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Zarate-Lopez D, Torres-Chávez AL, Gálvez-Contreras AY, Gonzalez-Perez O. Three Decades of Valproate: A Current Model for Studying Autism Spectrum Disorder. Curr Neuropharmacol 2024; 22:260-289. [PMID: 37873949 PMCID: PMC10788883 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x22666231003121513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder with increased prevalence and incidence in recent decades. Its etiology remains largely unclear, but it seems to involve a strong genetic component and environmental factors that, in turn, induce epigenetic changes during embryonic and postnatal brain development. In recent decades, clinical studies have shown that inutero exposure to valproic acid (VPA), a commonly prescribed antiepileptic drug, is an environmental factor associated with an increased risk of ASD. Subsequently, prenatal VPA exposure in rodents has been established as a reliable translational model to study the pathophysiology of ASD, which has helped demonstrate neurobiological changes in rodents, non-human primates, and brain organoids from human pluripotent stem cells. This evidence supports the notion that prenatal VPA exposure is a valid and current model to replicate an idiopathic ASD-like disorder in experimental animals. This review summarizes and describes the current features reported with this animal model of autism and the main neurobiological findings and correlates that help elucidate the pathophysiology of ASD. Finally, we discuss the general framework of the VPA model in comparison to other environmental and genetic ASD models.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Zarate-Lopez
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, School of Psychology, University of Colima, Colima 28040, México
- Physiological Science Ph.D. Program, School of Medicine, University of Colima, Colima 28040, Mexico
| | - Ana Laura Torres-Chávez
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, School of Psychology, University of Colima, Colima 28040, México
- Physiological Science Ph.D. Program, School of Medicine, University of Colima, Colima 28040, Mexico
| | - Alma Yadira Gálvez-Contreras
- Department of Neuroscience, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, México
| | - Oscar Gonzalez-Perez
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, School of Psychology, University of Colima, Colima 28040, México
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2
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Shih HY, Raas Q, Bonkowsky JL. Progress in leukodystrophies with zebrafish. Dev Growth Differ 2024; 66:21-34. [PMID: 38239149 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
Inherited leukodystrophies are genetic disorders characterized by abnormal white matter in the central nervous system. Although individually rare, there are more than 400 distinct types of leukodystrophies with a cumulative incidence of 1 in 4500 live births. The pathophysiology of most leukodystrophies is poorly understood, there are treatments for only a few, and there is significant morbidity and mortality, suggesting a critical need for improvements in this field. A variety of animal, cell, and induced pluripotent stem cell-derived models have been developed for leukodystrophies, but with significant limitations in all models. Many leukodystrophies lack animal models, and extant models often show no or mixed recapitulation of key phenotypes. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) have become increasingly used as disease models for studying leukodystrophies due to their early onset of disease phenotypes and conservation of molecular and neurobiological mechanisms. Here, we focus on reviewing new zebrafish disease models for leukodystrophy or models with recent progress. This includes discussion of leukodystrophy with vanishing white matter disease, X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy, Zellweger spectrum disorders and peroxisomal disorders, PSAP deficiency, metachromatic leukodystrophy, Krabbe disease, hypomyelinating leukodystrophy-8/4H leukodystrophy, Aicardi-Goutières syndrome, RNASET2-deficient cystic leukoencephalopathy, hereditary diffuse leukoencephalopathy with spheroids-1 (CSF1R-related leukoencephalopathy), and ultra-rare leukodystrophies. Zebrafish models offer important potentials for the leukodystrophy field, including testing of new variants in known genes; establishing causation of newly discovered genes; and early lead compound identification for therapies. There are also unrealized opportunities to use humanized zebrafish models which have been sparsely explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Yu Shih
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Utah Tech University, Saint George, Utah, USA
- Center for Precision & Functional Genomics, Utah Tech University, Saint George, Utah, USA
| | - Quentin Raas
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
- Laboratory of Translational Research for Neurological Disorders, Imagine Institute, Université de Paris, INSERM UMR 1163, Paris, France
| | - Joshua L Bonkowsky
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
- Center for Personalized Medicine, Primary Children's Hospital, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
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3
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Valamparamban GF, Spéder P. Homemade: building the structure of the neurogenic niche. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1275963. [PMID: 38107074 PMCID: PMC10722289 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1275963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural stem/progenitor cells live in an intricate cellular environment, the neurogenic niche, which supports their function and enables neurogenesis. The niche is made of a diversity of cell types, including neurons, glia and the vasculature, which are able to signal to and are structurally organised around neural stem/progenitor cells. While the focus has been on how individual cell types signal to and influence the behaviour of neural stem/progenitor cells, very little is actually known on how the niche is assembled during development from multiple cellular origins, and on the role of the resulting topology on these cells. This review proposes to draw a state-of-the art picture of this emerging field of research, with the aim to expose our knowledge on niche architecture and formation from different animal models (mouse, zebrafish and fruit fly). We will span its multiple aspects, from the existence and importance of local, adhesive interactions to the potential emergence of larger-scale topological properties through the careful assembly of diverse cellular and acellular components.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pauline Spéder
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3738, Structure and Signals in the Neurogenic Niche, Paris, France
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4
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Daboussi L, Costaguta G, Gullo M, Jasinski N, Pessino V, O'Leary B, Lettieri K, Driscoll S, Pfaff SL. Mitf is a Schwann cell sensor of axonal integrity that drives nerve repair. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113282. [PMID: 38007688 PMCID: PMC11034927 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Schwann cells respond to acute axon damage by transiently transdifferentiating into specialized repair cells that restore sensorimotor function. However, the molecular systems controlling repair cell formation and function are not well defined, and consequently, it is unclear whether this form of cellular plasticity has a role in peripheral neuropathies. Here, we identify Mitf as a transcriptional sensor of axon damage under the control of Nrg-ErbB-PI3K-PI5K-mTorc2 signaling. Mitf regulates a core transcriptional program for generating functional repair Schwann cells following injury and during peripheral neuropathies caused by CMT4J and CMT4D. In the absence of Mitf, core genes for epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, metabolism, and dedifferentiation are misexpressed, and nerve repair is disrupted. Our findings demonstrate that Schwann cells monitor axonal health using a phosphoinositide signaling system that controls Mitf nuclear localization, which is critical for activating cellular plasticity and counteracting neural disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Daboussi
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Giancarlo Costaguta
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Miriam Gullo
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Nicole Jasinski
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Veronica Pessino
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Brendan O'Leary
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Karen Lettieri
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Shawn Driscoll
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Samuel L Pfaff
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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5
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Doan RA, Monk KR. Dock1 acts cell-autonomously in Schwann cells to regulate the development, maintenance, and repair of peripheral myelin. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.26.564271. [PMID: 37961336 PMCID: PMC10634861 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.26.564271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Schwann cells, the myelinating glia of the peripheral nervous system (PNS), are critical for myelin development, maintenance, and repair. Rac1 is a known regulator of radial sorting, a key step in developmental myelination, and we previously showed in zebrafish that loss of Dock1, a Rac1-specific guanine nucleotide exchange factor, results in delayed peripheral myelination in development. We demonstrate here that Dock1 is necessary for myelin maintenance and remyelination after injury in adult zebrafish. Furthermore, it performs an evolutionary conserved role in mice, acting cell-autonomously in Schwann cells to regulate peripheral myelin development, maintenance, and repair. Additionally, manipulating Rac1 levels in larval zebrafish reveals that dock1 mutants are sensitized to inhibition of Rac1, suggesting an interaction between the two proteins during PNS development. We propose that the interplay between Dock1 and Rac1 signaling in Schwann cells is required to establish, maintain, and facilitate repair and remyelination within the peripheral nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan A Doan
- The Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Kelly R Monk
- The Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
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6
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Chaoul V, Dib EY, Bedran J, Khoury C, Shmoury O, Harb F, Soueid J. Assessing Drug Administration Techniques in Zebrafish Models of Neurological Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14898. [PMID: 37834345 PMCID: PMC10573323 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurological diseases, including neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental disorders, affect nearly one in six of the world's population. The burden of the resulting deaths and disability is set to rise during the next few decades as a consequence of an aging population. To address this, zebrafish have become increasingly prominent as a model for studying human neurological diseases and exploring potential therapies. Zebrafish offer numerous benefits, such as genetic homology and brain similarities, complementing traditional mammalian models and serving as a valuable tool for genetic screening and drug discovery. In this comprehensive review, we highlight various drug delivery techniques and systems employed for therapeutic interventions of neurological diseases in zebrafish, and evaluate their suitability. We also discuss the challenges encountered during this process and present potential advancements in innovative techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Chaoul
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut P.O. Box 11-0236, Lebanon; (V.C.); (J.B.); (O.S.)
| | - Emanuel-Youssef Dib
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of Balamand, Kalhat P.O. Box 100, Lebanon; (E.-Y.D.); (C.K.)
| | - Joe Bedran
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut P.O. Box 11-0236, Lebanon; (V.C.); (J.B.); (O.S.)
| | - Chakib Khoury
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of Balamand, Kalhat P.O. Box 100, Lebanon; (E.-Y.D.); (C.K.)
| | - Omar Shmoury
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut P.O. Box 11-0236, Lebanon; (V.C.); (J.B.); (O.S.)
| | - Frédéric Harb
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of Balamand, Kalhat P.O. Box 100, Lebanon; (E.-Y.D.); (C.K.)
| | - Jihane Soueid
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut P.O. Box 11-0236, Lebanon; (V.C.); (J.B.); (O.S.)
