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Wang KP, Yu CL, Shen C, Schack T, Hung TM. A longitudinal study of the effect of visuomotor learning on functional brain connectivity. Psychophysiology 2024; 61:e14510. [PMID: 38159049 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.14510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Neural adaptation in the frontoparietal and motor cortex-sensorimotor circuits is crucial for acquiring visuomotor skills. However, the specific nature of highly dynamic neural connectivity in these circuits during the acquisition of visuomotor skills remains unclear. To achieve a more comprehensive understanding of the relationship between acquisition of visuomotor skills and neural connectivity, we used electroencephalographic coherence to capture highly dynamic nature of neural connectivity. We recruited 60 male novices who were randomly assigned to either the experimental group (EG) or the control group (CG). Participants in EG were asked to engage in repeated putting practice, but CG did not engage in golf practice. In addition, we analyzed the connectivity by using 8-13 Hz imaginary inter-site phase coherence in the frontoparietal networks (Fz-P3 and Fz-P4) and the motor cortex-sensorimotor networks (Cz-C3 and Cz-C4) during a golf putting task. To gain a deeper understanding of the dynamic nature of learning trajectories, we compared data at three time points: baseline (T1), 50% improvement from baseline (T2), and 100% improvement from baseline (T3). The results primarily focused on EG, an inverted U-shaped coherence curve was observed in the connectivity of the left motor cortex-sensorimotor circuit, whereas an increase in the connectivity of the right frontoparietal circuit from T2 to T3 was revealed. These results imply that the dynamics of cortico-cortical communication, particularly involving the left motor cortex-sensorimotor and frontal-left parietal circuits. In addition, our findings partially support Hikosaka et al.'s model and provide additional insight into the specific role of these circuits in visuomotor learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo-Pin Wang
- Center for Cognitive Interaction Technology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
- Neurocognition and Action, Biomechanics Research Group, Faculty of Psychology and Sports Science, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Chien-Lin Yu
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng Shen
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Thomas Schack
- Center for Cognitive Interaction Technology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
- Neurocognition and Action, Biomechanics Research Group, Faculty of Psychology and Sports Science, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Tsung-Min Hung
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute for Research Excellence in Learning Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Wang Z, Donahue EK, Guo Y, Renteln M, Petzinger GM, Jakowec MW, Holschneider DP. Exercise alters cortico-basal ganglia network metabolic connectivity: a mesoscopic level analysis informed by anatomic parcellation defined in the mouse brain connectome. Brain Struct Funct 2023; 228:1865-1884. [PMID: 37306809 PMCID: PMC10516800 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-023-02659-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The basal ganglia are important modulators of the cognitive and motor benefits of exercise. However, the neural networks underlying these benefits remain poorly understood. Our study systematically analyzed exercise-associated changes in metabolic connectivity in the cortico-basal ganglia-thalamic network during the performance of a new motor task, with regions-of-interest defined based on mesoscopic domains recently defined in the mouse brain structural connectome. Mice were trained on a motorized treadmill for six weeks or remained sedentary (control), thereafter undergoing [14C]-2-deoxyglucose metabolic brain mapping during wheel walking. Regional cerebral glucose uptake (rCGU) was analyzed in 3-dimensional brains reconstructed from autoradiographic brain sections using statistical parametric mapping. Metabolic connectivity was assessed by calculating inter-regional correlation of rCGU cross-sectionally across subjects within a group. Compared to controls, exercised animals showed broad decreases in rCGU in motor areas, but increases in limbic areas, as well as the visual and association cortices. In addition, exercised animals showed (i) increased positive metabolic connectivity within and between the motor cortex and caudoputamen (CP), (ii) newly emerged negative connectivity of the substantia nigra pars reticulata with the globus pallidus externus, and CP, and (iii) reduced connectivity of the prefrontal cortex (PFC). Increased metabolic connectivity in the motor circuit in the absence of increases in rCGU strongly suggests greater network efficiency, which is also supported by the reduced involvement of PFC-mediated cognitive control during the performance of a new motor task. Our study delineates exercise-associated changes in functional circuitry at the subregional level and provides a framework for understanding the effects of exercise on functions of the cortico-basal ganglia-thalamic network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Wang
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Southern California, 1975 Zonal Avenue, KAM 400, MC9037, Los Angeles, California 90089-9037 USA
| | - Erin K. Donahue
- Graduate Program in Neurosciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California USA
| | - Yumei Guo
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Southern California, 1975 Zonal Avenue, KAM 400, MC9037, Los Angeles, California 90089-9037 USA
| | - Michael Renteln
- Present Address: Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California USA
| | - Giselle M. Petzinger
- Graduate Program in Neurosciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California USA
- Present Address: Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California USA
| | - Michael W. Jakowec
- Graduate Program in Neurosciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California USA
- Present Address: Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California USA
| | - Daniel P. Holschneider
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Southern California, 1975 Zonal Avenue, KAM 400, MC9037, Los Angeles, California 90089-9037 USA
- Graduate Program in Neurosciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California USA
- Present Address: Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California USA
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Ciapponi C, Li Y, Osorio Becerra DA, Rodarie D, Casellato C, Mapelli L, D’Angelo E. Variations on the theme: focus on cerebellum and emotional processing. Front Syst Neurosci 2023; 17:1185752. [PMID: 37234065 PMCID: PMC10206087 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2023.1185752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The cerebellum operates exploiting a complex modular organization and a unified computational algorithm adapted to different behavioral contexts. Recent observations suggest that the cerebellum is involved not just in motor but also in emotional and cognitive processing. It is therefore critical to identify the specific regional connectivity and microcircuit properties of the emotional cerebellum. Recent studies are highlighting the differential regional localization of genes, molecules, and synaptic mechanisms and microcircuit wiring. However, the impact of these regional differences is not fully understood and will require experimental investigation and computational modeling. This review focuses on the cellular and circuit underpinnings of the cerebellar role in emotion. And since emotion involves an integration of cognitive, somatomotor, and autonomic activity, we elaborate on the tradeoff between segregation and distribution of these three main functions in the cerebellum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Ciapponi
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Yuhe Li
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Dimitri Rodarie
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Centro Ricerche Enrico Fermi, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Casellato
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Lisa Mapelli
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Egidio D’Angelo
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Brain Connectivity Center, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
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Toth AJ, Hojaji F, Campbell MJ. Exploring the mechanisms of target acquisition performance in esports: The role of component kinematic phases on a first person shooter motor skill. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2022.107554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Wang Y, Feng S, Yang R, Hou W, Wu X, Chen L. The learning-relative hemodynamic modulation of cortical plasticity induced by a force-control motor training. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:922725. [PMID: 36161184 PMCID: PMC9492923 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.922725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Novel motor skills are generally acquired through repetitive practices which are believed to be strongly related to neural plasticity mechanisms. This study aimed to investigate the learning-relative hemodynamic modulation of cortical plasticity induced by long-term motor training. Methods An 8-day participation-control program was conducted. Eighteen right-handed healthy participants were recruited and randomly assigned into the training (12) and control groups (6). The training group were arranged to undergo the 8-day block-designed motor training which required to repeat a visuomotor force-control task. The functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) was used to continuously monitor the cortical hemodynamic response during training. Two transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) measurements were performed before and after training to evaluate the cortical excitability changes. The transfer effects of learning were also investigated. Results The behavior performance was quantified via score execution accuracy to illustrate the fast/slow learning stages as experience cumulated. The cortical hemodynamic activations mapped by fNIRS exhibited a temporal evolution trends that agreed the expansion–renormalization model, which assumed the brain modulation against skill acquisition includes complex mechanisms of neural expansion, selection, and renormalization. Functional connectivity (FC) analysis showed the FC strength was maintained, while the measured homodynamic activation returned to baseline after certain level of skill acquisition. Furthermore, the TMS results demonstrated a significant increase of motor evoked potential (MEP) on the targeted muscle for the trained participants, who significantly outperformed the untrained subjects in learning transfer investigation. Conclusion The study illustrated the expansion–renormalization trends during continuous motor training, and relative analysis showed the functional connectivity enhancement may be maintained after amplitude renormalization of cortical hemodynamic activations. The TMS findings further gave an implication of neural facilitations on the descending motor pathway when brain activation returned to renormalization status after certain level of learning stages was achieved, and the learning can transfer to enhance the performance while encountering similar tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongrong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shuai Feng
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Rui Yang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wensheng Hou
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence and Service Robot Control Technology, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoying Wu
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence and Service Robot Control Technology, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Medical Electronics Engineering Technology Research Center, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence and Service Robot Control Technology, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Lin Chen
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Sadeghihassanabadi F, Frey BM, Backhaus W, Choe CU, Zittel S, Schön G, Bönstrup M, Cheng B, Thomalla G, Gerloff C, Schulz R. Structural cerebellar reserve positively influences outcome after severe stroke. Brain Commun 2022; 4:fcac203. [PMID: 36337341 PMCID: PMC9629400 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcac203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The concept of brain reserve capacity positively influencing the process of recovery after stroke has been continuously developed in recent years. Global measures of brain health have been linked with a favourable outcome. Numerous studies have evidenced that the cerebellum is involved in recovery after stroke. However, it remains an open question whether characteristics of cerebellar anatomy, quantified directly after stroke, might have an impact on subsequent outcome after stroke. Thirty-nine first-ever ischaemic non-cerebellar stroke patients underwent MRI brain imaging early after stroke and longitudinal clinical follow-up. Structural images were used for volumetric analyses of distinct cerebellar regions. Ordinal logistic regression analyses were conducted to associate cerebellar volumes with functional outcome 3-6 months after stroke, operationalized by the modified Rankin Scale. Larger volumes of cerebellar lobules IV, VI, and VIIIB were positively correlated with favourable outcome, independent of the severity of initial impairment, age, and lesion volume (P < 0.01). The total cerebellar volume did not exhibit a significant structure-outcome association. The present study reveals that pre-stroke anatomy of distinct cerebellar lobules involved in motor and cognitive functioning might be linked to outcome after acute non-cerebellar stroke, thereby promoting the emerging concepts of structural brain reserve for recovery processes after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Benedikt M Frey
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Winifried Backhaus
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Chi-un Choe
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Simone Zittel
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gerhard Schön
- Institute of Medical Biometry and Epidemiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marlene Bönstrup
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany,Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Bastian Cheng
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Götz Thomalla
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian Gerloff
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Robert Schulz
- Correspondence to: Robert Schulz MD University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf Martinistraße 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany E-mail:
