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Kumbhare D, Rajagopal M, Toms J, Freelin A, Weistroffer G, McComb N, Karnam S, Azghadi A, Murnane KS, Baron MS, Holloway KL. Deep Brain Stimulation of Nucleus Basalis of Meynert improves learning in rat model of dementia. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.05.588271. [PMID: 38645266 PMCID: PMC11030230 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.05.588271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Background Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the nucleus basalis of Meynert (NBM) has been preliminarily investigated as a potential treatment for dementia. The degeneration of NBM cholinergic neurons is a pathological feature of many forms of dementia. Although stimulation of the NBM has been demonstrated to improve learning, the ideal parameters for NBM stimulation have not been elucidated. This study assesses the differential effects of varying stimulation patterns and duration on learning in a dementia rat model. Methods 192-IgG-saporin (or vehicle) was injected into the NBM to produce dementia in rats. Next, all rats underwent unilateral implantation of a DBS electrode in the NBM. The experimental groups consisted of i-normal, ii-untreated demented, and iii-demented rats receiving NBM DBS. The stimulation paradigms included testing different modes (tonic and burst) and durations (1-hr, 5-hrs, and 24-hrs/day) over 10 daily sessions. Memory was assessed pre- and post-stimulation using two established learning paradigms: novel object recognition (NOR) and auditory operant chamber learning. Results Both normal and stimulated rats demonstrated improved performance in NOR and auditory learning as compared to the unstimulated demented group. The burst stimulation groups performed better than the tonic stimulated group. Increasing the daily stimulation duration to 24-hr did not further improve cognitive performance in an auditory recognition task and degraded the results on a NOR task as compared with 5-hr. Conclusion The present findings suggest that naturalistic NBM burst DBS may offer a potential effective therapy for treating dementia and suggests potential strategies for the reevaluation of current human NBM stimulation paradigms.
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Zamora-Bello I, Martínez A, Beltrán-Parrazal L, Santiago-Roque I, Juárez-Aguilar E, López-Meraz ML. Evaluation of the anticonvulsant and neuroprotective effect of intracerebral administration of growth hormone in rats. Neurologia 2024; 39:1-9. [PMID: 38161069 DOI: 10.1016/j.nrleng.2023.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The growth hormone (GH) has been reported as a crucial neuronal survival factor in the hippocampus against insults of diverse nature. Status epilepticus (SE) is a prolonged seizure that produces extensive neuronal cell death. The goal of this study was to evaluate the effect of intracerebroventricular administration of GH on seizure severity and SE-induced hippocampal neurodegeneration. METHODOLOGY Adult male rats were implanted with a guide cannula in the left ventricle and different amounts of GH (70, 120 or 220ng/3μl) were microinjected for 5 days; artificial cerebrospinal fluid was used as the vehicle. Seizures were induced by the lithium-pilocarpine model (3mEq/kg LiCl and 30mg/kg pilocarpine hydrochloride) one day after the last GH administration. Neuronal injury was assessed by Fluoro-Jade B (F-JB) staining. RESULTS Rats injected with 120ng of GH did not had SE after 30mg/kg pilocarpine, they required a higher number of pilocarpine injections to develop SE than the rats pretreated with the vehicle, 70ng or 220ng GH. Prefrontal and parietal cortex EEG recordings confirmed that latency to generalized seizures and SE was also significantly higher in the 120ng group when compared with all the experimental groups. FJ-B positive cells were detected in the hippocampus after SE in all rats, and no significant differences in the number of F-JB cells in the CA1 area and the hilus was observed between experimental groups. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that, although GH has an anticonvulsive effect in the lithium-pilocarpine model of SE, it does not exert hippocampal neuroprotection after SE.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Zamora-Bello
- Centro de Investigaciones Cerebrales, Universidad Veracruzana, Médicos y Odontólogos s/n, Col. Unidad del Bosque Xalapa, Veracruz C.P. 91010, Mexico
| | - A Martínez
- Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Calzada México Xochimilco No. 101, Col. San Lorenzo Huipulco, Tlalpan, Ciudad de México C.P. 14370, Mexico
| | - L Beltrán-Parrazal
- Centro de Investigaciones Cerebrales, Universidad Veracruzana, Médicos y Odontólogos s/n, Col. Unidad del Bosque Xalapa, Veracruz C.P. 91010, Mexico
| | - I Santiago-Roque
- Laboratorio de Neurotoxicología, Universidad Veracruzana, Médicos y Odontólogos s/n, Col. Unidad del Bosque Xalapa, Xalapa, Veracruz C.P. 91010, Mexico
| | - E Juárez-Aguilar
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Veracruzana, Av. Dr. Luis Castelazo Ayala s/n, Col. Industrial Animas, Xalapa, Veracruz C.P. 91190, Mexico
| | - M L López-Meraz
- Centro de Investigaciones Cerebrales, Universidad Veracruzana, Médicos y Odontólogos s/n, Col. Unidad del Bosque Xalapa, Veracruz C.P. 91010, Mexico.
