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Yuan A, Claussen C, Jones Z, Tang B, Dafny N. Methylphenidate induces a different response in the dorsal raphe as compared to ventral tegmental area and locus coeruleus: behavioral and concomitant neuronal recordings in adult rats. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2023; 130:1579-1599. [PMID: 37391573 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-023-02665-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
Methylphenidate (MPD) is a psychostimulant used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. MPD exerts its neurocognitive effects through increasing concentrations of dopamine (DA), norepinephrine (NE), and serotonin (5-HT) in the neuronal synapse. This study recorded from adult freely behaving rats a total of 1170 neurons, 403 from the ventral tegmental area (VTA), 409 from locus coeruleus (LC), and 356 from dorsal raphe (DR) nucleus, which are the main sources of DA, NE, and 5-HT to the mesocorticolimbic circuitry, respectively. Electrophysiological and behavioral activities were recorded simultaneously following acute and repetitive (chronic) saline or 0.6, 2.5, or 10.0 mg/kg MPD. The uniqueness of this study is the evaluation of neuronal activity based on the behavioral response to chronic MPD. Animals received daily saline or MPD administration on experimental days 1-6 (ED1-6), followed by a 3-day wash-out period, and then MPD rechallenge on ED10. Each chronic MPD dose elicits behavioral sensitization in some animals, while in others, behavioral tolerance. Neuronal excitation following chronic MPD was observed in brains areas of animals exhibiting behavioral sensitization, while neuronal attenuation following chronic MPD was observed in those animals expressing behavioral tolerance. DR neuronal activity was most affected in response to acute and chronic MPD administration and responded differently compared to the neurons recorded from VTA and LC neurons at all doses. This suggests that although not directly related, DR and 5-HT are involved in the acute and chronic effects of MPD in adult rats, but exhibit a different role in response to MPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Yuan
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, McGovern Medical School at University of Texas Health Sciences Center, 6431 Fannin Street, MSB 7.208, Houston, TX, 77030-2501, USA
| | - Catherine Claussen
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, McGovern Medical School at University of Texas Health Sciences Center, 6431 Fannin Street, MSB 7.208, Houston, TX, 77030-2501, USA
| | - Zachary Jones
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, McGovern Medical School at University of Texas Health Sciences Center, 6431 Fannin Street, MSB 7.208, Houston, TX, 77030-2501, USA
| | - Bin Tang
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, McGovern Medical School at University of Texas Health Sciences Center, 6431 Fannin Street, MSB 7.208, Houston, TX, 77030-2501, USA
| | - Nachum Dafny
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, McGovern Medical School at University of Texas Health Sciences Center, 6431 Fannin Street, MSB 7.208, Houston, TX, 77030-2501, USA.
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Yuan A, Kharas N, King N, Yang P, Dafny N. Methylphenidate cross-sensitization with amphetamine is dose dependent but not age dependent. Behav Brain Res 2023; 438:114178. [PMID: 36341913 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2022.114178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Psychostimulants such as methylphenidate (MPD) and amphetamine (AMP) are often prescribed to young children and adolescents to treat behavioral disorders, or used to improve their intellectual performance in our competitive society. This is concerning as the temporal effects of how MPD exposure at a young age influences the response to MPD and AMP administration later in adulthood remains unclear. The objective of this study was to test whether MPD has the characteristics of substances that elicit behavioral symptoms of dependence and whether those effects are influenced by the initial age of MPD exposure. Three control and nine experimental groups of male rats were used. They were exposed to repetitive (chronic) 0.6, 2.5, or 10.0 mg/kg MPD in adolescence only, adulthood only, or adolescence and adulthood respectively. Then all groups were subsequently re-challenged with a single AMP dose in adulthood to test whether cross-sensitization between MPD and AMP was expressed, potentially as a result of prior MPD consumption. Exposure to 2.5 mg/kg and 10.0 mg/kg MPD in adolescence and adulthood or in adulthood alone led to cross-sensitization with AMP while exposure to 0.6 mg/kg MPD in adolescence and adulthood or in adulthood alone did not lead to cross-sensitization with AMP. Thus, these results indicate that MPD cross-sensitization with AMP is dose dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Yuan
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Texas Health at the McGovern Medical School, 6431 Fannin Street, Houston TX 77030, United States
| | - Natasha Kharas
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Texas Health at the McGovern Medical School, 6431 Fannin Street, Houston TX 77030, United States
| | - Nicholas King
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Texas Health at the McGovern Medical School, 6431 Fannin Street, Houston TX 77030, United States
| | - Pamela Yang
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Texas Health at the McGovern Medical School, 6431 Fannin Street, Houston TX 77030, United States
| | - Nachum Dafny
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Texas Health at the McGovern Medical School, 6431 Fannin Street, Houston TX 77030, United States.
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3
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Mitra S, Thomas SA, Martin JA, Williams J, Woodhouse K, Chandra R, Li JX, Lobo MK, Sim FJ, Dietz DM. EGR3 regulates opioid-related nociception and motivation in male rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2022; 239:3539-3550. [PMID: 36098762 PMCID: PMC10094589 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-022-06226-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Chronic pain can be a debilitating condition, leading to profound changes in nearly every aspect of life. However, the reliance on opioids such as oxycodone for pain management is thought to initiate dependence and addiction liability. The neurobiological intersection at which opioids relieve pain and possibly transition to addiction is poorly understood. Using RNA sequencing pathway analysis in rats with complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)-induced chronic inflammation, we found that the transcriptional signatures in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC; a brain region where pain and reward signals integrate) elicited by CFA in combination with oxycodone differed from those elicited by CFA or oxycodone alone. However, the expression of Egr3 was augmented in all animals receiving oxycodone. Furthermore, virus-mediated overexpression of EGR3 in the mPFC increased mechanical pain relief but not the affective aspect of pain in animals receiving oxycodone, whereas pharmacological inhibition of EGR3 via NFAT attenuated mechanical pain relief. Egr3 overexpression also increased the motivation to obtain oxycodone infusions in a progressive ratio test without altering the acquisition or maintenance of oxycodone self-administration. Taken together, these data suggest that EGR3 in the mPFC is at the intersection of nociceptive and addictive-like behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swarup Mitra
- Program in Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The State University of New York at Buffalo, 955 Main Street, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, John C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, 1700, 3rd Avenue, Huntington, WV, 25755, USA.