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Liang D, Qiu L, Duan X, Chen H, Liu C, Gong Q. Training-Specific Changes in Regional Spontaneous Neural Activity Among Professional Chinese Chess Players. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:877103. [PMID: 35712460 PMCID: PMC9195868 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.877103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Our previous reports reflected some aspects of neuroplastic changes from long-term Chinese chess training but were mainly based on large-scale intrinsic connectivity. In contrast to functional connectivity among remote brain areas, synchronization of local intrinsic activity demonstrates functional connectivity among regional areas. Until now, local connectivity changes in professional Chinese chess players (PCCPs) have been reported only at specific hubs; whole-brain-based local connectivity and its relation to training profiles has not been revealed. Objectives To investigate whole-brain local connectivity changes and their relation to training profiles in PCCPs. Methods Regional homogeneity (ReHo) analysis of rs-fMRI data from 22 PCCPs versus 21 novices was performed to determine local connectivity changes and their relation to training profiles. Results Compared to novices, PCCPs showed increased regional spontaneous activity in the posterior lobe of the left cerebellum, the left temporal pole, the right amygdala, and the brainstem but decreased ReHo in the right precentral gyrus. From a whole-brain perspective, local activity in areas such as the posterior lobe of the right cerebellum and the caudate correlated with training profiles. Conclusion Regional homogeneity changes in PCCPs were consistent with the classical view of automaticity in motor control and learning. Related areas in the pattern indicated an enhanced capacity for emotion regulation, supporting cool and focused attention during gameplay. The possible participation of the basal ganglia-cerebellar-cerebral networks, as suggested by these correlation results, expands our present knowledge of the neural substrates of professional chess players. Meanwhile, ReHo change occurred in an area responsible for the pronunciation and reading of Chinese characters. Additionally, professional Chinese chess training was associated with change in a region that is affected by Alzheimer's disease (AD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmei Liang
- School of Physical Education and Sports Exercise, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Sports Science Education, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lihua Qiu
- Department of Radiology, The Second People’s Hospital of Yibin, Yibin, China
- Department of Radiology, Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xujun Duan
- Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Huafu Chen
- Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Chengyi Liu
- School of Physical Education and Sports Exercise, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Sports Science Education, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiyong Gong
- Department of Radiology, Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Research Unit of Psychoradiology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, China
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Zou R, Li L, Zhang L, Huang G, Liang Z, Xiao L, Zhang Z. Combining Regional and Connectivity Metrics of Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Diffusion Tensor Imaging for Individualized Prediction of Pain Sensitivity. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:844146. [PMID: 35370547 PMCID: PMC8965585 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.844146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Characterization and prediction of individual difference of pain sensitivity are of great importance in clinical practice. MRI techniques, such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), have been popularly used to predict an individual's pain sensitivity, but existing studies are limited by using one single imaging modality (fMRI or DTI) and/or using one type of metrics (regional or connectivity features). As a result, pain-relevant information in MRI has not been fully revealed and the associations among different imaging modalities and different features have not been fully explored for elucidating pain sensitivity. In this study, we investigated the predictive capability of multi-features (regional and connectivity metrics) of multimodal MRI (fMRI and DTI) in the prediction of pain sensitivity using data from 210 healthy subjects. We found that fusing fMRI-DTI and regional-connectivity features are capable of more accurately predicting an individual's pain sensitivity than only using one type of feature or using one imaging modality. These results revealed rich information regarding individual pain sensitivity from the brain's both structural and functional perspectives as well as from both regional and connectivity metrics. Hence, this study provided a more comprehensive characterization of the neural correlates of individual pain sensitivity, which holds a great potential for clinical pain management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rushi Zou
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen, China
| | - Linling Li
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen, China
| | - Li Zhang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen, China
| | - Gan Huang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhen Liang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lizu Xiao
- Department of Pain Medicine and Shenzhen Municipal Key Laboratory for Pain Medicine, The Affiliated Shenzhen Sixth Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhiguo Zhang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen, China
- Peng Cheng Laboratory, Shenzhen, China
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Aznárez-Sanado M, Eudave L, Martínez M, Luis EO, Villagra F, Loayza FR, Fernández-Seara MA, Pastor MA. Brain Activity and Functional Connectivity Patterns Associated With Fast and Slow Motor Sequence Learning in Late Middle Adulthood. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 13:778201. [PMID: 35095468 PMCID: PMC8792532 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.778201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The human brain undergoes structural and functional changes across the lifespan. The study of motor sequence learning in elderly subjects is of particularly interest since previous findings in young adults might not replicate during later stages of adulthood. The present functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study assessed the performance, brain activity and functional connectivity patterns associated with motor sequence learning in late middle adulthood. For this purpose, a total of 25 subjects were evaluated during early stages of learning [i.e., fast learning (FL)]. A subset of these subjects (n = 11) was evaluated after extensive practice of a motor sequence [i.e., slow learning (SL) phase]. As expected, late middle adults improved motor performance from FL to SL. Learning-related brain activity patterns replicated most of the findings reported previously in young subjects except for the lack of hippocampal activity during FL and the involvement of cerebellum during SL. Regarding functional connectivity, precuneus and sensorimotor lobule VI of the cerebellum showed a central role during improvement of novel motor performance. In the sample of subjects evaluated, connectivity between the posterior putamen and parietal and frontal regions was significantly decreased with aging during SL. This age-related connectivity pattern may reflect losses in network efficiency when approaching late adulthood. Altogether, these results may have important applications, for instance, in motor rehabilitation programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maite Aznárez-Sanado
- School of Education and Psychology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Neuroimaging Laboratory, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Luis Eudave
- School of Education and Psychology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Neuroimaging Laboratory, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Martín Martínez
- School of Education and Psychology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Neuroimaging Laboratory, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Elkin O. Luis
- School of Education and Psychology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Neuroimaging Laboratory, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Federico Villagra
- Neuroimaging Laboratory, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, United Kingdom
| | - Francis R. Loayza
- Neuroimaging Laboratory, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Production Sciences (FIMCP), Escuela Superior Politecnica del Litoral (ESPOL), Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - María A. Fernández-Seara
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
- Department of Radiology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - María A. Pastor
- Neuroimaging Laboratory, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
- School of Medicine, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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Yue Y, Xu P, Liu Z, Sun X, Su J, Du H, Chen L, Ash RT, Smirnakis S, Simha R, Kusner L, Zeng C, Lu H. Motor training improves coordination and anxiety in symptomatic Mecp2-null mice despite impaired functional connectivity within the motor circuit. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabf7467. [PMID: 34678068 PMCID: PMC8535852 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abf7467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Rett syndrome (RTT) is a severe neurodevelopmental disorder caused by loss of function of the X-linked methyl-CpG–binding protein 2 (MECP2). Several case studies report that gross motor function can be improved in children with RTT through treadmill walking, but whether the MeCP2-deficient motor circuit can support actual motor learning remains unclear. We used two-photon calcium imaging to simultaneously observe layer (L) 2/3 and L5a excitatory neuronal activity in the motor cortex (M1) while mice adapted to changing speeds on a computerized running wheel. Despite circuit hypoactivity and weakened functional connectivity across L2/3 and L5a, the Mecp2-null circuit’s firing pattern evolved with improved performance over 2 weeks. Moreover, trained mice became less anxious and lived 20% longer than untrained mice. Because motor deficits and anxiety are core symptoms of RTT, which is not diagnosed until well after symptom onset, these results underscore the benefit of motor learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanlei Yue
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Pan Xu
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Zhichao Liu
- Department of Physics, Columbian College of Arts and Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Xiaoqian Sun
- Department of Computer Science, School of Engineering and Applied Science, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Juntao Su
- Department of Statistics, Columbian College of Arts and Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Hongfei Du
- Department of Statistics, Columbian College of Arts and Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Lingling Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Ryan T. Ash
- Department of Psychiatry, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
| | - Stelios Smirnakis
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Jamaica Plain VA Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Rahul Simha
- Department of Computer Science, School of Engineering and Applied Science, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Linda Kusner
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Chen Zeng
- Department of Physics, Columbian College of Arts and Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Hui Lu
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
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11
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Dirren E, Bourgeois A, Klug J, Kleinschmidt A, van Assche M, Carrera E. The neural correlates of intermanual transfer. Neuroimage 2021; 245:118657. [PMID: 34687859 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Intermanual transfer of motor learning is a form of learning generalization that leads to behavioral advantages in various tasks of daily life. It might also be useful for rehabilitation of patients with unilateral motor deficits. Little is known about neural structures and cognitive processes that mediate intermanual transfer. Previous studies have suggested a role for primary motor cortex (M1) and the supplementary motor area (SMA). Here, we investigated the functional neuroanatomy of intermanual transfer with a special emphasis on functional connectivity within the motor network and between motor regions and attentional networks, including the fronto-parietal executive control network and visual attention networks. We designed a finger tapping task, in which young, heathy subjects trained the non-dominant left hand in the MRI scanner. Behaviorally, transfer of sequence learning was observed in most cases, independently of the trained hand's performance. Pre- and post-training functional connectivity patterns of cortical motor seeds were investigated using generalized psychophysiological interaction analyses. Transfer was correlated with the strength of connectivity between the left premotor cortex and structures within the dorsal attention network (superior parietal cortex, left middle temporal gyrus) and executive control network (right prefrontal regions) during pre-training, relative to post-training. Changes in connectivity within the motor network, and more particularly between trained and untrained M1, as well as between the SMA and untrained M1, correlated with transfer after training. Together, these results suggest that the interplay between attentional, executive and motor networks may support processes leading to transfer, whereas, following training, transfer translates into increased connectivity within the motor network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Dirren
- Stroke Research Group, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva 1205, Switzerland.
| | - Alexia Bourgeois
- Stroke Research Group, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva 1205, Switzerland; Laboratory of Cognitive Neurorehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva 1205, Switzerland
| | - Julian Klug
- Stroke Research Group, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva 1205, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Kleinschmidt
- Stroke Research Group, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva 1205, Switzerland
| | - Mitsouko van Assche
- Stroke Research Group, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva 1205, Switzerland
| | - Emmanuel Carrera
- Stroke Research Group, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva 1205, Switzerland
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12
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Multiple bouts of high-intensity interval exercise reverse age-related functional connectivity disruptions without affecting motor learning in older adults. Sci Rep 2021; 11:17108. [PMID: 34429472 PMCID: PMC8385059 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-96333-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise has emerged as an intervention that may mitigate age-related resting state functional connectivity and sensorimotor decline. Here, 42 healthy older adults rested or completed 3 sets of high-intensity interval exercise for a total of 23 min, then immediately practiced an implicit motor task with their non-dominant hand across five separate sessions. Participants completed resting state functional MRI before the first and after the fifth day of practice; they also returned 24-h and 35-days later to assess short- and long-term retention. Independent component analysis of resting state functional MRI revealed increased connectivity in the frontoparietal, the dorsal attentional, and cerebellar networks in the exercise group relative to the rest group. Seed-based analysis showed strengthened connectivity between the limbic system and right cerebellum, and between the right cerebellum and bilateral middle temporal gyri in the exercise group. There was no motor learning advantage for the exercise group. Our data suggest that exercise paired with an implicit motor learning task in older adults can augment resting state functional connectivity without enhancing behaviour beyond that stimulated by skilled motor practice.