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Arvin P, Ghafouri S, Bavarsad K, Hajipour S, Khoshnam SE, Sarkaki A, Farbood Y. Therapeutic effects of growth hormone in a rat model of total sleep deprivation: Evaluating behavioral, hormonal, biochemical and electrophysiological parameters. Behav Brain Res 2023; 438:114190. [PMID: 36332721 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2022.114190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Total sleep deprivation (TSD) causes several harmful changes in the brain, including memory impairment, increased stress and depression levels, as well as reduced antioxidant activity. Growth hormone (GH) has been shown to boost antioxidant levels while improving memory and depression. The present study was conducted to explain the possible effects of exogenous GH against behavioral and biochemical disorders caused by TSD and the possible mechanisms involved. MAIN METHODS To induce TSD, rats were housed in homemade special cages equipped with stainless steel wire conductors to induce general and inconsistent TSD. They received a mild repetitive electric shock to their paws every 10 min for 21 days. GH (1 ml/kg, sc) was administered to rats during induction of TSD for 21 days. Memory retrieval, anxiety, depression-like behaviors, pain behaviors, antioxidant activity, hippocampal level of BDNF, and simultaneously brain electrical activity were measured at scheduled times after TSD. KEY FINDINGS The results showed that GH treatment improved memory (p < 0.001) in the PAT test of rats exposed to TSD. These beneficial effects were associated with lowering the level of anxiety and depression-like behavior (p < 0.001), rising the pain threshold (p < 0.01), increasing the activity of antioxidants (p < 0.01), hippocampal BDNF (p < 0.001), and regular brain electrical activity. SIGNIFICANCE Our findings show that GH plays a key role in modulating memory, anxiety and depression behaviors, as well as reducing oxidative stress and improve hippocampal single-unit activity in the brain during TSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Arvin
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Persian Gulf Physiology Research Center, Basic Medical Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Samireh Ghafouri
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Persian Gulf Physiology Research Center, Basic Medical Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Kowsar Bavarsad
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Persian Gulf Physiology Research Center, Basic Medical Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Somayeh Hajipour
- Persian Gulf Physiology Research Center, Basic Medical Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Seyed Esmail Khoshnam
- Persian Gulf Physiology Research Center, Basic Medical Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Alireza Sarkaki
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Persian Gulf Physiology Research Center, Basic Medical Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
| | - Yaghoob Farbood
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Persian Gulf Physiology Research Center, Basic Medical Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
