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Ren J, Dewey RB, Rynders A, Evan J, Evan J, Ligozio S, Ho KS, Sguigna PV, Glanzman R, Hotchkin MT, Dewey RB, Greenberg BM. Evidence of brain target engagement in Parkinson's disease and multiple sclerosis by the investigational nanomedicine, CNM-Au8, in the REPAIR phase 2 clinical trials. J Nanobiotechnology 2023; 21:478. [PMID: 38087362 PMCID: PMC10717868 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-023-02236-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Impaired brain energy metabolism has been observed in many neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson's disease (PD) and multiple sclerosis (MS). In both diseases, mitochondrial dysfunction and energetic impairment can lead to neuronal dysfunction and death. CNM-Au8® is a suspension of faceted, clean-surfaced gold nanocrystals that catalytically improves energetic metabolism in CNS cells, supporting neuroprotection and remyelination as demonstrated in multiple independent preclinical models. The objective of the Phase 2 REPAIR-MS and REPAIR-PD clinical trials was to investigate the effects of CNM-Au8, administered orally once daily for twelve or more weeks, on brain phosphorous-containing energy metabolite levels in participants with diagnoses of relapsing MS or idiopathic PD, respectively. RESULTS Brain metabolites were measured using 7-Tesla 31P-MRS in two disease cohorts, 11 participants with stable relapsing MS and 13 participants with PD (n = 24 evaluable post-baseline scans). Compared to pre-treatment baseline, the mean NAD+/NADH ratio in the brain, a measure of energetic capacity, was significantly increased by 10.4% after 12 + weeks of treatment with CNM-Au8 (0.584 units, SD: 1.3; p = 0.037, paired t-test) in prespecified analyses of the combined treatment cohorts. Each disease cohort concordantly demonstrated increases in the NAD+/NADH ratio but did not reach significance individually (p = 0.11 and p = 0.14, PD and MS cohorts, respectively). Significant treatment effects were also observed for secondary and exploratory imaging outcomes, including β-ATP and phosphorylation potential across both cohorts. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate brain target engagement of CNM-Au8 as a direct modulator of brain energy metabolism, and support the further investigation of CNM-Au8 as a potential disease modifying drug for PD and MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimin Ren
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Department of Neurology, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Richard B Dewey
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Department of Neurology, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
- Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Center, Boca Raton, FL, 33486, USA
| | - Austin Rynders
- Clene Nanomedicine, Inc., 6550 S Millrock Dr., Suite G50, Salt Lake City, UT, 84121, USA
| | - Jacob Evan
- Clene Nanomedicine, Inc., 6550 S Millrock Dr., Suite G50, Salt Lake City, UT, 84121, USA
| | - Jeremy Evan
- Clene Nanomedicine, Inc., 6550 S Millrock Dr., Suite G50, Salt Lake City, UT, 84121, USA
| | - Shelia Ligozio
- Instat Clinical Research, A Veristat Company, 1 Wilson St., Chatham, NJ, 07928, USA
| | - Karen S Ho
- Clene Nanomedicine, Inc., 6550 S Millrock Dr., Suite G50, Salt Lake City, UT, 84121, USA.
| | - Peter V Sguigna
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Department of Neurology, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Robert Glanzman
- Clene Nanomedicine, Inc., 6550 S Millrock Dr., Suite G50, Salt Lake City, UT, 84121, USA
| | - Michael T Hotchkin
- Clene Nanomedicine, Inc., 6550 S Millrock Dr., Suite G50, Salt Lake City, UT, 84121, USA
| | - Richard B Dewey
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Department of Neurology, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
- Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Center, Boca Raton, FL, 33486, USA
| | - Benjamin M Greenberg
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Department of Neurology, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
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Jeong H, Lee B, Han SJ, Sohn DH. Glucose metabolic reprogramming in autoimmune diseases. Anim Cells Syst (Seoul) 2023; 27:149-158. [PMID: 37465289 PMCID: PMC10351453 DOI: 10.1080/19768354.2023.2234986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases are conditions in which the immune system mistakenly targets and damages healthy tissue in the body. In recent decades, the incidence of autoimmune diseases has increased, resulting in a significant disease burden. The current autoimmune therapies focus on targeting inflammation or inducing immunosuppression rather than addressing the underlying cause of the diseases. The activity of metabolic pathways is elevated in autoimmune diseases, and metabolic changes are increasingly recognized as important pathogenic processes underlying these. Therefore, metabolically targeted therapies may represent an important strategy for treating autoimmune diseases. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the evidence surrounding glucose metabolic reprogramming and its potential applications in drug discovery and development for autoimmune diseases, such as type 1 diabetes, multiple sclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and systemic sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoim Jeong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Beomgu Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Jin Han
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Inje University, Gimhae, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Hyun Sohn
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
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Mohamed W, Kumar J, Alghamdi BS, Soliman AH, Toshihide Y. Neurodegeneration and inflammation crosstalk: Therapeutic targets and perspectives. IBRO Neurosci Rep 2023; 14:95-110. [PMID: 37388502 PMCID: PMC10300452 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibneur.2022.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Glia, which was formerly considered to exist just to connect neurons, now plays a key function in a wide range of physiological events, including formation of memory, learning, neuroplasticity, synaptic plasticity, energy consumption, and homeostasis of ions. Glial cells regulate the brain's immune responses and confers nutritional and structural aid to neurons, making them an important player in a broad range of neurological disorders. Alzheimer's, ALS, Parkinson's, frontotemporal dementia (FTD), and epilepsy are a few of the neurodegenerative diseases that have been linked to microglia and astroglia cells, in particular. Synapse growth is aided by glial cell activity, and this activity has an effect on neuronal signalling. Each glial malfunction in diverse neurodegenerative diseases is distinct, and we will discuss its significance in the progression of the illness, as well as its potential for future treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wael Mohamed
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Kulliyyah of Medicine, International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM), Kuantan, Malaysia
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Menoufia Medical School, Menoufia University, Menoufia, Egypt
| | - Jaya Kumar
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, UKM Medical Centre (UKMMC), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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4
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Melatonin ameliorates disease severity in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis by modulating the kynurenine pathway. Sci Rep 2022; 12:15963. [PMID: 36153399 PMCID: PMC9509376 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-20164-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractMelatonin (MT), a neurohormone with immunomodulatory properties, is one of the metabolites produced in the brain from tryptophan (TRP) that has already strong links with the neuropathogenesis of Multiple sclerosis (MS). However, the exact molecular mechanisms behind that are not fully understood. There is some evidence showing that MS and MT are interconnected via different pathways: Relapses of MS has a direct correlation with a low level of MT secretion and a growing body of evidence suggest that MT be therapeutic in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis (EAE, a recognise animal model of MS) severity. Previous studies have demonstrated that the kynurenine pathway (KP), the main pathway of TRP catabolism, plays a key role in the pathogenesis of MS in humans and in EAE. The present study aimed to investigate whether MT can improve clinical signs in the EAE model by modulating the KP. C57BL/6 mice were induced with EAE and received different doses of MT. Then the onset and severity of EAE clinical symptoms were recorded. Two biological factors, aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and NAD+ which closely interact in the KP were also assessed. The results indicated that MT treatment at all tested doses significantly decrease the EAE clinical scores and the number of demyelinating plaques. Furthermore, MT treatment reduced the mRNA expression of the KP regulatory enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1(IDO-1) and other KP enzymes. We also found that MT treatment reduces the mRNA expression of the AhR and inhibits the enzyme Nicotinamide N-Methyltransferase (Nnmt) overexpression leading to an increase in NAD+ levels. Collectively, this study suggests that MT treatment may significantly attenuates the severity of EAE by altering the KP, AhR and NAD+ metabolism.