| | - Shruthi A Thomas
- Program in Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The State University of New York at Buffalo, 955 Main Street, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - Jennifer A Martin
- Program in Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The State University of New York at Buffalo, 955 Main Street, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - Jamal Williams
- Program in Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The State University of New York at Buffalo, 955 Main Street, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - Kristen Woodhouse
- Program in Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The State University of New York at Buffalo, 955 Main Street, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - Ramesh Chandra
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jun Xu Li
- Program in Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The State University of New York at Buffalo, 955 Main Street, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - Mary Kay Lobo
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Fraser J Sim
- Program in Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The State University of New York at Buffalo, 955 Main Street, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - David M Dietz
- Program in Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The State University of New York at Buffalo, 955 Main Street, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA.
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4
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Characterisation of methylphenidate-induced excitation in midbrain dopamine neurons, an electrophysiological study in the rat brain. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2022; 112:110406. [PMID: 34339759 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2021.110406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Methylphenidate (MPH) is a drug routinely used for patients with attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Concerns arise about psychostimulant use, with dramatic increases in prescriptions. Besides, antipsychotic drugs are often administered in combination with MPH. In this study, we examine the consequences of MPH exposure in combination with dopamine D2 receptor antagonism (eticlopride) on midbrain dopaminergic neurons in anaesthetised rodents, using in vivo extracellular single-cell electrophysiology. As expected, we show that methylphenidate (2 mg/kg, i.v.) decreases the firing and bursting activities of ventral tegmental area (VTA) dopamine neurons, an effect that is reversed with eticlopride (0.2 mg/kg, i.v.). However, using such a paradigm, we observed higher firing and bursting activities than under baseline conditions. Furthermore, we demonstrate that such an effect is dependent on dual alpha-1 and dopamine D1 receptors, as well as glutamatergic transmission, through glutamate N-Methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor activation. Chronic MPH treatment during adolescence greatly dampens MPH-induced excitatory effects measured at adulthood. To conclude, we demonstrated here that a combination of methylphenidate and a dopamine D2 receptor antagonist produced long-lasting consequences on midbrain dopamine neurons, via glutamatergic-dependent mechanisms.
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5
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Ramaekers JG, Mason NL, Theunissen EL. Blunted highs: Pharmacodynamic and behavioral models of cannabis tolerance. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2020; 36:191-205. [PMID: 32014378 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2020.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 12/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Acute exposure to cannabis comes with neurocognitive impairment, leading to increased risk of human error and injury. Evidence however indicates that such acute effects are less prominent in chronic users, suggesting cannabis tolerance. Models of cannabis tolerance stress the importance of neurobiological or behavioral adaptations following repeated cannabis exposure. The pharmacodynamic model relates neuroadaptive changes in the brain to a blunted response to cannabis. Downregulation of CB1 receptors in chronic cannabis users has been associated with a normalization of dopaminergic output from the ventral tegmental area to the mesolimbic circuit, and a reduction of impairment during acute cannabis exposure. Such neuroadaptions are absent in occasional users, who show strong increments of dopamine and glutamate levels in the striatum, a loss of functional connectivity within the mesolimbic circuit and neurocognitive impairments when exposed to cannabis. Evidence for a behavioral model of cannabis tolerance that poses that users can have volitional control to overcome functional impairment during cannabis intoxication is relatively weak, and at best shows limited control over a limited number of behavioral functions. Cannabis tolerance is most likely to occur in users that consume high doses of cannabis continuously, at a high pace, for a prolonged period of time. Knowledge on frequency, dose and duration of cannabis use that is needed to achieve, maintain or lessen tolerance however is very limited, but will be of importance in the context of cannabis therapeutics and in legal settings when evaluating the impact of cannabis exposure on human function.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Ramaekers
- Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Maastricht University, the Netherlands.
| | - N L Mason
- Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Maastricht University, the Netherlands
| | - E L Theunissen
- Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Maastricht University, the Netherlands
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6
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Elsayed NA, Yamamoto KM, Froehlich TE. Genetic Influence on Efficacy of Pharmacotherapy for Pediatric Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Overview and Current Status of Research. CNS Drugs 2020; 34:389-414. [PMID: 32133580 PMCID: PMC8083895 DOI: 10.1007/s40263-020-00702-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Multiple stimulant and non-stimulant medications are approved for the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), one of the most prevalent childhood neurodevelopmental disorders. Choosing among the available agents and determining the most effective ADHD medication for a given child can be a time-consuming process due to the high inter-individual variability in treatment efficacy. As a result, there is growing interest in identifying predictors of ADHD medication response in children through the burgeoning field of pharmacogenomics. This article reviews childhood ADHD pharmacogenomics efficacy studies published during the last decade (2009-2019), which have largely focused on pharmacodynamic candidate gene investigations of methylphenidate and atomoxetine response, with a smaller number investigating pharmacokinetic candidate genes and genome-wide approaches. Findings from studies which have advanced the field of ADHD pharmacogenomics through investigation of meta-analytic approaches and gene-gene interactions are also overviewed. Despite recent progress, no one genetic variant or currently available pharmacogenomics test has demonstrated clinical utility in pinpointing the optimal ADHD medication for a given individual patient, highlighting the need for further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nada A. Elsayed