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Ma T, Wang YY, Lu Y, Feng L, Yang YT, Li GH, Li C, Chu Y, Wang W, Zhang H. Inhibition of Piezo1/Ca 2+/calpain signaling in the rat basal forebrain reverses sleep deprivation-induced fear memory impairments. Behav Brain Res 2022; 417:113594. [PMID: 34560129 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we tested the hypothesis that the Piezo1/Ca2+/calpain pathway of the basal forebrain (BF) modulates impaired fear conditioning caused by sleep deprivation. Adult male Wistar rats were subjected to 6 h of total sleep deprivation using the gentle handling protocol. Step-down inhibitory avoidance tests revealed that sleep deprivation induced substantial short- and long-term fear memory impairment in rats, which was accompanied by increased Piezo1 protein expression (P < 0.01) and increased cleavage of full-length tropomyocin receptor kinase B (TrkB-FL) (P < 0.01) in the BF area. Microinjection of the Piezo1 activator Yoda1 into the BF mimicked these sleep deprivation-induced phenomena; TrkB-FL cleavage was increased (P < 0.01) and short- and long-term fear memory was impaired (both P < 0.01) by Yoda1. Inhibition of Piezo1 by GsMTx4 in the BF area reduced TrkB-FL degradation (P < 0.01) and partially reversed short- and long-term fear memory impairments in sleep-deprived rats (both P < 0.01). Inhibition of calpain activation, downstream of Piezo1 signaling, also improved short- and long-term fear memory impairments (P = 0.038, P = 0.011) and reduced TrkB degradation (P < 0.01) in sleep-deprived rats. Moreover, sleep deprivation induced a lower pain threshold than the rest control, which was partly reversed by microinjection of GsMTx4 or PD151746. Neither sleep deprivation nor the abovementioned drugs affected locomotion and sedation. Taken together, these results indicate that BF Piezo1/Ca2+/calpain signaling plays a role in sleep deprivation-induced TrkB signaling disruption and fear memory impairments in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology, PLA Rocket Force Characteristic Medical Center, Beijing 100088, China
| | - Ying-Ying Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100015, China
| | - Yan Lu
- Department of Neurology, PLA Rocket Force Characteristic Medical Center, Beijing 100088, China
| | - Long Feng
- Department of Anesthesiology, PLA general hospital of Hainan Hospital, Hainan 572013, China
| | - Yi-Tian Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450003, China
| | - Guan-Hua Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, PLA Rocket Force Characteristic Medical Center, Beijing 100088, China
| | - Chi Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, PLA Rocket Force Characteristic Medical Center, Beijing 100088, China
| | - Yang Chu
- Department of Anesthesiology, PLA Rocket Force Characteristic Medical Center, Beijing 100088, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, PLA Rocket Force Characteristic Medical Center, Beijing 100088, China.
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, PLA Rocket Force Characteristic Medical Center, Beijing 100088, China.
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Juárez-Aguilar E, Olivares-Hernández JD, Regalado-Santiago C, García-García F. The role of growth hormone in hippocampal function. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2021; 118:289-313. [PMID: 35180930 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2021.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Growth hormone is a multifunctional molecule with broad cellular targets. This pituitary hormone is currently used as a therapeutic agent against several brain injuries due to its neurotrophic activity. The hippocampus is one of the brain regions where the growth hormone plays a role in normal and pathologic conditions. This brain structure is associated with several cognitive functions such as learning, memory, and mood, which are frequently affected by brain traumatism. The present chapter describes the experimental and clinical evidence that supports a central role of growth hormone in the hippocampus functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Juárez-Aguilar
- Departmento de Biomedicina, Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Veracruzana, Veracruz, Mexico.