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7
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Lazcano I, Pech-Pool SM, Olvera A, García-Martínez I, Palacios-Pérez S, Orozco A. The importance of thyroid hormone signaling during early development: Lessons from the zebrafish model. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2023; 334:114225. [PMID: 36709002 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2023.114225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The zebrafish is an optimal experimental model to study thyroid hormone (TH) involvement in vertebrate development. The use of state-of-the-art zebrafish genetic tools available for the study of the effect of gene silencing, cell fate decisions and cell lineage differentiation have contributed to a more insightful comprehension of molecular, cellular, and tissue-specific TH actions. In contrast to intrauterine development, extrauterine embryogenesis observed in zebrafish has facilitated a more detailed study of the development of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis. This model has also enabled a more insightful analysis of TH molecular actions upon the organization and function of the brain, the retina, the heart, and the immune system. Consequently, zebrafish has become a trendy model to address paradigms of TH-related functional and biomedical importance. We here compilate the available knowledge regarding zebrafish developmental events for which specific components of TH signaling are essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Lazcano
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Boulevard Juriquilla 3001, Campus Juriquilla, Querétaro 76230, Mexico
| | - S M Pech-Pool
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Boulevard Juriquilla 3001, Campus Juriquilla, Querétaro 76230, Mexico
| | - A Olvera
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Boulevard Juriquilla 3001, Campus Juriquilla, Querétaro 76230, Mexico
| | - I García-Martínez
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Boulevard Juriquilla 3001, Campus Juriquilla, Querétaro 76230, Mexico
| | - S Palacios-Pérez
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Boulevard Juriquilla 3001, Campus Juriquilla, Querétaro 76230, Mexico
| | - A Orozco
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Boulevard Juriquilla 3001, Campus Juriquilla, Querétaro 76230, Mexico; Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores, Unidad Juriquilla, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Campus Juriquilla, Querétaro 76230, Mexico.
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8
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Spencer SA, Suárez-Pozos E, Verdugo JS, Wang H, Afshari FS, Li G, Manam S, Yasuda D, Ortega A, Lister JA, Ishii S, Zhang Y, Fuss B. Lysophosphatidic acid signaling via LPA 6 : A negative modulator of developmental oligodendrocyte maturation. J Neurochem 2022; 163:478-499. [PMID: 36153691 PMCID: PMC9772207 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The developmental process of central nervous system (CNS) myelin sheath formation is characterized by well-coordinated cellular activities ultimately ensuring rapid and synchronized neural communication. During this process, myelinating CNS cells, namely oligodendrocytes (OLGs), undergo distinct steps of differentiation, whereby the progression of earlier maturation stages of OLGs represents a critical step toward the timely establishment of myelinated axonal circuits. Given the complexity of functional integration, it is not surprising that OLG maturation is controlled by a yet fully to be defined set of both negative and positive modulators. In this context, we provide here first evidence for a role of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) signaling via the G protein-coupled receptor LPA6 as a negative modulatory regulator of myelination-associated gene expression in OLGs. More specifically, the cell surface accessibility of LPA6 was found to be restricted to the earlier maturation stages of differentiating OLGs, and OLG maturation was found to occur precociously in Lpar6 knockout mice. To further substantiate these findings, a novel small molecule ligand with selectivity for preferentially LPA6 and LPA6 agonist characteristics was functionally characterized in vitro in primary cultures of rat OLGs and in vivo in the developing zebrafish. Utilizing this approach, a negative modulatory role of LPA6 signaling in OLG maturation could be corroborated. During development, such a functional role of LPA6 signaling likely serves to ensure timely coordination of circuit formation and myelination. Under pathological conditions as seen in the major human demyelinating disease multiple sclerosis (MS), however, persistent LPA6 expression and signaling in OLGs can be seen as an inhibitor of myelin repair. Thus, it is of interest that LPA6 protein levels appear elevated in MS brain samples, thereby suggesting that LPA6 signaling may represent a potential new druggable pathway suitable to promote myelin repair in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha A Spencer
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Edna Suárez-Pozos
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Jazmín Soto Verdugo
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
- Departamento de Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Huiqun Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Pharmacy, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Fatemah S Afshari
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Guo Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Pharmacy, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Susmita Manam
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Daisuke Yasuda
- Department of Immunology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Arturo Ortega
- Departamento de Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Ciudad de México, México
| | - James A Lister
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Satoshi Ishii
- Department of Immunology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Pharmacy, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Babette Fuss
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
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9
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Humanized zebrafish as a tractable tool for in vivo evaluation of pro-myelinating drugs. Cell Chem Biol 2022; 29:1541-1555.e7. [PMID: 36126653 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2022.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Therapies that promote neuroprotection and axonal survival by enhancing myelin regeneration are an unmet need to prevent disability progression in multiple sclerosis. Numerous potentially beneficial compounds have originated from phenotypic screenings but failed in clinical trials. It is apparent that current cell- and animal-based disease models are poor predictors of positive treatment options, arguing for novel experimental approaches. Here we explore the experimental power of humanized zebrafish to foster the identification of pro-remyelination compounds via specific inhibition of GPR17. Using biochemical and imaging techniques, we visualize the expression of zebrafish (zf)-gpr17 during the distinct stages of oligodendrocyte development, thereby demonstrating species-conserved expression between zebrafish and mammals. We also demonstrate species-conserved function of zf-Gpr17 using genetic loss-of-function and rescue techniques. Finally, using GPR17-humanized zebrafish, we provide proof of principle for in vivo analysis of compounds acting via targeted inhibition of human GPR17. We anticipate that GPR17-humanized zebrafish will markedly improve the search for effective pro-myelinating pharmacotherapies.