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Bierhansl L, Hartung HP, Aktas O, Ruck T, Roden M, Meuth SG. Thinking outside the box: non-canonical targets in multiple sclerosis. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2022; 21:578-600. [PMID: 35668103 PMCID: PMC9169033 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-022-00477-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an immune-mediated disease of the central nervous system that causes demyelination, axonal degeneration and astrogliosis, resulting in progressive neurological disability. Fuelled by an evolving understanding of MS immunopathogenesis, the range of available immunotherapies for clinical use has expanded over the past two decades. However, MS remains an incurable disease and even targeted immunotherapies often fail to control insidious disease progression, indicating the need for new and exceptional therapeutic options beyond the established immunological landscape. In this Review, we highlight such non-canonical targets in preclinical MS research with a focus on five highly promising areas: oligodendrocytes; the blood-brain barrier; metabolites and cellular metabolism; the coagulation system; and tolerance induction. Recent findings in these areas may guide the field towards novel targets for future therapeutic approaches in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Bierhansl
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Hartung
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Orhan Aktas
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Tobias Ruck
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Michael Roden
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
- German Center of Diabetes Research, Partner Düsseldorf, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Sven G Meuth
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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Wang Y, Pleasure D, Deng W, Guo F. Therapeutic Potentials of Poly (ADP-Ribose) Polymerase 1 (PARP1) Inhibition in Multiple Sclerosis and Animal Models: Concept Revisiting. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2102853. [PMID: 34935305 PMCID: PMC8844485 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202102853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1) plays a fundamental role in DNA repair and gene expression. Excessive PARP1 hyperactivation, however, has been associated with cell death. PARP1 and/or its activity are dysregulated in the immune and central nervous system of multiple sclerosis (MS) patients and animal models. Pharmacological PARP1 inhibition is shown to be protective against immune activation and disease severity in MS animal models while genetic PARP1 deficiency studies reported discrepant results. The inconsistency suggests that the function of PARP1 and PARP1-mediated PARylation may be complex and context-dependent. The article reviews PARP1 functions, discusses experimental findings and possible interpretations of PARP1 in inflammation, neuronal/axonal degeneration, and oligodendrogliopathy, three major pathological components cooperatively determining MS disease course and neurological progression, and points out future research directions. Cell type specific PARP1 manipulations are necessary for revisiting the role of PARP1 in the three pathological components prior to moving PARP1 inhibition into clinical trials for MS therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Department of NeurologySchool of MedicineUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCA95817USA
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative MedicineUC Davis School of Medicine/Shriners Hospitals for ChildrenSacramentoCAUSA
| | - David Pleasure
- Department of NeurologySchool of MedicineUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCA95817USA
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative MedicineUC Davis School of Medicine/Shriners Hospitals for ChildrenSacramentoCAUSA
| | - Wenbin Deng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen)Sun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510006China
| | - Fuzheng Guo
- Department of NeurologySchool of MedicineUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCA95817USA
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative MedicineUC Davis School of Medicine/Shriners Hospitals for ChildrenSacramentoCAUSA
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7
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González LF, Bevilacqua LE, Naves R. Nanotechnology-Based Drug Delivery Strategies to Repair the Mitochondrial Function in Neuroinflammatory and Neurodegenerative Diseases. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:2055. [PMID: 34959337 PMCID: PMC8707316 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13122055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are vital organelles in eukaryotic cells that control diverse physiological processes related to energy production, calcium homeostasis, the generation of reactive oxygen species, and cell death. Several studies have demonstrated that structural and functional mitochondrial disturbances are involved in the development of different neuroinflammatory (NI) and neurodegenerative (ND) diseases (NI&NDDs) such as multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Remarkably, counteracting mitochondrial impairment by genetic or pharmacologic treatment ameliorates neurodegeneration and clinical disability in animal models of these diseases. Therefore, the development of nanosystems enabling the sustained and selective delivery of mitochondria-targeted drugs is a novel and effective strategy to tackle NI&NDDs. In this review, we outline the impact of mitochondrial dysfunction associated with unbalanced mitochondrial dynamics, altered mitophagy, oxidative stress, energy deficit, and proteinopathies in NI&NDDs. In addition, we review different strategies for selective mitochondria-specific ligand targeting and discuss novel nanomaterials, nanozymes, and drug-loaded nanosystems developed to repair mitochondrial function and their therapeutic benefits protecting against oxidative stress, restoring cell energy production, preventing cell death, inhibiting protein aggregates, and improving motor and cognitive disability in cellular and animal models of different NI&NDDs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rodrigo Naves
- Immunology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Av. Independencia 1027, Santiago 8380453, Chile; (L.F.G.); (L.E.B.)
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8
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Pashaei S, Mohammadi P, Yarani R, Haghgoo SM, Emami Aleagha MS. Carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in multiple sclerosis: Clinical implications for etiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy. Arch Biochem Biophys 2021; 712:109030. [PMID: 34517010 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2021.109030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a complicated autoimmune disease characterized by inflammatory and demyelinating events in the central nervous system. The exact etiology and pathogenesis of MS have not been elucidated. However, a set of metabolic changes and their effects on immune cells and neural functions have been explained. This review highlights the contribution of carbohydrates and lipids metabolism to the etiology and pathogenesis of MS. Then, we have proposed a hypothetical relationship between such metabolic changes and the immune system in patients with MS. Finally, the potential clinical implications of these metabolic changes in diagnosis, prognosis, and discovering therapeutic targets have been discussed. It is concluded that research on the pathophysiological alterations of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism may be a potential strategy for paving the way toward MS treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somayeh Pashaei
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Pantea Mohammadi
- Medical Biology Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Reza Yarani
- Translational Type 1 Diabetes Biology, Department of Clinical Research, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Interventional Regenerative Medicine and Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Seyyed Mortaza Haghgoo
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Sajad Emami Aleagha
- Medical Technology Research Center (MTRC), School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
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9
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Wu W, Bours MJL, Koole A, Kenkhuis MF, Eussen SJPM, Breukink SO, van Schooten FJ, Weijenberg MP, Hageman GJ. Cross-Sectional Associations between Dietary Daily Nicotinamide Intake and Patient-Reported Outcomes in Colorectal Cancer Survivors, 2 to 10 Years Post-Diagnosis. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13113707. [PMID: 34835963 PMCID: PMC8624000 DOI: 10.3390/nu13113707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Supplementation with nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) precursors including dietary nicotinamide has been found to boost tissue NAD+ levels and ameliorate oxidative stress-induced damage that contributes to aging and aging-related diseases. The association between dietary NAD+ precursors and patient-reported health-related outcomes in cancer survivors has not been investigated. This study aimed to determine associations of dietary nicotinamide intake with different patient-reported outcomes in colorectal cancer survivors, 2 to 10 years post-diagnosis. A total of 145 eligible participants were recruited into this cross-sectional study. Dietary nicotinamide intake level was calculated based on data from 7-day food diaries. Fatigue was assessed with the Checklist Individual Strength (CIS), which is a subscale of the cancer-specific European Organization for the Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire-Core 30 (EORTC), and anxiety and depression were assessed with Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Oxidative stress marker serum protein carbonyl contents and serum NAD+ levels were measured. A hierarchical linear regression model with confounder adjustment was performed to analyze the association of nicotinamide intake, serum protein carbonyl contents, and NAD+ levels with patient-reported outcomes. The median values of daily nicotinamide intake for male and female participants were 19.1 and 14.4 mg, respectively. Daily dietary nicotinamide intake was associated with a lower level of fatigue (β: -14.85 (-28.14, -1.56)) and a lower level of anxiety and depression (β: -4.69 (-8.55, -0.83)). Subgroup analyses by sex showed that a beneficial association between nicotinamide intake and patient-reported outcomes was mainly found in men. To conclude, our findings suggested that higher dietary NAD+ precursor nicotinamide intake was cross-sectionally associated with less patient-reported outcomes in CRC survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbo Wu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (F.-J.v.S.); (G.J.H.)
- NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands;
- Correspondence:
| | - Martijn J. L. Bours
- Department of Epidemiology, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (M.J.L.B.); (A.K.); (M.-F.K.); (S.J.P.M.E.); (M.P.W.)
- GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Annaleen Koole
- Department of Epidemiology, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (M.J.L.B.); (A.K.); (M.-F.K.); (S.J.P.M.E.); (M.P.W.)
- GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Marlou-Floor Kenkhuis
- Department of Epidemiology, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (M.J.L.B.); (A.K.); (M.-F.K.); (S.J.P.M.E.); (M.P.W.)
- GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Simone J. P. M. Eussen
- Department of Epidemiology, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (M.J.L.B.); (A.K.); (M.-F.K.); (S.J.P.M.E.); (M.P.W.)
- CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
- CAPHRI School for Care and Public Health Research Institute, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Stephanie O. Breukink
- NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands;
- GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Frederik-Jan van Schooten
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (F.-J.v.S.); (G.J.H.)
- NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands;
| | - Matty P. Weijenberg
- Department of Epidemiology, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (M.J.L.B.); (A.K.); (M.-F.K.); (S.J.P.M.E.); (M.P.W.)
- GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Geja J. Hageman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (F.-J.v.S.); (G.J.H.)
- NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands;
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Tan LSY, Francis HM, Lim CK. Exploring the roles of tryptophan metabolism in MS beyond neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration: A paradigm shift to neuropsychiatric symptoms. Brain Behav Immun Health 2021; 12:100201. [PMID: 34589733 PMCID: PMC8474511 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2021.100201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The metabolism of tryptophan through the kynurenine pathway (KP) has been increasingly recognised in contributing to disease progression in the autoimmune and inflammatory disease multiple sclerosis (MS). In this review, the roles of inflammation and the KP are recontextualised to better understand the aetiology of the neuropsychiatric symptoms (depression, postpartum depression, suicidality, fatigue and cognitive dysfunction) in MS. These symptoms will be discussed in the context of cytokine-induced sickness behaviours, KP activation and levels of neurotoxicity and neuroprotection in MS. In particular, there will be emphasis on how neuropsychiatric symptoms in MS occur against the shared background of inflammation and KP dysregulation. The discourse of this review aims to promote future research in elucidating KP mechanisms in MS that would inevitably lead to more targeted treatment options for neuropsychiatric symptoms and disease progression. Research on tryptophan metabolism and neuroinflammation on neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis (MS) is mounting. This review reframes the roles of neuroinflammation and tryptophan metabolism dysregulation on mental health issues in MS. The impact of neuroinflammation and tryptophan metabolism on depression, suicidality, fatigue, and cognitive impairment in MS are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorraine S Y Tan
- Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Australia
| | - Heather M Francis
- Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Australia
| | - Chai K Lim
- Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Australia
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11
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Braidy N, Villalva MD, Grant R. NADomics: Measuring NAD + and Related Metabolites Using Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11060512. [PMID: 34073099 PMCID: PMC8230230 DOI: 10.3390/life11060512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) and its metabolome (NADome) play important roles in preserving cellular homeostasis. Altered levels of the NADome may represent a likely indicator of poor metabolic function. Accurate measurement of the NADome is crucial for biochemical research and developing interventions for ageing and neurodegenerative diseases. In this mini review, traditional methods used to quantify various metabolites in the NADome are discussed. Owing to the auto-oxidation properties of most pyridine nucleotides and their differential chemical stability in various biological matrices, accurate assessment of the concentrations of the NADome is an analytical challenge. Recent liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS) techniques which overcome some of these technical challenges for quantitative assessment of the NADome in the blood, CSF, and urine are described. Specialised HPLC-UV, NMR, capillary zone electrophoresis, or colorimetric enzymatic assays are inexpensive and readily available in most laboratories but lack the required specificity and sensitivity for quantification of human biological samples. LC-MS represents an alternative means of quantifying the concentrations of the NADome in clinically relevant biological specimens after careful consideration of analyte extraction procedures, selection of internal standards, analyte stability, and LC assays. LC-MS represents a rapid, robust, simple, and reliable assay for the measurement of the NADome between control and test samples, and for identifying biological correlations between the NADome and various biochemical processes and testing the efficacy of strategies aimed at raising NAD+ levels during physiological ageing and disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nady Braidy
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia;
- Euroa Centre, UNSW School of Psychiatry, NPI, Prince of Wales Hospital, Barker Street, Randwick, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-2-9382-3763; Fax: +61-2-9382-3774
| | - Maria D. Villalva
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia;
| | - Ross Grant
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia;
- Australasian Research Institute, Sydney Adventist Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2076, Australia
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12
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Alba-Arbalat S, Andorra M, Sanchez-Dalmau B, Camos-Carreras A, Dotti-Boada M, Pulido-Valdeolivas I, Llufriu S, Blanco Y, Sepulveda M, Saiz A, Batet O, Bilbao I, Torre I, Amat-Roldan I, Martinez-Lapiscina EH, Villoslada P. In Vivo Molecular Changes in the Retina of Patients With Multiple Sclerosis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2021; 62:11. [PMID: 33974046 PMCID: PMC8114005 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.62.6.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Raman spectroscopy allows molecular changes to be quantified in vivo from the tissues like the retina. Here we aimed to assess the metabolic changes in the retina of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). Methods We built a Raman spectroscopy prototype by connecting a scanning laser ophthalmoscope to a spectrophotometer. We defined the spectra of 10 molecules participating on energy supply, axon biology, or synaptic damage, which have been shown to be altered in the brain of patients with MS: cytochrome C, flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH), N-acetyl-aspartate (NAA), excitotoxicity, glutamate, amyloid β (Aβ), τ and α-synuclein (SNCA), phosphatidyl-ethanolamine, and phosphatidyl-choline. We studied these molecules in a prospective cohort of patients with MS, either in the chronic phase or during relapses of acute optic neuritis (AON). Results Significant changes to all these molecules were associated with age in healthy individuals. There was a significant decrease in NADH and a trend toward a decrease in NAA in patients with MS, as well as an increase in Aβ compared with healthy controls. Moreover, NADH and FAD increased over time in a longitudinal analysis of patients with MS, whereas Aβ diminished. In patients with acute retinal inflammation due to AON, there was a significant increase in FAD and a decrease in SNCA in the affected retina. Moreover, glutamate levels increased in the affected eyes after a 6-month follow-up. Conclusions Alterations of molecules related to axonal degeneration are observed during neuroinflammation and show dynamic changes over time, suggesting progressive neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salut Alba-Arbalat