| | - Juan David Olivares-Hernández
- Laboratorio D-01, Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, Mexico
| | | | - Fabio García-García
- Departmento de Biomedicina, Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Veracruzana, Veracruz, Mexico
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Growth Hormone (GH) Enhances Endogenous Mechanisms of Neuroprotection and Neuroplasticity after Oxygen and Glucose Deprivation Injury (OGD) and Reoxygenation (OGD/R) in Chicken Hippocampal Cell Cultures. Neural Plast 2021; 2021:9990166. [PMID: 34567109 PMCID: PMC8461227 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9990166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
As a classical growth promoter and metabolic regulator, growth hormone (GH) is involved in development of the central nervous system (CNS). This hormone might also act as a neurotrophin, since GH is able to induce neuroprotection, neurite growth, and synaptogenesis during the repair process that occurs in response to neural injury. After an ischemic insult, the neural tissue activates endogenous neuroprotective mechanisms regulated by local neurotrophins that promote tissue recovery. In this work, we investigated the neuroprotective effects of GH in cultured hippocampal neurons exposed to hypoxia-ischemia injury and further reoxygenation. Hippocampal cell cultures obtained from chick embryos were incubated under oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD, <5% O2, 1 g/L glucose) conditions for 24 h and simultaneously treated with GH. Then, cells were either collected for analysis or submitted to reoxygenation and normal glucose incubation conditions (OGD/R) for another 24 h, in the presence of GH. Results showed that OGD injury significantly reduced cell survival, the number of cells, dendritic length, and number of neurites, whereas OGD/R stage restored most of those adverse effects. Also, OGD/R increased the mRNA expression of several synaptogenic markers (i.e., NRXN1, NRXN3, NLG1, and GAP43), as well as the growth hormone receptor (GHR). The expression of BDNF, IGF-1, and BMP4 mRNAs was augmented in response to OGD injury, and exposure to OGD/R returned it to normoxic control levels, while the expression of NT-3 increased in both conditions. The addition of GH (10 nM) to hippocampal cultures during OGD reduced apoptosis and induced a significant increase in cell survival, number of cells, and doublecortin immunoreactivity (DCX-IR), above that observed in the OGD/R stage. GH treatment also protected dendrites and neurites during OGD, inducing plastic changes reflected in an increase and complexity of their outgrowths during OGD/R. Furthermore, GH increased the expression of NRXN1, NRXN3, NLG1, and GAP43 after OGD injury. GH also increased the BDNF expression after OGD, but reduced it after OGD/R. Conversely, BMP4 was upregulated by GH after OGD/R. Overall, these results indicate that GH protective actions in the neural tissue may be explained by a synergic combination between its own effect and that of other local neurotrophins regulated by autocrine/paracrine mechanisms, which together accelerate the recovery of tissue damaged by hypoxia-ischemia.
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Zamora-Bello I, Martínez A, Beltrán-Parrazal L, Santiago-Roque I, Juárez-Aguilar E, López-Meraz ML. Evaluation of the anticonvulsant and neuroprotective effect of intracerebral administration of growth hormone in rats. Neurologia 2021; 39:S0213-4853(21)00074-8. [PMID: 34030900 DOI: 10.1016/j.nrl.2021.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The growth hormone (GH) has been reported as a crucial neuronal survival factor in the hippocampus against insults of diverse nature. Status epilepticus (SE) is a prolonged seizure that produces extensive neuronal cell death. The goal of this study was to evaluate the effect of intracerebroventricular administration of GH on seizure severity and SE-induced hippocampal neurodegeneration. METHODOLOGY Adult male rats were implanted with a guide cannula in the left ventricle and different amounts of GH (70, 120 or 220ng/3μl) were microinjected for 5 days; artificial cerebrospinal fluid was used as the vehicle. Seizures were induced by the lithium-pilocarpine model (3mEq/kg LiCl and 30mg/kg pilocarpine hydrochloride) one day after the last GH administration. Neuronal injury was assessed by Fluoro-Jade B (F-JB) staining. RESULTS Rats injected with 120ng of GH did not had SE after 30mg/kg pilocarpine, they required a higher number of pilocarpine injections to develop SE than the rats pretreated with the vehicle, 70ng or 220ng GH. Prefrontal and parietal cortex EEG recordings confirmed that latency to generalized seizures and SE was also significantly higher in the 120ng group when compared with all the experimental groups. FJ-B positive cells were detected in the hippocampus after SE in all rats, and no significant differences in the number of F-JB cells in the CA1 area and the hilus was observed between experimental groups. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that, although GH has an anticonvulsive effect in the lithium-pilocarpine model of SE, it does not exert hippocampal neuroprotection after SE.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Zamora-Bello
- Centro de Investigaciones Cerebrales, Universidad Veracruzana, Médicos y Odontólogos s/n, Col. Unidad del Bosque Xalapa, Veracruz C.P. 91010, Mexico
| | - A Martínez
- Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Calzada México Xochimilco No. 101, Col. San Lorenzo Huipulco, Tlalpan, Ciudad de México C.P. 14370, Mexico
| | - L Beltrán-Parrazal
- Centro de Investigaciones Cerebrales, Universidad Veracruzana, Médicos y Odontólogos s/n, Col. Unidad del Bosque Xalapa, Veracruz C.P. 91010, Mexico
| | - I Santiago-Roque
- Laboratorio de Neurotoxicología, Universidad Veracruzana, Médicos y Odontólogos s/n, Col. Unidad del Bosque Xalapa, Xalapa, Veracruz C.P. 91010, Mexico
| | - E Juárez-Aguilar
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Veracruzana, Av. Dr. Luis Castelazo Ayala s/n, Col. Industrial Animas, Xalapa, Veracruz C.P. 91190, Mexico
| | - M L López-Meraz
- Centro de Investigaciones Cerebrales, Universidad Veracruzana, Médicos y Odontólogos s/n, Col. Unidad del Bosque Xalapa, Veracruz C.P. 91010, Mexico.