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13
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Hwang EJ, Dahlen JE, Mukundan M, Komiyama T. Disengagement of Motor Cortex during Long-Term Learning Tracks the Performance Level of Learned Movements. J Neurosci 2021; 41:7029-7047. [PMID: 34244359 PMCID: PMC8372014 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3049-20.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Not all movements require the motor cortex for execution. Intriguingly, dependence on motor cortex of a given movement is not fixed, but instead can dynamically change over the course of long-term learning. For instance, rodent forelimb movements that initially require motor cortex can become independent of the motor cortex after an extended period of training. However, it remains unclear whether long-term neural changes rendering the motor cortex dispensable are a simple function of the training length. To address this issue, we trained mice (both male and female) to perform two distinct forelimb movements, forward versus downward reaches with a joystick, concomitantly over several weeks, and then compared the involvement of the motor cortex between the two movements. Most mice achieved different levels of motor performance between the two movements after long-term training. Of the two movements, the one that achieved higher trial-to-trial consistency (i.e., consistent-direction movement) was significantly less affected by inactivation of motor cortex than the other (i.e., variable-direction movement). Two-photon calcium imaging of motor cortical neurons revealed that the consistent-direction movement activates fewer neurons, producing weaker and less consistent population activity than the variable-direction movement. Together, the motor cortex was less engaged and less necessary for learned movements that achieved higher levels of consistency. Thus, the long-term reorganization of neural circuits that frees the motor cortex from the learned movement is not a mere function of training length. Rather, this reorganization tracks the level of motor performance that the animal achieves during training.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Long-term training of a movement reshapes motor circuits, disengaging motor cortex potentially for automatized execution of the learned movement. Acquiring new motor skills often involves learning of multiple movements (e.g., forehand and backhand strokes when learning tennis), but different movements do not always improve at the same time nor reach the same level of proficiency. Here we showed that the involvement of motor cortex after long-term training differs between similar yet distinct movements that reached different levels of expertise. Motor cortex was less engaged and less necessary for the more proficient movement. Thus, disengagement of motor cortex is not a simple function of training time, but instead tracks the level of expertise of a learned movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Jung Hwang
- Neurobiology Section, Center for Neural Circuits and Behavior, Department of Neurosciences, and Halıcıoğlu Data Science Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Jeffrey E Dahlen
- Neurobiology Section, Center for Neural Circuits and Behavior, Department of Neurosciences, and Halıcıoğlu Data Science Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Madan Mukundan
- Neurobiology Section, Center for Neural Circuits and Behavior, Department of Neurosciences, and Halıcıoğlu Data Science Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Takaki Komiyama
- Neurobiology Section, Center for Neural Circuits and Behavior, Department of Neurosciences, and Halıcıoğlu Data Science Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
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14
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Gao Y, Cavuoto L, Dutta A, Kruger U, Yan P, Nemani A, Norfleet JE, Makled BA, Silvestri J, Schwaitzberg S, Intes X, De S. Decreasing the Surgical Errors by Neurostimulation of Primary Motor Cortex and the Associated Brain Activation via Neuroimaging. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:651192. [PMID: 33828456 PMCID: PMC8019915 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.651192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Acquisition of fine motor skills is a time-consuming process as it is based on learning via frequent repetitions. Transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) is a promising means of enhancing simple motor skill development via neuromodulatory mechanisms. Here, we report that non-invasive neurostimulation facilitates the learning of complex fine bimanual motor skills associated with a surgical task. During the training of 12 medical students on the Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery (FLS) pattern cutting task over a period of 12 days, we observed that transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) decreased error level and the variability in performance, compared to the Sham group. Furthermore, by concurrently monitoring the cortical activations of the subjects via functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), our study showed that the cortical activation patterns were significantly different between the tDCS and Sham group, with the activation of primary motor cortex (M1) and prefrontal cortex (PFC) contralateral to the anodal electrode significantly decreased while supplemental motor area (SMA) increased by tDCS. The lowered performance errors were retained after 1-month post-training. This work supports the use of tDCS to enhance performance accuracy in fine bimanual motor tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Gao
- Center for Modeling, Simulation and Imaging in Medicine, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, United States
| | - Lora Cavuoto
- Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Anirban Dutta
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Uwe Kruger
- Center for Modeling, Simulation and Imaging in Medicine, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, United States
| | - Pingkun Yan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, United States
| | - Arun Nemani
- Center for Modeling, Simulation and Imaging in Medicine, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, United States
| | - Jack E Norfleet
- U.S. Army Combat Capabilities Development Command - Soldier Center (CCDC SC), Orlando, FL, United States.,SFC Paul Ray Smith Simulation and Training Technology Center (STTC), Orlando, FL, United States.,Medical Simulation Research Branch, Orlando, FL, United States
| | - Basiel A Makled
- U.S. Army Combat Capabilities Development Command - Soldier Center (CCDC SC), Orlando, FL, United States.,SFC Paul Ray Smith Simulation and Training Technology Center (STTC), Orlando, FL, United States.,Medical Simulation Research Branch, Orlando, FL, United States
| | - Jessica Silvestri
- Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Steven Schwaitzberg
- Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States.,Department of Surgery, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States.,Buffalo General Hospital, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Xavier Intes
- Center for Modeling, Simulation and Imaging in Medicine, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, United States
| | - Suvranu De
- Center for Modeling, Simulation and Imaging in Medicine, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, United States
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15
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Tian W, Chen S. Neurotransmitters, Cell Types, and Circuit Mechanisms of Motor Skill Learning and Clinical Applications. Front Neurol 2021; 12:616820. [PMID: 33716924 PMCID: PMC7947691 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.616820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Animals acquire motor skills to better survive and adapt to a changing environment. The ability to learn novel motor actions without disturbing learned ones is essential to maintaining a broad motor repertoire. During motor learning, the brain makes a series of adjustments to build novel sensory–motor relationships that are stored within specific circuits for long-term retention. The neural mechanism of learning novel motor actions and transforming them into long-term memory still remains unclear. Here we review the latest findings with regard to the contributions of various brain subregions, cell types, and neurotransmitters to motor learning. Aiming to seek therapeutic strategies to restore the motor memory in relative neurodegenerative disorders, we also briefly describe the common experimental tests and manipulations for motor memory in rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wotu Tian
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shengdi Chen
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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16
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Irie K, Matsumoto A, Zhao S, Kato T, Liang N. Neural Basis and Motor Imagery Intervention Methodology Based on Neuroimaging Studies in Children With Developmental Coordination Disorders: A Review. Front Hum Neurosci 2021; 15:620599. [PMID: 33551781 PMCID: PMC7862701 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.620599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the neural bases of the brain associated with movement disorders in children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD) are becoming clearer, the information is not sufficient because of the lack of extensive brain function research. Therefore, it is controversial about effective intervention methods focusing on brain function. One of the rehabilitation techniques for movement disorders involves intervention using motor imagery (MI). MI is often used for movement disorders, but most studies involve adults and healthy children, and the MI method for children with DCD has not been studied in detail. Therefore, a review was conducted to clarify the neuroscientific basis of the methodology of intervention using MI for children with DCD. The neuroimaging review included 20 magnetic resonance imaging studies, and the neurorehabilitation review included four MI intervention studies. In addition to previously reported neural bases, our results indicate decreased activity of the bilateral thalamus, decreased connectivity of the sensory-motor cortex and the left posterior middle temporal gyrus, bilateral posterior cingulate cortex, precuneus, cerebellum, and basal ganglia, loss of connectivity superiority in the abovementioned areas. Furthermore, reduction of gray matter volume in the right superior frontal gyrus and middle frontal gyrus, lower fractional anisotropy, and axial diffusivity in regions of white matter pathways were found in DCD. As a result of the review, children with DCD had less activation of the left brain, especially those with mirror neurons system (MNS) and sensory integration functions. On the contrary, the area important for the visual space processing of the right brain was activated. Regarding of characteristic of the MI methods was that children observed a video related to motor skills before the intervention. Also, they performed visual-motor tasks before MI training sessions. Adding action observation during MI activates the MNS, and performing visual-motor tasks activates the basal ganglia. These methods may improve the deactivated brain regions of children with DCD and may be useful as conditioning before starting training. Furthermore, we propose a process for sharing the contents of MI with the therapist in language and determining exercise strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Irie
- Cognitive Motor Neuroscience, Department of Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Amiri Matsumoto
- Cognitive Motor Neuroscience, Department of Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shuo Zhao
- School of Psychology, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Affective and Social Neuroscience, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Toshihiro Kato
- Rehabilitation of Developmental Disorders, Department of Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Nan Liang
- Cognitive Motor Neuroscience, Department of Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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17
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Murray JM, Escola GS. Remembrance of things practiced with fast and slow learning in cortical and subcortical pathways. Nat Commun 2020; 11:6441. [PMID: 33361766 PMCID: PMC7758336 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19788-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The learning of motor skills unfolds over multiple timescales, with rapid initial gains in performance followed by a longer period in which the behavior becomes more refined, habitual, and automatized. While recent lesion and inactivation experiments have provided hints about how various brain areas might contribute to such learning, their precise roles and the neural mechanisms underlying them are not well understood. In this work, we propose neural- and circuit-level mechanisms by which motor cortex, thalamus, and striatum support motor learning. In this model, the combination of fast cortical learning and slow subcortical learning gives rise to a covert learning process through which control of behavior is gradually transferred from cortical to subcortical circuits, while protecting learned behaviors that are practiced repeatedly against overwriting by future learning. Together, these results point to a new computational role for thalamus in motor learning and, more broadly, provide a framework for understanding the neural basis of habit formation and the automatization of behavior through practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Murray
- Zuckerman Mind Brain and Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA.
