dendritic spines. We observed decreased density of mushroom spines in the basolateral amygdala of sleep deprived mice, together with increased neck length and decreased surface area and volume. In contrast, we observed greater densities of stubby spines in sleep deprived mice in the central amygdala, indicating that downscaling selectively occurs in this spine type. Greater neck diameters for thin spines in the lateral and basolateral nuclei of sleep deprived mice, and decreases in surface area and volume for mushroom spines in the basolateral amygdala compared to increases in the cental amygdala provide further support for spine type-selective synaptic downscaling in these areas during sleep. Our findings suggest that sleep promotes synaptic upscaling of mushroom spines in the basolateral amygdala, and downscaling of selective spine types in the lateral and central amygdala. In addition, we observed decreased density of phosphorylated cofilin immunoreactive and growth hormone immunoreactive cells in the amygdala of sleep deprived mice, providing further support for upscaling of dendritic spines during sleep. Overall, our findings point to region-and spine type-specific changes in dendritic spines during sleep in the amygdala, which may contribute to consolidation of emotional memories during sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay Rexrode
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States
| | - Matthew Tennin
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States
| | - Jobin Babu
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States
- Program in Neuroscience, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States
| | - Caleb Young
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States
| | - Ratna Bollavarapu
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States
| | - Lamiorkor Ameley Lawson
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States
| | - Jake Valeri
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States
- Program in Neuroscience, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States
| | - Harry Pantazopoulos
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States
- Program in Neuroscience, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States
| | - Barbara Gisabella
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States
- Program in Neuroscience, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States
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Smiley JF, Bleiwas C, Marino BM, Vaddi P, Canals-Baker S, Wilson DA, Saito M. Estimates of total neuron number show that neonatal ethanol causes immediate and lasting neuron loss in cortical and subcortical areas. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1186529. [PMID: 37205048 PMCID: PMC10185770 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1186529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
In neonatal brain development there is a period of normal apoptotic cell death that regulates adult neuron number. At approximately the same period, ethanol exposure can cause a dramatic spike in apoptotic cell death. While ethanol-induced apoptosis has been shown to reduce adult neuron number, questions remain about the regional selectivity of the ethanol effect, and whether the brain might have some capacity to overcome the initial neuron loss. The present study used stereological cell counting to compare cumulative neuron loss 8 h after postnatal day 7 (P7) ethanol treatment to that of animals left to mature to adulthood (P70). Across several brain regions we found that the reduction of total neuron number after 8 h was as large as that of adult animals. Comparison between regions revealed that some areas are more vulnerable, with neuron loss in the anterior thalamic nuclei > the medial septum/vertical diagonal band, dorsal subiculum, and dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus > the mammillary bodies and cingulate cortex > whole neocortex. In contrast to estimates of total neuron number, estimates of apoptotic cell number in Nissl-stained sections at 8 h after ethanol treatment provided a less reliable predictor of adult neuron loss. The findings show that ethanol-induced neonatal apoptosis often causes immediate neuron deficits that persist in adulthood, and furthermore suggests that the brain may have limited capacity to compensate for ethanol-induced neuron loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- John F. Smiley
- Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, New York University, New York, NY, United States
- *Correspondence: John F. Smiley,
| | - Cynthia Bleiwas
- Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, United States
| | - Brandon M. Marino
- Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, United States
| | - Prerana Vaddi
- Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, United States
| | | | - Donald A. Wilson
- Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, United States
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, School of Medicine, New York University, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, School of Medicine, New York University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Mariko Saito
- Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, New York University, New York, NY, United States
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Wilson DA, Fleming G, Williams CRO, Teixeira CM, Smiley JF, Saito M. Somatostatin neuron contributions to cortical slow wave dysfunction in adult mice exposed to developmental ethanol. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1127711. [PMID: 37021136 PMCID: PMC10067632 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1127711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Transitions between sleep and waking and sleep-dependent cortical oscillations are heavily dependent on GABAergic neurons. Importantly, GABAergic neurons are especially sensitive to developmental ethanol exposure, suggesting a potential unique vulnerability of sleep circuits to early ethanol. In fact, developmental ethanol exposure can produce long-lasting impairments in sleep, including increased sleep fragmentation and decreased delta wave amplitude. Here, we assessed the efficacy of optogenetic manipulations of somatostatin (SST) GABAergic neurons in the neocortex of adult mice exposed to saline or ethanol on P7, to modulate cortical slow-wave physiology. Methods SST-cre × Ai32 mice, which selectively express channel rhodopsin in SST neurons, were exposed to ethanol or saline on P7. This line expressed similar developmental ethanol induced loss of SST cortical neurons and sleep impairments as C57BL/6By mice. As adults, optical fibers were implanted targeting the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and telemetry electrodes were implanted in the neocortex to monitor slow-wave activity and sleep-wake states. Results Optical stimulation of PFC SST neurons evoked slow-wave potentials and long-latency single-unit excitation in saline treated mice but not in ethanol mice. Closed-loop optogenetic stimulation of PFC SST neuron activation on spontaneous slow-waves enhanced cortical delta oscillations, and this manipulation was more effective in saline mice than P7 ethanol mice. Discussion Together, these results suggest that SST cortical neurons may contribute to slow-wave impairment after developmental ethanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald A Wilson
- Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, United States
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - G Fleming
- Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, United States
| | - C R O Williams
- Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, United States
| | - C M Teixeira
- Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, United States
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - J F Smiley
- Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Mariko Saito
- Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
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Slapø NB, Nerland S, Nordbø Jørgensen K, Mørch-Johnsen L, Pettersen JH, Roelfs D, Parker N, Valstad M, Pentz A, Timpe CMF, Richard G, Beck D, Werner MCF, Lagerberg TV, Melle I, Agartz I, Westlye LT, Steen NE, Andreassen OA, Moberget T, Elvsåshagen T, Jönsson EG. Auditory Cortex Thickness Is Associated With N100 Amplitude in Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders. SCHIZOPHRENIA BULLETIN OPEN 2023; 4:sgad015. [PMID: 38812720 PMCID: PMC7616042 DOI: 10.1093/schizbullopen/sgad015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Background and Hypothesis The auditory cortex (AC) may play a central role in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and auditory hallucinations (AH). Previous schizophrenia studies report thinner AC and impaired AC function, as indicated by decreased N100 amplitude of the auditory evoked potential. However, whether these structural and functional alterations link to AH in schizophrenia remain poorly understood. Study Design Patients with a schizophrenia spectrum disorder (SCZspect), including patients with a lifetime experience of AH (AH+), without (AH-), and healthy controls underwent magnetic resonance imaging (39 SCZspect, 22 AH+, 17 AH-, and 146 HC) and electroencephalography (33 SCZspect, 17 AH+, 16 AH-, and 144 HC). Cortical thickness of the primary (AC1, Heschl's gyrus) and secondary (AC2, Heschl's sulcus, and the planum temporale) AC was compared between SCZspect and controls and between AH+, AH-, and controls. To examine if the association between AC thickness and N100 amplitude differed between groups, we used regression models with interaction terms. Study Results N100 amplitude was nominally smaller in SCZspect (P = .03, d = 0.42) and in AH- (P = .020, d = 0.61), while AC2 was nominally thinner in AH+ (P = .02, d = 0.53) compared with controls. AC1 thickness was positively associated with N100 amplitude in SCZspect (t = 2.56, P = .016) and AH- (t = 3.18, P = .008), while AC2 thickness was positively associated with N100 amplitude in SCZspect (t = 2.37, P = .024) and in AH+ (t = 2.68, P = .019). Conclusions The novel findings of positive associations between AC thickness and N100 amplitude in SCZspect, suggest that a common neural substrate may underlie AC thickness and N100 amplitude alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Berz Slapø
- Department of medicine, NORMENT, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Stener Nerland
- Department of medicine, NORMENT, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Psychiatric Research, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kjetil Nordbø Jørgensen
- Department of medicine, NORMENT, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Psychiatry, Telemark Hospital, Skien, Norway
| | - Lynn Mørch-Johnsen
- NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Psychiatry, Østfold Hospital, Grålum, Norway
- Department of Clinical Research, Østfold Hospital, Grålum, Norway
| | | | - Daniel Roelfs
- Department of medicine, NORMENT, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Nadine Parker
- Department of medicine, NORMENT, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Mathias Valstad
- Department of medicine, NORMENT, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Mental Disorders, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Atle Pentz
- Department of medicine, NORMENT, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Clara M. F. Timpe
- Department of medicine, NORMENT, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Geneviève Richard
- Department of medicine, NORMENT, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Dani Beck
- Department of medicine, NORMENT, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Psychiatric Research, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Maren C. Frogner Werner
- Department of medicine, NORMENT, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Ingrid Melle
- Department of medicine, NORMENT, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ingrid Agartz
- Department of Psychiatry, Telemark Hospital, Skien, Norway
- NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet & Stockholm Health Care Sciences, Stockholm Region, Sweden
| | - Lars T. Westlye
- Department of medicine, NORMENT, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Nils Eiel Steen