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Sleep Recovery Restored Neuroglobin Immunoreactivity in Rat LDTg-PPTg Nuclei. SLEEP DISORDERS 2020; 2020:8353854. [PMID: 32774927 PMCID: PMC7396083 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8353854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Neuroglobin (Ngb) is a protein member of the globin family, expressed mainly in the central and peripheral nervous system. It is involved in the transport of oxygen in response to hypoxic/ischemic and oxidative stress-related insults. We recently showed that sleep deprivation reduces the number of Ngb-positive cells in brain areas related to sleep. However, it is poorly understood whether Ngb expression correlates with sleep occurrence. Here, we aimed to study if sleep recovery produced by 24 h of sleep deprivation restores the number of Ngb-positive cells in the pedunculopontine tegmentum (PPTg) and laterodorsal tegmentum (LDTg), brain areas related to sleep-wake regulation. Male Wistar rats were sleep-deprived for 24 h using the gentle handling method. After sleep deprivation, rats were allowed a sleep recovery for three or six hours. After sleep recovery, rats were euthanized, and their brains processed for Ngb immunohistochemistry. We found that a 3 h sleep recovery is enough to restore the number of Ngb-positive cells in all the analyzed areas. A similar result was observed after a 6 h sleep recovery. These results suggest that Ngb expression is sleep dependent. We suggest that Ngb expression is involved in preventing cell damage due to prolonged wakefulness.
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Owen JE, Veasey SC. Impact of sleep disturbances on neurodegeneration: Insight from studies in animal models. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 139:104820. [PMID: 32087293 PMCID: PMC7593848 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.104820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic short sleep or extended wake periods are commonly observed in most industrialized countries. Previously neurobehavioral impairment following sleep loss was considered to be a readily reversible occurrence, normalized upon recovery sleep. Recent clinical studies suggest that chronic short sleep and sleep disruption may be risk factors for neurodegeneration. Animal models have been instrumental in determining whether disturbed sleep can injure the brain. We now understand that repeated periods of extended wakefulness across the typical sleep period and/or sleep fragmentation can have lasting effects on neurogenesis and select populations of neurons and glia. Here we provide a comprehensive overview of the advancements made using animal models of sleep loss to understand the extent and mechanisms of chronic short sleep induced neural injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica E Owen
- Chronobiology and Sleep Institute and Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sigrid C Veasey
- Chronobiology and Sleep Institute and Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Sleep and the GH/IGF-1 axis: Consequences and countermeasures of sleep loss/disorders. Sleep Med Rev 2019; 49:101223. [PMID: 31778943 DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2019.101223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This article presents an up-to-date review of the state-of-the-art knowledge regarding the effect of sleep on the anabolic growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor-1 (GH/IGF-1) axis. This axis is involved in learning and memory and neuroprotection at the central level, and in the crosstalk between sleep and the immune system, with respect to its anti-inflammatory properties. We also aim to provide insight into the consequences of sleep loss on cognitive capacities in healthy individuals and patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), regarding the mechanistic association with the GH/IGF-1 axis. Finally, this review examines the inflammatory/endocrine pathways that are affected by sleep loss, and which may consequently interact with the GH/IGF-1 axis. The deleterious effects of sleep loss include fatigue, and can cause several adverse age-dependent health outcomes. It is therefore important to improve our understanding of the fundamental physiology underlying these effects in order to better apply non-pharmacological countermeasures (e.g., sleep strategies, exercise training, continuous positive airway pressure therapy) as well as pharmacological solutions, so as to limit the deleterious consequences of sleep loss/disorders.