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, 97403, USA.
| | - G Sean Escola
- Zuckerman Mind Brain and Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
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18
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Lövdén M, Garzón B, Lindenberger U. Human skill learning: expansion, exploration, selection, and refinement. Curr Opin Behav Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cobeha.2020.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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19
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Berlot E, Popp NJ, Diedrichsen J. A critical re-evaluation of fMRI signatures of motor sequence learning. eLife 2020; 9:e55241. [PMID: 32401193 PMCID: PMC7266617 DOI: 10.7554/elife.55241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite numerous studies, there is little agreement about what brain changes accompany motor sequence learning, partly because of a general publication bias that favors novel results. We therefore decided to systematically reinvestigate proposed functional magnetic resonance imaging correlates of motor learning in a preregistered longitudinal study with four scanning sessions over 5 weeks of training. Activation decreased more for trained than untrained sequences in premotor and parietal areas, without any evidence of learning-related activation increases. Premotor and parietal regions also exhibited changes in the fine-grained, sequence-specific activation patterns early in learning, which stabilized later. No changes were observed in the primary motor cortex (M1). Overall, our study provides evidence that human motor sequence learning occurs outside of M1. Furthermore, it shows that we cannot expect to find activity increases as an indicator for learning, making subtle changes in activity patterns across weeks the most promising fMRI correlate of training-induced plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Berlot
- The Brain and Mind Institute, University of Western OntarioOntarioCanada
| | - Nicola J Popp
- The Brain and Mind Institute, University of Western OntarioOntarioCanada
| | - Jörn Diedrichsen
- The Brain and Mind Institute, University of Western OntarioOntarioCanada
- Department of Computer Science, University of Western OntarioOntarioCanada
- Department of Statistical and Actuarial Sciences, University of Western OntarioOntarioCanada
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20
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Edde M, Di Scala G, Dupuy M, Dilharreguy B, Catheline G, Chanraud S. Learning-driven cerebellar intrinsic functional connectivity changes in men. J Neurosci Res 2019; 98:668-679. [PMID: 31762075 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Learning involves distributed but coordinated activity among the widespread connected brain areas. Increase in areas connections' strength may be established offline, that is, aside from the task itself, in a resting-state. The resulting functional connectivity may hence constitute a neural trace of the learning episode. The present study examined whether a conditional visuomotor learning task previously shown to activate the cerebellum would modify cerebellar intrinsic connectivity in groups of young and older male subjects. In the group of young subjects, resting-state connectivity within several cerebellar networks (fronto-cerebellar, temporo-cerebellar, cerebello-cerebellar) was modified following the task. In most cases, modulation resulted in increased anticorrelations between cerebellar and cortical areas and the amplitude of changes was correlated with learning efficacy. The group of older subjects drastically differed, with sparser modifications of resting-state functional connectivity and no cerebellar networks involved. The findings of this exploratory study indicate that associative learning modifies the strength of intrinsic connectivity in young subjects but to a lesser degree in older subjects. They further suggest that functional connectivity within cerebellar networks may play an operative role in this kind of learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manon Edde
- Laboratoire Neurobiologie et Vie Quotidienne, EPHE, PSL Research University, Bordeaux, France
| | - Georges Di Scala
- UMR 5287, Institut de Neurosciences Intégratives et Cognitives d'Aquitaine, Neuroimagerie et Cognition Humaine, CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Maud Dupuy
- UMR 5287, Institut de Neurosciences Intégratives et Cognitives d'Aquitaine, Neuroimagerie et Cognition Humaine, CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Bixente Dilharreguy
- UMR 5287, Institut de Neurosciences Intégratives et Cognitives d'Aquitaine, Neuroimagerie et Cognition Humaine, CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Gwenaëlle Catheline
- Laboratoire Neurobiologie et Vie Quotidienne, EPHE, PSL Research University, Bordeaux, France.,UMR 5287, Institut de Neurosciences Intégratives et Cognitives d'Aquitaine, Neuroimagerie et Cognition Humaine, CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Sandra Chanraud
- Laboratoire Neurobiologie et Vie Quotidienne, EPHE, PSL Research University, Bordeaux, France.,UMR 5287, Institut de Neurosciences Intégratives et Cognitives d'Aquitaine, Neuroimagerie et Cognition Humaine, CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
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21
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Hwang EJ, Dahlen JE, Hu YY, Aguilar K, Yu B, Mukundan M, Mitani A, Komiyama T. Disengagement of motor cortex from movement control during long-term learning. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaay0001. [PMID: 31693007 PMCID: PMC6821459 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aay0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Motor learning involves reorganization of the primary motor cortex (M1). However, it remains unclear how the involvement of M1 in movement control changes during long-term learning. To address this, we trained mice in a forelimb-based motor task over months and performed optogenetic inactivation and two-photon calcium imaging in M1 during the long-term training. We found that M1 inactivation impaired the forelimb movements in the early and middle stages, but not in the late stage, indicating that the movements that initially required M1 became independent of M1. As previously shown, M1 population activity became more consistent across trials from the early to middle stage while task performance rapidly improved. However, from the middle to late stage, M1 population activity became again variable despite consistent expert behaviors. This later decline in activity consistency suggests dissociation between M1 and movements. These findings suggest that long-term motor learning can disengage M1 from movement control.
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22
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Catharine VL, Helena V, Ellen D, Guy V, Karel D, Karen C. Exploration of gray matter correlates of cognitive training benefit in adolescents with chronic traumatic brain injury. Neuroimage Clin 2019; 23:101827. [PMID: 31005776 PMCID: PMC6477162 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2019.101827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Sustaining a traumatic brain injury (TBI) during adolescence has a profound effect on brain development and can result in persistent executive functioning deficits in daily life. Cognitive recovery from pediatric-TBI relies on the potential of neuroplasticity, which can be fostered by restorative training-programs. However the structural mechanisms underlying cognitive recovery in the immature brain are poorly understood. This study investigated gray matter plasticity following 2 months of cognitive training in young patients with TBI. Sixteen adolescents in the chronic stage of moderate-severe-TBI (9 male, mean age = 15y8m ± 1y7m) were enrolled in a cognitive computerized training program for 8 weeks (5 times/week, 40 min/session). Pre-and post-intervention, and 6 months after completion of the training, participants underwent a comprehensive neurocognitive test-battery and anatomical Magnetic Resonance Imaging scans. We selected 9 cortical-subcortical Regions-Of-Interest associated with Executive Functioning (EF-ROIs) and 3 control regions from the Desikan-Killiany atlas. Baseline analyses showed significant decreased gray matter density in the superior frontal gyri p = 0.033, superior parietal gyri p = 0.015 and thalamus p = 0.006 in adolescents with TBI compared to age and gender matched controls. Linear mixed model analyses of longitudinal volumetric data of the EF-ROI revealed no strong evidence of training-related changes in the group with TBI. However, compared to the change over time in the control regions between post-intervention and 6 months follow-up, the change in the EF-ROIs showed a significant difference. Exploratory analyses revealed a negative correlation between the change on the Digit Symbol Substitution test and the change in volume of the putamen (r = -0.596, p = 0.015). This preliminary study contributes to the insights of training-related plasticity mechanisms after pediatric-TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vander Linden Catharine
- Ghent University Hospital, Child Rehabilitation Centre K7, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Verhelst Helena
- Ghent University, Department of Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Henri Dunantlaan 2, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Deschepper Ellen
- Ghent University, Biostatistics Unit, Department of Public Health, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Vingerhoets Guy
- Ghent University, Department of Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Henri Dunantlaan 2, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Deblaere Karel
- Ghent University Hospital, Department of Neuroradiology, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Caeyenberghs Karen
- Australian Catholic University, Mary McKillop Institute for Health Research Level 5, 215 Spring Street, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia.
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23
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Larivière S, Xifra-Porxas A, Kassinopoulos M, Niso G, Baillet S, Mitsis GD, Boudrias MH. Functional and effective reorganization of the aging brain during unimanual and bimanual hand movements. Hum Brain Mapp 2019; 40:3027-3040. [PMID: 30866155 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Motor performance decline observed during aging is linked to changes in brain structure and function, however, the precise neural reorganization associated with these changes remains largely unknown. We investigated the neurophysiological correlates of this reorganization by quantifying functional and effective brain network connectivity in elderly individuals (n = 11; mean age = 67.5 years), compared to young adults (n = 12; mean age = 23.7 years), while they performed visually-guided unimanual and bimanual handgrips inside the magnetoencephalography (MEG) scanner. Through a combination of principal component analysis and Granger causality, we observed age-related increases in functional and effective connectivity in whole-brain, task-related motor networks. Specifically, elderly individuals demonstrated (i) greater information flow from contralateral parietal and ipsilateral secondary motor regions to the left primary motor cortex during the unimanual task and (ii) decreased interhemispheric temporo-frontal communication during the bimanual task. Maintenance of motor performance and task accuracy in elderly was achieved by hyperactivation of the task-specific motor networks, reflecting a possible mechanism by which the aging brain recruits additional resources to counteract known myelo- and cytoarchitectural changes. Furthermore, resting-state sessions acquired before and after each motor task revealed that both older and younger adults maintain the capacity to adapt to task demands via network-wide increases in functional connectivity. Collectively, our study consolidates functional connectivity and directionality of information flow in systems-level cortical networks during aging and furthers our understanding of neuronal flexibility in motor processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Larivière
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Alba Xifra-Porxas
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Michalis Kassinopoulos
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Guiomar Niso
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Center for Biomedical Technology, Technical University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Biomedical Image Technologies, Technical University of Madrid and CIBER-BBN, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sylvain Baillet
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Georgios D Mitsis
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Marie-Hélène Boudrias
- School of Physical and Occupational Therapy, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation of Greater Montreal (CRIR), Montréal, Québec, Canada
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24
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Mary A, Wens V, Op de Beeck M, Leproult R, De Tiège X, Peigneux P. Resting-state Functional Connectivity is an Age-dependent Predictor of Motor Learning Abilities. Cereb Cortex 2018; 27:4923-4932. [PMID: 27655931 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhw286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This magnetoencephalography study investigates how ageing modulates the relationship between pre-learning resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) and subsequent learning. Neuromagnetic resting-state activity was recorded 5 min before motor sequence learning in 14 young (19-30 years) and 14 old (66-70 years) participants. We used a seed-based beta-band power envelope correlation approach to estimate rsFC maps, with the seed located in the right primary sensorimotor cortex. In each age group, the relation between individual rsFC and learning performance was investigated using Pearson's correlation analyses. Our results show that rsFC is predictive of subsequent motor sequence learning but involves different cross-network interactions in the two age groups. In young adults, decreased coupling between the sensorimotor network and the cortico-striato-cerebellar network is associated with better motor learning, whereas a similar relation is found in old adults between the sensorimotor, the dorsal-attentional and the DMNs. Additionally, age-related correlational differences were found in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, known to subtend attentional and controlled processes. These findings suggest that motor skill learning depends-in an age-dependent manner-on subtle interactions between resting-state networks subtending motor activity on the one hand, and controlled and attentional processes on the other hand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Mary
- UR2NF - Neuropsychology and Functional Neuroimaging Research Unit at CRCN - Center for Research in Cognition and Neurosciences, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels 1050, Belgium.,UNI - ULB Neurosciences Institute, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels 1070, Belgium
| | - Vincent Wens
- UNI - ULB Neurosciences Institute, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels 1070, Belgium.,LCFC - Laboratoire de Cartographie fonctionnelle du Cerveau and MEG Unit, ULB-Hôpital Erasme, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels 1070, Belgium
| | - Marc Op de Beeck
- UNI - ULB Neurosciences Institute, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels 1070, Belgium.,LCFC - Laboratoire de Cartographie fonctionnelle du Cerveau and MEG Unit, ULB-Hôpital Erasme, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels 1070, Belgium
| | - Rachel Leproult
- UR2NF - Neuropsychology and Functional Neuroimaging Research Unit at CRCN - Center for Research in Cognition and Neurosciences, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels 1050, Belgium.,UNI - ULB Neurosciences Institute, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels 1070, Belgium
| | - Xavier De Tiège
- UNI - ULB Neurosciences Institute, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels 1070, Belgium.,LCFC - Laboratoire de Cartographie fonctionnelle du Cerveau and MEG Unit, ULB-Hôpital Erasme, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels 1070, Belgium
| | - Philippe Peigneux
- UR2NF - Neuropsychology and Functional Neuroimaging Research Unit at CRCN - Center for Research in Cognition and Neurosciences, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels 1050, Belgium.,UNI - ULB Neurosciences Institute, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels 1070, Belgium