- Division of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics,
Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA,Integrated Research Center for Fetal Medicine, Department
of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine,
Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kaila M. Yamamoto
- Division of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics,
Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Tanya E. Froehlich
- Division of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics,
Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College
of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA,Correspondence: Tanya Froehlich, MD,
Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave, MLC 4002,
Cincinnati, Ohio, USA 45229, Tel: 513-636-1154. Fax: 513-636-3800
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7
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Lijffijt M, O'Brien B, Salas R, Mathew SJ, Swann AC. Interactions of immediate and long-term action regulation in the course and complications of bipolar disorder. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 374:20180132. [PMID: 30966917 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2018.0132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Immediate and long-term mechanisms interact in the regulation of action. We will examine neurobiology and practical clinical consequences of these interactions. Long-term regulation of immediate behavioural control is based on analogous responses to highly rewarding or stressful stimuli: (i) impulsivity is a failure of the balance between activation and inhibition in the immediate regulation of action. (ii) Sensitization is a persistently exaggerated behavioural or physiological response to highly salient stimuli, such as addictive stimuli or inescapable stress. Sensitization can generalize across classes of stimuli. (iii) Impulsivity, possibly related to poor modulation of catecholaminergic and glutamatergic functions, may facilitate development of long-term sensitized responses to stressful or addictive stimuli. In turn, impulsivity is prominent in sensitized behaviour. (iv) While impulsivity and sensitization are general components of behaviour, their interactions are prominent in the course of bipolar disorder, emphasizing roles of substance-use, recurrent course and stressors. (v) Suicide is a complex and severe behaviour that exemplifies the manner in which impulsivity facilitates behavioural sensitization and is, in turn, increased by it, leading to inherently unpredictable behaviour. (vi) Interactions between impulsivity and sensitization can provide targets for complementary preventive and treatment strategies for severe immediate and long-term behavioural disorders. Progress along these lines will be facilitated by predictors of susceptibility to behavioural sensitization. This article is part of the theme issue 'Risk taking and impulsive behaviour: fundamental discoveries, theoretical perspectives and clinical implications'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marijn Lijffijt
- 1 Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine , Houston, TX 77030-4101 , USA.,2 Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center , Houston, TX 77030-4211 , USA
| | - Brittany O'Brien
- 1 Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine , Houston, TX 77030-4101 , USA
| | - Ramiro Salas
- 1 Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine , Houston, TX 77030-4101 , USA.,2 Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center , Houston, TX 77030-4211 , USA
| | - Sanjay J Mathew
- 1 Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine , Houston, TX 77030-4101 , USA.,2 Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center , Houston, TX 77030-4211 , USA
| | - Alan C Swann
- 1 Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine , Houston, TX 77030-4101 , USA.,2 Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center , Houston, TX 77030-4211 , USA
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8
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Floren S, King N, Carrasco A, Dafny N. Glutamate and dopamine in the VTA participate differently in the acute and chronic effect of methylphenidate. Behav Brain Res 2020; 380:112390. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.112390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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King N, Floren S, Kharas N, Thomas M, Dafny N. Glutaminergic signaling in the caudate nucleus is required for behavioral sensitization to methylphenidate. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2019; 184:172737. [PMID: 31228508 PMCID: PMC6692216 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2019.172737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Methylphenidate (MPD) is a widely prescribed psychostimulant for the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and is growing in use as a recreational drug and academic enhancer. MPD acts on the reward/motive and motor circuits of the CNS to produce its effects on behavior. The caudate nucleus (CN) is known to be a part of these circuits, so a lesion study was designed to elucidate the role of the CN in response to acute and chronic MPD exposure. Five groups of n = 8 rats were used: control, sham CN lesions, non-specific electrolytic CN lesions, dopaminergic-specific (6-OHDA toxin) CN lesion, and glutaminergic-specific (ibotenic acid toxin) CN lesions. On experimental day (ED) 1, all groups received saline injections. On ED 2, surgeries took place, followed by a 5-day recovery period (ED 3-7). Groups then received six daily MPD 2.5 mg/kg injections (ED 9-14), then three days of washout with no injection (ED 15-17), followed by a re-challenge with the previous 2.5 mg/kg MPD dose (ED 18). Locomotive activity was recorded for 60 min after each injection by a computerized animal activity monitor. The electrolytic CN lesion group responded to the MPD acute and chronic exposures similarly to the control and sham groups, showing an increase in locomotive activity, i.e. sensitization. The dopaminergic-specific CN lesion group failed to respond to MPD exposure both acute and chronically. The glutaminergic-specific CN lesion group responded to MPD exposure acutely but failed to manifest chronic effects. This confirms the CN's dopaminergic system is necessary for MPD to manifest its acute and chronic effects on behavior, and demonstrates that the CN's glutaminergic system is necessary for the chronic effects of MPD such as sensitization. Thus, the dopaminergic and glutaminergic components of the CN play a significant role in differentially modulating the acute and chronic effects of MPD respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas King
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Texas Health at the McGovern Medical School, 6431 Fannin Street, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Samuel Floren
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Texas Health at the McGovern Medical School, 6431 Fannin Street, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Natasha Kharas
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Texas Health at the McGovern Medical School, 6431 Fannin Street, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Ming Thomas
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Texas Health at the McGovern Medical School, 6431 Fannin Street, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Nachum Dafny
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Texas Health at the McGovern Medical School, 6431 Fannin Street, Houston, TX 77030, United States.