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10
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Wiltbank AT, Steinson ER, Criswell SJ, Piller M, Kucenas S. Cd59 and inflammation regulate Schwann cell development. eLife 2022; 11:e76640. [PMID: 35748863 PMCID: PMC9232220 DOI: 10.7554/elife.76640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Efficient neurotransmission is essential for organism survival and is enhanced by myelination. However, the genes that regulate myelin and myelinating glial cell development have not been fully characterized. Data from our lab and others demonstrates that cd59, which encodes for a small GPI-anchored glycoprotein, is highly expressed in developing zebrafish, rodent, and human oligodendrocytes (OLs) and Schwann cells (SCs), and that patients with CD59 dysfunction develop neurological dysfunction during early childhood. Yet, the function of Cd59 in the developing nervous system is currently undefined. In this study, we demonstrate that cd59 is expressed in a subset of developing SCs. Using cd59 mutant zebrafish, we show that developing SCs proliferate excessively and nerves may have reduced myelin volume, altered myelin ultrastructure, and perturbed node of Ranvier assembly. Finally, we demonstrate that complement activity is elevated in cd59 mutants and that inhibiting inflammation restores SC proliferation, myelin volume, and nodes of Ranvier to wildtype levels. Together, this work identifies Cd59 and developmental inflammation as key players in myelinating glial cell development, highlighting the collaboration between glia and the innate immune system to ensure normal neural development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashtyn T Wiltbank
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of VirginiaCharlottesvilleUnited States
- Program in Fundamental Neuroscience, University of VirginiaCharlottesvilleUnited States
| | - Emma R Steinson
- Department of Biology, University of VirginiaCharlottesvilleUnited States
| | - Stacey J Criswell
- Department of Cell Biology, University of VirginiaCharlottesvilleUnited States
| | - Melanie Piller
- Department of Biology, University of VirginiaCharlottesvilleUnited States
| | - Sarah Kucenas
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of VirginiaCharlottesvilleUnited States
- Program in Fundamental Neuroscience, University of VirginiaCharlottesvilleUnited States
- Department of Biology, University of VirginiaCharlottesvilleUnited States
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11
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Gargareta VI, Reuschenbach J, Siems SB, Sun T, Piepkorn L, Mangana C, Späte E, Goebbels S, Huitinga I, Möbius W, Nave KA, Jahn O, Werner HB. Conservation and divergence of myelin proteome and oligodendrocyte transcriptome profiles between humans and mice. eLife 2022; 11:77019. [PMID: 35543322 PMCID: PMC9094742 DOI: 10.7554/elife.77019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human myelin disorders are commonly studied in mouse models. Since both clades evolutionarily diverged approximately 85 million years ago, it is critical to know to what extent the myelin protein composition has remained similar. Here, we use quantitative proteomics to analyze myelin purified from human white matter and find that the relative abundance of the structural myelin proteins PLP, MBP, CNP, and SEPTIN8 correlates well with that in C57Bl/6N mice. Conversely, multiple other proteins were identified exclusively or predominantly in human or mouse myelin. This is exemplified by peripheral myelin protein 2 (PMP2), which was specific to human central nervous system myelin, while tetraspanin-2 (TSPAN2) and connexin-29 (CX29/GJC3) were confined to mouse myelin. Assessing published scRNA-seq-datasets, human and mouse oligodendrocytes display well-correlating transcriptome profiles but divergent expression of distinct genes, including Pmp2, Tspan2, and Gjc3. A searchable web interface is accessible via www.mpinat.mpg.de/myelin. Species-dependent diversity of oligodendroglial mRNA expression and myelin protein composition can be informative when translating from mouse models to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliki-Ilya Gargareta
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Josefine Reuschenbach
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sophie B Siems
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ting Sun
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lars Piepkorn
- Neuroproteomics Group, Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany.,Translational Neuroproteomics Group, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Carolina Mangana
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Erik Späte
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sandra Goebbels
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Inge Huitinga
- University of Amsterdam, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Brain Plasticity Group, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Neuroimmunology Group, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Wiebke Möbius
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany.,Electron Microscopy Unit, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Klaus-Armin Nave
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Olaf Jahn
- Neuroproteomics Group, Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany.,Translational Neuroproteomics Group, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hauke B Werner
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
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12
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Auer F, Schoppik D. The Larval Zebrafish Vestibular System Is a Promising Model to Understand the Role of Myelin in Neural Circuits. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:904765. [PMID: 35600621 PMCID: PMC9122096 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.904765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Myelin is classically known for its role in facilitating nerve conduction. However, recent work casts myelin as a key player in both proper neuronal circuit development and function. With this expanding role comes a demand for new approaches to characterize and perturb myelin in the context of tractable neural circuits as they mature. Here we argue that the simplicity, strong conservation, and clinical relevance of the vestibular system offer a way forward. Further, the tractability of the larval zebrafish affords a uniquely powerful means to test open hypotheses of myelin's role in normal development and disordered vestibular circuits. We end by identifying key open questions in myelin neurobiology that the zebrafish vestibular system is particularly well-suited to address.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David Schoppik
- Departments of Otolaryngology, Neuroscience & Physiology, Neuroscience Institute, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
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13
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Negro S, Pirazzini M, Rigoni M. Models and methods to study Schwann cells. J Anat 2022; 241:1235-1258. [PMID: 34988978 PMCID: PMC9558160 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Schwann cells (SCs) are fundamental components of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) of all vertebrates and play essential roles in development, maintenance, function, and regeneration of peripheral nerves. There are distinct populations of SCs including: (1) myelinating SCs that ensheath axons by a specialized plasma membrane, called myelin, which enhances the conduction of electric impulses; (2) non‐myelinating SCs, including Remak SCs, which wrap bundles of multiple axons of small caliber, and perysinaptic SCs (PSCs), associated with motor axon terminals at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ). All types of SCs contribute to PNS regeneration through striking morphological and functional changes in response to nerve injury, are affected in peripheral neuropathies and show abnormalities and a diminished plasticity during aging. Therefore, methodological approaches to study and manipulate SCs in physiological and pathophysiological conditions are crucial to expand the present knowledge on SC biology and to devise new therapeutic strategies to counteract neurodegenerative conditions and age‐derived denervation. We present here an updated overview of traditional and emerging methodologies for the study of SCs for scientists approaching this research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuele Negro
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Marco Pirazzini
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.,CIR-Myo, Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca di Miologia, University of Padua, Padova, Italy
| | - Michela Rigoni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.,CIR-Myo, Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca di Miologia, University of Padua, Padova, Italy
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14
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Liu M, Zheng M, Zhang W, Yang F, Hong L, Yu X, Xu H. Cuprizone-induced dopaminergic hyperactivity and locomotor deficit in zebrafish larvae. Brain Res 2022; 1780:147802. [PMID: 35085574 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2022.147802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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15
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Neely SA, Lyons DA. Insights Into Central Nervous System Glial Cell Formation and Function From Zebrafish. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:754606. [PMID: 34912801 PMCID: PMC8666443 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.754606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The term glia describes a heterogenous collection of distinct cell types that make up a large proportion of our nervous system. Although once considered the glue of the nervous system, the study of glial cells has evolved significantly in recent years, with a large body of literature now highlighting their complex and diverse roles in development and throughout life. This progress is due, in part, to advances in animal models in which the molecular and cellular mechanisms of glial cell development and function as well as neuron-glial cell interactions can be directly studied in vivo in real time, in intact neural circuits. In this review we highlight the instrumental role that zebrafish have played as a vertebrate model system for the study of glial cells, and discuss how the experimental advantages of the zebrafish lend themselves to investigate glial cell interactions and diversity. We focus in particular on recent studies that have provided insight into the formation and function of the major glial cell types in the central nervous system in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A. Neely
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - David A. Lyons
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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16
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Chorghay Z, MacFarquhar D, Li VJ, Aufmkolk S, Schohl A, Wiseman PW, Káradóttir RT, Ruthazer ES. Activity-dependent alteration of early myelin ensheathment in a developing sensory circuit. J Comp Neurol 2021; 530:871-885. [PMID: 34599848 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Myelination allows for the regulation of conduction velocity, affecting the precise timing of neuronal inputs important for the development and function of brain circuits. In turn, myelination may be altered by changes in experience, neuronal activity, and vesicular release, but the links between sensory experience, corresponding neuronal activity, and resulting alterations in myelination require further investigation. We thus studied the development of myelination in the Xenopus laevis tadpole, a classic model for studies of visual system development and function because it is translucent and visually responsive throughout the formation of its retinotectal system. We begin with a systematic characterization of the timecourse of early myelin ensheathment in the Xenopus retinotectal system using immunohistochemistry of myelin basic protein (MBP) along with third harmonic generation (THG) microscopy, a label-free structural imaging technique. Based on the mid-larval developmental progression of MBP expression in Xenopus, we identified an appropriate developmental window in which to assess the effects of early temporally patterned visual experience on myelin ensheathment. We used calcium imaging of axon terminals in vivo to characterize the responses of retinal ganglion cells over a range of stroboscopic stimulation frequencies. Strobe frequencies that reliably elicited robust versus dampened calcium responses were then presented to animals for 7 d, and differences in the amount of early myelin ensheathment at the optic chiasm were subsequently quantified. This study provides evidence that it is not just the presence but also to the specific temporal properties of sensory stimuli that are important for myelin plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahraa Chorghay
- Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital and Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - David MacFarquhar
- Department of Chemistry, Otto Maass Building, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Department of Physics, Otto Maass Building, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Vanessa J Li
- Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital and Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Sarah Aufmkolk
- Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital and Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Department of Chemistry, Otto Maass Building, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Department of Physics, Otto Maass Building, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Anne Schohl
- Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital and Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Paul W Wiseman
- Department of Chemistry, Otto Maass Building, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Department of Physics, Otto Maass Building, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Ragnhildur Thóra Káradóttir
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute and Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Department of Physiology, BioMedical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Edward S Ruthazer
- Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital and Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
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17
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Pucci G, Forte GI, Cavalieri V. Evaluation of Epigenetic and Radiomodifying Effects during Radiotherapy Treatments in Zebrafish. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22169053. [PMID: 34445758 PMCID: PMC8396651 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22169053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy is still a long way from personalizing cancer treatment plans, and its effectiveness depends on the radiosensitivity of tumor cells. Indeed, therapies that are efficient and successful for some patients may be relatively ineffective for others. Based on this, radiobiological research is focusing on the ability of some reagents to make cancer cells more responsive to ionizing radiation, as well as to protect the surrounding healthy tissues from possible side effects. In this scenario, zebrafish emerged as an effective model system to test for radiation modifiers that can potentially be used for radiotherapeutic purposes in humans. The adoption of this experimental organism is fully justified and supported by the high similarity between fish and humans in both their genome sequences and the effects provoked in them by ionizing radiation. This review aims to provide the literature state of the art of zebrafish in vivo model for radiobiological studies, particularly focusing on the epigenetic and radiomodifying effects produced during fish embryos’ and larvae’s exposure to radiotherapy treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaia Pucci
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STeBiCeF), University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Giusi Irma Forte
- Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology, National Research Council, 90015 Cefalù, Italy
- Correspondence: (G.I.F.); (V.C.)
| | - Vincenzo Cavalieri
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STeBiCeF), University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy;
- Zebrafish Laboratory, Advanced Technologies Network (ATeN) Center, University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy
- Correspondence: (G.I.F.); (V.C.)