- Department of medicine, NORMENT, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ole A. Andreassen
- Department of medicine, NORMENT, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Torgeir Moberget
- Department of medicine, NORMENT, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Behavioral Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo Metropolitan University, OsloMet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Torbjørn Elvsåshagen
- Department of medicine, NORMENT, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Erik G. Jönsson
- Department of medicine, NORMENT, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Stehr M, Kiderlen M, Dorph‐Petersen K. Improving Cavalieri volume estimation based on non-equidistant planar sections: The trapezoidal estimator. J Microsc 2022; 288:40-53. [PMID: 36095148 PMCID: PMC9828659 DOI: 10.1111/jmi.13141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The Cavalieri estimator allows one to infer the volume of an object from area measurements in equidistant planar sections. It is known that applying this estimator in the non-equidistant case may inflate the coefficient of error considerably. We therefore consider a newly introduced variant, the trapezoidal estimator, and make it available to practitioners. Its typical variance behaviour for natural objects is comparable to the equidistant case. We state this unbiased estimator, describe variance estimates and explain how the latter can be simplified under rather general but realistic models for the gaps between sections. Simulations and an application to a synthetic area function based on parietal lobes of 18 monkeys illustrate the new methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mads Stehr
- Department of FinanceCopenhagen Business SchoolFrederiksbergDenmark
| | | | - Karl‐Anton Dorph‐Petersen
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical MedicineAarhus UniversityAarhusDenmark,Translational Neuroscience Program, Department of PsychiatryUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
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12
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DeGiosio RA, Grubisha MJ, MacDonald ML, McKinney BC, Camacho CJ, Sweet RA. More than a marker: potential pathogenic functions of MAP2. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:974890. [PMID: 36187353 PMCID: PMC9525131 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.974890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2) is the predominant cytoskeletal regulator within neuronal dendrites, abundant and specific enough to serve as a robust somatodendritic marker. It influences microtubule dynamics and microtubule/actin interactions to control neurite outgrowth and synaptic functions, similarly to the closely related MAP Tau. Though pathology of Tau has been well appreciated in the context of neurodegenerative disorders, the consequences of pathologically dysregulated MAP2 have been little explored, despite alterations in its immunoreactivity, expression, splicing and/or stability being observed in a variety of neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders including Huntington’s disease, prion disease, schizophrenia, autism, major depression and bipolar disorder. Here we review the understood structure and functions of MAP2, including in neurite outgrowth, synaptic plasticity, and regulation of protein folding/transport. We also describe known and potential mechanisms by which MAP2 can be regulated via post-translational modification. Then, we assess existing evidence of its dysregulation in various brain disorders, including from immunohistochemical and (phospho) proteomic data. We propose pathways by which MAP2 pathology could contribute to endophenotypes which characterize these disorders, giving rise to the concept of a “MAP2opathy”—a series of disorders characterized by alterations in MAP2 function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A. DeGiosio
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Melanie J. Grubisha
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Matthew L. MacDonald
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Brandon C. McKinney
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Carlos J. Camacho
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Robert A. Sweet
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- *Correspondence: Robert A. Sweet
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13
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Wei L, Ding M, Zhang Y, Wang H. Decoding transcriptional signatures of the association between free water and macroscale organizations in healthy adolescents. Neuroimage 2022; 261:119514. [PMID: 35901916 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We leveraged a novel index of diffusion MRI to investigate the relationships among cortical free water, macro-organizations and gene expression in healthy adults. Few research has been conducted to investigate the role of free water in the healthy adults due to it can easily be affected also by aging diseases. High quality data of 350 subjects from Human Connectome Project were used in our study. Cortical free water was estimated by using a bi-tensor model. The free water was high in the limbic, insular and somatosensory cortex, while being lower in motor and association cortex. The negative correlation between the free water and cortical thickness has been consistently identified in almost all the cortical regions. Negative correlation between the cortical free water and structural covariance (rho=-0.38, pspin=0.005) revealed the free water was sensitive to cortical heterogeneity. Using human gene expression dataset, we found the gene expression pattern of the relationship between the free water and cortical thickness spatially coupled with primary gradient of structural covariance network (rho=0.40, pspin=0.004). Our findings indicated the free water was sensitive to the cortical cellular status. The relationship between free water and macroscale organization also reflected hierarchal structures of cerebral cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wei
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China.
| | - Ming Ding
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Yuwen Zhang
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - He Wang
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China; Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China; Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China.
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14
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Grubisha MJ, Sun T, Eisenman L, Erickson SL, Chou S, Helmer CD, Trudgen MT, Ding Y, Homanics GE, Penzes P, Wills ZP, Sweet RA. A Kalirin missense mutation enhances dendritic RhoA signaling and leads to regression of cortical dendritic arbors across development. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2022546118. [PMID: 34848542 PMCID: PMC8694055 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2022546118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Normally, dendritic size is established prior to adolescence and then remains relatively constant into adulthood due to a homeostatic balance between growth and retraction pathways. However, schizophrenia is characterized by accelerated reductions of cerebral cortex gray matter volume and onset of clinical symptoms during adolescence, with reductions in layer 3 pyramidal neuron dendritic length, complexity, and spine density identified in multiple cortical regions postmortem. Nogo receptor 1 (NGR1) activation of the GTPase RhoA is a major pathway restricting dendritic growth in the cerebral cortex. We show that the NGR1 pathway is stimulated by OMGp and requires the Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor Kalirin-9 (KAL9). Using a genetically encoded RhoA sensor, we demonstrate that a naturally occurring missense mutation in Kalrn, KAL-PT, that was identified in a schizophrenia cohort, confers enhanced RhoA activitation in neuronal dendrites compared to wild-type KAL. In mice containing this missense mutation at the endogenous locus, there is an adolescent-onset reduction in dendritic length and complexity of layer 3 pyramidal neurons in the primary auditory cortex. Spine density per unit length of dendrite is unaffected. Early adult mice with these structural deficits exhibited impaired detection of short gap durations. These findings provide a neuropsychiatric model of disease capturing how a mild genetic vulnerability may interact with normal developmental processes such that pathology only emerges around adolescence. This interplay between genetic susceptibility and normal adolescent development, both of which possess inherent individual variability, may contribute to heterogeneity seen in phenotypes in human neuropsychiatric disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie J Grubisha
- Department of Psychiatry, Translational Neuroscience Program, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Tao Sun
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Leanna Eisenman
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Susan L Erickson
- Department of Psychiatry, Translational Neuroscience Program, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Shinnyi Chou
- Department of Psychiatry, Translational Neuroscience Program, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Cassandra D Helmer
- Department of Psychiatry, Translational Neuroscience Program, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Melody T Trudgen
- Department of Psychiatry, Translational Neuroscience Program, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Ying Ding
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Gregg E Homanics
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Peter Penzes
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Zachary P Wills
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Robert A Sweet
- Department of Psychiatry, Translational Neuroscience Program, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213;
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
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15
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Smiley JF, Bleiwas C, Canals-Baker S, Williams SZ, Sears R, Teixeira CM, Wilson DA, Saito M. Neonatal ethanol causes profound reduction of cholinergic cell number in the basal forebrain of adult animals. Alcohol 2021; 97:1-11. [PMID: 34464696 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2021.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In animal models that mimic human third-trimester fetal development, ethanol causes substantial cellular apoptosis in the brain, but for most brain structures, the extent of permanent neuron loss that persists into adulthood is unknown. We injected ethanol into C57BL/6J mouse pups at postnatal day 7 (P7) to model human late-gestation ethanol toxicity, and then used stereological methods to investigate adult cell numbers in several subcortical neurotransmitter systems that project extensively in the forebrain to regulate arousal states. Ethanol treatment caused especially large reductions (34-42%) in the cholinergic cells of the basal forebrain, including cholinergic cells in the medial septal/vertical diagonal band nuclei (Ch1/Ch2) and in the horizontal diagonal band/substantia innominata/nucleus basalis nuclei (Ch3/Ch4). Cell loss was also present in non-cholinergic basal forebrain cells, as demonstrated by 34% reduction of parvalbumin-immunolabeled GABA cells and 25% reduction of total Nissl-stained neurons in the Ch1/Ch2 region. In contrast, cholinergic cells in the striatum were reduced only 12% by ethanol, and those of the brainstem pedunculopontine/lateral dorsal tegmental nuclei (Ch5/Ch6) were not significantly reduced. Similarly, ethanol did not significantly reduce dopamine cells of the ventral tegmental area/substantia nigra or serotonin cells in the dorsal raphe nucleus. Orexin (hypocretin) cells in the hypothalamus showed a modest reduction (14%). Our findings indicate that the basal forebrain is especially vulnerable to alcohol exposure in the late gestational period. Reduction of cholinergic and GABAergic projection neurons from the basal forebrain that regulate forebrain arousal may contribute to the behavioral and cognitive deficits associated with neonatal ethanol exposure.