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Ionov ID, Pushinskaya II, Gorev NP, Frenkel DD. Cyclosomatostatin- and haloperidol-induced catalepsy in Wistar rats: Differential responsiveness to sleep deprivation. Neurosci Lett 2018; 684:72-77. [PMID: 29990558 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Total sleep deprivation (SD) has been found to mitigate motor dysfunctions in Parkinson's disease. Apparently, the similar sensitivity of an animal model for parkinsonism would support the model's validity. Recently, we described catalepsy induced in Wistar rats by somatostatin antagonist, cyclosomatostatin (cSST); this model simulates such a disease-associated abnormality as a fall in brain somatostatin levels. To evaluate the similarity between the cSST model and Parkinson's disease, we assessed here the responsiveness of cSST-induced catalepsy to 1-h and 3-h SD. In parallel, the influence of SD on catalepsy induced by a dopamine receptor antagonist, haloperidol, was examined. It was found that the short-term SD failed to influence cataleptic responses of both types (sleep deprived rats and undisturbed ones displayed a similar duration of immobility, p > 0.05). By contrast, 3-h SD suppressed (p < 0.01) cSST-induced catalepsy, however, enhanced (p < 0.01) cataleptic response to haloperidol. Thus, the anti-cataleptic effect of SD appears to be cSST-specific. These findings support the validity of the cSST-induced catalepsy in Wistar rats as a model for parkinsonian motor dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilya D Ionov
- Centre on Theoretical Problems in Physical and Chemical Pharmacology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
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Martínez-Moreno CG, Calderón-Vallejo D, Harvey S, Arámburo C, Quintanar JL. Growth Hormone (GH) and Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH) in the Central Nervous System: A Potential Neurological Combinatory Therapy? Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E375. [PMID: 29373545 PMCID: PMC5855597 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19020375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Revised: 01/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This brief review of the neurological effects of growth hormone (GH) and gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) in the brain, particularly in the cerebral cortex, hypothalamus, hippocampus, cerebellum, spinal cord, neural retina, and brain tumors, summarizes recent information about their therapeutic potential as treatments for different neuropathologies and neurodegenerative processes. The effect of GH and GnRH (by independent administration) has been associated with beneficial impacts in patients with brain trauma and spinal cord injuries. Both GH and GnRH have demonstrated potent neurotrophic, neuroprotective, and neuroregenerative action. Positive behavioral and cognitive effects are also associated with GH and GnRH administration. Increasing evidence suggests the possibility of a multifactorial therapy that includes both GH and GnRH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos G Martínez-Moreno
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Campus Juriquilla, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Boulevard Juriquilla 3001, Querétaro 76230, Mexico.
| | - Denisse Calderón-Vallejo
- Departamento de Fisiología y Farmacología, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Av. Universidad 940, Ciudad Universitaria, Aguascalientes 20131, Mexico.
| | - Steve Harvey
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada.
| | - Carlos Arámburo
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Campus Juriquilla, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Boulevard Juriquilla 3001, Querétaro 76230, Mexico.
| | - José Luis Quintanar
- Departamento de Fisiología y Farmacología, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Av. Universidad 940, Ciudad Universitaria, Aguascalientes 20131, Mexico.