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18
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Farías-Serratos BM, Lazcano I, Villalobos P, Darras VM, Orozco A. Thyroid hormone deficiency during zebrafish development impairs central nervous system myelination. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0256207. [PMID: 34403440 PMCID: PMC8370640 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0256207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormones are messengers that bind to specific nuclear receptors and regulate a wide range of physiological processes in the early stages of vertebrate embryonic development, including neurodevelopment and myelogenesis. We here tested the effects of reduced T3 availability upon the myelination process by treating zebrafish embryos with low concentrations of iopanoic acid (IOP) to block T4 to T3 conversion. Black Gold II staining showed that T3 deficiency reduced the myelin density in the forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain and the spinal cord at 3 and 7 dpf. These observations were confirmed in 3 dpf mbp:egfp transgenic zebrafish, showing that the administration of IOP reduced the fluorescent signal in the brain. T3 rescue treatment restored brain myelination and reversed the changes in myelin-related gene expression induced by IOP exposure. NG2 immunostaining revealed that T3 deficiency reduced the amount of oligodendrocyte precursor cells in 3 dpf IOP-treated larvae. Altogether, the present results show that inhibition of T4 to T3 conversion results in hypomyelination, suggesting that THs are part of the key signaling molecules that control the timing of oligodendrocyte differentiation and myelin synthesis from very early stages of brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Iván Lazcano
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Querétaro, Qro., México
| | - Patricia Villalobos
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Querétaro, Qro., México
| | - Veerle M. Darras
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Querétaro, Qro., México
- Biology Department, Laboratory of Comparative Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Aurea Orozco
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Querétaro, Qro., México
- * E-mail:
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19
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Berdowski WM, Sanderson LE, van Ham TJ. The multicellular interplay of microglia in health and disease: lessons from leukodystrophy. Dis Model Mech 2021; 14:dmm048925. [PMID: 34282843 PMCID: PMC8319551 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.048925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia are highly dynamic cells crucial for developing and maintaining lifelong brain function and health through their many interactions with essentially all cellular components of the central nervous system. The frequent connection of microglia to leukodystrophies, genetic disorders of the white matter, has highlighted their involvement in the maintenance of white matter integrity. However, the mechanisms that underlie their putative roles in these processes remain largely uncharacterized. Microglia have also been gaining attention as possible therapeutic targets for many neurological conditions, increasing the demand to understand their broad spectrum of functions and the impact of their dysregulation. In this Review, we compare the pathological features of two groups of genetic leukodystrophies: those in which microglial dysfunction holds a central role, termed 'microgliopathies', and those in which lysosomal or peroxisomal defects are considered to be the primary driver. The latter are suspected to have notable microglia involvement, as some affected individuals benefit from microglia-replenishing therapy. Based on overlapping pathology, we discuss multiple ways through which aberrant microglia could lead to white matter defects and brain dysfunction. We propose that the study of leukodystrophies, and their extensively multicellular pathology, will benefit from complementing analyses of human patient material with the examination of cellular dynamics in vivo using animal models, such as zebrafish. Together, this will yield important insight into the cell biological mechanisms of microglial impact in the central nervous system, particularly in the development and maintenance of myelin, that will facilitate the development of new, and refinement of existing, therapeutic options for a range of brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tjakko J. van Ham
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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20
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Shin KO, Crumrine DA, Kim S, Lee Y, Kim B, Abuabara K, Park C, Uchida Y, Wakefield JS, Meyer JM, Jeong S, Park BD, Park K, Elias PM. Phenotypic overlap between atopic dermatitis and autism. BMC Neurosci 2021; 22:43. [PMID: 34157971 PMCID: PMC8218496 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-021-00645-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autism, a childhood behavioral disorder, belongs to a large suite of diseases, collectively referred to as autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Though multifactorial in etiology, approximately 10% of ASD are associated with atopic dermatitis (AD). Moreover, ASD prevalence increases further as AD severity worsens, though these disorders share no common causative mutations. We assessed here the link between these two disorders in the standard, valproic acid mouse model of ASD. In prior studies, there was no evidence of skin involvement, but we hypothesized that cutaneous involvement could be detected in experiments conducted in BALB/c mice. BALB/c is an albino, laboratory-bred strain of the house mouse and is among the most widely used inbred strains used in animal experimentation. METHODS We performed our studies in valproic acid (VPA)-treated BALB/c hairless mice, a standard mouse model of ASD. Mid-trimester pregnant mice received a single intraperitoneal injection of either valproic acid sodium salt dissolved in saline or saline alone on embryonic day 12.5 and were housed individually until postnatal day 21. Only the brain and epidermis appeared to be affected, while other tissues remain unchanged. At various postnatal time points, brain, skin and blood samples were obtained for histology and for quantitation of tissue sphingolipid content and cytokine levels. RESULTS AD-like changes in ceramide content occurred by day one postpartum in both VPA-treated mouse skin and brain. The temporal co-emergence of AD and ASD, and the AD phenotype-dependent increase in ASD prevalence correlated with early appearance of cytokine markers (i.e., interleukin [IL]-4, 5, and 13), as well as mast cells in skin and brain. The high levels of interferon (IFN)γ not only in skin, but also in brain likely account for a significant decline in esterified very-long-chain N-acyl fatty acids in brain ceramides, again mimicking known IFNγ-induced changes in AD. CONCLUSION Baseline involvement of both AD and ASD could reflect concurrent neuro- and epidermal toxicity, possibly because both epidermis and neural tissues originate from the embryonic neuroectoderm. These studies illuminate the shared susceptibility of the brain and epidermis to a known neurotoxin, suggesting that the atopic diathesis could be extended to include ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyong-Oh Shin
- Department of Food Science/Nutrition, & Convergence Program of Material Science for Medicine/Pharmaceutics, and the Korean Institute of Nutrition, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Debra A Crumrine
- Dept. of Dermatology, University of California, NCIRE, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 4150 Clement Street, MS 190, San Francisco, CA, 94121, USA
| | - Sungeun Kim
- Department of Food Science/Nutrition, & Convergence Program of Material Science for Medicine/Pharmaceutics, and the Korean Institute of Nutrition, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Yerin Lee
- Department of Food Science/Nutrition, & Convergence Program of Material Science for Medicine/Pharmaceutics, and the Korean Institute of Nutrition, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Bogyeong Kim
- Department of Food Science/Nutrition, & Convergence Program of Material Science for Medicine/Pharmaceutics, and the Korean Institute of Nutrition, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Katrina Abuabara
- Department of Dermatology, University of San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Chaehyeong Park
- Dept. of Dermatology, University of California, NCIRE, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 4150 Clement Street, MS 190, San Francisco, CA, 94121, USA
| | - Yoshikazu Uchida
- Dept. of Dermatology, University of California, NCIRE, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 4150 Clement Street, MS 190, San Francisco, CA, 94121, USA
| | - Joan S Wakefield
- Dept. of Dermatology, University of California, NCIRE, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 4150 Clement Street, MS 190, San Francisco, CA, 94121, USA
| | - Jason M Meyer
- Dept. of Dermatology, University of California, NCIRE, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 4150 Clement Street, MS 190, San Francisco, CA, 94121, USA
| | - Sekyoo Jeong
- Dept of Cosmetic Science, Seowon University, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Byeong Deog Park
- Sphingobrain Inc., San Francisco, CA, USA
- Dr. Raymond Laboratories, Inc, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, USA
| | - Kyungho Park
- Department of Food Science/Nutrition, & Convergence Program of Material Science for Medicine/Pharmaceutics, and the Korean Institute of Nutrition, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea.
| | - Peter M Elias
- Dept. of Dermatology, University of California, NCIRE, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 4150 Clement Street, MS 190, San Francisco, CA, 94121, USA.