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10
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Huang X, Wang M, Zhang Q, Chen X, Wu J. The role of glutamate receptors in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: From physiology to disease. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2019; 180:272-286. [PMID: 30953404 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most common psychiatric disorder in children and adolescents, which is characterized by behavioral problems such as attention deficit, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. As the receptors of the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS), glutamate receptors (GluRs) are strongly linked to normal brain functioning and pathological processes. Extensive investigations have been made about the structure, function, and regulation of GluR family, describing evidences that support the disruption of these mechanisms in mental disorders, including ADHD. In this review, we briefly described the family and function of GluRs in the CNS, and discussed what is recently known about the role of GluRs in ADHD, that including GluR genes, animal models, and the treatment, which would help us further elucidate the etiology of ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Min Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xinzhen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Wu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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11
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Di Miceli M, Omoloye A, Gronier B. Chronic methylphenidate treatment during adolescence has long-term effects on monoaminergic function. J Psychopharmacol 2019; 33:109-121. [PMID: 30334678 DOI: 10.1177/0269881118805494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psychostimulants like methylphenidate or D-amphetamine are often prescribed for attention deficit and hyperactivity disorders in children. Whether such drugs can be administered into a developing brain without consequences in adulthood is still an open question. METHODS Here, using in vivo extracellular electrophysiology in anesthetised preparations, combined with behavioural assays, we have examined the long-term consequences in adulthood of a chronic methylphenidate oral administration (5 mg/kg/day, 15 days) in early adolescent (post-natal day 28) and late adolescent (post-natal day 42) rats, by evaluating body weight change, sucrose preference (indicator of anhedonia), locomotor sensitivity to D-amphetamine and electrical activities of ventral tegmental area dopamine and dorsal raphe nucleus serotonin neurons. RESULTS Chronic methylphenidate treatment during early or late adolescence did not induce weight deficiencies and anhedonia-like behaviours at adulthood. However, it increased bursting activities of dorsal raphe nucleus serotonin neurons. Furthermore, chronic methylphenidate treatment during early but not during late adolescence enhanced D-amphetamine-induced rearing activity, as well as ventral tegmental area dopamine cell excitability (firing, burst and population activity), associated with a partial desensitisation of dopamine D2 auto-receptors. CONCLUSIONS We have demonstrated here that early, but not late, adolescent exposure to oral methylphenidate may induce long-lasting effects on monoamine neurotransmission. The possible clinical implication of these data will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Di Miceli
- Pharmacology and Neuroscience Research Group, Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, Leicester, UK
| | - Adesina Omoloye
- Pharmacology and Neuroscience Research Group, Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, Leicester, UK
| | - Benjamin Gronier
- Pharmacology and Neuroscience Research Group, Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, Leicester, UK
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12
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Kim JI, Kim JW, Park JE, Park S, Hong SB, Han DH, Cheong JH, Choi JW, Lee S, Kim BN. Association of the GRIN2B rs2284411 polymorphism with methylphenidate response in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Psychopharmacol 2017; 31:1070-1077. [PMID: 27624150 DOI: 10.1177/0269881116667707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We investigated the possible association between two NMDA subunit gene polymorphisms (GRIN2B rs2284411 and GRIN2A rs2229193) and treatment response to methylphenidate (MPH) in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). METHODS A total of 75 ADHD patients aged 6-17 years underwent 6 months of MPH administration. Treatment response was defined by changes in scores of the ADHD-IV Rating Scale (ADHD-RS), clinician-rated Clinical Global Impression-Improvement (CGI-I), and Continuous Performance Test (CPT). The association of the GRIN2B and GRIN2A polymorphisms with treatment response was analyzed using logistic regression analyses. RESULTS The GRIN2B rs2284411 C/C genotype showed significantly better treatment response as assessed by ADHD-RS inattention ( p=0.009) and CGI-I scores ( p=0.009), and there was a nominally significant association in regard to ADHD-RS hyperactivity-impulsivity ( p=0.028) and total ( p=0.023) scores, after adjusting for age, sex, IQ, baseline Clinical Global Impression-Severity (CGI-S) score, baseline ADHD-RS total score, and final MPH dose. The GRIN2B C/C genotype also showed greater improvement at the CPT response time variability ( p<0.001). The GRIN2A G/G genotype was associated with a greater improvement in commission errors of the CPT compared to the G/A genotype ( p=0.001). CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that the GRIN2B rs2284411 genotype may be an important predictor of MPH response in ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna I Kim
- 1 Department of Research Planning, Mental Health Research Institute, National Center for Mental Health, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Won Kim
- 1 Department of Research Planning, Mental Health Research Institute, National Center for Mental Health, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Eun Park
- 2 Animal Genomics and Bioinformatics Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Wanju, Republic of Korea
| | - Subin Park
- 3 Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon-Beom Hong
- 1 Department of Research Planning, Mental Health Research Institute, National Center for Mental Health, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Doug Hyun Han
- 4 Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Chung Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hoon Cheong
- 5 Uimyung Research Institute for Neuroscience, Sahmyook University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Won Choi
- 1 Department of Research Planning, Mental Health Research Institute, National Center for Mental Health, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sumin Lee
- 1 Department of Research Planning, Mental Health Research Institute, National Center for Mental Health, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Bung-Nyun Kim
- 1 Department of Research Planning, Mental Health Research Institute, National Center for Mental Health, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Yashiro S, Seki K. Association of social defeat stress-induced anhedonia-like symptoms with mGluR1-dependent decrease in membrane-bound AMPA-GluR1 in the mouse ventral midbrain. Stress 2017; 20:404-418. [PMID: 28554247 DOI: 10.1080/10253890.2017.1336534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Anhedonia is a core symptom of social defeat stress (SDS)-induced depression associated with the reward system. We previously reported that decreased membrane-bound AMPA-GluR1 in the reward system is associated with lipopolysaccharide-induced anhedonia-like symptoms. Since group I metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) activation reduces the surface density of GluR1, we examined whether group I mGluR-dependent decrease in membrane-bound GluR1 in the reward system is involved in SDS-induced anhedonia-like symptoms. Mice exposed to SDS for 4 consecutive days had markedly decreased membrane-bound GluR1 and GluR2 in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and membrane-bound GluR1 in the ventral midbrain (VM) along with lower sucrose preference (SP). Intra-PFC injection of the group I mGluR agonist (S)-3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine (DHPG; 100 μmol) demonstrated decrease in membrane-bound GluR1 and GluR2 in the PFC 2 and 24 h and membrane-bound GluR1 in the VM 24 h after injection. Moreover, intra-PFC injection of DHPG decreased SP only in the second 24-h (24-48 h) period. Conversely, intra-VM injection of DHPG decreased SP in both the first and second 24-h period and decreased membrane-bound GluR1 in the VM 2 and 24 h after injection. Pre-treatment with the mGluR1 antagonist JNJ16259685 (30 mg/kg, subcutaneous) prevented SDS-decreased SP and membrane-bound GluR1 in the VM. The mGluR5 antagonist 2-methyl-6-(phenylethynyl)pyridine (MPEP; 10 mg/kg, subcutaneous) prevented SDS-induced decrease in membrane-bound GluR1 and GluR2 in the PFC, whereas MPEP did not affect SDS-induced decrease in SP and membrane-bound GluR1 in the VM. These results suggest that mGluR1-mediated decrease in membrane-bound GluR1 in VM is involved in SDS-induced anhedonia-like symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayori Yashiro