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16
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Gisabella B, Babu J, Valeri J, Rexrode L, Pantazopoulos H. Sleep and Memory Consolidation Dysfunction in Psychiatric Disorders: Evidence for the Involvement of Extracellular Matrix Molecules. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:646678. [PMID: 34054408 PMCID: PMC8160443 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.646678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep disturbances and memory dysfunction are key characteristics across psychiatric disorders. Recent advances have revealed insight into the role of sleep in memory consolidation, pointing to key overlap between memory consolidation processes and structural and molecular abnormalities in psychiatric disorders. Ongoing research regarding the molecular mechanisms involved in memory consolidation has the potential to identify therapeutic targets for memory dysfunction in psychiatric disorders and aging. Recent evidence from our group and others points to extracellular matrix molecules, including chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans and their endogenous proteases, as molecules that may underlie synaptic dysfunction in psychiatric disorders and memory consolidation during sleep. These molecules may provide a therapeutic targets for decreasing strength of reward memories in addiction and traumatic memories in PTSD, as well as restoring deficits in memory consolidation in schizophrenia and aging. We review the evidence for sleep and memory consolidation dysfunction in psychiatric disorders and aging in the context of current evidence pointing to the involvement of extracellular matrix molecules in these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Harry Pantazopoulos
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States
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17
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Slomianka L. Basic quantitative morphological methods applied to the central nervous system. J Comp Neurol 2021; 529:694-756. [PMID: 32639600 PMCID: PMC7818269 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Generating numbers has become an almost inevitable task associated with studies of the morphology of the nervous system. Numbers serve a desire for clarity and objectivity in the presentation of results and are a prerequisite for the statistical evaluation of experimental outcomes. Clarity, objectivity, and statistics make demands on the quality of the numbers that are not met by many methods. This review provides a refresher of problems associated with generating numbers that describe the nervous system in terms of the volumes, surfaces, lengths, and numbers of its components. An important aim is to provide comprehensible descriptions of the methods that address these problems. Collectively known as design-based stereology, these methods share two features critical to their application. First, they are firmly based in mathematics and its proofs. Second and critically underemphasized, an understanding of their mathematical background is not necessary for their informed and productive application. Understanding and applying estimators of volume, surface, length or number does not require more of an organizational mastermind than an immunohistochemical protocol. And when it comes to calculations, square roots are the gravest challenges to overcome. Sampling strategies that are combined with stereological probes are efficient and allow a rational assessment if the numbers that have been generated are "good enough." Much may be unfamiliar, but very little is difficult. These methods can no longer be scapegoats for discrepant results but faithfully produce numbers on the material that is assessed. They also faithfully reflect problems that associated with the histological material and the anatomically informed decisions needed to generate numbers that are not only valid in theory. It is within reach to generate practically useful numbers that must integrate with qualitative knowledge to understand the function of neural systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lutz Slomianka
- University of Zürich, Institute of AnatomyZürichSwitzerland
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18
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Chen F, Danladi J, Ardalan M, Nyengaard JR, Sanchez C, Wegener G. The rat hippocampal gliovascular system following one week vortioxetine and fluoxetine. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2021; 42:45-56. [PMID: 33199100 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2020.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We have previously reported that vortioxetine, unlike the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor fluoxetine, produces a rapid increase of dendritic spine number and Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF)-associated formation of synapses with mitochondrial support in the rat hippocampal CA1 and dentate gyrus. As a continuation of this line of research, and given the putative role of brain glial cells in mediating antidepressant responses the present study investigated early effects of vortioxetine on hippocampal microvasculature and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) and astrocytes and microglia cells. Rats were treated for 1 week with vortioxetine (1.6 g/kg food chow) or fluoxetine (160 mg/L drinking water) at pharmacologically relevant doses. Stereological principles were used to estimate the number of ALDH1L1 positive astrocytes and Iba1 positive microglia cells, and the length of microvessels in subregions of hippocampus. VEGF protein levels were visualized with immunohistochemistry. Our results showed that vortioxetine significantly increased the number of ramified (resting) microglia and astrocytes accompanied by VEGF level elevation, whereas fluoxetine had no effect after 7 days treatment on these measures. Our findings suggest that astrocytes and microglia may have a role in mediating the pharmacological effects of vortioxetine in rats and that these effects are mediated through mechanisms that go beyond inhibition of the serotonin transporter and may target specific 5-HT receptors. It remains to be investigated whether these findings are relevant for the therapeutic effects of vortioxetine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenghua Chen
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Nørrebrogade 44, Building 2B, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark; Core Center for Molecular Morphology, Section for Stereology and Microscopy, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - Jibrin Danladi
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Nørrebrogade 44, Building 2B, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Maryam Ardalan
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Nørrebrogade 44, Building 2B, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine - Center of Functionally Integrative Neuroscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jens R Nyengaard
- Core Center for Molecular Morphology, Section for Stereology and Microscopy, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Centre for Stochastic Geometry and Advanced Bioimaging, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Connie Sanchez
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Nørrebrogade 44, Building 2B, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Gregers Wegener
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Nørrebrogade 44, Building 2B, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark; Center of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa; AUGUST Centre, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Risskov, Denmark
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19
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Qin X, Chen J, Zhou T. 22q11.2 deletion syndrome and schizophrenia. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2020; 52:1181-1190. [PMID: 33098288 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmaa113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
22q11.2 deletion is a common microdeletion that causes an array of developmental defects including 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS) or DiGeorge syndrome and velocardiofacial syndrome. About 30% of patients with 22q11.2 deletion develop schizophrenia. Mice with deletion of the ortholog region in mouse chromosome 16qA13 exhibit schizophrenia-like abnormal behaviors. It is suggested that the genes deleted in 22q11DS are involved in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. Among these genes, COMT, ZDHHC8, DGCR8, and PRODH have been identified as schizophrenia susceptibility genes. And DGCR2 is also found to be associated with schizophrenia. In this review, we focused on these five genes and reviewed their functions in the brain and the potential pathophysiological mechanisms in schizophrenia, which will give us a deeper understanding of the pathology of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianzheng Qin
- Queen Mary School of Nanchang University, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Jiang Chen
- Laboratory of Synaptic Development and Plasticity, Institute of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Tian Zhou
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
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20
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Why context matters? Divisive normalization and canonical microcircuits in psychiatric disorders. Neurosci Res 2019; 156:130-140. [PMID: 31628970 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2019.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Neural activity on cellular, regional, and behavioral levels shows context-dependence. Here we suggest the processing of input-output relationships in terms divisive normalization (DN), including (i) summing/averaging inputs and (ii) normalizing output against input stages, as a computational mechanism to underlie context-dependence. Input summation and output normalization are mediated by input-output relationships in canonical microcircuits (CM). DN/CM are altered in psychiatric disorders like schizophrenia or depression whose various symptoms can be characterized by abnormal context-dependence.
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21
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MAP2 immunoreactivity deficit is conserved across the cerebral cortex within individuals with schizophrenia. NPJ SCHIZOPHRENIA 2019; 5:13. [PMID: 31462659 PMCID: PMC6713711 DOI: 10.1038/s41537-019-0081-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Several postmortem studies have reported lower levels of immunoreactivity (IR) for microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2) in several cortical regions of individuals with schizophrenia (SZ). However, whether this effect is conserved across multiple brain areas within an individual with SZ or if it is regionally-specific remains unclear. We characterized patterns of MAP2-IR across three cortical regions at different levels of the rostral-caudal axis within individual subjects with and without SZ. MAP2-IR levels were measured in deep layer 3 of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), lateral intraparietal cortex (LIP), and primary visual cortex (V1). Postmortem tissue containing each cortical region was derived from 20 pairs of SZ subjects and nonpsychiatric comparison (NPC) subjects matched perfectly for sex, and as closely as possible for age and postmortem interval. MAP2-IR was assessed by quantitative fluorescence microscopy. We observed significantly lower levels of MAP2-IR in SZ subjects relative to NPC subjects, without a significant region by diagnosis interaction. Logs of the within-pair ratios (SZ:NPC) of MAP2-IR were significantly correlated across the three regions. These findings demonstrate that MAP2-IR deficits in SZ are consistent across three neocortical regions within individual subjects. This pattern of MAP2-IR deficit has implications for therapeutic development and future investigations of MAP2 pathology in SZ.