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Navarro-Sanchis C, Brock O, Winsky-Sommerer R, Thuret S. Modulation of Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis by Sleep: Impact on Mental Health. Front Neural Circuits 2017; 11:74. [PMID: 29075182 PMCID: PMC5643465 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2017.00074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The process of neurogenesis has been demonstrated to occur throughout life in the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the hippocampal dentate gyrus of several mammals, including humans. The basal rate of adult hippocampal neurogenesis can be altered by lifestyle and environmental factors. In this perspective review, the evidence for sleep as a modulator of adult hippocampal neurogenesis is first summarized. Following this, the impacts of sleep and sleep disturbances on hippocampal-dependent functions, including learning and memory, and depression are critically evaluated. Finally, we postulate that the effects of sleep on hippocampal-dependent functions may possibly be mediated by a change in adult hippocampal neurogenesis. This could provide a route to new treatments for cognitive impairments and psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Navarro-Sanchis
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Olivier Brock
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Raphaelle Winsky-Sommerer
- Surrey Sleep Research Centre, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Sandrine Thuret
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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14
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Kent BA, Mistlberger RE. Sleep and hippocampal neurogenesis: Implications for Alzheimer's disease. Front Neuroendocrinol 2017; 45:35-52. [PMID: 28249715 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2017.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia and currently there are no effective disease-modifying treatments available. Hallmark symptoms of AD include impaired hippocampus-dependent episodic memory and disrupted sleep and circadian rhythms. The pathways connecting these symptoms are of particular interest because it is well established that sleep and circadian disruption can impair hippocampus-dependent learning and memory. In rodents, these procedures also markedly suppress adult hippocampal neurogenesis, a form of brain plasticity that is believed to play an important role in pattern separation, and thus episodic memory. A causal role for sleep disruptions in AD pathophysiology is suggested by evidence for sleep-dependent glymphatic clearance of metabolic waste products from the brain. This review explores a complementary hypothesis that sleep and circadian disruptions in AD contribute to cognitive decline by activating neuroendocrine and neuroinflammatory signaling pathways that suppress hippocampal neurogenesis. Evidence for this hypothesis underscores the promise of sleep, circadian rhythms, and neurogenesis as therapeutic targets for remediation of memory impairment in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brianne A Kent
- Division of Neurology and Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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15
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Yin M, Chen Y, Zheng H, Pu T, Marshall C, Wu T, Xiao M. Assessment of mouse cognitive and anxiety-like behaviors and hippocampal inflammation following a repeated and intermittent paradoxical sleep deprivation procedure. Behav Brain Res 2017; 321:69-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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16
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Lucke-Wold BP, Smith KE, Nguyen L, Turner RC, Logsdon AF, Jackson GJ, Huber JD, Rosen CL, Miller DB. Sleep disruption and the sequelae associated with traumatic brain injury. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2015; 55:68-77. [PMID: 25956251 PMCID: PMC4721255 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Revised: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Sleep disruption, which includes a loss of sleep as well as poor quality fragmented sleep, frequently follows traumatic brain injury (TBI) impacting a large number of patients each year in the United States. Fragmented and/or disrupted sleep can worsen neuropsychiatric, behavioral, and physical symptoms of TBI. Additionally, sleep disruption impairs recovery and can lead to cognitive decline. The most common sleep disruption following TBI is insomnia, which is difficulty staying asleep. The consequences of disrupted sleep following injury range from deranged metabolomics and blood brain barrier compromise to altered neuroplasticity and degeneration. There are several theories for why sleep is necessary (e.g., glymphatic clearance and metabolic regulation) and these may help explain how sleep disruption contributes to degeneration within the brain. Experimental data indicate disrupted sleep allows hyperphosphorylated tau and amyloid β plaques to accumulate. As sleep disruption may act as a cellular stressor, target areas warranting further scientific investigation include the increase in endoplasmic reticulum and oxidative stress following acute periods of sleep deprivation. Potential treatment options for restoring the normal sleep cycle include melatonin derivatives and cognitive behavioral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon P Lucke-Wold
- The Center for Neuroscience, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Kelly E Smith
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University School of Pharmacy, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA; The Center for Neuroscience, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Linda Nguyen
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University School of Pharmacy, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA; The Center for Neuroscience, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Ryan C Turner
- The Center for Neuroscience, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Aric F Logsdon
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University School of Pharmacy, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA; The Center for Neuroscience, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Garrett J Jackson
- Department of Neurosurgery, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Jason D Huber
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University School of Pharmacy, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA; The Center for Neuroscience, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Charles L Rosen
- The Center for Neuroscience, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Diane B Miller
- The Center for Neuroscience, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention-National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA.