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21
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Siems SB, Jahn O, Hoodless LJ, Jung RB, Hesse D, Möbius W, Czopka T, Werner HB. Proteome Profile of Myelin in the Zebrafish Brain. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:640169. [PMID: 33898427 PMCID: PMC8060510 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.640169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The velocity of nerve conduction along vertebrate axons depends on their ensheathment with myelin. Myelin membranes comprise specialized proteins well characterized in mice. Much less is known about the protein composition of myelin in non-mammalian species. Here, we assess the proteome of myelin biochemically purified from the brains of adult zebrafish (Danio rerio), considering its increasing popularity as model organism for myelin biology. Combining gel-based and gel-free proteomic approaches, we identified > 1,000 proteins in purified zebrafish myelin, including all known constituents. By mass spectrometric quantification, the predominant Ig-CAM myelin protein zero (MPZ/P0), myelin basic protein (MBP), and the short-chain dehydrogenase 36K constitute 12%, 8%, and 6% of the total myelin protein, respectively. Comparison with previously established mRNA-abundance profiles shows that expression of many myelin-related transcripts coincides with the maturation of zebrafish oligodendrocytes. Zebrafish myelin comprises several proteins that are not present in mice, including 36K, CLDNK, and ZWI. However, a surprisingly large number of ortholog proteins is present in myelin of both species, indicating partial evolutionary preservation of its constituents. Yet, the relative abundance of CNS myelin proteins can differ markedly as exemplified by the complement inhibitor CD59 that constitutes 5% of the total zebrafish myelin protein but is a low-abundant myelin component in mice. Using novel transgenic reporter constructs and cryo-immuno electron microscopy, we confirm the incorporation of CD59 into myelin sheaths. These data provide the first proteome resource of zebrafish CNS myelin and demonstrate both similarities and heterogeneity of myelin composition between teleost fish and rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie B Siems
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Olaf Jahn
- Proteomics Group, Max Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Laura J Hoodless
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Ramona B Jung
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dörte Hesse
- Proteomics Group, Max Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Wiebke Möbius
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany.,Electron Microscopy Core Unit, Max Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tim Czopka
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Hauke B Werner
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
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22
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Schnabl J, Litz MPH, Schneider C, PenkoffLidbeck N, Bashiruddin S, Schwartz MS, Alligood K, Devoto SH, Barresi MJF. Characterizing the diverse cells that associate with the developing commissures of the zebrafish forebrain. Dev Neurobiol 2021; 81:671-695. [PMID: 33314626 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
During embryonic development of bilaterally symmetrical organisms, neurons send axons across the midline at specific points to connect the two halves of the nervous system with a commissure. Little is known about the cells at the midline that facilitate this tightly regulated process. We exploit the conserved process of vertebrate embryonic development in the zebrafish model system to elucidate the identity of cells at the midline that may facilitate postoptic (POC) and anterior commissure (AC) development. We have discovered that three different gfap+ astroglial cell morphologies persist in contact with pathfinding axons throughout commissure formation. Similarly, olig2+ progenitor cells occupy delineated portions of the postoptic and anterior commissures where they act as multipotent, neural progenitors. Moreover, we conclude that both gfap+ and olig2+ progenitor cells give rise to neuronal populations in both the telencephalon and diencephalon; however, these varied cell populations showed significant developmental timing differences between the telencephalon and diencephalon. Lastly, we also showed that fli1a+ mesenchymal cells migrate along the presumptive commissure regions before and during midline axon crossing. Furthermore, following commissure maturation, specific blood vessels formed at the midline of the POC and immediately ventral and parallel to the AC. This comprehensive account of the cellular populations that correlate with the timing and position of commissural axon pathfinding has supported the conceptual modeling and identification of the early forebrain architecture that may be necessary for proper commissure development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake Schnabl
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Mackenzie P H Litz
- Department of Biological Sciences, Smith College, Northampton, MA, USA.,Computational and Systems Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Caitlin Schneider
- Department of Biological Sciences, Smith College, Northampton, MA, USA.,McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Sarah Bashiruddin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Smith College, Northampton, MA, USA.,Family Medicine Assoc, Westfield, MA, USA
| | - Morgan S Schwartz
- Department of Biological Sciences, Smith College, Northampton, MA, USA.,Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Kristin Alligood
- Department of Biological Sciences, Smith College, Northampton, MA, USA.,Farmers Conservation Alliance, Hood River, OR, USA
| | | | - Michael J F Barresi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, Smith College, Northampton, MA, USA
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23
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Abstract
Myelination of axons provides the structural basis for rapid saltatory impulse propagation along vertebrate fiber tracts, a well-established neurophysiological concept. However, myelinating oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells serve additional functions in neuronal energy metabolism that are remarkably similar to those of axon-ensheathing glial cells in unmyelinated invertebrates. Here we discuss myelin evolution and physiological glial functions, beginning with the role of ensheathing glia in preventing ephaptic coupling, axoglial metabolic support, and eliminating oxidative radicals. In both vertebrates and invertebrates, axoglial interactions are bidirectional, serving to regulate cell fate, nerve conduction, and behavioral performance. One key step in the evolution of compact myelin in the vertebrate lineage was the emergence of the open reading frame for myelin basic protein within another gene. Several other proteins were neofunctionalized as myelin constituents and help maintain a healthy nervous system. Myelination in vertebrates became a major prerequisite of inhabiting new ecological niches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus-Armin Nave
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, D-37075 Göttingen, Germany; ,
| | - Hauke B Werner
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, D-37075 Göttingen, Germany; ,
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24
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Möbius W, Hümmert S, Ruhwedel T, Kuzirian A, Gould R. New Species Can Broaden Myelin Research: Suitability of Little Skate, Leucoraja erinacea. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:136. [PMID: 33670172 PMCID: PMC7916940 DOI: 10.3390/life11020136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Although myelinated nervous systems are shared among 60,000 jawed vertebrates, studies aimed at understanding myelination have focused more and more on mice and zebrafish. To obtain a broader understanding of the myelination process, we examined the little skate, Leucoraja erinacea. The reasons behind initiating studies at this time include: the desire to study a species belonging to an out group of other jawed vertebrates; using a species with embryos accessible throughout development; the availability of genome sequences; and the likelihood that mammalian antibodies recognize homologs in the chosen species. We report that the morphological features of myelination in a skate hatchling, a stage that supports complex behavioral repertoires needed for survival, are highly similar in terms of: appearances of myelinating oligodendrocytes (CNS) and Schwann cells (PNS); the way their levels of myelination conform to axon caliber; and their identity in terms of nodal and paranodal specializations. These features provide a core for further studies to determine: axon-myelinating cell communication; the structures of the proteins and lipids upon which myelinated fibers are formed; the pathways used to transport these molecules to sites of myelin assembly and maintenance; and the gene regulatory networks that control their expressions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiebke Möbius
- Electron Microscopy Core Unit, Department of Neurogenetics, Max-Planck-Institute of Experimental Medicine, 37075 Göttingen, Germany; (W.M.); (S.H.); (T.R.)
- Cluster of Excellence Multiscale Bioimaging: from Molecular Machines to Networks of Excitable Cells (MBExC), University of Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sophie Hümmert
- Electron Microscopy Core Unit, Department of Neurogenetics, Max-Planck-Institute of Experimental Medicine, 37075 Göttingen, Germany; (W.M.); (S.H.); (T.R.)
| | - Torben Ruhwedel
- Electron Microscopy Core Unit, Department of Neurogenetics, Max-Planck-Institute of Experimental Medicine, 37075 Göttingen, Germany; (W.M.); (S.H.); (T.R.)