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22
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Huang J, Zhuo C, Xu Y, Lin X. Auditory verbal hallucination and the auditory network: From molecules to connectivity. Neuroscience 2019; 410:59-67. [PMID: 31082536 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.04.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Auditory verbal hallucinations (AVHs) frequently occur across multiple psychiatric diseases especially in schizophrenia (SCZ) patients. Functional imaging studies have revealed the hyperactivity of the auditory cortex and disrupted auditory-verbal network activity underlying AVH etiology. This review will firstly summarize major findings from both human AVH patients and animal models, with focuses on the auditory cortex and associated cortical/sub-cortical areas. Besides mesoscale connectivity or activity data, structure and functions at synaptic level will be discussed, in conjunction with molecular mechanisms. We have summarized major findings for the pathogenesis of AVH in SCZ patients, with focuses in the auditory cortex and prefrontal cortex (PFC). Those discoveries provide explanations for AVH from different perspectives including inter-regional connectivity, local activity in specific areas, structure and functions of synapse, and potentially molecular targets. Due to the uniqueness of AVH in humans, full replica using animals seems impossible. However, we can still extract useful information from animal SCZ models based on the disruption of auditory pathway during AVH episodes. Therefore, we will further interpolate the synaptic structures and molecular targets, whose dysregulation in SCZ models may be highly related with AVH episodes. As the last part, implications for future development of treatment strategies will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjie Huang
- Department of Psychiatric-Neuroimging-Genetics Laboratory(PNG-Lab), Wenzhou Seventh People's Hospital, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, 325000, China
| | - Chuanjun Zhuo
- Department of Psychiatric-Neuroimging-Genetics Laboratory(PNG-Lab), Wenzhou Seventh People's Hospital, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, 325000, China; Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Mental Health, Jining University, Jining Shandong Province, 272191, China; Department of Psychiatric-Neuroimaging-Genetics and Comorbidity Laboratory (PNGC-Lab), Tianjin Mental Health Centre, Mental Health Teaching Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Anding Hospital, China, Tianjin, 300222, China; Department of Psychiatry, First Hospital/First Clinical Medical College of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China; MDT Center for Cognitive Impairment and Sleep Disorders, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, China.
| | - Yong Xu
- Department of Psychiatry, First Hospital/First Clinical Medical College of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xiaodong Lin
- Department of Psychiatric-Neuroimging-Genetics Laboratory(PNG-Lab), Wenzhou Seventh People's Hospital, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, 325000, China
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23
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Effects of neonatal ethanol on cerebral cortex development through adolescence. Brain Struct Funct 2019; 224:1871-1884. [PMID: 31049690 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-019-01881-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Neonatal brain lesions cause deficits in structure and function of the cerebral cortex that sometimes are not fully expressed until adolescence. To better understand the onset and persistence of changes caused by postnatal day 7 (P7) ethanol treatment, we examined neocortical cell numbers, volume, surface area and thickness from neonatal to post-adolescent ages. In control mice, total neuron number decreased from P8 to reach approximately stable levels at about P30, as expected from normal programmed cell death. Cortical thickness reached adult levels by P14, but cortical volume and surface area continued to increase from juvenile (P20-30) to post-adolescent (P54-93) ages. P7 ethanol caused a reduction of total neurons by P14, but this deficit was transient, with later ages having only small and non-significant reductions. Previous studies also reported transient neuron loss after neonatal lesions that might be partially explained by an acute acceleration of normally occurring programmed cell death. GABAergic neurons expressing parvalbumin, calretinin, or somatostatin were reduced by P14, but unlike total neurons the reductions persisted or increased in later ages. Cortical volume, surface area and thickness were also reduced by P7 ethanol. Cortical volume showed evidence of a transient reduction at P14, and then was reduced again in post-adolescent ages. The results show a developmental sequence of neonatal ethanol effects. By juvenile ages the cortex overcomes the P14 deficit of total neurons, whereas P14 GABA cell deficits persist. Cortical volume reductions were present at P14, and again in post-adolescent ages.
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24
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Petanjek Z, Sedmak D, Džaja D, Hladnik A, Rašin MR, Jovanov-Milosevic N. The Protracted Maturation of Associative Layer IIIC Pyramidal Neurons in the Human Prefrontal Cortex During Childhood: A Major Role in Cognitive Development and Selective Alteration in Autism. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:122. [PMID: 30923504 PMCID: PMC6426783 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The human specific cognitive shift starts around the age of 2 years with the onset of self-awareness, and continues with extraordinary increase in cognitive capacities during early childhood. Diffuse changes in functional connectivity in children aged 2-6 years indicate an increase in the capacity of cortical network. Interestingly, structural network complexity does not increase during this time and, thus, it is likely to be induced by selective maturation of a specific neuronal subclass. Here, we provide an overview of a subclass of cortico-cortical neurons, the associative layer IIIC pyramids of the human prefrontal cortex. Their local axonal collaterals are in control of the prefrontal cortico-cortical output, while their long projections modulate inter-areal processing. In this way, layer IIIC pyramids are the major integrative element of cortical processing, and changes in their connectivity patterns will affect global cortical functioning. Layer IIIC neurons have a unique pattern of dendritic maturation. In contrast to other classes of principal neurons, they undergo an additional phase of extensive dendritic growth during early childhood, and show characteristic molecular changes. Taken together, circuits associated with layer IIIC neurons have the most protracted period of developmental plasticity. This unique feature is advanced but also provides a window of opportunity for pathological events to disrupt normal formation of cognitive circuits involving layer IIIC neurons. In this manuscript, we discuss how disrupted dendritic and axonal maturation of layer IIIC neurons may lead into global cortical disconnectivity, affecting development of complex communication and social abilities. We also propose a model that developmentally dictated incorporation of layer IIIC neurons into maturing cortico-cortical circuits between 2 to 6 years will reveal a previous (perinatal) lesion affecting other classes of principal neurons. This "disclosure" of pre-existing functionally silent lesions of other neuronal classes induced by development of layer IIIC associative neurons, or their direct alteration, could be found in different forms of autism spectrum disorders. Understanding the gene-environment interaction in shaping cognitive microcircuitries may be fundamental for developing rehabilitation and prevention strategies in autism spectrum and other cognitive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zdravko Petanjek
- Department of Anatomy and Clinical Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
- Department of Neuroscience, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
- Center of Excellence for Basic, Clinical and Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Dora Sedmak
- Department of Anatomy and Clinical Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
- Department of Neuroscience, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
- Center of Excellence for Basic, Clinical and Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Domagoj Džaja
- Department of Anatomy and Clinical Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
- Department of Neuroscience, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
- Center of Excellence for Basic, Clinical and Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ana Hladnik
- Department of Anatomy and Clinical Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
- Department of Neuroscience, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
- Center of Excellence for Basic, Clinical and Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Mladen Roko Rašin
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rutgers University, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Nataša Jovanov-Milosevic
- Department of Neuroscience, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
- Center of Excellence for Basic, Clinical and Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
- Department of Medical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
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Kim S, Jang SK, Kim DW, Shim M, Kim YW, Im CH, Lee SH. Cortical volume and 40-Hz auditory-steady-state responses in patients with schizophrenia and healthy controls. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2019; 22:101732. [PMID: 30851675 PMCID: PMC6407311 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2019.101732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 01/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Background Abnormalities in the 40-Hz auditory steady-state response (ASSR) of the gamma range have been reported in schizophrenia (SZ) and are regarded as important pathophysiological features. Many of the previous studies reported diminished gamma oscillations in SZ, although some studies reported increased spontaneous gamma oscillations. Furthermore, brain morphological correlates of the gamma band ASSR deficits have rarely examined. We investigated different measures of the 40-Hz ASSR and their association with brain volumes and psychological measures of SZ. Methods The 40-Hz ASSR was measured for 80 dB click sounds (1 ms, 500-ms trains at 40-Hz, with 3050 to 3500 inter-train interval) using electroencephalography with 64 electrodes in 33 patients with SZ (male: 16, female: 17 (age range: 21–60)) and 30 healthy controls (HCs) (male: 13, female: 17 (age range: 23–64)). Four gamma oscillation measures (evoked power, spontaneous oscillations (baseline and total power), and inter-trial phase coherence (ITC)) were assessed. The source activities of the ASSR were also analyzed. Brain volumes were assessed using high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging and voxel-based morphometry and superior temporal gyrus (STG) volume measures were obtained. Results Patients with SZ had larger total and evoked powers and higher ITC than HCs. Both groups showed significantly different association between mean evoked power and right STG volume. In HCs but not SZ, mean evoked power showed significant positive correlation with right STG volume. In addition, the two groups showed significantly different association between verbal fluency and mean evoked power. High evoked power was significantly correlated with poor verbal fluency in SZ. Conclusions The current study found increased gamma oscillation in SZ and suggests significant involvement of the STG in gamma oscillations. SZ had larger total and evoked powers and higher ITC than HCs. Evoked power positively correlated with right STG volume in HCs. High evoked power correlated with poor verbal fluency in SZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungkean Kim
- Clinical Emotion and Cognition Research Laboratory, Inje University, Goyang, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon-Kyeong Jang
- Clinical Emotion and Cognition Research Laboratory, Inje University, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Do-Won Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, Republic of Korea
| | - Miseon Shim
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Yong-Wook Kim
- Clinical Emotion and Cognition Research Laboratory, Inje University, Goyang, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Hwan Im
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Hwan Lee
- Clinical Emotion and Cognition Research Laboratory, Inje University, Goyang, Republic of Korea; Department of Psychiatry, Inje University, Ilsan-Paik Hospital, Goyang, Republic of Korea.