- Center of Neuroimmunology, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Ophthalmology, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Magi Andorra
- Center of Neuroimmunology, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Bernardo Sanchez-Dalmau
- Center of Neuroimmunology, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Ophthalmology, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Camos-Carreras
- Center of Neuroimmunology, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Ophthalmology, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marina Dotti-Boada
- Center of Neuroimmunology, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Ophthalmology, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Irene Pulido-Valdeolivas
- Center of Neuroimmunology, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Neurology, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sara Llufriu
- Center of Neuroimmunology, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Neurology, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Yolanda Blanco
- Center of Neuroimmunology, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Neurology, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Sepulveda
- Center of Neuroimmunology, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Neurology, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Saiz
- Center of Neuroimmunology, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Neurology, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut de Neurociències, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | - Elena H Martinez-Lapiscina
- Center of Neuroimmunology, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Neurology, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pablo Villoslada
- Center of Neuroimmunology, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain.,Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States
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13
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Navarro MN, Gómez de Las Heras MM, Mittelbrunn M. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide metabolism in the immune response, autoimmunity and inflammageing. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 179:1839-1856. [PMID: 33817782 PMCID: PMC9292562 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolism is dynamically regulated to accompany immune cell function, and altered immunometabolism can result in impaired immune responses. Concomitantly, the pharmacological manipulation of metabolic processes offers an opportunity for therapeutic intervention in inflammatory disorders. The nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is a critical metabolic intermediate that serves as enzyme cofactor in redox reactions, and is also used as a co‐substrate by many enzymes such as sirtuins, adenosine diphosphate ribose transferases and synthases. Through these activities, NAD+ metabolism regulates a broad spectrum of cellular functions such as energy metabolism, DNA repair, regulation of the epigenetic landscape and inflammation. Thus, the manipulation of NAD+ availability using pharmacological compounds such as NAD+ precursors can have immune‐modulatory properties in inflammation. Here, we discuss how the NAD+ metabolism contributes to the immune response and inflammatory conditions, with a special focus on multiple sclerosis, inflammatory bowel diseases and inflammageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria N Navarro
- Interactions With The Environment Program, Immune System Development and Function Unit, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CBMSO), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel M Gómez de Las Heras
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CBMSO), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Mittelbrunn
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CBMSO), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain
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14
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Sex-related differences in human plasma NAD+/NADH levels depend on age. Biosci Rep 2021; 41:227457. [PMID: 33393613 PMCID: PMC7809543 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20200340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is a coenzyme in metabolic reactions and cosubstrate in signaling pathways of cells. While the intracellular function of NAD is well described, much less is known about its importance as an extracellular molecule. Moreover, there is only little information about the concentration of extracellular NAD and the ratio between its oxidized (NAD+) and reduced (NADH) form in humans. Therefore, our study aimed at the analysis of total NAD and NAD+/NADH ratio in human plasma depending on sex and age. First, an enzymatic assay was established for detecting NAD+ and NADH in human plasma samples. Then, plasma NAD was analyzed in 205 probands without severe diseases (91 men, 114 women) being 18-83 years old. The total plasma NAD concentration was determined with median 1.34 µM (0.44-2.88 µM) without difference between men and women. Although the amounts of NAD+ and NADH were nearly balanced, women had higher plasma NAD+/NADH ratios than men (median 1.33 vs. 1.09, P<0.001). The sex-related difference in the plasma NAD+/NADH ratio reduces with increasing age, an effect that was more obvious for two parameters of the biological age (skin autofluorescence, brachial-femoral pulse wave velocity (PWV)) than for the chronological age. However, plasma values for total NAD and NAD+/NADH ratio did not generally alter with increasing age. In conclusion, human plasma contains low micromolar concentrations of total NAD with higher NAD+/NADH redox ratios in adult but not older women compared with same-aged men.
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15
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Biernacki T, Sandi D, Bencsik K, Vécsei L. Kynurenines in the Pathogenesis of Multiple Sclerosis: Therapeutic Perspectives. Cells 2020; 9:cells9061564. [PMID: 32604956 PMCID: PMC7349747 DOI: 10.3390/cells9061564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past years, an increasing amount of evidence has emerged in support of the kynurenine pathway’s (KP) pivotal role in the pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative, psychiatric, vascular and autoimmune diseases. Different neuroactive metabolites of the KP are known to exert opposite effects on neurons, some being neuroprotective (e.g., picolinic acid, kynurenic acid, and the cofactor nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide), while others are toxic to neurons (e.g., 3-hydroxykynurenine, quinolinic acid). Not only the alterations in the levels of the metabolites but also disturbances in their ratio (quinolinic acid/kynurenic acid) have been reported in several diseases. In addition to the metabolites, the enzymes participating in the KP have been unearthed to be involved in modulation of the immune system, the energetic upkeep of neurons and have been shown to influence redox processes and inflammatory cascades, revealing a sophisticated, intertwined system. This review considers various methods through which enzymes and metabolites of the kynurenine pathway influence the immune system, the roles they play in the pathogenesis of neuroinflammatory diseases based on current evidence with a focus on their involvement in multiple sclerosis, as well as therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamás Biernacki
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of General Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Centre, University of Szeged, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary; (T.B.); (D.S.); (K.B.)
| | - Dániel Sandi
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of General Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Centre, University of Szeged, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary; (T.B.); (D.S.); (K.B.)
| | - Krisztina Bencsik
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of General Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Centre, University of Szeged, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary; (T.B.); (D.S.); (K.B.)
| | - László Vécsei
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of General Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Centre, University of Szeged, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary; (T.B.); (D.S.); (K.B.)