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25
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Burgos PI, Mariman JJ, Makeig S, Rivera-Lillo G, Maldonado PE. Visuomotor coordination and cortical connectivity of modular motor learning. Hum Brain Mapp 2018; 39:3836-3853. [PMID: 29766612 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 03/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to transfer sensorimotor skill components to new actions and the capacity to use skill components from whole actions are characteristic of the adaptability of the human sensorimotor system. However, behavioral evidence suggests complex limitations for transfer after combined or modular learning of motor adaptations. Also, to date, only behavioral analysis of the consequences of the modular learning has been reported, with little understanding of the sensorimotor mechanisms of control and the interaction between cortical areas. We programmed a video game with distorted kinematic and dynamic features to test the ability to combine sensorimotor skill components learned modularly (composition) and the capacity to use separate sensorimotor skill components learned in combination (decomposition). We examined motor performance, eye-hand coordination, and EEG connectivity. When tested for integrated learning, we found that combined practice initially performed better than separated practice, but differences disappeared after integrated practice. Separate learning promotes fewer anticipatory control mechanisms (depending more on feedback control), evidenced in a lower gaze leading behavior and in higher connectivity between visual and premotor domains, in comparison with the combined practice. The sensorimotor system can acquire motor modules in a separated or integrated manner. However, the system appears to require integrated practice to coordinate the adaptations with the skill learning and the networks involved in the integrated behavior. This integration seems to be related to the acquisition of anticipatory mechanism of control and with the decrement of feedback control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo I Burgos
- Neurosystems Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile.,Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - Juan J Mariman
- Neurosystems Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile.,Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Arts and Physical Education, Universidad Metropolitana de Ciencias de la Educación, Santiago 7780450, Chile
| | - Scott Makeig
- Swartz Center for Computational Neuroscience, Institute for Neural Computation, University of California San Diego 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093-0961
| | - Gonzalo Rivera-Lillo
- Neurosystems Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile.,Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - Pedro E Maldonado
- Neurosystems Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile.,Biomedical Neuroscience Institute. Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
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26
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The effects of acrobatic exercise on brain plasticity: a systematic review of animal studies. Brain Struct Funct 2018; 223:2055-2071. [DOI: 10.1007/s00429-018-1631-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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27
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Poonamallee L, Harrington AM, Nagpal M, Musial A. Improving Emotional Intelligence through Personality Development: The Effect of the Smart Phone Application based Dharma Life Program on Emotional Intelligence. Front Psychol 2018; 9:169. [PMID: 29527182 PMCID: PMC5829461 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Emotional intelligence is established to predict success in leadership effectiveness in various contexts and has been linked to personality factors. This paper introduces Dharma Life Program, a novel approach to improving emotional intelligence by targeting maladaptive personality traits and triggering neuroplasticity through the use of a smart-phone application and mentoring. The program uses neuroplasticity to enable users to create a more adaptive application of their maladaptive traits, thus improving their emotional intelligence. In this study 26 participants underwent the Dharma Life Program in a leadership development setting. We assessed their emotional and social intelligence before and after the Dharma Life Program intervention using the Emotional and Social Competency Inventory (ESCI). The study found a significant improvement in the lowest three competencies and a significant improvement in almost all domains for the entire sample. Our findings suggest that the completion of the Dharma Life Program has a significant positive effect on Emotional and Social Competency scores and offers a new avenue for improving emotional intelligence competencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Latha Poonamallee
- Milano School of International Affairs, Management, and Urban Policy, The New School, New York, NY, United States
| | | | - Manisha Nagpal
- Independent Scholar, Previously with Dharma Life Sciences LLC, New York, NY, United States
| | - Alec Musial
- Dharma Life Sciences LLC, New York, NY, United States
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28
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Solesio-Jofre E, Beets IAM, Woolley DG, Pauwels L, Chalavi S, Mantini D, Swinnen SP. Age-Dependent Modulations of Resting State Connectivity Following Motor Practice. Front Aging Neurosci 2018; 10:25. [PMID: 29467646 PMCID: PMC5808218 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2018.00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent work in young adults has demonstrated that motor learning can modulate resting state functional connectivity. However, evidence for older adults is scarce. Here, we investigated whether learning a bimanual tracking task modulates resting state functional connectivity of both inter- and intra-hemispheric regions differentially in young and older individuals, and whether this has behavioral relevance. Both age groups learned a set of complex bimanual tracking task variants over a 2-week training period. Resting-state and task-related functional magnetic resonance imaging scans were collected before and after training. Our analyses revealed that both young and older adults reached considerable performance gains. Older adults even obtained larger training-induced improvements relative to baseline, but their overall performance levels were lower than in young adults. Short-term practice resulted in a modulation of resting state functional connectivity, leading to connectivity increases in young adults, but connectivity decreases in older adults. This pattern of age differences occurred for both inter- and intra-hemispheric connections related to the motor network. Additionally, long-term training-induced increases were observed in intra-hemispheric connectivity in the right hemisphere across both age groups. Overall, at the individual level, the long-term changes in inter-hemispheric connectivity correlated with training-induced motor improvement. Our findings confirm that short-term task practice shapes spontaneous brain activity differentially in young and older individuals. Importantly, the association between changes in resting state functional connectivity and improvements in motor performance at the individual level may be indicative of how training shapes the short-term functional reorganization of the resting state motor network for improvement of behavioral performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Solesio-Jofre
- Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Biological and Health Psychology, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Iseult A M Beets
- Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Daniel G Woolley
- Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lisa Pauwels
- Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sima Chalavi
- Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dante Mantini
- Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Stephan P Swinnen
- Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Leuven Research Institute for Neuroscience and Disease, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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29
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Wenger E, Brozzoli C, Lindenberger U, Lövdén M. Expansion and Renormalization of Human Brain Structure During Skill Acquisition. Trends Cogn Sci 2017; 21:930-939. [PMID: 29149999 PMCID: PMC5697733 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2017.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2017] [Revised: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Research on human brain changes during skill acquisition has revealed brain volume expansion in task-relevant areas. However, the large number of skills that humans acquire during ontogeny militates against plasticity as a perpetual process of volume growth. Building on animal models and available theories, we promote the expansion-renormalization model for plastic changes in humans. The model predicts an initial increase of gray matter structure, potentially reflecting growth of neural resources like neurons, synapses, and glial cells, which is followed by a selection process operating on this new tissue leading to a complete or partial return to baseline of the overall volume after selection has ended. The model sheds new light on available evidence and current debates and fosters the search for mechanistic explanations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Wenger
- Center for Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Claudio Brozzoli
- Aging Research Center, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden; ImpAct Team, Neuroscience Research Centre of Lyon (CRNL), Lyon, France
| | - Ulman Lindenberger
- Center for Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany; Max Planck UCL Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, Berlin, Germany; European University Institute, San Domenico di Fiesole (FI), Italy
| | - Martin Lövdén
- Aging Research Center, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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30
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Makino H, Hwang EJ, Hedrick NG, Komiyama T. Circuit Mechanisms of Sensorimotor Learning. Neuron 2017; 92:705-721. [PMID: 27883902 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2016.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between the brain and the environment is flexible, forming the foundation for our ability to learn. Here we review the current state of our understanding of the modifications in the sensorimotor pathway related to sensorimotor learning. We divide the process into three hierarchical levels with distinct goals: (1) sensory perceptual learning, (2) sensorimotor associative learning, and (3) motor skill learning. Perceptual learning optimizes the representations of important sensory stimuli. Associative learning and the initial phase of motor skill learning are ensured by feedback-based mechanisms that permit trial-and-error learning. The later phase of motor skill learning may primarily involve feedback-independent mechanisms operating under the classic Hebbian rule. With these changes under distinct constraints and mechanisms, sensorimotor learning establishes dedicated circuitry for the reproduction of stereotyped neural activity patterns and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Makino
- Neurobiology Section, Center for Neural Circuits and Behavior, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Eun Jung Hwang
- Neurobiology Section, Center for Neural Circuits and Behavior, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Nathan G Hedrick
- Neurobiology Section, Center for Neural Circuits and Behavior, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Takaki Komiyama
- Neurobiology Section, Center for Neural Circuits and Behavior, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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31
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Tzvi E, Zimmermann C, Bey R, Münte TF, Nitschke M, Krämer UM. Cerebellar degeneration affects cortico-cortical connectivity in motor learning networks. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2017; 16:66-78. [PMID: 28761810 PMCID: PMC5521032 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2017.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The cerebellum plays an important role in motor learning as part of a cortico-striato-cerebellar network. Patients with cerebellar degeneration typically show impairments in different aspects of motor learning, including implicit motor sequence learning. How cerebellar dysfunction affects interactions in this cortico-striato-cerebellar network is poorly understood. The present study investigated the effect of cerebellar degeneration on activity in causal interactions between cortical and subcortical regions involved in motor learning. We found that cerebellar patients showed learning-related increase in activity in two regions known to be involved in learning and memory, namely parahippocampal cortex and cerebellar Crus I. The cerebellar activity increase was observed in non-learners of the patient group whereas learners showed an activity decrease. Dynamic causal modeling analysis revealed that modulation of M1 to cerebellum and putamen to cerebellum connections were significantly more negative for sequence compared to random blocks in controls, replicating our previous results, and did not differ in patients. In addition, a separate analysis revealed a similar effect in connections from SMA and PMC to M1 bilaterally. Again, neural network changes were associated with learning performance in patients. Specifically, learners showed a negative modulation from right SMA to right M1 that was similar to controls, whereas this effect was close to zero in non-learners. These results highlight the role of cerebellum in motor learning and demonstrate the functional role cerebellum plays as part of the cortico-striato-cerebellar network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elinor Tzvi
- Dept. of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Germany
| | | | - Richard Bey
- Dept. of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Germany
| | - Thomas F Münte
- Dept. of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Germany.,Institute of Psychology II, University of Lübeck, Germany
| | | | - Ulrike M Krämer
- Dept. of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Germany.,Institute of Psychology II, University of Lübeck, Germany
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32
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McWhinney SR, Tremblay A, Boe SG, Bardouille T. The impact of goal-oriented task design on neurofeedback learning for brain-computer interface control. Med Biol Eng Comput 2017; 56:201-210. [PMID: 28687962 DOI: 10.1007/s11517-017-1683-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Neurofeedback training teaches individuals to modulate brain activity by providing real-time feedback and can be used for brain-computer interface control. The present study aimed to optimize training by maximizing engagement through goal-oriented task design. Participants were shown either a visual display or a robot, where each was manipulated using motor imagery (MI)-related electroencephalography signals. Those with the robot were instructed to quickly navigate grid spaces, as the potential for goal-oriented design to strengthen learning was central to our investigation. Both groups were hypothesized to show increased magnitude of these signals across 10 sessions, with the greatest gains being seen in those navigating the robot due to increased engagement. Participants demonstrated the predicted increase in magnitude, with no differentiation between hemispheres. Participants navigating the robot showed stronger left-hand MI increases than those with the computer display. This is likely due to success being reliant on maintaining strong MI-related signals. While older participants showed stronger signals in early sessions, this trend later reversed, suggesting greater natural proficiency but reduced flexibility. These results demonstrate capacity for modulating neurofeedback using MI over a series of training sessions, using tasks of varied design. Importantly, the more goal-oriented robot control task resulted in greater improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R McWhinney
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, 1355 Oxford Street, P.O. Box 15000, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada.