| | - Alan Kuzirian
- Eugene Bell Center for Regenerative Biology and Tissue Engineering, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02540, USA;
| | - Robert Gould
- Whitman Science Center, Marin Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02540, USA
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25
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Salemi M, Cannarella R, Cimino L, Condorelli RA, Giurato G, Marchese G, Cordella A, Santa Paola S, Romano C, LA Vignera S, Calogero AE. GPR56 gene down-regulation in patients with Klinefelter Syndrome: a candidate for infertility? Minerva Endocrinol (Torino) 2020; 46:384-388. [PMID: 33331742 DOI: 10.23736/s2724-6507.20.03357-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The etiology of azoospermia in patients with Klinefelter Syndrome (KS) is still unknown. The protein codified by the G protein-couple receptor 56 (GPR56) belongs to the adhesion family of G protein-coupled receptors (GPRs). Its mutations are involved in the pathogenesis of intellectual disability and, according to animal studies, infertility. As the expression of GPR56 in patients with KS has not been investigated so far, this study was undertaken with the purpose of evaluating its expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of patients with KS and normal controls. METHODS This age-matched case-control study was performed in 10 patients with KS and 10 controls. Patients and controls underwent to blood sampling for next-generation sequencing (NGS) analysis, and differentially expressed mRNAs were identified using DESeq2 v.1.12. QRT-PCR was used to validate the results obtained by NGS analysis. TaqMan Gene Expression Assay primers were used to carry out the real-time PCR analysis for GPR56. RESULTS GPR56 was down-regulated by -2081-fold (q-value <0.05) in PBMCs of patients with KS compared to controls. NGS data were confirmed by QRT-PCR. CONCLUSIONS The possible contribution of the GPR56 gene down-regulation in the pathogenesis of spermatogenic failure in patients with KS is worthy to be further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rossella Cannarella
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy -
| | - Laura Cimino
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Rosita A Condorelli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Giorgio Giurato
- Genomix4Life Srl, Schola Medica Salernitana Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Baronissi, Salerno, Italy
| | - Giovanna Marchese
- Genomix4Life Srl, Schola Medica Salernitana Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Baronissi, Salerno, Italy
| | - Angela Cordella
- Genomix4Life Srl, Schola Medica Salernitana Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Baronissi, Salerno, Italy
| | | | | | - Sandro LA Vignera
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Aldo E Calogero
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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26
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Lago-Baldaia I, Fernandes VM, Ackerman SD. More Than Mortar: Glia as Architects of Nervous System Development and Disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:611269. [PMID: 33381506 PMCID: PMC7767919 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.611269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glial cells are an essential component of the nervous system of vertebrates and invertebrates. In the human brain, glia are as numerous as neurons, yet the importance of glia to nearly every aspect of nervous system development has only been expounded over the last several decades. Glia are now known to regulate neural specification, synaptogenesis, synapse function, and even broad circuit function. Given their ubiquity, it is not surprising that the contribution of glia to neuronal disease pathogenesis is a growing area of research. In this review, we will summarize the accumulated evidence of glial participation in several distinct phases of nervous system development and organization-neural specification, circuit wiring, and circuit function. Finally, we will highlight how these early developmental roles of glia contribute to nervous system dysfunction in neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês Lago-Baldaia
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Vilaiwan M. Fernandes
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah D. Ackerman
- Institute of Neuroscience, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, United States
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27
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Muppirala AN, Limbach LE, Bradford EF, Petersen SC. Schwann cell development: From neural crest to myelin sheath. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2020; 10:e398. [PMID: 33145925 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Vertebrate nervous system function requires glial cells, including myelinating glia that insulate axons and provide trophic support that allows for efficient signal propagation by neurons. In vertebrate peripheral nervous systems, neural crest-derived glial cells known as Schwann cells (SCs) generate myelin by encompassing and iteratively wrapping membrane around single axon segments. SC gliogenesis and neurogenesis are intimately linked and governed by a complex molecular environment that shapes their developmental trajectory. Changes in this external milieu drive developing SCs through a series of distinct morphological and transcriptional stages from the neural crest to a variety of glial derivatives, including the myelinating sublineage. Cues originate from the extracellular matrix, adjacent axons, and the developing SC basal lamina to trigger intracellular signaling cascades and gene expression changes that specify stages and transitions in SC development. Here, we integrate the findings from in vitro neuron-glia co-culture experiments with in vivo studies investigating SC development, particularly in zebrafish and mouse, to highlight critical factors that specify SC fate. Ultimately, we connect classic biochemical and mutant studies with modern genetic and visualization tools that have elucidated the dynamics of SC development. This article is categorized under: Signaling Pathways > Cell Fate Signaling Nervous System Development > Vertebrates: Regional Development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anoohya N Muppirala
- Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Kenyon College, Gambier, Ohio, USA
| | | | | | - Sarah C Petersen
- Department of Neuroscience, Kenyon College, Gambier, Ohio, USA.,Department of Biology, Kenyon College, Gambier, Ohio, USA
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28
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Brown TL, Macklin WB. The Actin Cytoskeleton in Myelinating Cells. Neurochem Res 2020; 45:684-693. [PMID: 30847860 PMCID: PMC6732044 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-019-02753-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Myelinating cells of both the peripheral and central nervous systems (CNSs) undergo dramatic cytoskeletal reorganization in order to differentiate and produce myelin. Myelinating oligodendrocytes in the CNS show a periodic actin pattern, demonstrating tight regulation of actin. Furthermore, recent data demonstrate that actin polymerization drives early cell differentiation and that actin depolymerization drives myelin wrapping. Dysregulation of the actin cytoskeleton in myelinating cells is seen in some disease states. This review highlights the cytoskeletal molecules that regulate differentiation of and myelination by cells of the PNS and CNS, informing our understanding of neural development, in particular myelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya L Brown
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
- Cell Biology, Stem Cells, and Development Graduate Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Wendy B Macklin
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
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29
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Torre-Fuentes L, Moreno-Jiménez L, Pytel V, Matías-Guiu J, Gómez-Pinedo U, Matías-Guiu J. Experimental models of demyelination and remyelination. NEUROLOGÍA (ENGLISH EDITION) 2020. [PMCID: PMC7148713 DOI: 10.1016/j.nrleng.2019.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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30
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Fledrich R, Kungl T, Nave KA, Stassart RM. Axo-glial interdependence in peripheral nerve development. Development 2019; 146:146/21/dev151704. [PMID: 31719044 DOI: 10.1242/dev.151704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
During the development of the peripheral nervous system, axons and myelinating Schwann cells form a unique symbiotic unit, which is realized by a finely tuned network of molecular signals and reciprocal interactions. The importance of this complex interplay becomes evident after injury or in diseases in which aspects of axo-glial interaction are perturbed. This Review focuses on the specific interdependence of axons and Schwann cells in peripheral nerve development that enables axonal outgrowth, Schwann cell lineage progression, radial sorting and, finally, formation and maintenance of the myelin sheath.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Fledrich
- Institute of Anatomy, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany .,Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Theresa Kungl
- Institute of Anatomy, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Klaus-Armin Nave
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ruth M Stassart
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, 37075 Göttingen, Germany .,Department of Neuropathology, University Clinic Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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31
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Djannatian M, Timmler S, Arends M, Luckner M, Weil MT, Alexopoulos I, Snaidero N, Schmid B, Misgeld T, Möbius W, Schifferer M, Peles E, Simons M. Two adhesive systems cooperatively regulate axon ensheathment and myelin growth in the CNS. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4794. [PMID: 31641127 PMCID: PMC6805957 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12789-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Central nervous system myelin is a multilayered membrane produced by oligodendrocytes to increase neural processing speed and efficiency, but the molecular mechanisms underlying axonal selection and myelin wrapping are unknown. Here, using combined morphological and molecular analyses in mice and zebrafish, we show that adhesion molecules of the paranodal and the internodal segment work synergistically using overlapping functions to regulate axonal interaction and myelin wrapping. In the absence of these adhesive systems, axonal recognition by myelin is impaired with myelin growing on top of previously myelinated fibers, around neuronal cell bodies and above nodes of Ranvier. In addition, myelin wrapping is disturbed with the leading edge moving away from the axon and in between previously formed layers. These data show how two adhesive systems function together to guide axonal ensheathment and myelin wrapping, and provide a mechanistic understanding of how the spatial organization of myelin is achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minou Djannatian
- Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
| | - Sebastian Timmler
- Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
| | - Martina Arends
- Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
| | - Manja Luckner
- Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
| | - Marie-Theres Weil
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
- Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ioannis Alexopoulos
- Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
| | - Nicolas Snaidero
- Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
| | - Bettina Schmid
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Misgeld
- Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Wiebke Möbius
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
- Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), Göttingen, Germany
- Electron Microscopy Core Unit, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Martina Schifferer
- Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Elior Peles
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Mikael Simons
- Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany.
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany.
- Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany.
- Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany.