- MTA—SZTE Neuroscience Research Group, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary
- Interdisciplinary Excellence Center, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +36-62-545-356; Fax: +36-62-545-597
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16
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Sundaram G, Lim CK, Brew BJ, Guillemin GJ. Kynurenine pathway modulation reverses the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis mouse disease progression. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:176. [PMID: 32505212 PMCID: PMC7276083 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01844-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic immune-mediated disorder of the central nervous system characterized by demyelination, neuroinflammation, and neurodegeneration. Activation of the kynurenine pathway (KP) results from acute and chronic neuroinflammation leading to both immune suppression and neurotoxicity. However, the exact effects of KP metabolites and changes in neurodegenerative diseases over time are not fully understood. Studies, including those in MS models, have reported that short-term KP activation is beneficial through immune tolerance. However, the effects of long-term KP activation are poorly understood. We hypothesized that such chronic activation is responsible for the neurodegeneration in MS, and further, modulating the KP in EAE-induced mice could significantly decrease the EAE disease severity. METHODS We biochemically altered the KP at different stages of the disease in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) mouse model of MS and at two different enzymatic levels of the KP (IDO-1 (indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase)) and KMO (kynurenine monooxygenase). CNS tissue and blood samples were analyzed longitudinally using GCMS, HPLC, IHC, and RT-PCR. RESULTS We showed that the KP was steadily upregulated correlating with disease severity and associated with a shift towards increasing concentrations of the KP metabolite quinolinic acid, a neuro- and gliotoxin. KP modulation by inhibition of IDO-1 with 1-methyl tryptophan (1-MT) was dependent on the timing of treatment at various stages of EAE. IDO-1 inhibition at EAE score 2 led to significantly higher numbers of FoxP3 cells (p < 0.001) in the spleen than earlier IDO-1 inhibition (prophylactic 1-MT treatment group (p < 0.001)), 1-MT treatment after EAE induction (EAE score 0; p < 0.001), and 1-MT treatment at EAE score of 1 (p < 0.05). Significant improvement of disease severity was observed in EAE mice treated with 1-MT at EAE score 2 compared to the untreated group (p < 0.05). KP modulation by KMO inhibition with Ro 61-8048 led to significantly greater numbers of Foxp3 cells (p < 0.05) in Ro 61-8048 treated mice and even more significant amelioration of EAE disease compared to the 1-MT treatment groups. CONCLUSIONS These results provide a new mechanistic link between neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration and point to KP modulation at the KMO level to preserve immune tolerance and limit neurodegeneration in EAE. They provide the foundation for new clinical trials for MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayathri Sundaram
- Peter Duncan Neurosciences Research Unit, St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia
- St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Chai K Lim
- Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Bruce J Brew
- Peter Duncan Neurosciences Research Unit, St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia.
- St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
- Department of Neurology, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia.
| | - Gilles J Guillemin
- Peter Duncan Neurosciences Research Unit, St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia.
- Neuroinflammation Group, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia.
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17
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CD38 in Neurodegeneration and Neuroinflammation. Cells 2020; 9:cells9020471. [PMID: 32085567 PMCID: PMC7072759 DOI: 10.3390/cells9020471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by neuronal degeneration as well as neuroinflammation. While CD38 is strongly expressed in brain cells including neurons, astrocytes as well as microglial cells, the role played by CD38 in neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation remains elusive. Yet, CD38 expression increases as a consequence of aging which is otherwise the primary risk associated with neurodegenerative diseases, and several experimental data demonstrated that CD38 knockout mice are protected from neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory insults. Moreover, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, whose levels are tightly controlled by CD38, is a recognized and potent neuroprotective agent, and NAD supplementation was found to be beneficial against neurodegenerative diseases. The aims of this review are to summarize the physiological role played by CD38 in the brain, present the arguments indicating the involvement of CD38 in neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation, and to discuss these observations in light of CD38 complex biology.
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18
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Nanocatalytic activity of clean-surfaced, faceted nanocrystalline gold enhances remyelination in animal models of multiple sclerosis. Sci Rep 2020; 10:1936. [PMID: 32041968 PMCID: PMC7010780 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-58709-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of pharmacotherapies that promote remyelination is a high priority for multiple sclerosis (MS), due to their potential for neuroprotection and restoration of function through repair of demyelinated lesions. A novel preparation of clean-surfaced, faceted gold nanocrystals demonstrated robust remyelinating activity in response to demyelinating agents in both chronic cuprizone and acute lysolecithin rodent animal models. Furthermore, oral delivery of gold nanocrystals improved motor functions of cuprizone-treated mice in both open field and kinematic gait studies. Gold nanocrystal treatment of oligodendrocyte precursor cells in culture resulted in oligodendrocyte maturation and expression of myelin differentiation markers. Additional in vitro data demonstrated that these gold nanocrystals act via a novel energy metabolism pathway involving the enhancement of key indicators of aerobic glycolysis. In response to gold nanocrystals, co-cultured central nervous system cells exhibited elevated levels of the redox coenzyme nicotine adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), elevated total intracellular ATP levels, and elevated extracellular lactate levels, along with upregulation of myelin-synthesis related genes, collectively resulting in functional myelin generation. Based on these preclinical studies, clean-surfaced, faceted gold nanocrystals represent a novel remyelinating therapeutic for multiple sclerosis.
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19
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Braidy N, Liu Y. NAD+ therapy in age-related degenerative disorders: A benefit/risk analysis. Exp Gerontol 2020; 132:110831. [PMID: 31917996 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2020.110831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is an essential pyridine nucleotide that is present in all living cells. NAD+ acts as an important cofactor and substrate for a multitude of biological processes including energy production, DNA repair, gene expression, calcium-dependent secondary messenger signalling and immunoregulatory roles. The de novo synthesis of NAD+ is primarily dependent on the kynurenine pathway (KP), although NAD+ can also be recycled from nicotinic acid (NA), nicotinamide (NAM) and nicotinamide riboside (NR). NAD+ levels have been reported to decline during ageing and age-related diseases. Recent studies have shown that raising intracellular NAD+ levels represents a promising therapeutic strategy for age-associated degenerative diseases in general and to extend lifespan in small animal models. A systematic review of the literature available on Medline, Embase and Pubmed was undertaken to evaluate the potential health and/or longevity benefits due to increasing NAD+ levels. A total of 1545 articles were identified and 147 articles (113 preclinical and 34 clinical) met criteria for inclusion. Most studies indicated that the NAD+ precursors NAM, NR, nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN), and to a lesser extent NAD+ and NADH had a favourable outcome on several age-related disorders associated with the accumulation of chronic oxidative stress, inflammation and impaired mitochondrial function. While these compounds presented with a limited acute toxicity profile, evidence is still quite limited and long-term human clinical trials are still nascent in the current literature. Potential risks in raising NAD+ levels in various clinical disorders using NAD+ precursors include the accumulation of putative toxic metabolites, tumorigenesis and promotion of cellular senescence. Therefore, NAD+ metabolism represents a promising target and further studies are needed to recapitulate the preclinical benefits in human clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nady Braidy
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Yue Liu
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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20
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Wu Z, Nan D, Yang H, Pan S, Liu H, Hu X. A ratiometric fluorescence-scattered light strategy based on MoS2 quantum dots/CoOOH nanoflakes system for ascorbic acid detection. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1091:59-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.09.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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21
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Cooper CE, Silkstone GGA, Simons M, Rajagopal B, Syrett N, Shaik T, Gretton S, Welbourn E, Bülow L, Eriksson NL, Ronda L, Mozzarelli A, Eke A, Mathe D, Reeder BJ. Engineering tyrosine residues into hemoglobin enhances heme reduction, decreases oxidative stress and increases vascular retention of a hemoglobin based blood substitute. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 134:106-118. [PMID: 30594736 PMCID: PMC6597946 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Hemoglobin (Hb)-based oxygen carriers (HBOC) are modified extracellular proteins, designed to replace or augment the oxygen-carrying capacity of erythrocytes. However, clinical results have generally been disappointing due to adverse side effects, in part linked to the intrinsic oxidative toxicity of Hb. Previously a redox-active tyrosine residue was engineered into the Hb β subunit (βF41Y) to facilitate electron transfer between endogenous antioxidants such as ascorbate and the oxidative ferryl heme species, converting the highly oxidizing ferryl species into the less reactive ferric (met) form. We inserted different single tyrosine mutations into the α and β subunits of Hb to determine if this effect of βF41Y was unique. Every mutation that was inserted within electron transfer range of the protein surface and the heme increased the rate of ferryl reduction. However, surprisingly, three of the mutations (βT84Y, αL91Y and βF85Y) also increased the rate of ascorbate reduction of ferric(met) Hb to ferrous(oxy) Hb. The rate enhancement was most evident at ascorbate concentrations equivalent to that found in plasma (< 100 μM), suggesting that it might be of benefit in decreasing oxidative stress in vivo. The most promising mutant (βT84Y) was stable with no increase in autoxidation or heme loss. A decrease in membrane damage following Hb addition to HEK cells correlated with the ability of βT84Y to maintain the protein in its oxygenated form. When PEGylated and injected into mice, βT84Y was shown to have an increased vascular half time compared to wild type PEGylated Hb. βT84Y represents a new class of mutations with the ability to enhance reduction of both ferryl and ferric Hb, and thus has potential to decrease adverse side effects as one component of a final HBOC product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris E Cooper
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, Essex CO4 3SQ, United Kingdom.