| | - A Tremblay
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, 1355 Oxford Street, P.O. Box 15000, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada.,Department of Linguistics, Saint Mary's University, 923 Robie Street, Halifax, NS, B3H 3C3, Canada.,NovaScape Data Analysis and Consulting, 18, Stonehaven Road, Halifax, NS, B3N 1G1, Canada
| | - S G Boe
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, 1355 Oxford Street, P.O. Box 15000, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada.,School of Physiotherapy, Dalhousie University, 5869 University Avenue, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - T Bardouille
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, 1355 Oxford Street, P.O. Box 15000, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada.,School of Physiotherapy, Dalhousie University, 5869 University Avenue, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada.,IWK Health Centre, Biomedical Translational Imaging Centre, 5850/5950 University Avenue, Halifax, NS, B3K 6R8, Canada
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33
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Sale MV, Reid LB, Cocchi L, Pagnozzi AM, Rose SE, Mattingley JB. Brain changes following four weeks of unimanual motor training: Evidence from behavior, neural stimulation, cortical thickness, and functional MRI. Hum Brain Mapp 2017; 38:4773-4787. [PMID: 28677224 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although different aspects of neuroplasticity can be quantified with behavioral probes, brain stimulation, and brain imaging assessments, no study to date has combined all these approaches into one comprehensive assessment of brain plasticity. Here, 24 healthy right-handed participants practiced a sequence of finger-thumb opposition movements for 10 min each day with their left hand. After 4 weeks, performance for the practiced sequence improved significantly (P < 0.05 FWE) relative to a matched control sequence, with both the left (mean increase: 53.0% practiced, 6.5% control) and right (21.0%; 15.8%) hands. Training also induced significant (cluster p-FWE < 0.001) reductions in functional MRI activation for execution of the trained sequence, relative to the control sequence. These changes were observed as clusters in the premotor and supplementary motor cortices (right hemisphere, 301 voxel cluster; left hemisphere 700 voxel cluster), and sensorimotor cortices and superior parietal lobules (right hemisphere 864 voxel cluster; left hemisphere, 1947 voxel cluster). Transcranial magnetic stimulation over the right ("trained") primary motor cortex yielded a 58.6% mean increase in a measure of motor evoked potential amplitude, as recorded at the left abductor pollicis brevis muscle. Cortical thickness analyses based on structural MRI suggested changes in the right precentral gyrus, right post central gyrus, right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, and potentially the right supplementary motor area. Such findings are consistent with LTP-like neuroplastic changes in areas that were already responsible for finger sequence execution, rather than improved recruitment of previously nonutilized tissue. Hum Brain Mapp 38:4773-4787, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin V Sale
- The Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, 4072, Australia.,School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Lee B Reid
- Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, The Australian e-Health Research Centre, CSIRO, Herston, Queensland, 4029, Australia.,School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Luca Cocchi
- The Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, 4072, Australia.,QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Queensland, 4006, Australia
| | - Alex M Pagnozzi
- Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, The Australian e-Health Research Centre, CSIRO, Herston, Queensland, 4029, Australia.,School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Stephen E Rose
- Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, The Australian e-Health Research Centre, CSIRO, Herston, Queensland, 4029, Australia
| | - Jason B Mattingley
- The Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, 4072, Australia.,School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, 4072, Australia
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34
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Mawase F, Bar-Haim S, Shmuelof L. Formation of Long-Term Locomotor Memories Is Associated with Functional Connectivity Changes in the Cerebellar-Thalamic-Cortical Network. J Neurosci 2017; 37:349-361. [PMID: 28077714 PMCID: PMC6596580 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2733-16.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Revised: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Although motor adaptation is typically rapid, accumulating evidence shows that it is also associated with long-lasting behavioral and neuronal changes. Two processes were suggested to explain the formation of long-term motor memories: recall, reflecting a retrieval of previous motor actions, and faster relearning, reflecting an increased sensitivity to errors. Although these manifestations of motor memories were initially demonstrated in the context of adaptation experiments in reaching, indications of long-term motor memories were also demonstrated recently in other kinds of adaptation such as in locomotor adaptation. Little is known about the neural processes that underlie these distinct aspects of memory. We hypothesize that recall and faster relearning reflect different learning processes that operate at the same time and depend on different neuronal networks. Seventeen subjects performed a multisession locomotor adaptation experiment in the laboratory, together with resting-state and localizer fMRI scans, after the baseline and the locomotor adaptation sessions. We report a modulation of the cerebellar-thalamic-cortical and cerebellar-basal ganglia networks after locomotor adaptation. Interestingly, whereas thalamic-cortical baseline connectivity was correlated with recall, cerebellar-thalamic baseline connectivity was correlated with faster relearning. Our results suggest that separate neuronal networks underlie error sensitivity and retrieval components. Individual differences in baseline resting-state connectivity can predict idiosyncratic combination of these components. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The ability to shape our motor behavior rapidly in everyday activity, such as when walking on sand, suggests the existence of long-term motor memories. It was suggested recently that this ability is achieved by the retrieval of previous motor actions and by enhanced relearning capacity. Little is known about the neural mechanisms that underlie these memory processes. We studied the modularity in long-term motor memories in the context of locomotor adaptation using resting-state fMRI. We show that retrieval and relearning effects are associated with separate locomotor control networks and that intersubject variability in learning and in the generation of motor memories could be predicted from baseline resting-state connectivity in locomotor-related networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Firas Mawase
- Department of Biomedical Engineering,
- Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel, and
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Simona Bar-Haim
- Department of Physical Therapy
- Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel, and
| | - Lior Shmuelof
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, and
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, and
- Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel, and
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35
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Gheysen F, Lasne G, Pélégrini-Issac M, Albouy G, Meunier S, Benali H, Doyon J, Popa T. Taking the brakes off the learning curve. Hum Brain Mapp 2016; 38:1676-1691. [PMID: 28009072 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Motor learning is characterized by patterns of cerebello-striato-cortical activations shifting in time, yet the early dynamic and function of these activations remains unclear. Five groups of subjects underwent either continuous or intermittent theta-burst stimulation of one cerebellar hemisphere, or no stimulation just before learning a new motor sequence during fMRI scanning. We identified three phases during initial learning: one rapid, one slow, and one quasi-asymptotic performance phase. These phases were not changed by left cerebellar stimulation. Right cerebellar inhibition, however, accelerated learning and enhanced brain activation in critical motor learning-related areas during the first phase, continuing with reduced brain activation but high-performance in late phase. Right cerebellar excitation did not affect the early learning process, but slowed learning significantly in late phase, along with increased brain activation. We conclude that the right cerebellum is a key factor coordinating other neuronal loops in the early acquisition of an explicit motor sequential skill. Hum Brain Mapp 38:1676-1691, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Freja Gheysen
- Department of Movement and Sport Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Experimental Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Gabriel Lasne
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Inserm U1146, CNRS UMR7371, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale, Paris, France
| | - Mélanie Pélégrini-Issac
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Inserm U1146, CNRS UMR7371, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale, Paris, France
| | - Genevieve Albouy
- Functional Neuroimaging Unit, University of Montreal Geriatric Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Psychology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Kinesiology Department, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sabine Meunier
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (ICM), UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S975, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Paris, France
| | - Habib Benali
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Inserm U1146, CNRS UMR7371, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale, Paris, France
| | - Julien Doyon
- Functional Neuroimaging Unit, University of Montreal Geriatric Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Psychology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Traian Popa
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (ICM), UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S975, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Paris, France
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36
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Mary A, Wens V, Op de Beeck M, Leproult R, De Tiège X, Peigneux P. Age-related differences in practice-dependent resting-state functional connectivity related to motor sequence learning. Hum Brain Mapp 2016; 38:923-937. [PMID: 27726263 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Revised: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Decreased neural plasticity is observed with healthy ageing in the primary sensorimotor (SM1) cortex thought to participate in motor learning and memory consolidation processes. In the present magnetoencephalography study, the post-training reorganization of resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) and its relation with motor learning and early consolidation in 14 young (19-30 years) and 14 old (66-70 years) healthy participants were investigated. At the behavioral level, participants were trained on a motor sequence learning task then retested 20-30 min later for transient offline gains in performance. Using a sensorimotor seed-based approach, rsFC relying on beta band power envelope correlation was estimated immediately before and 10 min after the learning episode. Post-training changes in rsFC (from before to after learning) were correlated with motor learning performance and with the offline improvement in performance within the hour after learning. Young and old participants exhibited differential patterns of sensorimotor-related rsFC, bearing specific relationships with motor learning and consolidation. Our findings suggest that rsFC changes following learning reflect the offline processing of the new motor skill and contribute to the early memory consolidation within the hour after learning. Furthermore, differences in post-training changes in rsFC between young and old participants support the hypothesis that ageing modulates the neural circuits underlying the learning of a new motor skill and the early subsequent consolidation stages. Hum Brain Mapp 38:923-937, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Mary
- UR2NF - Neuropsychology and Functional Neuroimaging Research Unit at CRCN - Center for Research in Cognition and Neurosciences, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium.,UNI - ULB Neurosciences Institute, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Vincent Wens
- UNI - ULB Neurosciences Institute, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium.,LCFC - Laboratoire de Cartographie Fonctionnelle du Cerveau and MEG Unit, ULB-Hôpital Erasme, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Marc Op de Beeck
- UNI - ULB Neurosciences Institute, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium.,LCFC - Laboratoire de Cartographie Fonctionnelle du Cerveau and MEG Unit, ULB-Hôpital Erasme, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Rachel Leproult
- UR2NF - Neuropsychology and Functional Neuroimaging Research Unit at CRCN - Center for Research in Cognition and Neurosciences, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium.,UNI - ULB Neurosciences Institute, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Xavier De Tiège
- UR2NF - Neuropsychology and Functional Neuroimaging Research Unit at CRCN - Center for Research in Cognition and Neurosciences, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium.,UNI - ULB Neurosciences Institute, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium.,LCFC - Laboratoire de Cartographie Fonctionnelle du Cerveau and MEG Unit, ULB-Hôpital Erasme, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Philippe Peigneux
- UR2NF - Neuropsychology and Functional Neuroimaging Research Unit at CRCN - Center for Research in Cognition and Neurosciences, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium.,UNI - ULB Neurosciences Institute, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
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37
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Abstract
Ten percent to 15% of glucose used by the brain is metabolized nonoxidatively despite adequate tissue oxygenation, a process termed aerobic glycolysis (AG). Because of the known role of glycolysis in biosynthesis, we tested whether learning-induced synaptic plasticity would lead to regionally appropriate, learning-dependent changes in AG. Functional MRI (fMRI) before, during, and after performance of a visual-motor adaptation task demonstrated that left Brodmann area 44 (BA44) played a key role in adaptation, with learning-related changes to activity during the task and altered resting-state, functional connectivity after the task. PET scans before and after task performance indicated a sustained increase in AG in left BA 44 accompanied by decreased oxygen consumption. Intersubject variability in behavioral adaptation rate correlated strongly with changes in AG in this region, as well as functional connectivity, which is consistent with a role for AG in synaptic plasticity.