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Sedmak D, Hrvoj-Mihić B, Džaja D, Habek N, Uylings HB, Petanjek Z. Biphasic dendritic growth of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex associative neurons and early cognitive development. Croat Med J 2018. [PMID: 30394011 PMCID: PMC6240825 DOI: 10.3325/cmj.2018.59.189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim To analyze postnatal development and life-span changes of apical dendrite side branches (oblique dendrites) from associative layer IIIC magnopyramidal neurons in the human dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and to compare the findings with the previously established pattern of basal dendrite development. Methods We analyzed dendritic morphology from 352 rapid-Golgi impregnated neurons (10-18 neurons per subject) in Brodmann area 9 from the post-mortem tissue of 25 subjects ranging in age from 1 week to 91 years. Data were collected in the period between 1994 and 1996, and the analysis was performed between September 2017 and February 2018. Quantitative dendritic parameters were statistically analyzed using one-way analysis of variance and two-tailed t tests. Results Oblique dendrites grew rapidly during the first postnatal months, and the increase in the dendrite length was accompanied by the outgrowth of new dendritic segments. After a more than one-year-long “dormant” period of only fine dendritic rearrangements (2.5-16 months), oblique dendrites displayed a second period of marked growth, continuing through the third postnatal year. Basal and oblique dendrites displayed roughly the same growth pattern, but had considerably different topological organization in adulthood. Conclusion Our analysis confirmed that a biphasic pattern of postnatal dendritic development, together with a second growth spurt at the age of 2-3 years, represents a unique feature of the associative layer IIIC magnopyramidal neurons in the human dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. We propose that these structural changes relate to rapid cognitive development during early childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Zdravko Petanjek
- Zdravko Petanjek, Department of Anatomy and Clinical Anatomy, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Šalata 11, Zagreb, Croatia,
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Sedmak D, Hrvoj-Mihić B, Džaja D, Habek N, Uylings HB, Petanjek Z. Biphasic dendritic growth of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex associative neurons and early cognitive development. Croat Med J 2018; 59:189-202. [PMID: 30394011 PMCID: PMC6240825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To analyze postnatal development and life-span changes of apical dendrite side branches (oblique dendrites) from associative layer IIIC magnopyramidal neurons in the human dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and to compare the findings with the previously established pattern of basal dendrite development. METHODS We analyzed dendritic morphology from 352 rapid-Golgi impregnated neurons (10-18 neurons per subject) in Brodmann area 9 from the post-mortem tissue of 25 subjects ranging in age from 1 week to 91 years. Data were collected in the period between 1994 and 1996, and the analysis was performed between September 2017 and February 2018. Quantitative dendritic parameters were statistically analyzed using one-way analysis of variance and two-tailed t tests. RESULTS Oblique dendrites grew rapidly during the first postnatal months, and the increase in the dendrite length was accompanied by the outgrowth of new dendritic segments. After a more than one-year-long "dormant" period of only fine dendritic rearrangements (2.5-16 months), oblique dendrites displayed a second period of marked growth, continuing through the third postnatal year. Basal and oblique dendrites displayed roughly the same growth pattern, but had considerably different topological organization in adulthood. CONCLUSION Our analysis confirmed that a biphasic pattern of postnatal dendritic development, together with a second growth spurt at the age of 2-3 years, represents a unique feature of the associative layer IIIC magnopyramidal neurons in the human dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. We propose that these structural changes relate to rapid cognitive development during early childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Zdravko Petanjek
- Zdravko Petanjek, Department of Anatomy and Clinical Anatomy, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Šalata 11, Zagreb, Croatia,
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Anodal transcranial direct current stimulation affects auditory cortex plasticity in normal-hearing and noise-exposed rats. Brain Stimul 2018; 11:1008-1023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2018.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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Nagels A, Cabanis M, Oppel A, Kirner-Veselinovic A, Schales C, Kircher T. S-Ketamine-Induced NMDA Receptor Blockade during Natural Speech Production and Its Implications for Formal Thought Disorder in Schizophrenia: A Pharmaco-fMRI Study. Neuropsychopharmacology 2018; 43:1324-1333. [PMID: 29105665 PMCID: PMC5916352 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2017.270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Structural and functional changes in the lateral temporal language areas have been related to formal thought disorder (FTD) in schizophrenia. Continuous, natural speech production activates the right lateral temporal lobe in schizophrenia, as opposed to the left in healthy subjects. Positive and negative FTD can be elicited in healthy subjects by glutamatergic NMDA blockade with ketamine. It is unclear whether the glutamate system is related to the reversed hemispheric lateralization during speaking in patients. In a double-blind, crossover, placebo-controlled study, 15 healthy, male, right-handed volunteers overtly described 7 pictures for 3 min each while BOLD signal changes were acquired with fMRI. As a measure of linguistic demand, the number of words within 20 s epochs was correlated with BOLD responses. Participants developed S-ketamine-induced psychotic symptoms, particularly positive FTD. Ketamine vs placebo was associated with enhanced neural responses in the right middle and inferior temporal gyri. Similar to a previous fMRI study in schizophrenia patients vs healthy controls applying the same design, S-ketamine reversed functional lateralization during speech production in healthy subjects. Results demonstrate an association between glutamatergic imbalance, dysactivations in lateral temporal brain areas, and FTD symptom formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne Nagels
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- Department of English and Linguistics, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Maurice Cabanis
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Social Neuroscience Lab, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Clinic for Addiction Medicine and Addictive Behaviour, Centre for Mental Health, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Andrea Oppel
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | | | - Christian Schales
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Tilo Kircher
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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30
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Wei Y, Collin G, Mandl RCW, Cahn W, Keunen K, Schmidt R, Kahn RS, van den Heuvel MP. Cortical magnetization transfer abnormalities and connectome dysconnectivity in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2018; 192:172-178. [PMID: 28601503 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2017.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Macroscale dysconnectivity in schizophrenia is associated with neuropathological abnormalities. The extent to which alterations in cortical myelination as revealed in vivo by magnetization transfer ratio (MTR) are related to macroscale dysconnectivity remains unknown. We acquired magnetization transfer imaging (MTI) data and diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) data from 78 schizophrenia patients and 93 healthy controls for MTR extraction and connectome reconstruction to examine the possible link between cortical myelination and macroscale dysconnectivity. Our findings showed significant cortical MTR disruptions in several prefrontal areas in schizophrenia patients, including bilateral rostral middle frontal areas, right pars orbitalis, and right frontal pole. Furthermore, cortical MTR alterations between patients and controls were significantly correlated with the level of regional disconnectivity. Together, our findings provide evidence that microstructural neuropathological abnormalities in schizophrenia are predominately present in prefrontal areas of the cortex and are associated with alterations in structural connectome architecture at the whole brain network level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongbin Wei
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Guusje Collin
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - René C W Mandl
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Wiepke Cahn
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Kristin Keunen
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Neonatology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ruben Schmidt
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - René S Kahn
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn P van den Heuvel
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Parker EM, Sweet RA. Stereological Assessments of Neuronal Pathology in Auditory Cortex in Schizophrenia. Front Neuroanat 2018; 11:131. [PMID: 29375326 PMCID: PMC5767177 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2017.00131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
It has long been known that auditory processing is disrupted in schizophrenia. More recently, postmortem studies have provided direct evidence that morphological alterations to neurons in auditory cortex are implicated in the pathophysiology of this illness, confirming previous predictions. Potential neural substrates for auditory impairment and gray matter loss in auditory cortex in schizophrenia have been identified, described, and are the focus of this review article. Pyramidal cell somal volume is reduced in auditory cortex, as are dendritic spine density and number in schizophrenia. Pyramidal cells are not lost in this region in schizophrenia, indicating that dendritic spine reductions reflect fewer spines per pyramidal cell, consistent with the reduced neuropil hypothesis of schizophrenia. Stereological methods have aided in the proper collection, reporting and interpretation of this data. Mechanistic studies exploring relationships between genetic risk for schizophrenia and altered dendrite morphology represent an important avenue for future research in order to further elucidate cellular pathology in auditory cortex in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily M Parker
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Robert A Sweet
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,VISN 4 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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Abstract
Schizophrenia is a complex disorder lacking an effective treatment option for the pervasive and debilitating cognitive impairments experienced by patients. Working memory is a core cognitive function impaired in schizophrenia that depends upon activation of distributed neural network, including the circuitry of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). Accordingly, individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia show reduced DLPFC activation while performing working-memory tasks. This lower DLPFC activation appears to be an integral part of the disease pathophysiology, and not simply a reflection of poor performance. Thus, the cellular and circuitry alterations that underlie lower DLPFC neuronal activity in schizophrenia must be determined in order to identify appropriate therapeutic targets. Studies using human postmortem brain tissue provide a robust way to investigate and characterize these cellular and circuitry alterations at multiple levels of resolution, and such studies provide essential information that cannot be obtained either through in vivo studies in humans or through experimental animal models. Studies examining neuronal morphology, protein expression and localization, and transcript levels indicate that a microcircuit composed of excitatory pyramidal cells and inhibitory interneurons containing the calcium-binding protein parvalbumin is altered in the DLPFC of subjects with schizophrenia and likely contributes to DLPFC dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill R Glausier
- Translational Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - David A Lewis
- Translational Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.