| | - Gary G A Silkstone
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, Essex CO4 3SQ, United Kingdom
| | - Michelle Simons
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, Essex CO4 3SQ, United Kingdom
| | - Badri Rajagopal
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, Essex CO4 3SQ, United Kingdom
| | - Natalie Syrett
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, Essex CO4 3SQ, United Kingdom
| | - Thoufieq Shaik
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, Essex CO4 3SQ, United Kingdom
| | - Svetlana Gretton
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, Essex CO4 3SQ, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth Welbourn
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, Essex CO4 3SQ, United Kingdom
| | - Leif Bülow
- Pure and Applied Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Box 124, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Nélida Leiva Eriksson
- Pure and Applied Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Box 124, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Luca Ronda
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Andrea Mozzarelli
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parma, Italy; Institute of Biophysics, National Research Council (CNR), Pisa, Italy
| | - Andras Eke
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Domokos Mathe
- Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Brandon J Reeder
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, Essex CO4 3SQ, United Kingdom.
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22
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Nakano T, Goto S, Takaoka Y, Tseng HP, Fujimura T, Kawamoto S, Ono K, Chen CL. A novel moonlight function of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) for immunomodulation. Biofactors 2018; 44:597-608. [PMID: 28753256 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) is an energy metabolism-related enzyme, which generates NADH in glycolysis. Our previous study revealed a novel role of exogenous GAPDH in the amelioration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced sepsis-related, severe acute lung injury (ALI) in mice. Here, we show the effect of extracellular GAPDH on the physiological functions of macrophages, which play an important role in the onset of sepsis and ALI. GAPDH has no effect on cell viability, while it strongly suppressed cell adhesion, spreading, and phagocytic function of LPS-stimulated macrophages. GAPDH treatment significantly reduced tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, while it induced interleukin (IL)-10 production from LPS-stimulated macrophages in a dose-dependent manner. It is noteworthy that heat inactivation of GAPDH lost its immunomodulatory activity. Correspondingly, NADH significantly inhibited TNF-α and enhanced IL-10 production with elevation of both M1/M2 macrophage markers. These data suggest that extracellular GAPDH induces intermediate M1/M2 macrophages for termination of inflammation, partly through its enzyme activity for generation of NADH. © 2018 BioFactors, 44(6):597-608, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiaki Nakano
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, 123 Ta-Pei Rd, Niao-Sung, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
- Liver Transplantation Center and Department of Surgery, Division of Transplant Immunology, Institute for Translational Research in Biomedicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, 123 Ta-Pei Rd, Niao-Sung, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
| | - Shigeru Goto
- Liver Transplantation Center and Department of Surgery, Division of Transplant Immunology, Institute for Translational Research in Biomedicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, 123 Ta-Pei Rd, Niao-Sung, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
- Nobeoka Medical Check Center, Fukuoka Institution of Occupational Health, 2-1-5 Atagomachi, Nobeoka, Miyazaki 882-0872, Japan
- Basic Medical Science of Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Department of Nursing, Josai International University, 1 Gumyo, Togane, Chiba 283-8555, Japan
| | - Yuki Takaoka
- Liver Transplantation Center and Department of Surgery, Division of Transplant Immunology, Institute for Translational Research in Biomedicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, 123 Ta-Pei Rd, Niao-Sung, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Peng Tseng
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, 123 Ta-Pei Rd, Niao-Sung, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
- Liver Transplantation Center and Department of Surgery, Division of Transplant Immunology, Institute for Translational Research in Biomedicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, 123 Ta-Pei Rd, Niao-Sung, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
| | - Takashi Fujimura
- Hiroshima Research Center for Healthy Aging (HiHA), Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Graduate School of Advanced Sciences of Matter, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8530, Japan
| | - Seiji Kawamoto
- Hiroshima Research Center for Healthy Aging (HiHA), Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Graduate School of Advanced Sciences of Matter, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8530, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Ono
- Hiroshima Research Center for Healthy Aging (HiHA), Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Graduate School of Advanced Sciences of Matter, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8530, Japan
- Department of Food Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Hiroshima Institute of Technology, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Chao-Long Chen
- Liver Transplantation Center and Department of Surgery, Division of Transplant Immunology, Institute for Translational Research in Biomedicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, 123 Ta-Pei Rd, Niao-Sung, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
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Roh E, Park JW, Kang GM, Lee CH, Dugu H, Gil SY, Song DK, Kim HJ, Son GH, Yu R, Kim MS. Exogenous nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide regulates energy metabolism via hypothalamic connexin 43. Metabolism 2018; 88:51-60. [PMID: 30179604 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2018.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)-dependent deacetylase SIRT1 is an important regulator of hypothalamic neuronal function. Thus, an adequate hypothalamic NAD content is critical for maintaining normal energy homeostasis. METHODS We investigated whether NAD supplementation increases hypothalamic NAD levels and affects energy metabolism in mice. Furthermore, we investigated the mechanisms underlying the effects of exogenous NAD on central metabolism upon entering the hypothalamus. RESULTS Central and peripheral NAD administration suppressed fasting-induced hyperphagia and weight gain in mice. Extracellular NAD was imported into N1 hypothalamic neuronal cells in a connexin 43-dependent and CD73-independent manner. Consistent with the in vitro data, inhibition of hypothalamic connexin 43 blocked hypothalamic NAD uptake and NAD-induced anorexia. Exogenous NAD suppressed NPY and AgRP transcriptional activity, which was mediated by SIRT1 and FOXO1. CONCLUSIONS Exogenous NAD is effectively transported to the hypothalamus via a connexin 43-dependent mechanism and increases hypothalamic NAD content. Therefore, NAD supplementation is a potential therapeutic method for metabolic disorders characterized by hypothalamic NAD depletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Roh
- Department of Biomedical Science, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea; Appetite Regulation Laboratory, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Woo Park
- Department of Biomedical Science, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea; Appetite Regulation Laboratory, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Gil Myoung Kang
- Appetite Regulation Laboratory, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Hee Lee
- Appetite Regulation Laboratory, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Dugu
- Department of Biomedical Science, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea; Appetite Regulation Laboratory, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - So Young Gil
- Appetite Regulation Laboratory, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Do Kyeong Song
- Appetite Regulation Laboratory, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Jin Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea; Appetite Regulation Laboratory, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi Hoon Son
- Department of Biomedical Science, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Rina Yu
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 44610, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Seon Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea; Appetite Regulation Laboratory, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea.