- a Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Science , Ohu University , Tomitamachi, Koriyama , Fukushima , Japan
| | - Kenjiro Seki
- a Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Science , Ohu University , Tomitamachi, Koriyama , Fukushima , Japan
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Dela Peña I, Gevorkiana R, Shi WX. Psychostimulants affect dopamine transmission through both dopamine transporter-dependent and independent mechanisms. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 764:562-570. [PMID: 26209364 PMCID: PMC4600454 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.07.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Revised: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The precise mechanisms by which cocaine and amphetamine-like psychostimulants exert their reinforcing effects are not yet fully defined. It is widely believed, however, that these drugs produce their effects by enhancing dopamine neurotransmission in the brain, especially in limbic areas such as the nucleus accumbens, by inducing dopamine transporter-mediated reverse transport and/or blocking dopamine reuptake though the dopamine transporter. Here, we present the evidence that aside from dopamine transporter, non-dopamine transporter-mediated mechanisms also participate in psychostimulant-induced dopamine release and contribute to the behavioral effects of these drugs, such as locomotor activation and reward. Accordingly, psychostimulants could increase norepinephrine release in the prefrontal cortex, the latter then alters the firing pattern of dopamine neurons resulting in changes in action potential-dependent dopamine release. These alterations would further affect the temporal pattern of dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens, thereby modifying information processing in that area. Hence, a synaptic input to a nucleus accumbens neuron may be enhanced or inhibited by dopamine depending on its temporal relationship to dopamine release. Specific temporal patterns of dopamine release may also be required for certain forms of synaptic plasticity in the nucleus accumbens. Together, these effects induced by psychostimulants, mediated through a non-dopamine transporter-mediated mechanism involving norepinephrine and the prefrontal cortex, may also contribute importantly to the reinforcing properties of these drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ike Dela Peña
- Departments of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, Loma Linda University Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA.
| | - Ruzanna Gevorkiana
- Departments of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, Loma Linda University Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Wei-Xing Shi
- Departments of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, Loma Linda University Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA; Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA.
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15
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Schwarz R, Reif A, Scholz CJ, Weissflog L, Schmidt B, Lesch KP, Jacob C, Reichert S, Heupel J, Volkert J, Kopf J, Hilscher M, Weber H, Kittel-Schneider S. A preliminary study on methylphenidate-regulated gene expression in lymphoblastoid cells of ADHD patients. World J Biol Psychiatry 2015; 16:180-9. [PMID: 25162476 DOI: 10.3109/15622975.2014.948064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Methylphenidate (MPH) is a commonly used stimulant medication for treating attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Besides inhibiting monoamine reuptake there is evidence that MPH also influences gene expression directly. METHODS We investigated the impact of MPH treatment on gene expression levels of lymphoblastoid cells derived from adult ADHD patients and healthy controls by hypothesis-free, genome-wide microarray analysis. Significant findings were subsequently confirmed by quantitative Real-Time PCR (qRT PCR) analysis. RESULTS The microarray analysis from pooled samples after correction for multiple testing revealed 138 genes to be marginally significantly regulated due to MPH treatment, and one gene due to diagnosis. By qRT PCR we could confirm that GUCY1B3 expression was differential due to diagnosis. We verified chronic MPH treatment effects on the expression of ATXN1, HEY1, MAP3K8 and GLUT3 in controls as well as acute treatment effects on the expression of NAV2 and ATXN1 specifically in ADHD patients. CONCLUSIONS Our preliminary results demonstrate MPH treatment differences in ADHD patients and healthy controls in a peripheral primary cell model. Our results need to be replicated in larger samples and also using patient-derived neuronal cell models to validate the contribution of those genes to the pathophysiology of ADHD and mode of action of MPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricarda Schwarz
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Würzburg , Würzburg , Germany
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Cheng J, Xiong Z, Duffney LJ, Wei J, Liu A, Liu S, Chen GJ, Yan Z. Methylphenidate exerts dose-dependent effects on glutamate receptors and behaviors. Biol Psychiatry 2014; 76:953-62. [PMID: 24832867 PMCID: PMC4194277 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Revised: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methylphenidate (MPH), a psychostimulant drug used to treat attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, produces the effects of increasing alertness and improving attention. However, misuse of MPH has been associated with an increased risk of aggression and psychosis. We sought to determine the molecular mechanism underlying the complex actions of MPH. METHODS Adolescent (4-week-old) rats were given one injection of MPH at different doses. The impact of MPH on glutamatergic signaling in pyramidal neurons of prefrontal cortex was measured. Behavioral changes induced by MPH were also examined in parallel. RESULTS Administration of low-dose (.5 mg/kg) MPH selectively potentiated N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR)-mediated excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) via adrenergic receptor activation, whereas high-dose (10 mg/kg) MPH suppressed both NMDAR-mediated and alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid receptor-mediated EPSCs. The dual effects of MPH on EPSCs were associated with bidirectional changes in the surface level of glutamate receptor subunits. Behavioral tests also indicated that low-dose MPH facilitated prefrontal cortex-mediated temporal order recognition memory and attention. Animals injected with high-dose MPH exhibited significantly elevated locomotive activity. Inhibiting the function of synaptosomal-associated protein 25, a key SNARE protein involved in NMDAR exocytosis, blocked the increase of NMDAR-mediated EPSCs by low-dose MPH. In animals exposed to repeated stress, administration of low-dose MPH effectively restored NMDAR function and temporal order recognition memory via a mechanism dependent on synaptosomal-associated protein 25. CONCLUSIONS These results provide a potential mechanism underlying the cognitive-enhancing effects of low-dose MPH as well as the psychosis-inducing effects of high-dose MPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Cheng
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, State University of New York at Buffalo, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Zhe Xiong
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, State University of New York at Buffalo, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Lara J. Duffney