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38
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Medaglia JD, McAleavey AA, Rostami S, Slocomb J, Hillary FG. Modeling distinct imaging hemodynamics early after TBI: the relationship between signal amplitude and connectivity. Brain Imaging Behav 2016; 9:285-301. [PMID: 24906546 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-014-9306-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decade, fMRI studies of cognitive change following traumatic brain injury (TBI) have investigated blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) activity during working memory (WM) performance in individuals in early and chronic phases of recovery. Recently, BOLD fMRI work has largely shifted to focus on WM and resting functional connectivity following TBI. However, fundamental questions in WM remain. Specifically, the effects of injury on the basic relationships between local and interregional functional neuroimaging signals during WM processing early following moderate to severe TBI have not been examined. This study employs a mixed effects model to examine prefrontal cortex and parietal lobe signal change during a WM task, the n-back, and whether there is covariance between regions of high amplitude signal change, (synchrony of elicited activity (SEA) very early following TBI. We also examined whether signal change and SEA differentially predict performance during WM. Overall, percent signal change in the right prefrontal cortex (rPFC) was and important predictor of both reaction time (RT) and SEA in early TBI and matched controls. Right prefrontal cortex (rPFC) percent signal change positively predicted SEA within and between persons regardless of injury status, suggesting that the link between these neurodynamic processes in WM-activated regions remains unaffected even very early after TBI. Additionally, rPFC activity was positively related to RT within and between persons in both groups. Right parietal (rPAR) activity was negatively related to RT within subjects in both groups. Thus, the local signal intensity of the rPFC in TBI appears to be a critical property of network functioning and performance in WM processing and may be a precursor to recruitment observed in chronic samples. The present results suggest that as much research moves toward large scale functional connectivity modeling, it will be essential to develop integrated models of how local and distant neurodynamics promote WM performance after TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Medaglia
- Psychology Department, Pennsylvania State University, State College, 313 Moore Building, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
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39
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Marins TF, Rodrigues EC, Engel A, Hoefle S, Basílio R, Lent R, Moll J, Tovar-Moll F. Enhancing Motor Network Activity Using Real-Time Functional MRI Neurofeedback of Left Premotor Cortex. Front Behav Neurosci 2015; 9:341. [PMID: 26733832 PMCID: PMC4689787 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurofeedback by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a technique of potential therapeutic relevance that allows individuals to be aware of their own neurophysiological responses and to voluntarily modulate the activity of specific brain regions, such as the premotor cortex (PMC), important for motor recovery after brain injury. We investigated (i) whether healthy human volunteers are able to up-regulate the activity of the left PMC during a right hand finger tapping motor imagery (MI) task while receiving continuous fMRI-neurofeedback, and (ii) whether successful modulation of brain activity influenced non-targeted motor control regions. During the MI task, participants of the neurofeedback group (NFB) received ongoing visual feedback representing the level of fMRI responses within their left PMC. Control (CTL) group participants were shown similar visual stimuli, but these were non-contingent on brain activity. Both groups showed equivalent levels of behavioral ratings on arousal and MI, before and during the fMRI protocol. In the NFB, but not in CLT group, brain activation during the last run compared to the first run revealed increased activation in the left PMC. In addition, the NFB group showed increased activation in motor control regions extending beyond the left PMC target area, including the supplementary motor area, basal ganglia and cerebellum. Moreover, in the last run, the NFB group showed stronger activation in the left PMC/inferior frontal gyrus when compared to the CTL group. Our results indicate that modulation of PMC and associated motor control areas can be achieved during a single neurofeedback-fMRI session. These results contribute to a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms of MI-based neurofeedback training, with direct implications for rehabilitation strategies in severe brain disorders, such as stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theo F Marins
- D'Or Institute for Research and EducationRio de Janeiro, Brazil; Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de JaneiroRio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Erika C Rodrigues
- D'Or Institute for Research and EducationRio de Janeiro, Brazil; Augusto Motta University (Unisuam)Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Annerose Engel
- D'Or Institute for Research and EducationRio de Janeiro, Brazil; Clinic for Cognitive Neurology, University Hospital LeipzigLeipzig, Germany
| | - Sebastian Hoefle
- D'Or Institute for Research and Education Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Basílio
- D'Or Institute for Research and Education Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Roberto Lent
- D'Or Institute for Research and EducationRio de Janeiro, Brazil; Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de JaneiroRio de Janeiro, Brazil; National Institute for Translational Neuroscience (INNT)Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jorge Moll
- D'Or Institute for Research and EducationRio de Janeiro, Brazil; National Institute for Translational Neuroscience (INNT)Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Tovar-Moll
- D'Or Institute for Research and EducationRio de Janeiro, Brazil; Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de JaneiroRio de Janeiro, Brazil
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40
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Striatal–cerebellar networks mediate consolidation in a motor sequence learning task: An fMRI study using dynamic causal modelling. Neuroimage 2015; 122:52-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.07.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Revised: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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41
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Elias GA, Bieszczad KM, Weinberger NM. Learning strategy refinement reverses early sensory cortical map expansion but not behavior: Support for a theory of directed cortical substrates of learning and memory. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2015; 126:39-55. [PMID: 26596700 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2015.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2015] [Revised: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Primary sensory cortical fields develop highly specific associative representational plasticity, notably enlarged area of representation of reinforced signal stimuli within their topographic maps. However, overtraining subjects after they have solved an instrumental task can reduce or eliminate the expansion while the successful behavior remains. As the development of this plasticity depends on the learning strategy used to solve a task, we asked whether the loss of expansion is due to the strategy used during overtraining. Adult male rats were trained in a three-tone auditory discrimination task to bar-press to the CS+ for water reward and refrain from doing so during the CS- tones and silent intertrial intervals; errors were punished by a flashing light and time-out penalty. Groups acquired this task to a criterion within seven training sessions by relying on a strategy that was "bar-press from tone-onset-to-error signal" ("TOTE"). Three groups then received different levels of overtraining: Group ST, none; Group RT, one week; Group OT, three weeks. Post-training mapping of their primary auditory fields (A1) showed that Groups ST and RT had developed significantly expanded representational areas, specifically restricted to the frequency band of the CS+ tone. In contrast, the A1 of Group OT was no different from naïve controls. Analysis of learning strategy revealed this group had shifted strategy to a refinement of TOTE in which they self-terminated bar-presses before making an error ("iTOTE"). Across all animals, the greater the use of iTOTE, the smaller was the representation of the CS+ in A1. Thus, the loss of cortical expansion is attributable to a shift or refinement in strategy. This reversal of expansion was considered in light of a novel theoretical framework (CONCERTO) highlighting four basic principles of brain function that resolve anomalous findings and explaining why even a minor change in strategy would involve concomitant shifts of involved brain sites, including reversal of cortical expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel A Elias
- Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory and Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-3800, United States
| | - Kasia M Bieszczad
- Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory and Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-3800, United States; Behavioral and Systems Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854-8020, United States
| | - Norman M Weinberger
- Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory and Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-3800, United States.
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42
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Wang J, Lu M, Fan Y, Wen X, Zhang R, Wang B, Ma Q, Song Z, He Y, Wang J, Huang R. Exploring brain functional plasticity in world class gymnasts: a network analysis. Brain Struct Funct 2015; 221:3503-19. [DOI: 10.1007/s00429-015-1116-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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43
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Motor skill learning between selection and execution. Trends Cogn Sci 2015; 19:227-33. [PMID: 25746123 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2015.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2014] [Revised: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Learning motor skills evolves from the effortful selection of single movement elements to their combined fast and accurate production. We review recent trends in the study of skill learning which suggest a hierarchical organization of the representations that underlie such expert performance, with premotor areas encoding short sequential movement elements (chunks) or particular component features (timing/spatial organization). This hierarchical representation allows the system to utilize elements of well-learned skills in a flexible manner. One neural correlate of skill development is the emergence of specialized neural circuits that can produce the required elements in a stable and invariant fashion. We discuss the challenges in detecting these changes with fMRI.