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Smiley JF, Hackett TA, Bleiwas C, Petkova E, Stankov A, Mann JJ, Rosoklija G, Dwork AJ. Reduced GABA neuron density in auditory cerebral cortex of subjects with major depressive disorder. J Chem Neuroanat 2016; 76:108-121. [PMID: 26686292 PMCID: PMC4903945 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2015.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Although major depressive disorder (MDD) and schizophrenia (SZ) are closely associated with disrupted functions in frontal and limbic areas of cerebral cortex, cellular pathology has also been found in other brain areas, including primary sensory cortex. Auditory cortex is of particular interest, given the prominence of auditory hallucinations in SZ, and sensory deficits in MDD. We used stereological sampling methods in auditory cortex to look for cellular differences between MDD, SZ and non-psychiatric subjects. Additionally, as all of our MDD subjects died of suicide, we evaluated the association of suicide with our measurements by selecting a SZ sample that was divided between suicide and non-suicide subjects. Measurements were done in primary auditory cortex (area A1) and auditory association cortex (area Tpt), two areas with distinct roles in sensory processing and obvious differences in neuron density and size. In MDD, densities of GABAergic interneurons immunolabeled for calretinin (CR) and calbindin (CB) were 23-29% lower than non-psychiatric controls in both areas. Parvalbumin (PV) interneurons (counted only in area Tpt) showed a nominally smaller (16%) reduction that was not statistically significant. Total neuron and glia densities measured in Nissl stained sections did not show corresponding reductions. Analysis of suicide in the SZ sample indicated that reduced CR cell density was associated with suicide, whereas the densities of CB and other cells were not. Our results are consistent with previous studies in MDD that found altered GABA-associated markers throughout the cerebral cortex including primary sensory areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- John F Smiley
- Program in Cognitive Neuroscience and Schizophrenia, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Troy A Hackett
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Cynthia Bleiwas
- Program in Cognitive Neuroscience and Schizophrenia, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA
| | - Eva Petkova
- Program in Cognitive Neuroscience and Schizophrenia, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - J John Mann
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology, New York State Psychiatric Institute and Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Department of Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gorazd Rosoklija
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology, New York State Psychiatric Institute and Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Department of Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA; Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Skopje, Macedonia
| | - Andrew J Dwork
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology, New York State Psychiatric Institute and Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Department of Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA; Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Skopje, Macedonia
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Rafati AH, Safavimanesh F, Dorph-Petersen KA, Rasmussen JG, Møller J, Nyengaard JR. Detection and spatial characterization of minicolumnarity in the human cerebral cortex. J Microsc 2016; 261:115-26. [PMID: 26575198 DOI: 10.1111/jmi.12321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spatial characterization of vertical organization of neurons in human cerebral cortex, cortical columnarity or minicolumns, and its possible association with various psychiatric and neurological diseases has been investigated for many years. NEW METHOD In this study, we obtained 3D coordinates of disector sampled cells from layer III of Brodmann area 4 of the human cerebral cortex using light microscopy and 140-μm-thick glycolmethacrylate sections. A new analytical tool called cylindrical K-function was applied for spatial point pattern analysis of 3D datasets to see whether there is a spatially organized columnar structure. In order to demonstrate the behaviour of the cylindrical K-function, the result from brain tissues was compared with two models: A homogeneous Poisson process exhibiting complete spatial randomness, and a Poisson line cluster point process. The latter is a point process model in 3D space, which exhibits spatial structure of points similar to minicolumns. RESULTS The data show in three out of four samples nonrandom patterns in the 3D neuronal positions with the direction of minicolumns perpendicular to the pial surface of the brain - without a priori assuming the existence of minicolumns. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS Studies on columnarity are difficult and have mainly been based on two-dimensional images analysis of thin sections of the cerebral cortex with the a priori assumption that minicolumns existed. CONCLUSIONS A clear difference from complete spatial randomness in the data could be detected with the new tool, the cylindrical K-function, although classical functional summary statistics are less useful in this connection.
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Affiliation(s)
- A H Rafati
- Stereology and Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Centre for Stochastic Geometry and Advanced Bioimaging (CSGB), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Risskov, Denmark
| | - F Safavimanesh
- Centre for Stochastic Geometry and Advanced Bioimaging (CSGB), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Mathematical Sciences, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - K-A Dorph-Petersen
- Centre for Stochastic Geometry and Advanced Bioimaging (CSGB), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Risskov, Denmark.,Translational Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S.A
| | - J G Rasmussen
- Centre for Stochastic Geometry and Advanced Bioimaging (CSGB), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Mathematical Sciences, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - J Møller
- Centre for Stochastic Geometry and Advanced Bioimaging (CSGB), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Mathematical Sciences, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - J R Nyengaard
- Stereology and Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Centre for Stochastic Geometry and Advanced Bioimaging (CSGB), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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Lewis DA, Glausier JR. Alterations in Prefrontal Cortical Circuitry and Cognitive Dysfunction in Schizophrenia. NEBRASKA SYMPOSIUM ON MOTIVATION. NEBRASKA SYMPOSIUM ON MOTIVATION 2016; 63:31-75. [PMID: 27627824 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-30596-7_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Shelton MA, Newman JT, Gu H, Sampson AR, Fish KN, MacDonald ML, Moyer CE, DiBitetto JV, Dorph-Petersen KA, Penzes P, Lewis DA, Sweet RA. Loss of Microtubule-Associated Protein 2 Immunoreactivity Linked to Dendritic Spine Loss in Schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 2015; 78:374-85. [PMID: 25818630 PMCID: PMC4520801 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Revised: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2) is a neuronal protein that plays a role in maintaining dendritic structure through its interaction with microtubules. In schizophrenia (Sz), numerous studies have revealed that the typically robust immunoreactivity (IR) of MAP2 is significantly reduced across several cortical regions. The relationship between MAP2-IR reduction and lower dendritic spine density, which is frequently reported in Sz, has not been explored in previous studies, and MAP2-IR loss has not been investigated in the primary auditory cortex (Brodmann area 41), a site of conserved pathology in Sz. METHODS Using quantitative spinning disk confocal microscopy in two cohorts of subjects with Sz and matched control subjects (Sz subjects, n = 20; control subjects, n = 20), we measured MAP2-IR and dendritic spine density and spine number in deep layer 3 of BA41. RESULTS Subjects with Sz exhibited a significant reduction in MAP2-IR. The reductions in MAP2-IR were not associated with neuron loss, loss of MAP2 protein, clinical confounders, or technical factors. Dendritic spine density and number also were reduced in Sz and correlated with MAP2-IR. In 12 (60%) subjects with Sz, MAP2-IR values were lower than the lowest values in control subjects; only in this group were spine density and number significantly reduced. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate that MAP2-IR loss is closely linked to dendritic spine pathology in Sz. Because MAP2 shares substantial sequence, regulatory, and functional homology with MAP tau, the wealth of knowledge regarding tau biology and the rapidly expanding field of tau therapeutics provide resources for identifying how MAP2 is altered in Sz and possible leads to novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micah A Shelton
- Translational Neuroscience Program, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Jason T Newman
- Translational Neuroscience Program, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Hong Gu
- Department of Statistics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Allan R Sampson
- Department of Statistics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Kenneth N Fish
- Translational Neuroscience Program, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Matthew L MacDonald
- Translational Neuroscience Program, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Caitlin E Moyer
- Translational Neuroscience Program, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - James V DiBitetto
- Translational Neuroscience Program, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Karl-Anton Dorph-Petersen
- Translational Neuroscience Program, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Centre for Stochastic Geometry and Advanced Bioimaging, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Peter Penzes
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - David A Lewis
- Translational Neuroscience Program, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Robert A Sweet
- Translational Neuroscience Program, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
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Bakhshi K, Chance S. The neuropathology of schizophrenia: A selective review of past studies and emerging themes in brain structure and cytoarchitecture. Neuroscience 2015; 303:82-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Javitt DC, Sweet RA. Auditory dysfunction in schizophrenia: integrating clinical and basic features. Nat Rev Neurosci 2015; 16:535-50. [PMID: 26289573 PMCID: PMC4692466 DOI: 10.1038/nrn4002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a complex neuropsychiatric disorder that is associated with persistent psychosocial disability in affected individuals. Although studies of schizophrenia have traditionally focused on deficits in higher-order processes such as working memory and executive function, there is an increasing realization that, in this disorder, deficits can be found throughout the cortex and are manifest even at the level of early sensory processing. These deficits are highly amenable to translational investigation and represent potential novel targets for clinical intervention. Deficits, moreover, have been linked to specific structural abnormalities in post-mortem auditory cortex tissue from individuals with schizophrenia, providing unique insights into underlying pathophysiological mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C Javitt
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, 1051 Riverside Drive, Unit 21, New York, New York 10032, USA
- Program in Cognitive Neuroscience and Schizophrenia, Nathan S. Kline Institute, 140 Old Orangeburg Rd, Orangeburg, New York 10962, USA
| | - Robert A Sweet
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, 3811 O'Hara Street, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