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32
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Bradley EC, Cunningham RL, Wilde C, Morgan RK, Klug EA, Letcher SM, Schöneberg T, Monk KR, Liebscher I, Petersen SC. In vivo identification of small molecules mediating Gpr126/Adgrg6 signaling during Schwann cell development. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2019; 1456:44-63. [PMID: 31529518 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Gpr126/Adgrg6, an adhesion family G protein-coupled receptor (aGPCR), is required for the development of myelinating Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system. Myelin supports and insulates vertebrate axons to permit rapid signal propagation throughout the nervous system. In mammals and zebrafish, mutations in Gpr126 arrest Schwann cells at early developmental stages. We exploited the optical and pharmacological tractability of larval zebrafish to uncover drugs that mediate myelination by activating Gpr126 or functioning in parallel. Using a fluorescent marker of mature myelinating glia (Tg[mbp:EGFP-CAAX]), we screened hypomorphic gpr126 mutant larvae for restoration of myelin basic protein (mbp) expression along peripheral nerves following small molecule treatment. Our screens identified five compounds sufficient to promote mbp expression in gpr126 hypomorphs. Using an allelic series of gpr126 mutants, we parsed the ability of small molecules to restore mbp, suggesting differences in drug efficacy dependent on Schwann cell developmental state. Finally, we identify apomorphine hydrochloride as a direct small molecule activator of Gpr126 using combined in vivo/in vitro assays and show that aporphine class compounds promote Schwann cell development in vivo. Our results demonstrate the utility of in vivo screening for aGPCR modulators and identify small molecules that interact with the gpr126-mediated myelination program.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rebecca L Cunningham
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Caroline Wilde
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Rory K Morgan
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Emma A Klug
- Department of Neuroscience, Kenyon College, Gambier, Ohio
| | | | - Torsten Schöneberg
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kelly R Monk
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri.,Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Ines Liebscher
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sarah C Petersen
- Department of Neuroscience, Kenyon College, Gambier, Ohio.,Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
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33
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Adler D, Linden JR, Shetty SV, Ma Y, Bokori-Brown M, Titball RW, Vartanian T. Clostridium perfringens Epsilon Toxin Compromises the Blood-Brain Barrier in a Humanized Zebrafish Model. iScience 2019; 15:39-54. [PMID: 31030181 PMCID: PMC6487375 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2019.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 12/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin (ETX) is hypothesized to mediate blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability by binding to the myelin and lymphocyte protein (MAL) on the luminal surface of endothelial cells (ECs). However, the kinetics of this interaction and a general understanding of ETX's behavior in a live organism have yet to be appreciated. Here we investigate ETX binding and BBB breakdown in living Danio rerio (zebrafish). Wild-type zebrafish ECs do not bind ETX. When zebrafish ECs are engineered to express human MAL (hMAL), proETX binding occurs in a time-dependent manner. Injection of activated toxin in hMAL zebrafish initiates BBB leakage, hMAL downregulation, blood vessel stenosis, perivascular edema, and blood stasis. We propose a kinetic model of MAL-dependent ETX binding and neurovascular pathology. By generating a humanized zebrafish BBB model, this study contributes to our understanding of ETX-induced BBB permeability and strengthens the proposal that MAL is the ETX receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drew Adler
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA; Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Jennifer R Linden
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Samantha V Shetty
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Yinghua Ma
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | | | - Richard W Titball
- Department of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, Devon EX4 4SB, UK
| | - Timothy Vartanian
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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34
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Hill RA, Grutzendler J. Uncovering the biology of myelin with optical imaging of the live brain. Glia 2019; 67:2008-2019. [PMID: 31033062 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Myelin has traditionally been considered a static structure that is produced and assembled during early developmental stages. While this characterization is accurate in some contexts, recent studies have revealed that oligodendrocyte generation and patterns of myelination are dynamic and potentially modifiable throughout life. Unique structural and biochemical properties of the myelin sheath provide opportunities for the development and implementation of multimodal label-free and fluorescence optical imaging approaches. When combined with genetically encoded fluorescent tags targeted to distinct cells and subcellular structures, these techniques offer a powerful methodological toolbox for uncovering mechanisms of myelin generation and plasticity in the live brain. Here, we discuss recent advances in these approaches that have allowed the discovery of several forms of myelin plasticity in developing and adult nervous systems. Using these techniques, long-standing questions related to myelin generation, remodeling, and degeneration can now be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Hill
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Jaime Grutzendler
- Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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35
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Chorghay Z, Káradóttir RT, Ruthazer ES. White Matter Plasticity Keeps the Brain in Tune: Axons Conduct While Glia Wrap. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:428. [PMID: 30519159 PMCID: PMC6251003 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Precise timing of neuronal inputs is crucial for brain circuit function and development, where it contributes critically to experience-dependent plasticity. Myelination therefore provides an important adaptation mechanism for vertebrate circuits. Despite its importance to circuit activity, the interplay between neuronal activity and myelination has yet to be fully elucidated. In recent years, significant attention has been devoted to uncovering and explaining the phenomenon of white matter (WM) plasticity. Here, we summarize some of the critical evidence for modulation of the WM by neuronal activity, ranging from human diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) studies to experiments in animal models. These experiments reveal activity-dependent changes in the differentiation and proliferation of the oligodendrocyte lineage, and in the critical properties of the myelin sheaths. We discuss the implications of such changes for synaptic function and plasticity, and present the underlying mechanisms of neuron–glia communication, with a focus on glutamatergic signaling and the axomyelinic synapse. Finally, we examine evidence that myelin plasticity may be subject to critical periods. Taken together, the present review aims to provide insights into myelination in the context of brain circuit formation and function, emphasizing the bidirectional interplay between neurons and myelinating glial cells to better inform future investigations of nervous system plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahraa Chorghay
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Ragnhildur Thóra Káradóttir
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Wellcome Trust - Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Edward S Ruthazer
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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36
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Giera S, Luo R, Ying Y, Ackerman SD, Jeong SJ, Stoveken HM, Folts CJ, Welsh CA, Tall GG, Stevens B, Monk KR, Piao X. Microglial transglutaminase-2 drives myelination and myelin repair via GPR56/ADGRG1 in oligodendrocyte precursor cells. eLife 2018; 7:33385. [PMID: 29809138 PMCID: PMC5980231 DOI: 10.7554/elife.33385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In the central nervous system (CNS), myelin formation and repair are regulated by oligodendrocyte (OL) lineage cells, which sense and integrate signals from their environment, including from other glial cells and the extracellular matrix (ECM). The signaling pathways that coordinate this complex communication, however, remain poorly understood. The adhesion G protein-coupled receptor ADGRG1 (also known as GPR56) is an evolutionarily conserved regulator of OL development in humans, mice, and zebrafish, although its activating ligand for OL lineage cells is unknown. Here, we report that microglia-derived transglutaminase-2 (TG2) signals to ADGRG1 on OL precursor cells (OPCs) in the presence of the ECM protein laminin and that TG2/laminin-dependent activation of ADGRG1 promotes OPC proliferation. Signaling by TG2/laminin to ADGRG1 on OPCs additionally improves remyelination in two murine models of demyelination. These findings identify a novel glia-to-glia signaling pathway that promotes myelin formation and repair, and suggest new strategies to enhance remyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Giera
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Medicine, Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States.,Department of Neurology, F. M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Rong Luo
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Medicine, Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States.,Department of Neurology, F. M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Yanqin Ying
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Medicine, Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States.,Department of Neurology, F. M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States.,Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Sarah D Ackerman
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States
| | - Sung-Jin Jeong
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Medicine, Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States.,Department of Neurology, F. M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States.,Department of Neural Development and Diseases, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), Daegu, South Korea
| | - Hannah M Stoveken
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Christopher J Folts
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Medicine, Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States.,Department of Neurology, F. M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Christina A Welsh
- Department of Neurology, F. M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Gregory G Tall
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Beth Stevens
- Department of Neurology, F. M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Kelly R Monk
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States
| | - Xianhua Piao
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Medicine, Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States.,Department of Neurology, F. M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
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Torre-Fuentes L, Moreno-Jiménez L, Pytel V, Matías-Guiu JA, Gómez-Pinedo U, Matías-Guiu J. Experimental models of demyelination and remyelination. Neurologia 2017; 35:32-39. [PMID: 28863829 PMCID: PMC7115679 DOI: 10.1016/j.nrl.2017.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Introducción El uso de modelos experimentales en animales permite aumentar el conocimiento sobre la patología del sistema nervioso central. Sin embargo, en la esclerosis múltiple, no existe un modelo que permita una visión general de la enfermedad, de forma que es necesario utilizar una variedad de modelos que abarquen los distintos cambios que se producen. Desarrollo Se revisan los distintos modelos experimentales que pueden ser utilizados en la investigación en la esclerosis múltiple, tanto in vitro como in vivo. En relación a los modelos in vitro se analizan los distintos cultivos celulares y sus potenciales modificaciones así como los modelos en rodajas. En los modelos in vivo, se analizan los modelos de base inmune-inflamatoria como la encefalitis alérgica experimental en los distintos animales, además de las enfermedades desmielinizantes por virus. Por otro lado, se analizan los modelos de desmielinización-remielinización incluyéndose las lesiones químicas por cuprizona, lisolecitina, bromuro de etidio, así como el modelo de zebrafish y los modelos transgénicos. Conclusiones Los modelos experimentales nos permiten acercarnos al conocimiento de los diversos mecanismos que ocurren en la esclerosis múltiple. La utilización de cada uno de ellos depende de los objetivos de investigación que planteen.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Torre-Fuentes
- Servicio de Neurología, Instituto de Neurociencias, IdISSC, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, España.