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, State University of New York at Buffalo, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Jing Wei
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, State University of New York at Buffalo, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Aiyi Liu
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, State University of New York at Buffalo, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, NY, USA,Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Sihang Liu
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, State University of New York at Buffalo, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Guo-Jun Chen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Zhen Yan
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York; Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
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Park S, Kim BN, Cho SC, Kim JW, Kim JI, Shin MS, Yoo HJ, Han DH, Cheong JH. The metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 7 rs3792452 polymorphism is associated with the response to methylphenidate in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2014; 24:223-7. [PMID: 24815731 DOI: 10.1089/cap.2013.0079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between the metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 7 (mGluR7) gene (GRM7) polymorphism and treatment response to methylphenidate in Korean children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). METHODS We enrolled 175 medication-naïve children with ADHD in an open-label 8 week trial of methylphenidate. The participants were genotyped and evaluated using the Clinical Global Impressions (CGI) Scale and the parent version of the ADHD Rating Scale-IV (ADHD-RS) before and after treatment. RESULTS After the 8 week course of methylphenidate, children with the GRM7 rs37952452 polymorphism G/A genotype had a more pronounced response rate to the treatment than did children with the G/G genotype according to the ADHD-RS scores (72.2% vs. 55.4%, respectively; p=0.011) and the more stringent standard of combined ADHD-RS and CGI-Improvement (CGI-I) scores (50.0% vs. 35.3%, respectively; p=0.044). CONCLUSIONS The present study suggests that the GRM7 rs37952452 polymorphism may play a role in the treatment response to methylphenidate in children with ADHD. Further studies to evaluate the association between glutamate genes and treatment response to methylphenidate in children with ADHD, including a replication of our findings using a control or comparative group in a larger sample, are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subin Park
- 1 Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine , Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Prefrontal grey and white matter neurometabolite changes after atomoxetine and methylphenidate in children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a (1)H magnetic resonance spectroscopy study. Psychiatry Res 2014; 222:75-83. [PMID: 24679996 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2014.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Revised: 07/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most common neurobehavioral childhood disorder. Dysfunction of prefrontal neural circuits which are responsible for executive and attentional functions has been previously shown in ADHD. We investigated the neurometablite changes in areas included in dorsolateral prefrontal neural circuits after 2 months of long-acting methylphenidate or atomoxetine medication in children with ADHD who were responders to treatment. Twenty-one ADHD children were examined by single voxel (1)H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) before and after 2 months of medication with OROS methylphenidate (n=10) or atomoxetine (n=11). The spectra were taken from the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC, 8ml) and white matter behind the DLPFC (anterior semioval center, 7.5ml), bilaterally. NAA and NAA/Cr (N-acetylaspartate/creatine) decreased in the left DLPFC and Cho/Cr (choline/creatine) increased in the right DLPFC after atomoxetine medication. Glu+Gln and Glu+Gln/Cr (glutamate/glutamine) increased in the left white matter after methylphenidate medication. We hypothesize that atomoxetine could decrease hyperactivation of DLPFC neurons and methylphenidate could lead to increased activation of cortical glutamatergic projections with the consequences of increased tonic dopamine release in the mesocortical system.
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Gonçalves J, Baptista S, Silva AP. Psychostimulants and brain dysfunction: a review of the relevant neurotoxic effects. Neuropharmacology 2014; 87:135-49. [PMID: 24440369 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Revised: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Psychostimulants abuse is a major public concern because is associated with serious health complications, including devastating consequences on the central nervous system (CNS). The neurotoxic effects of these drugs have been extensively studied. Nevertheless, numerous questions and uncertainties remain in our understanding of these toxic events. Thus, the purpose of the present manuscript is to review cellular and molecular mechanisms that might be responsible for brain dysfunction induced by psychostimulants. Topics reviewed include some classical aspects of neurotoxicity, such as monoaminergic system and mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, excitotoxicity and hyperthermia. Moreover, recent literature has suggested new phenomena regarding the toxic effects of psychostimulants. Thus, we also reviewed the impact of these drugs on neuroinflammatory response, blood-brain barrier (BBB) function and neurogenesis. Assessing the relative importance of these mechanisms on psychostimulants-induced brain dysfunction presents an exciting challenge for future research efforts. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'CNS Stimulants'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Gonçalves
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (IBILI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga Santa Comba, Celas, 3000-548 Coimbra Portugal
| | - Sofia Baptista
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (IBILI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga Santa Comba, Celas, 3000-548 Coimbra Portugal
| | - Ana Paula Silva
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (IBILI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga Santa Comba, Celas, 3000-548 Coimbra Portugal.
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20
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Adult female rats' altered diurnal locomotor activity pattern following chronic methylphenidate treatment. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2013; 120:1717-31. [PMID: 23893293 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-013-1063-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Methylphenidate (MPD) is one of the most prescribed pharmacological agents, which is also used for cognitive enhancement and recreational purposes. The objective of this study was to investigate the repetitive dose-response effects of MPD on circadian rhythm of locomotor activity pattern of female WKY rats. The hypothesis is that a change in the circadian activity pattern indicates a long-lasting effect of the drug. Four animal groups (saline control, 0.6, 2.5, and 10.0 mg/kg MPD dose groups) were housed in a sound-controlled room at 12:12 light/dark cycle. All received saline injections on experimental day 1 (ED 1). On EDs 2-7, the control group received saline injection; the other groups received 0.6, 2.5, or 10.0 mg/kg MPD, respectively. On ED 8-10, injections were withheld. On ED 11, each group received the same dose as EDs 2-7. Hourly histograms and cosine statistical analyses calculating the acrophase (ϕ), amplitude (A), and MESOR (M) were applied to assess the 24-h circadian activity pattern. The 0.6 and 2.5 mg/kg MPD groups exhibited significant (p < 0.05) change in their circadian activity pattern on ED 11. The 10.0 mg/kg MPD group exhibited tolerance on ED 11 and also a significant change in activity pattern on ED 8 compared to ED 1, consistent with withdrawal behavior (p < 0.007). In conclusion, chronic MPD administration alters circadian locomotor activity of adult female WKY rats and confirms that chronic MPD use elicits long-lasting effects.