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24
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Clement J, Wong M, Poljak A, Sachdev P, Braidy N. The Plasma NAD + Metabolome Is Dysregulated in "Normal" Aging. Rejuvenation Res 2018; 22:121-130. [PMID: 30124109 PMCID: PMC6482912 DOI: 10.1089/rej.2018.2077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is an essential pyridine nucleotide that serves as an electron carrier in cellular metabolism and plays a crucial role in the maintenance of balanced redox homeostasis. Quantification of NAD+:NADH and NADP+:NADPH ratios are pivotal to a wide variety of cellular processes, including intracellular secondary messenger signaling by CD38 glycohydrolases, DNA repair by poly(adenosine diphosphate ribose) polymerase (PARP), epigenetic regulation of gene expression by NAD-dependent histone deacetylase enzymes known as sirtuins, and regulation of the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway. We quantified changes in the NAD+ metabolome in plasma samples collected from consenting healthy human subjects across a wide age range (20-87 years) using liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. Our data show a significant decline in the plasma levels of NAD+, NADP+, and other important metabolites such as nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide (NAAD) with age. However, an age-related increase in the reduced form of NAD+ and NADP+-NADH and NADPH-and nicotinamide (NAM), N-methyl-nicotinamide (MeNAM), and the products of adenosine diphosphoribosylation, including adenosine diphosphate ribose (ADPR) was also reported. Whereas, plasma levels of nicotinic acid (NA), nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN), and nicotinic acid mononucleotide (NAMN) showed no statistically significant changes across age groups. Taken together, our data cumulatively suggest that age-related impairments are associated with corresponding alterations in the extracellular plasma NAD+ metabolome. Our future research will seek to elucidate the role of modulating NAD+ metabolites in the treatment and prevention of age-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthew Wong
- 2 Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, University of New South Wales, School of Psychiatry, Sydney, Australia
| | - Anne Poljak
- 2 Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, University of New South Wales, School of Psychiatry, Sydney, Australia.,3 Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,4 School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Perminder Sachdev
- 2 Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, University of New South Wales, School of Psychiatry, Sydney, Australia.,5 Neuropsychiatric Institute, Euroa Centre, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Nady Braidy
- 2 Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, University of New South Wales, School of Psychiatry, Sydney, Australia
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25
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Nandhakumar P, Haque AMJ, Lee NS, Yoon YH, Yang H. Washing-Free Displacement Immunosensor for Cortisol in Human Serum Containing Numerous Interfering Species. Anal Chem 2018; 90:10982-10989. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b02590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ponnusamy Nandhakumar
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Al-Monsur Jiaul Haque
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
| | | | | | - Haesik Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
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26
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Liu Y, Clement J, Grant R, Sachdev P, Braidy N. Quantitation of NAD+: Why do we need to measure it? Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2018; 1862:2527-2532. [PMID: 30048742 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2018.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is an essential pyridine nucleotide that is currently investigated as an important target to extend lifespan and health span. Age-related NAD+ depletion due to the accumulation of oxidative stress is associated with reduced energy production, impaired DNA repair and genomic instability. SCOPE OF REVIEW NAD+ levels can be elevated therapeutically using NAD+ precursors or through lifestyle modifications including exercise and caloric restriction. However, high amounts of NAD+ may be detrimental in cancer progression and may have deleterious immunogenic roles. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Standardized quantitation of NAD+ and related metabolites may therefore represent an important component of NAD+ therapy. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Quantitation of NAD+ may serve dual roles not only as an ageing biomarker, but also as a diagnostic tool for the prevention of malignant disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Liu
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Ross Grant
- Australasian Research Institute, Sydney Adventist Hospital, Sydney, Australia; School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Perminder Sachdev
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Neuropsychiatric Institute, Euroa Centre, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Nady Braidy
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
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27
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Gamella M, Koushanpour A, Katz E. Biofuel cells – Activation of micro- and macro-electronic devices. Bioelectrochemistry 2018; 119:33-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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28
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Almeida GS, Bawn CM, Galler M, Wilson I, Thomas HD, Kyle S, Curtin NJ, Newell DR, Maxwell RJ. PARP inhibitor rucaparib induces changes in NAD levels in cells and liver tissues as assessed by MRS. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2017; 30:e3736. [PMID: 28543772 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.3736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 03/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Poly(adenosine diphosphate ribose) polymerases (PARPs) are multifunctional proteins which play a role in many cellular processes. Namely, PARP1 and PARP2 have been shown to be involved in DNA repair, and therefore are valid targets in cancer treatment with PARP inhibitors, such as rucaparib, currently in clinical trials. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1 H-MRS) was used to study the impact of rucaparib in vitro and ex vivo in liver tissue from mice, via quantitative analysis of nicotinamide adenosine diphosphate (NAD+ ) spectra, to assess the potential of MRS as a biomarker of the PARP inhibitor response. SW620 (colorectal) and A2780 (ovarian) cancer cell lines, and PARP1 wild-type (WT) and PARP1 knock-out (KO) mice, were treated with rucaparib, temozolomide (methylating agent) or a combination of both drugs. 1 H-MRS spectra were obtained from perchloric acid extracts of tumour cells and mouse liver. Both cell lines showed an increase in NAD+ levels following PARP inhibitor treatment in comparison with temozolomide treatment. Liver extracts from PARP1 WT mice showed a significant increase in NAD+ levels after rucaparib treatment compared with untreated mouse liver, and a significant decrease in NAD+ levels in the temozolomide-treated group. The combination of rucaparib and temozolomide did not prevent the NAD+ depletion caused by temozolomide treatment. The 1 H-MRS results show that NAD+ levels can be used as a biomarker of PARP inhibitor and methylating agent treatments, and suggest that in vivo measurement of NAD+ would be valuable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilberto S Almeida
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Paul O'Gorman Building, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | - Carlo M Bawn
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Paul O'Gorman Building, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | - Martin Galler
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Paul O'Gorman Building, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | - Ian Wilson
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Paul O'Gorman Building, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | - Huw D Thomas
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Paul O'Gorman Building, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | - Suzanne Kyle
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Paul O'Gorman Building, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | - Nicola J Curtin
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Paul O'Gorman Building, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | - David R Newell
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Paul O'Gorman Building, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | - Ross J Maxwell
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Paul O'Gorman Building, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
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29
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Kynurenine pathway metabolomics predicts and provides mechanistic insight into multiple sclerosis progression. Sci Rep 2017; 7:41473. [PMID: 28155867 PMCID: PMC5290739 DOI: 10.1038/srep41473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of the kynurenine pathway (KP) of tryptophan metabolism results from chronic inflammation and is known to exacerbate progression of neurodegenerative disease. To gain insights into the links between inflammation, the KP and multiple sclerosis (MS) pathogenesis, we investigated the KP metabolomics profile of MS patients. Most significantly, we found aberrant levels of two key KP metabolites, kynurenic acid (KA) and quinolinic acid (QA). The balance between these metabolites is important as it determines overall excitotoxic activity at the N-methyl-D-Aspartate (NMDA) receptor. We also identified that serum KP metabolic signatures in patients can discriminate clinical MS subtypes with high sensitivity and specificity. A C5.0 Decision Tree classification model discriminated the clinical subtypes of MS with a sensitivity of 91%. After validation in another independent cohort, sensitivity was maintained at 85%. Collectively, our studies suggest that abnormalities in the KP may be associated with the switch from early-mild stage MS to debilitating progressive forms of MS and that analysis of KP metabolites in MS patient serum may have application as MS disease biomarkers.