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44
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Shen J, Zhang G, Yao L, Zhao X. Real-time fMRI training-induced changes in regional connectivity mediating verbal working memory behavioral performance. Neuroscience 2015; 289:144-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.12.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Revised: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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45
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Peng YH, Heintz R, Wang Z, Guo Y, Myers KG, Scremin OU, Maarek JMI, Holschneider DP. Exercise training reinstates cortico-cortical sensorimotor functional connectivity following striatal lesioning: development and application of a subregional-level analytic toolbox for perfusion autoradiographs of the rat brain. FRONTIERS IN PHYSICS 2014; 2:72. [PMID: 25745629 PMCID: PMC4347897 DOI: 10.3389/fphy.2014.00072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Current rodent connectome projects are revealing brain structural connectivity with unprecedented resolution and completeness. How subregional structural connectivity relates to subregional functional interactions is an emerging research topic. We describe a method for standardized, mesoscopic-level data sampling from autoradiographic coronal sections of the rat brain, and for correlation-based analysis and intuitive display of cortico-cortical functional connectivity (FC) on a flattened cortical map. A graphic user interface "Cx-2D" allows for the display of significant correlations of individual regions-of-interest, as well as graph theoretical metrics across the cortex. Cx-2D was tested on an autoradiographic data set of cerebral blood flow (CBF) of rats that had undergone bilateral striatal lesions, followed by 4 weeks of aerobic exercise training or no exercise. Effects of lesioning and exercise on cortico-cortical FC were examined during a locomotor challenge in this rat model of Parkinsonism. Subregional FC analysis revealed a rich functional reorganization of the brain in response to lesioning and exercise that was not apparent in a standard analysis focused on CBF of isolated brain regions. Lesioned rats showed diminished degree centrality of lateral primary motor cortex, as well as neighboring somatosensory cortex-changes that were substantially reversed in lesioned rats following exercise training. Seed analysis revealed that exercise increased positive correlations in motor and somatosensory cortex, with little effect in non-sensorimotor regions such as visual, auditory, and piriform cortex. The current analysis revealed that exercise partially reinstated sensorimotor FC lost following dopaminergic deafferentation. Cx-2D allows for standardized data sampling from images of brain slices, as well as analysis and display of cortico-cortical FC in the rat cerebral cortex with potential applications in a variety of autoradiographic and histologic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hao Peng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Viterbi School of Engineering, School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ryan Heintz
- Department of Psychiatry and the Behavioral Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Zhuo Wang
- Department of Psychiatry and the Behavioral Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yumei Guo
- Department of Psychiatry and the Behavioral Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kalisa G. Myers
- Department of Psychiatry and the Behavioral Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Oscar U. Scremin
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Physiology Department, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jean-Michel I. Maarek
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Viterbi School of Engineering, School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Daniel P. Holschneider
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Viterbi School of Engineering, School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and the Behavioral Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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46
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Lungu O, Monchi O, Albouy G, Jubault T, Ballarin E, Burnod Y, Doyon J. Striatal and hippocampal involvement in motor sequence chunking depends on the learning strategy. PLoS One 2014; 9:e103885. [PMID: 25148078 PMCID: PMC4141721 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Motor sequences can be learned using an incremental approach by starting with a few elements and then adding more as training evolves (e.g., learning a piano piece); conversely, one can use a global approach and practice the whole sequence in every training session (e.g., shifting gears in an automobile). Yet, the neural correlates associated with such learning strategies in motor sequence learning remain largely unexplored to date. Here we used functional magnetic resonance imaging to measure the cerebral activity of individuals executing the same 8-element sequence after they completed a 4-days training regimen (2 sessions each day) following either a global or incremental strategy. A network comprised of striatal and fronto-parietal regions was engaged significantly regardless of the learning strategy, whereas the global training regimen led to additional cerebellar and temporal lobe recruitment. Analysis of chunking/grouping of sequence elements revealed a common prefrontal network in both conditions during the chunk initiation phase, whereas execution of chunk cores led to higher mediotemporal activity (involving the hippocampus) after global than incremental training. The novelty of our results relate to the recruitment of mediotemporal regions conditional of the learning strategy. Thus, the present findings may have clinical implications suggesting that the ability of patients with lesions to the medial temporal lobe to learn and consolidate new motor sequences may benefit from using an incremental strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ovidiu Lungu
- Unité de Neuroimagerie Fonctionelle (UNF), Montréal, Canada
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de gériatrie de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
- Département de Psychiatrie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
- Center for Research in Aging, Donald Berman Maimonides Geriatric Center, Montréal, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - Oury Monchi
- Unité de Neuroimagerie Fonctionelle (UNF), Montréal, Canada
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de gériatrie de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
- Département de Radiologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Geneviève Albouy
- Unité de Neuroimagerie Fonctionelle (UNF), Montréal, Canada
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de gériatrie de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
- Département de Psychologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Thomas Jubault
- Unité de Neuroimagerie Fonctionelle (UNF), Montréal, Canada
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de gériatrie de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | | | - Yves Burnod
- INSERM U678, Université de Paris VI Jussieu, Paris, France
| | - Julien Doyon
- Unité de Neuroimagerie Fonctionelle (UNF), Montréal, Canada
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de gériatrie de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
- Département de Psychologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
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47
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Wang Z, Guo Y, Myers KG, Heintz R, Peng YH, Maarek JMI, Holschneider DP. Exercise alters resting-state functional connectivity of motor circuits in parkinsonian rats. Neurobiol Aging 2014; 36:536-44. [PMID: 25219465 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Revised: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Few studies have examined changes in functional connectivity after long-term aerobic exercise. We examined the effects of 4 weeks of forced running wheel exercise on the resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) of motor circuits of rats subjected to bilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesion of the dorsal striatum. Our results showed substantial similarity between lesion-induced changes in rsFC in the rats and alterations in rsFC reported in Parkinson's disease subjects, including disconnection of the dorsolateral striatum. Exercise in lesioned rats resulted in: (1) normalization of many of the lesion-induced alterations in rsFC, including reintegration of the dorsolateral striatum into the motor network; (2) emergence of the ventrolateral striatum as a new broadly connected network hub; and (3) increased rsFC among the motor cortex, motor thalamus, basal ganglia, and cerebellum. Our results showed for the first time that long-term exercise training partially reversed lesion-induced alterations in rsFC of the motor circuits, and in addition enhanced functional connectivity in specific motor pathways in the parkinsonian rats, which could underlie recovery in motor functions observed in these animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Wang
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yumei Guo
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kalisa G Myers
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ryan Heintz
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yu-Hao Peng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jean-Michel I Maarek
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Daniel P Holschneider
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Cell and Neurobiology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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48
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K.R. L, K. W, L.A. B, N.J. H. Motor skill acquisition across short and long time scales: A meta-analysis of neuroimaging data. Neuropsychologia 2014; 59:130-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2014.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Revised: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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49
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Abstract
Previous studies have reported functionally localized changes in resting-state brain activity following a short period of motor learning, but their relationship with memory consolidation and their dependence on the form of learning is unclear. We investigate these questions with implicit or explicit variants of the serial reaction time task (SRTT). fMRI resting-state functional connectivity was measured in human subjects before the tasks, and 0.1, 0.5, and 6 h after learning. There was significant improvement in procedural skill in both groups, with the group learning under explicit conditions showing stronger initial acquisition, and greater improvement at the 6 h retest. Immediately following acquisition, this group showed enhanced functional connectivity in networks including frontal and cerebellar areas and in the visual cortex. Thirty minutes later, enhanced connectivity was observed between cerebellar nuclei, thalamus, and basal ganglia, whereas at 6 h there was enhanced connectivity in a sensory-motor cortical network. In contrast, immediately after acquisition under implicit conditions, there was increased connectivity in a network including precentral and sensory-motor areas, whereas after 30 min a similar cerebello-thalamo-basal ganglionic network was seen as in explicit learning. Finally, 6 h after implicit learning, we found increased connectivity in medial temporal cortex, but reduction in precentral and sensory-motor areas. Our findings are consistent with predictions that two variants of the SRTT task engage dissociable functional networks, although there are also networks in common. We also show a converging and diverging pattern of flux between prefrontal, sensory-motor, and parietal areas, and subcortical circuits across a 6 h consolidation period.
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50
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Debas K, Carrier J, Barakat M, Marrelec G, Bellec P, Hadj Tahar A, Karni A, Ungerleider LG, Benali H, Doyon J. Off-line consolidation of motor sequence learning results in greater integration within a cortico-striatal functional network. Neuroimage 2014; 99:50-8. [PMID: 24844748 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Revised: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The consolidation of motor sequence learning is known to depend on sleep. Work in our laboratory and others have shown that the striatum is associated with this off-line consolidation process. In this study, we aimed to quantify the sleep-dependent dynamic changes occurring at the network level using a measure of functional integration. We directly compared changes in connectivity before and after sleep or the simple passage of daytime. As predicted, the results revealed greater integration within the cortico-striatal network after sleep, but not an equivalent daytime period. Importantly, a similar pattern of results was also observed using a data-driven approach; the increase in integration being specific to a cortico-striatal network, but not to other known functional networks. These findings reveal, for the first time, a new signature of motor sequence consolidation: a greater between-regions interaction within the cortico-striatal system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Debas
- Functional Neuroimaging Unit, Centre de recherche de l'institut gériatrique de l'université de Montréal, Québec, Canada; Department of Psychology, University of Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Julie Carrier
- Functional Neuroimaging Unit, Centre de recherche de l'institut gériatrique de l'université de Montréal, Québec, Canada; Centre d'étude du sommeil et des rythmes biologiques, Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal, Québec, Canada; Department of Psychology, University of Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Marc Barakat
- Functional Neuroimaging Unit, Centre de recherche de l'institut gériatrique de l'université de Montréal, Québec, Canada; Department of Psychology, University of Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Guillaume Marrelec
- Functional Neuroimaging Unit, Centre de recherche de l'institut gériatrique de l'université de Montréal, Québec, Canada; Unité Mixte de Recherche-S 678, INSERM/University, Paris VI, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Bellec
- Functional Neuroimaging Unit, Centre de recherche de l'institut gériatrique de l'université de Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Abdallah Hadj Tahar
- Functional Neuroimaging Unit, Centre de recherche de l'institut gériatrique de l'université de Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Avi Karni
- Laboratory for Functional Brain Imaging and Learning Research, The Brain-Behavior Center, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | | | - Habib Benali
- Unité Mixte de Recherche-S 678, INSERM/University, Paris VI, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Julien Doyon
- Functional Neuroimaging Unit, Centre de recherche de l'institut gériatrique de l'université de Montréal, Québec, Canada; Department of Psychology, University of Montreal, Québec, Canada; Unité Mixte de Recherche-S 678, INSERM/University, Paris VI, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France.
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