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21
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Dose response effect of methylphenidate on ventral tegmental area neurons and animal behavior. Brain Res Bull 2013; 96:86-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2013.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Revised: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Surman CBH, Hammerness PG, Petty C, Spencer T, Doyle R, Napolean S, Chu N, Yorks D, Biederman J. A pilot open label prospective study of memantine monotherapy in adults with ADHD. World J Biol Psychiatry 2013; 14:291-8. [PMID: 22436083 DOI: 10.3109/15622975.2011.623716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Available pharmacotherapies treat some adults with ADHD inadequately. A small literature suggests that glutamate modulation could have effects on ADHD. METHODS Memantine, an N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, was titrated to a maximum dose of 10 mg BID in 34 adult subjects aged 18-55 who met DSM-IV criteria for ADHD or ADHD NOS on structured interview. Twenty-eight subjects completed 12 weeks exposure. The Adult ADHD Investigator Symptom Report (AISRS), Clinical Global Impression (CGI), a neuropsychological battery sensitive to domains of executive function, and the CANTAB cognitive battery were administered. Paired t-tests compared treated and baseline scores. RESULTS At week 12, AISRS data showed reduction in total symptoms (-17.5, P < 0.001), inattentive symptoms (-10.6, P < 0.001), and hyperactive symptoms (-6.9, P < 0.01). A total of 44% of subjects had CGI ratings of much or very much improved. Cognitive performance improved in measures of attention, working memory, and other selected executive domains by weeks 6 and 12 (each P < 0.05); simple reaction time declined by week 12 (P < 0.05). There were no severe adverse events, but mild adverse events were common and six subjects discontinued due to adverse effects. CONCLUSIONS Memantine was largely well-tolerated and associated with improvement in ADHD symptoms and neuropsychological performance. Randomized studies are indicated to confirm whether memantine is a novel therapy for ADHD across the lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig B H Surman
- Clinical and Research Program in Pediatric Psychopharmacology and Adult ADHD, Massachusetts General Hospital, Pediatric Psychopharmacology Unit, Yawkey Center for Outpatient Care, Boston, MA 02138, USA.
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Selective bilateral lesion to caudate nucleus modulates the acute and chronic methylphenidate effects. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2012; 101:208-16. [PMID: 22260871 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2012.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2011] [Revised: 12/29/2011] [Accepted: 01/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The psychostimulant methylphenidate (MPD) is currently the most prescribed drug therapy for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and is used by students as a cognitive enhancer. The caudate nucleus (CN) is a structure within the motive circuit where MPD exerts its effects, it is known to contain high levels of dopaminergic cells and directly influence motor activity. The objective of this study was to understand the role of CN in response to acute and chronic administration of MPD. Specific and non-specific bilateral ablations were created in the CN using electrolytic lesion and 6-Hydoxydopamine (6-OHDA). Four groups of rats were used: control (n=4), sham (n=4), CN electrolytic lesion group (n=8) and CN 6-OHDA injected group (n=8). On experimental day one (ED 1) all rats received a saline injection and baseline locomotive activity was recorded. On ED 2 and ED 3 CN sham, electrolytic lesion and/or 6-OHDA injected groups were made followed by four to five days recovery (ED 3-7), followed by six daily 2.5 mg/kg MPD injections (ED 9-14), three days of washout (ED 15-17) and an MPD re-challenge of drug proceeding the washout days (ED 18). Locomotor activity was obtained at ED 1, 8, 9, and 18 using an open field assay. The results show that the CN electrolytic lesion group responded to the acute and chronic MPD administration similar to the control and sham group, while the CN 6-OHDA injected group prevented the acute and the chronic effects of MPD administration. One possible interpretation why nonspecific electroyltic lesioning of the CN failed to prevent acute and chronic effects of MPD administration is due to destruction of both the direct and the indirect CN pathways which act as an inhibitory/excitatory balance, electroylticelectroyltic. The selective dopaminergic lesioning prevented the effects of MPD administration suggesting that dopaminergic pathways in CN play a significant role in the effects of MPD.