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30
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Jain P, Chakma B, Patra S, Goswami P. Hairpin stabilized fluorescent silver nanoclusters for quantitative detection of NAD + and monitoring NAD +/NADH based enzymatic reactions. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 956:48-56. [PMID: 28093125 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Revised: 11/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A set of 90 mer long ssDNA candidates, with different degrees of cytosine (C-levels) (% and clusters) was analyzed for their function as suitable Ag-nanocluster (AgNC) nucleation scaffolds. The sequence (P4) with highest C-level (42.2%) emerged as the only candidate supporting the nucleation process as evident from its intense fluorescence peak at λ660 nm. Shorter DNA subsets derived from P4 with only stable hairpin structures could support the AgNC formation. The secondary hairpin structures were confirmed by PAGE, and CD studies. The number of base pairs in the stem region also contributes to the stability of the hairpins. A shorter 29 mer sequence (Sub 3) (ΔG = -1.3 kcal/mol) with 3-bp in the stem of a 7-mer loop conferred highly stable AgNC. NAD+ strongly quenched the fluorescence of Sub 3-AgNC in a concentration dependent manner. Time resolved photoluminescence studies revealed the quenching involves a combined static and dynamic interaction where the binding constant and number of binding sites for NAD+ were 0.201 L mol-1 and 3.6, respectively. A dynamic NAD+ detection range of 50-500 μM with a limit of detection of 22.3 μM was discerned. The NAD+ mediated quenching of AgNC was not interfered by NADH, NADP+, monovalent and divalent ions, or serum samples. The method was also used to follow alcohol dehydrogenase and lactate dehydrogenase catalyzed physiological reactions in a turn-on and turn-off assay, respectively. The proposed method with ssDNA-AgNC could therefore be extended to monitor other NAD+/NADH based enzyme catalyzed reactions in a turn-on/turn-off approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyamvada Jain
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| | - Babina Chakma
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| | - Sanjukta Patra
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| | - Pranab Goswami
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India.
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31
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Koushanpour A, Gamella M, Guz N, Katz E. A Biofuel Cell Based on Biocatalytic Reactions of Glucose on Both Anode and Cathode Electrodes. ELECTROANAL 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201600706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ashkan Koushanpour
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science Clarkson University Potsdam NY 13699–5810 USA
| | - Maria Gamella
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science Clarkson University Potsdam NY 13699–5810 USA
| | - Nataliia Guz
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science Clarkson University Potsdam NY 13699–5810 USA
| | - Evgeny Katz
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science Clarkson University Potsdam NY 13699–5810 USA
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32
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Mericskay M. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide homeostasis and signalling in heart disease: Pathophysiological implications and therapeutic potential. Arch Cardiovasc Dis 2015; 109:207-15. [PMID: 26707577 DOI: 10.1016/j.acvd.2015.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Revised: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Heart failure is a highly morbid syndrome generating enormous socio-economic costs. The failing heart is characterized by a state of deficient bioenergetics that is not currently addressed by classical clinical approaches. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD(+)/NADH) is a major coenzyme for oxidoreduction reactions in energy metabolism; it has recently emerged as a signalling molecule with a broad range of activities, ranging from calcium (Ca(2+)) signalling (CD38 ectoenzyme) to the epigenetic regulation of gene expression involved in the oxidative stress response, catabolic metabolism and mitochondrial biogenesis (sirtuins, poly[adenosine diphosphate-ribose] polymerases [PARPs]). Here, we review current knowledge regarding alterations to myocardial NAD homeostasis that have been observed in various models of heart failure, and their effect on mitochondrial functions, Ca(2+), sirtuin and PARP signalling. We highlight the therapeutic approaches that are currently in use or in development, which inhibit or stimulate NAD(+)-consuming enzymes, and emerging approaches aimed at stimulating NAD biosynthesis in the failing heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Mericskay
- CNRS UMR8256-Inserm U1164, Biology of Adaptation and Ageing, Institute of Biology Paris-Seine, University Pierre-and-Marie-Curie Paris 6, 7, quai Saint-Bernard, 75005 Paris, France.
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33
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De Riccardis L, Rizzello A, Ferramosca A, Urso E, De Robertis F, Danieli A, Giudetti AM, Trianni G, Zara V, Maffia M. Bioenergetics profile of CD4(+) T cells in relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis subjects. J Biotechnol 2015; 202:31-9. [PMID: 25701681 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2015.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Revised: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. There are four clinical forms of MS, the most common of which is characterized by a relapsing remitting course (RRMS). The etiology of MS is unknown, but many studies suggested that genetic, environmental and infectious agents may contribute to the development of this disease. In experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), the animal model for MS, it has been shown that CD4(+) T cells play a key role in MS pathogenesis. In fact, these cells are able to cross the blood-brain barrier and cause axonal damage with neuronal death. T cell activation critically depends on mitochondrial ATP synthesis and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Interestingly, lots of studies linked the oxidative damage arising from mitochondrial changes to neurodegenerative disorders, such as MS. Based on these evidences, this work focused on the metabolic reprogramming of CD4(+) T cells in MS subjects, being this cell population directly implicated in pathogenesis of disease, paying attention to mitochondrial function and response to oxidative stress. Such aspects, once clarified, may open new opportunities for a therapeutic metabolic modulation of MS disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia De Riccardis
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, via Monteroni, Lecce, Italy
| | - Antonia Rizzello
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, via Monteroni, Lecce, Italy
| | - Alessandra Ferramosca
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, via Monteroni, Lecce, Italy
| | - Emanuela Urso
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, via Monteroni, Lecce, Italy
| | | | - Antonio Danieli
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, via Monteroni, Lecce, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Giudetti
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, via Monteroni, Lecce, Italy
| | - Giorgio Trianni
- Department of Neurology, "Vito Fazzi" Hospital, ASL-Lecce, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Zara
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, via Monteroni, Lecce, Italy
| | - Michele Maffia
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, via Monteroni, Lecce, Italy.
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