- VISN 4 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Research Office Building (151R), University Drive C, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15240, USA
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Schmidt MJ, Mirnics K. Neurodevelopment, GABA system dysfunction, and schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology 2015; 40:190-206. [PMID: 24759129 PMCID: PMC4262918 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2014.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Revised: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The origins of schizophrenia have eluded clinicians and researchers since Kraepelin and Bleuler began documenting their findings. However, large clinical research efforts in recent decades have identified numerous genetic and environmental risk factors for schizophrenia. The combined data strongly support the neurodevelopmental hypothesis of schizophrenia and underscore the importance of the common converging effects of diverse insults. In this review, we discuss the evidence that genetic and environmental risk factors that predispose to schizophrenia disrupt the development and normal functioning of the GABAergic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin J Schmidt
- Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Karoly Mirnics
- Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Kennedy Center for Research on Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
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40
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Džaja D, Hladnik A, Bičanić I, Baković M, Petanjek Z. Neocortical calretinin neurons in primates: increase in proportion and microcircuitry structure. Front Neuroanat 2014; 8:103. [PMID: 25309344 PMCID: PMC4174738 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2014.00103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
In this article we first point at the expansion of associative cortical areas in primates, as well as at the intrinsic changes in the structure of the cortical column. There is a huge increase in proportion of glutamatergic cortical projecting neurons located in the upper cortical layers (II/III). Inside this group, a novel class of associative neurons becomes recognized for its growing necessity in both inter-areal and intra-areal columnar integration. Equally important to the changes in glutamatergic population, we found that literature data suggest a 50% increase in the proportion of neocortical GABAergic neurons between primates and rodents. This seems to be a result of increase in proportion of calretinin interneurons in layers II/III, population which in associative areas represents 15% of all neurons forming those layers. Evaluating data about functional properties of their connectivity we hypothesize that such an increase in proportion of calretinin interneurons might lead to supra-linear growth in memory capacity of the associative neocortical network. An open question is whether there are some new calretinin interneuron subtypes, which might substantially change micro-circuitry structure of the primate cerebral cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domagoj Džaja
- Laboratory for Neuromorphometry, Department of Neuroscience, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ana Hladnik
- Department of Anatomy and Clinical Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivana Bičanić
- Department of Anatomy and Clinical Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marija Baković
- Institute of Forensic Medicine and Criminalistics, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Zdravko Petanjek
- Laboratory for Neuromorphometry, Department of Neuroscience, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb Zagreb, Croatia ; Department of Anatomy and Clinical Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb Zagreb, Croatia
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41
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Smiley JF, Hackett TA, Preuss TM, Bleiwas C, Figarsky K, Mann JJ, Rosoklija G, Javitt DC, Dwork AJ. Hemispheric asymmetry of primary auditory cortex and Heschl's gyrus in schizophrenia and nonpsychiatric brains. Psychiatry Res 2013; 214:435-43. [PMID: 24148910 PMCID: PMC3851973 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2013.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Revised: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Heschl's gyrus (HG) is reported to have a normal left>right hemispheric volume asymmetry, and reduced asymmetry in schizophrenia. Primary auditory cortex (A1) occupies the caudal-medial surface of HG, but it is unclear if A1 has normal asymmetry, or whether its asymmetry is altered in schizophrenia. To address these issues, we compared bilateral gray matter volumes of HG and A1, and neuron density and number in A1, in autopsy brains from male subjects with or without schizophrenia. Comparison of diagnostic groups did not reveal altered gray matter volumes, neuron density, neuron number or hemispheric asymmetries in schizophrenia. With respect to hemispheric differences, HG displayed a clear left>right asymmetry of gray matter volume. Area A1 occupied nearly half of HG, but had less consistent volume asymmetry, that was clearly present only in a subgroup of archival brains from elderly subjects. Neuron counts, in layers IIIb-c and V-VI, showed that the A1 volume asymmetry reflected differences in neuron number, and was not caused simply by changes in neuron density. Our findings confirm previous reports of striking hemispheric asymmetry of HG, and additionally show evidence that A1 has a corresponding asymmetry, although less consistent than that of HG.
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Affiliation(s)
- John F. Smiley
- Program in Cognitive Neuroscience and Schizophrenia, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA,Corresponding author: John F. Smiley, Ph.D., Program in Cognitive Neuroscience and Schizophrenia, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, 140 Old Orangeburg Rd., Orangeburg, NY 10962, Phone: 845-398-6601, Fax: 845-398-5531,
| | - Troy A. Hackett
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Todd M. Preuss
- Division of Neuropharmacology and Neurologic Diseases, Yerkes National Primate Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Cynthia Bleiwas
- Program in Cognitive Neuroscience and Schizophrenia, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA
| | - Khadija Figarsky
- Program in Cognitive Neuroscience and Schizophrenia, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA
| | - J. John Mann
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA,Department of Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gorazd Rosoklija
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA,Department of Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA,Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Skopje, Macedonia
| | - Daniel C. Javitt
- Program in Cognitive Neuroscience and Schizophrenia, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA,Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Andrew J. Dwork
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA,Department of Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
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Moyer CE, Delevich KM, Fish KN, Asafu-Adjei JK, Sampson AR, Dorph-Petersen KA, Lewis DA, Sweet RA. Intracortical excitatory and thalamocortical boutons are intact in primary auditory cortex in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2013; 149:127-34. [PMID: 23830684 PMCID: PMC3756893 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2013.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Revised: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is associated with auditory processing impairments that could arise as a result of primary auditory cortex excitatory circuit pathology. We have previously reported a deficit in dendritic spine density in deep layer 3 of primary auditory cortex in subjects with schizophrenia. As boutons and spines can be structurally and functionally co-regulated, we asked whether the densities of intracortical excitatory or thalamocortical presynaptic boutons are also reduced. We studied 2 cohorts of subjects with schizophrenia and matched controls, comprising 27 subject pairs, and assessed the density, number, and within-bouton vesicular glutamate transporter (VGluT) protein level of intracortical excitatory (VGluT1-immunoreactive) and thalamocortical (VGluT2-immunoreactive) boutons in deep layer 3 of primary auditory cortex using quantitative confocal microscopy and stereologic sampling methods. We found that VGluT1- and VGluT2-immunoreactive puncta densities and numbers were not altered in deep layer 3 of primary auditory cortex of subjects with schizophrenia. Our results indicate that reduced dendritic spine density in primary auditory cortex of subjects with schizophrenia is not matched by a corresponding reduction in excitatory bouton density. This suggests excitatory boutons in primary auditory cortex in schizophrenia may synapse with structures other than spines, such as dendritic shafts, with greater frequency. The discrepancy between dendritic spine reduction and excitatory bouton preservation may contribute to functional impairments of the primary auditory cortex in subjects with schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin E. Moyer
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | | | - Kenneth N. Fish
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | | | - Allan R. Sampson
- Department of Statistics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Karl-Anton Dorph-Petersen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
- Centre for Psychiatric Research, Aarhus University Hospital, Risskov, Risskov, Denmark
- Centre for Stochastic Geometry and Advanced Bioimaging, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - David A. Lewis
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Robert A. Sweet
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
- VISN 4 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
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43
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Reduced glutamate decarboxylase 65 protein within primary auditory cortex inhibitory boutons in schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 2012; 72:734-43. [PMID: 22624794 PMCID: PMC3465514 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2011] [Revised: 04/12/2012] [Accepted: 04/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schizophrenia is associated with perceptual and physiological auditory processing impairments that may result from primary auditory cortex excitatory and inhibitory circuit pathology. High-frequency oscillations are important for auditory function and are often reported to be disrupted in schizophrenia. These oscillations may, in part, depend on upregulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid synthesis by glutamate decarboxylase 65 (GAD65) in response to high interneuron firing rates. It is not known whether levels of GAD65 protein or GAD65-expressing boutons are altered in schizophrenia. METHODS We studied two cohorts of subjects with schizophrenia and matched control subjects, comprising 27 pairs of subjects. Relative fluorescence intensity, density, volume, and number of GAD65-immunoreactive boutons in primary auditory cortex were measured using quantitative confocal microscopy and stereologic sampling methods. Bouton fluorescence intensities were used to compare the relative expression of GAD65 protein within boutons between diagnostic groups. Additionally, we assessed the correlation between previously measured dendritic spine densities and GAD65-immunoreactive bouton fluorescence intensities. RESULTS GAD65-immunoreactive bouton fluorescence intensity was reduced by 40% in subjects with schizophrenia and was correlated with previously measured reduced spine density. The reduction was greater in subjects who were not living independently at time of death. In contrast, GAD65-immunoreactive bouton density and number were not altered in deep layer 3 of primary auditory cortex of subjects with schizophrenia. CONCLUSIONS Decreased expression of GAD65 protein within inhibitory boutons could contribute to auditory impairments in schizophrenia. The correlated reductions in dendritic spines and GAD65 protein suggest a relationship between inhibitory and excitatory synapse pathology in primary auditory cortex.