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Chong SL, Claussen CM, Dafny N. Nucleus accumbens neuronal activity in freely behaving rats is modulated following acute and chronic methylphenidate administration. Brain Res Bull 2012; 87:445-56. [PMID: 22248440 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2012.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Revised: 01/03/2012] [Accepted: 01/04/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Methylphenidate (MPD) is a psychostimulant that enhances dopaminergic neurotransmission in the central nervous system by using mechanisms similar to cocaine and amphetamine. The mode of action of brain circuitry responsible for an animal's neuronal response to MPD is not fully understood. The nucleus accumbens (NAc) has been implicated in regulating the rewarding effects of psychostimulants. The present study used permanently implanted microelectrodes to investigate the acute and chronic effects of MPD on the firing rates of NAc neuronal units in freely behaving rats. On experimental day 1 (ED1), following a saline injection (control), a 30 min baseline neuronal recording was obtained immediately followed by a 2.5 mg/kg i.p. MPD injection and subsequent 60 min neuronal recording. Daily 2.5 mg/kg MPD injections were given on ED2 through ED6 followed by 3 washout days (ED7 to ED9). On ED10, neuronal recordings were resumed from the same animal after a saline and MPD (rechallenge) injection exactly as obtained on ED1. Sixty-seven NAc neuronal units exhibited similar wave shape, form and amplitude on ED1 and ED10 and their firing rates were used for analysis. MPD administration on ED1 elicited firing rate increases and decreases in 54% of NAc units when compared to their baselines. Six consecutive MPD administrations altered the neuronal baseline firing rates of 85% of NAc units. MPD rechallenge on ED10 elicited significant changes in 63% of NAc units. These alterations in firing rates are hypothesized to be through mechanisms that include D1 and D2-like DA receptor induced cellular adaptation and homeostatic adaptations/deregulation caused by acute and chronic MPD administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel L Chong
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, The University of Texas, Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Lynch G, Palmer LC, Gall CM. The likelihood of cognitive enhancement. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2011; 99:116-29. [PMID: 21215768 PMCID: PMC3114293 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2010.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2010] [Revised: 12/10/2010] [Accepted: 12/16/2010] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Whether drugs that enhance cognition in healthy individuals will appear in the near future has become a topic of considerable interest. We address this possibility using a three variable system (psychological effect, neurobiological mechanism, and efficiency vs. capabilities) for classifying candidates. Ritalin and modafinil, two currently available compounds, operate on primary psychological states that in turn affect cognitive operations (attention and memory), but there is little evidence that these effects translate into improvements in complex cognitive processing. A second category of potential enhancers includes agents that improve memory encoding, generally without large changes in primary psychological states. Unfortunately, there is little information on how these compounds affect cognitive performance in standard psychological tests. Recent experiments have identified a number of sites at which memory drugs could, in principle, manipulate the cell biological systems underlying the learning-related long-term potentiation (LTP) effect; this may explain the remarkable diversity of memory promoting compounds. Indeed, many of these agents are known to have positive effects on LTP. A possible third category of enhancement drugs directed specifically at integrated cognitive operations is nearly empty. From a neurobiological perspective, two plausible candidate classes have emerged that both target the fast excitatory transmission responsible for communication within cortical networks. One acts on nicotinic receptors (alpha7 and alpha4) that regulate release of the neurotransmitter glutamate while the other ('ampakines') allosterically modulates the glutamate receptors mediating the post-synaptic response (EPSCs). Brain imaging in primates has shown that ampakines expand cortical networks engaged by a complex task; coupled with behavioral data, these findings provide evidence for the possibility of generating new cognitive capabilities. Finally, we suggest that continuing advances in behavioral sciences provide new opportunities for translational work, and that discussions of the social impact of cognitive enhancers have failed to consider the distinction between effects on efficiency vs. new capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary Lynch
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine CA 92697-4291, USA.
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Liu YP, Tung CS, Lin PJ, Wan FJ. N-methyl d-aspartate receptors are involved in the induction, but not expression stage of amphetamine sensitization in schedule-induced polydipsia in rats. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2010; 37:945-52. [PMID: 20557320 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2010.05416.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
1. The aim of the present study was to examine the role of dopaminergic and glutamatergic receptors on different stages of the amphetamine (AMPH) sensitized effect in schedule-induced polydipsia (SIP) in rats. 2. Three experiments were designed to evaluate the roles of DAD2 receptor antagonist haloperidol (HAL) and glutamatergic N-methyl d-aspartate receptor antagonist MK-801 on both the induction and the expression stage of AMPH sensitization in SIP rats. First, the induction of AMPH sensitization in the SIP model was tested again to confirm previous findings. Second, HAL or MK-801 was co-administered with AMPH on five consecutive days and their effect on induction was examined 14 days after withdrawal. Finally, HAL or MK-801 was co-administered with AMPH on the final day of testing in SIP rats in which AMPH sensitization had been established previously. 3. The present results showed that HAL and MK-801 affected the effect of AMPH differently during the process of sensitization. Whereas HAL influenced the sensitization during both the induction and the expression phases, MK-801 affected only the induction phase; thus, once the sensitization had been established, MK-801 had no further influence. 4. These results suggest that the SIP model could be considered useful for the study of sensitization. In addition, the induction and expression of AMPH sensitization is influenced differently by the dopaminergic and glutamatergic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yia-Ping Liu
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, China.
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Wanchoo SJ, Lee MJ, Swann AC, Dafny N. Bilateral six-hydroxydopamine administration to PFC prevents the expression of behavioral sensitization to methylphenidate. Brain Res 2009; 1312:89-100. [PMID: 19932692 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2009.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2009] [Revised: 11/09/2009] [Accepted: 11/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Psychostimulants like amphetamine and methylphenidate (MPD) are used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), which is marked by developmentally inappropriate inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. Neuropsychological analyses indicate that ADHD patients are impaired on tasks of behavioral inhibition, reward reversal, and working memory, which are functions of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and are modulated by the mesocortical dopamine (DA) system. Non-specific electrical lesioning of PFC eliminated the expression of behavioral sensitization elicited by chronic MPD administration. Behavioral sensitization is the progressive augmentation of locomotor activity as a result of repetitive (chronic) exposure to the drug. It is believed that the sensitization to chronic drug treatment is caused due to an increase in DA in the mesocorticolimbic DA system, which includes the PFC. Therefore, this study investigated the role of PFC DA in mediating the behavioral sensitization to repeated administration of MPD in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. On experimental day (ED) 1, the behavior was recorded post-saline injection. On ED 2, the rats were divided into three groups--control, sham and bilateral 6-OHDA treated group; and the sham and 6-OHDA treated groups underwent respective surgeries. After 5 days of rest following surgery, the post-surgery baseline was recorded on ED 8 following a saline injection. All three groups received 2.5 mg/kg MPD for 6 days (from ED 9 to ED 14), followed by a 3-day washout period (ED 15 to ED 18). On ED 19, a rechallenge injection of 2.5 mg/kg MPD was given and locomotor activity was recorded. It was found that the 6-OHDA lesion group failed to exhibit behavioral sensitization to MPD. The involvement of the dopaminergic afferents of PFC in behavioral sensitization to MPD is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Wanchoo
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
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