| | - L Moreno-Jiménez
- Servicio de Neurología, Instituto de Neurociencias, IdISSC, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, España
| | - V Pytel
- Servicio de Neurología, Instituto de Neurociencias, IdISSC, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, España
| | - J A Matías-Guiu
- Servicio de Neurología, Instituto de Neurociencias, IdISSC, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, España
| | - U Gómez-Pinedo
- Servicio de Neurología, Instituto de Neurociencias, IdISSC, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, España
| | - J Matías-Guiu
- Servicio de Neurología, Instituto de Neurociencias, IdISSC, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, España
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Cole KLH, Early JJ, Lyons DA. Drug discovery for remyelination and treatment of MS. Glia 2017; 65:1565-1589. [PMID: 28618073 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Glia constitute the majority of the cells in our nervous system, yet there are currently no drugs that target glia for the treatment of disease. Given ongoing discoveries of the many roles of glia in numerous diseases of the nervous system, this is likely to change in years to come. Here we focus on the possibility that targeting the oligodendrocyte lineage to promote regeneration of myelin (remyelination) represents a therapeutic strategy for the treatment of the demyelinating disease multiple sclerosis, MS. We discuss how hypothesis driven studies have identified multiple targets and pathways that can be manipulated to promote remyelination in vivo, and how this work has led to the first ever remyelination clinical trials. We also highlight how recent chemical discovery screens have identified a host of small molecule compounds that promote oligodendrocyte differentiation in vitro. Some of these compounds have also been shown to promote myelin regeneration in vivo, with one already being trialled in humans. Promoting oligodendrocyte differentiation and remyelination represents just one potential strategy for the treatment of MS. The pathology of MS is complex, and its complete amelioration may require targeting multiple biological processes in parallel. Therefore, we present an overview of new technologies and models for phenotypic analyses and screening that can be exploited to study complex cell-cell interactions in in vitro and in vivo systems. Such technological platforms will provide insight into fundamental mechanisms and increase capacities for drug-discovery of relevance to glia and currently intractable disorders of the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katy L H Cole
- Centre for Neuroregeneration, MS Society Centre for Translational Research, Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, United Kingdom
| | - Jason J Early
- Centre for Neuroregeneration, MS Society Centre for Translational Research, Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, United Kingdom
| | - David A Lyons
- Centre for Neuroregeneration, MS Society Centre for Translational Research, Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, United Kingdom
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Morton PD, Ishibashi N, Jonas RA. Neurodevelopmental Abnormalities and Congenital Heart Disease: Insights Into Altered Brain Maturation. Circ Res 2017; 120:960-977. [PMID: 28302742 PMCID: PMC5409515 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.116.309048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
In the past 2 decades, it has become evident that individuals born with congenital heart disease (CHD) are at risk of developing life-long neurological deficits. Multifactorial risk factors contributing to neurodevelopmental abnormalities associated with CHD have been identified; however, the underlying causes remain largely unknown, and efforts to address this issue have only recently begun. There has been a dramatic shift in focus from newly acquired brain injuries associated with corrective and palliative heart surgery to antenatal and preoperative factors governing altered brain maturation in CHD. In this review, we describe key time windows of development during which the immature brain is vulnerable to injury. Special emphasis is placed on the dynamic nature of cellular events and how CHD may adversely impact the cellular units and networks necessary for proper cognitive and motor function. In addition, we describe current gaps in knowledge and offer perspectives about what can be done to improve our understanding of neurological deficits in CHD. Ultimately, a multidisciplinary approach will be essential to prevent or improve adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes in individuals surviving CHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul D Morton
- From the Center for Neuroscience Research and Children's National Heart Institute, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC
| | - Nobuyuki Ishibashi
- From the Center for Neuroscience Research and Children's National Heart Institute, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC.
| | - Richard A Jonas
- From the Center for Neuroscience Research and Children's National Heart Institute, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC.
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Abstract
Myelination by oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system (CNS) and Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system is essential for nervous system function and health. Despite its importance, we have a relatively poor understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms that regulate myelination in the living animal, particularly in the CNS. This is partly due to the fact that myelination commences around birth in mammals, by which time the CNS is complex and largely inaccessible, and thus very difficult to image live in its intact form. As a consequence, in recent years much effort has been invested in the use of smaller, simpler, transparent model organisms to investigate mechanisms of myelination in vivo. Although the majority of such studies have employed zebrafish, the Xenopus tadpole also represents an important complementary system with advantages for investigating myelin biology in vivo. Here we review how the natural features of zebrafish embryos and larvae and Xenopus tadpoles make them ideal systems for experimentally interrogating myelination by live imaging. We outline common transgenic technologies used to generate zebrafish and Xenopus that express fluorescent reporters, which can be used to image myelination. We also provide an extensive overview of the imaging modalities most commonly employed to date to image the nervous system in these transparent systems, and also emerging technologies that we anticipate will become widely used in studies of zebrafish and Xenopus myelination in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenea M Bin
- Centre for Neuroregeneration, MS Society Centre for Translational Research, Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - David A Lyons
- Centre for Neuroregeneration, MS Society Centre for Translational Research, Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Abstract
Myelin is a lipid-rich sheath formed by the spiral wrapping of specialized glial cells around axon segments. Myelinating glia allow for rapid transmission of nerve impulses and metabolic support of axons, and the absence of or disruption to myelin results in debilitating motor, cognitive, and emotional deficits in humans. Because myelin is a jawed vertebrate innovation, zebrafish are one of the simplest vertebrate model systems to study the genetics and development of myelinating glia. The morphogenetic cellular movements and genetic program that drive myelination are conserved between zebrafish and mammals, and myelin develops rapidly in zebrafish larvae, within 3-5days postfertilization. Myelin ultrastructure can be visualized in the zebrafish from larval to adult stages via transmission electron microscopy, and the dynamic development of myelinating glial cells may be observed in vivo via transgenic reporter lines in zebrafish larvae. Zebrafish are amenable to genetic and pharmacological screens, and screens for myelinating glial phenotypes have revealed both genes and drugs that promote myelin development, many of which are conserved in mammalian glia. Recently, zebrafish have been employed as a model to understand the complex dynamics of myelinating glia during development and regeneration. In this chapter, we describe these key methodologies and recent insights into mechanisms that regulate myelination using the zebrafish model.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D'Rozario
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - K R Monk
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States; Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
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Mogha A, D'Rozario M, Monk KR. G Protein-Coupled Receptors in Myelinating Glia. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2016; 37:977-987. [PMID: 27670389 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2016.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) superfamily represents the largest class of functionally selective drug targets for disease modulation and therapy. GPCRs have been studied in great detail in central nervous system (CNS) neurons, but these important molecules have been relatively understudied in glia. In recent years, however, exciting new roles for GPCRs in glial cell biology have emerged. We focus here on the key roles of GPCRs in a specialized subset of glia, myelinating glia. We highlight recent work firmly establishing GPCRs as regulators of myelinating glial cell development and myelin repair. These advances expand our understanding of myelinating glial cell biology and underscore the utility of targeting GPCRs to promote myelin repair in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Mogha
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Mitchell D'Rozario
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Kelly R Monk
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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Guerra-Varela J, Cabezas-Sainz P, Yebra-Pimentel E, Gutiérrez-Lovera C, Cedrón VP, Otero Obarrio MA, Sciara AA, Rodríguez N, Araujo J, Millán A, Sánchez L. “A Zebra in the Water”: Inspiring Science in Spain. Zebrafish 2016; 13:241-7. [DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2015.1178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Guerra-Varela
- Department of Genetics, Veterinary Faculty, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
- Geneaqua S.L., Lugo, Spain
| | - Pablo Cabezas-Sainz
- Department of Genetics, Veterinary Faculty, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - Elena Yebra-Pimentel
- Department of Genetics, Veterinary Faculty, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - Carlha Gutiérrez-Lovera
- Department of Genetics, Veterinary Faculty, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - Vanessa P. Cedrón
- Department of Genetics, Veterinary Faculty, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - Mónica A. Otero Obarrio
- Department of Genetics, Veterinary Faculty, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - Andrés A. Sciara
- Department of Genetics, Veterinary Faculty, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Laura Sánchez
- Department of Genetics, Veterinary Faculty, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
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