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Bohner G, Milakara D, Witthaus H, Gallinat J, Scheel M, Juckel G, Klingebiel R. MTR abnormalities in subjects at ultra-high risk for schizophrenia and first-episode schizophrenic patients compared to healthy controls. Schizophr Res 2012; 137:85-90. [PMID: 22377101 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2012.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2011] [Revised: 12/29/2011] [Accepted: 01/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroimaging studies have suggested gray (GM) and white matter (WM) abnormalities in early stages of schizophrenia. We aimed at evaluating subtle parenchymal alterations in individuals at ultra-high risk (UHR) for transition into psychosis and first-episode schizophrenic (FES) patients by measuring the magnetization transfer ratio (MTR). METHODS AND MATERIAL In a cross-sectional study magnetization transfer images and high-resolution volumetric T1-weighted images were acquired in 70 age- and gender-matched subjects (25 UHR subjects, 16 FES patients and 29 controls) in a 1.5Tesla scanner. Following normalization of MTR-maps the intensity histograms were analyzed by performing a Kruskal-Wallis-test. RESULTS Gray matter MTR decreases were depicted in UHR subjects solely, involving the cingulate gyrus and precentral cortex. WM MTR alterations were more pronounced in FES than in UHR patients and exclusively affected the frontal lobe bilaterally. In addition, UHR subjects showed bilateral MTR decreases at the stria terminalis though statistically significant only on the left side (p=0.018.) CONCLUSION Our results indicate GM affection earlier on during disease progression as well as cumulative WM affection within frontal lobes during transition from UHR to FES. MTR reductions at the stria terminalis of UHR patients points to the involvement of the extended amygdala in the prodromal disease stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Bohner
- Department of Neuroradiology, Charité Campus Mitte, 10117 Berlin, Germany
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45
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Glausier JR, Lewis DA. Dendritic spine pathology in schizophrenia. Neuroscience 2012; 251:90-107. [PMID: 22546337 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.04.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 377] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2012] [Revised: 03/22/2012] [Accepted: 04/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a neurodevelopmental disorder whose clinical features include impairments in perception, cognition and motivation. These impairments reflect alterations in neuronal circuitry within and across multiple brain regions that are due, at least in part, to deficits in dendritic spines, the site of most excitatory synaptic connections. Dendritic spine alterations have been identified in multiple brain regions in schizophrenia, but are best characterized in layer 3 of the neocortex, where pyramidal cell spine density is lower. These spine deficits appear to arise during development, and thus are likely the result of disturbances in the molecular mechanisms that underlie spine formation, pruning, and/or maintenance. Each of these mechanisms may provide insight into novel therapeutic targets for preventing or repairing the alterations in neural circuitry that mediate the debilitating symptoms of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Glausier
- Translational Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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46
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Field JR, Walker AG, Conn PJ. Targeting glutamate synapses in schizophrenia. Trends Mol Med 2011; 17:689-98. [PMID: 21955406 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2011.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2011] [Revised: 08/12/2011] [Accepted: 08/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Although early clinical observations implicated dopamine dysfunction in the neuropathology of schizophrenia, accumulating evidence suggests that multiple neurotransmitter pathways are dysregulated. The psychotomimetic actions of NMDA receptor antagonists point to an imbalance of glutamatergic signaling. Encouragingly, numerous preclinical and clinical studies have elucidated several potential targets for increasing NMDA receptor function and equilibrating glutamatergic tone, including the metabotropic glutamate receptors 2, 3 and 5, the muscarinic acetylcholine receptors M(1) and M(4), and the glycine transporter GlyT1. Highly specific allosteric and orthosteric ligands have been developed that modify the activity of these novel target proteins, and in this review we summarize both the glutamatergic mechanisms and the novel compounds that are increasing the promise for a multifaceted pharmacological approach to treat schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie R Field
- Department of Pharmacology and Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37212, USA
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47
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Smiley JF, Rosoklija G, Mancevski B, Pergolizzi D, Figarsky K, Bleiwas C, Duma A, Mann JJ, Javitt DC, Dwork AJ. Hemispheric comparisons of neuron density in the planum temporale of schizophrenia and nonpsychiatric brains. Psychiatry Res 2011; 192:1-11. [PMID: 21377842 PMCID: PMC3071586 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2010.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2010] [Revised: 11/04/2010] [Accepted: 11/17/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Postmortem and in vivo studies of schizophrenia frequently reveal reduced cortical volume, but the underlying cellular abnormalities are incompletely defined. One influential hypothesis, especially investigated in Brodmann's area 9 of prefrontal cortex, is that the number of neurons is normal, and the volume change is caused by reduction of the surrounding neuropil. However, studies have differed on whether the cortex has the increased neuron density that is predicted by this hypothesis. In a recent study of bilateral planum temporale (PT), we reported smaller volume and width of the outer cortex (layers I-III), especially in the left hemisphere, among subjects with schizophrenia. In the present study, we measured neuron density and size in the same PT samples, and also in prefrontal area 9 of the same brains. In the PT, separate stereological measurements were made in layers II, IIIc, and VI, whereas area 9 was sampled in layer IIIb-c. In both cortical regions, there was no significant effect of schizophrenia on neuronal density or size. There was, nevertheless, a trend-level right>left hemispheric asymmetry of neuron density in the PT, which may partially explain the previously reported left>right asymmetry of cortical width. In schizophrenia, our findings suggest that closer packing of neurons may not always explain reduced cortical volume, and subtly decreased neuron number may be a contributing factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- John F Smiley
- Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA.
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Garey L. When cortical development goes wrong: schizophrenia as a neurodevelopmental disease of microcircuits. J Anat 2011; 217:324-33. [PMID: 20408906 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2010.01231.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia probably has a developmental origin. This review refers to three of our published series of studies related to this hypothesis: loss of dendritic spines on cerebral neocortical pyramidal neurons, decreased numerical density of glutamatergic neurons, and microgliosis. First, brains of schizophrenic patients and non-schizophrenic controls were obtained post mortem and blocks of multiple cortical areas impregnated with a Rapid Golgi method. Spines were counted on the dendrites of pyramidal neurons of which the soma was in layer III (which takes part in corticocortical connectivity) and which met strict criteria for impregnation quality. Data were obtained blind: diagnoses were only revealed by a third party after measurements were completed. The mean spine count in all cortical areas studied in the control series was 243 mm(-1) of dendrite and in the schizophrenics 108. Measurements in frontal and temporal association cortex showed the greatest reduction in spine number in schizophrenia (299 in control frontal cortex and 101 in schizophrenics, and 276 mm(-1) in control temporal cortex and 125 in schizophrenics). There was no correlation of spine loss with age at death. Our results support the concept of a neurodevelopmental defect in the neuropil affecting glutamatergic neurons in schizophrenia and may help to explain loss of cortical volume without loss of neurons. In a second part of our study we used an antibody to the kainate receptor subunit GluR 5/6/7 and showed a decrease in numerical density of presumed glutamatergic neurons in schizophrenic orbitofrontal cortex. Finally, as glia play a major role in the developing nervous system, we investigated whether schizophrenia was associated with glial changes in frontal and temporal cortex. Astroglia and microglia were identified in schizophrenic and control brains, using antibodies to glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and class II human leucocyte antigen (HLA-DR), respectively. Significant increases were found in microglial numerical density in schizophrenics compared with controls: 28% in frontal area 9 (115 cells mm(-2) compared with 89), and a 57% increase in temporal area 22 (139 cells mm(-2) compared with 88). For both areas, astroglia showed no significant differences between schizophrenics and controls. No significant differences were found in cortical thickness or total neuronal numerical density between the two groups. This specific increase in numerical density of microglia in temporal and frontal cortex of chronic schizophrenics, not related to aging, could be related to possible changes in cortical neuropil architecture as revealed by loss of dendritic spines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Garey
- Centre for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Morphometric analysis of neuronal and glial cell pathology in the caudate nucleus in late-life depression. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2011; 19:132-41. [PMID: 20808096 DOI: 10.1097/jgp.0b013e3181df4642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess glial and neuronal density and neuronal volume in two areas of the caudate nucleus in late-life major depression. DESIGN A postmortem study using the disector and nucleator methods to estimate neuronal density and volume and glial density of cells from human brain tissue from the anterior portion (dorsolateral and ventromedial aspects) of the caudate nucleus. SETTING Brain tissues were obtained from the Newcastle Brain Tissue Resource at Newcastle University, UK. PARTICIPANTS The study group consisted of 13 subjects with late-life major depression and nine comparison subjects of similar age. RESULTS Evidence of moderate reductions in neuronal density was found in the depressed group in both the dorsolateral and ventromedial areas of the caudate nucleus. There were no significant changes in glial density or neuronal volume in either area nor was there any evidence of differences in depression in early and late-onset subgroups. CONCLUSIONS Neuroimaging abnormalities in frontal and subcortical areas including ischemic hyperintensities and a reduction in volume and metabolism in the caudate nucleus have been reported in late-life depression, and previous morphometric studies have reported neuronal changes in prefrontal cortical areas. The findings in this study extend these morphometric investigations in late-life depression to the caudate nucleus, suggesting that neuronal abnormalities are present in this subcortical nucleus as well as in these related prefrontal areas.
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Chen Y, Lai W. Behavioral phenotyping of v-akt murine thymoma viral oncogene homolog 1-deficient mice reveals a sex-specific prepulse inhibition deficit in females that can be partially alleviated by glycogen synthase kinase-3 inhibitors but not by antipsychotics. Neuroscience 2011; 174:178-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.09.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2010] [Revised: 09/24/2010] [Accepted: 09/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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