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17
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Davis CJ, Dunbrasky D, Oonk M, Taishi P, Opp MR, Krueger JM. The neuron-specific interleukin-1 receptor accessory protein is required for homeostatic sleep and sleep responses to influenza viral challenge in mice. Brain Behav Immun 2015; 47:35-43. [PMID: 25449578 PMCID: PMC4418942 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2014.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Revised: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-1β (IL1) is involved in sleep regulation and sleep responses induced by influenza virus. The IL1 receptor accessory protein (AcP) and an alternatively spliced isoform of AcP found primarily in neurons, AcPb, form part of the IL1 signaling complex. IL1-induced sleep responses depend on injection time. In rat cortex, both IL1 mRNA and AcPb mRNA peak at Zeitgeber Time (ZT) 0 then decline over the daylight hours. Sleep deprivation enhances cortical IL1 mRNA and AcPb mRNA levels, but not AcP mRNA. We used wild type (WT) and AcPb knockout (KO) mice and performed sleep deprivation between ZT10 and 20 or between ZT22 and 8 based on the time of day expression profiles of AcPb and IL1. We hypothesized that the magnitude of the responses to sleep loss would be strain- and time of day-dependent. In WT mice, NREMS and REMS rebounds occurred regardless of when they were deprived of sleep. In contrast, when AcPbKO mice were sleep deprived from ZT10 to 20 NREMS and REMS rebounds were absent. The AcPbKO mice expressed sleep rebound if sleep loss occurred from ZT22 to 8 although the NREMS responses were not as robust as those that occurred in WT mice. We also challenged mice with intranasal H1N1 influenza virus. WT mice exhibited the expected enhanced sleep responses. In contrast, the AcPbKO mice had less sleep after influenza challenge compared to their own baseline values and compared to WT mice. Body temperature and locomotor activity responses after viral challenge were lower and mortality was higher in AcPbKO than in WT mice. We conclude that neuron-specific AcPb plays a critical role in host defenses and sleep homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J. Davis
- College of Medical Sciences and the Sleep and Performance Research Center, Washington State University – Spokane, Spokane, WA 99210,Corresponding Author: Christopher J. Davis, P.O. Box 1495, Spokane, WA 99202, Phone No. 509-358-7820,
| | - Danielle Dunbrasky
- College of Medical Sciences and the Sleep and Performance Research Center, Washington State University – Spokane, Spokane, WA 99210
| | - Marcella Oonk
- College of Medical Sciences and the Sleep and Performance Research Center, Washington State University – Spokane, Spokane, WA 99210
| | - Ping Taishi
- College of Medical Sciences and the Sleep and Performance Research Center, Washington State University – Spokane, Spokane, WA 99210
| | - Mark R. Opp
- Department of Anesthesiology & Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98104
| | - James M. Krueger
- College of Medical Sciences and the Sleep and Performance Research Center, Washington State University – Spokane, Spokane, WA 99210
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18
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Kreutzmann JC, Havekes R, Abel T, Meerlo P. Sleep deprivation and hippocampal vulnerability: changes in neuronal plasticity, neurogenesis and cognitive function. Neuroscience 2015; 309:173-90. [PMID: 25937398 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.04.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Revised: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Despite the ongoing fundamental controversy about the physiological function of sleep, there is general consensus that sleep benefits neuronal plasticity, which ultimately supports brain function and cognition. In agreement with this are numerous studies showing that sleep deprivation (SD) results in learning and memory impairments. Interestingly, such impairments appear to occur particularly when these learning and memory processes require the hippocampus, suggesting that this brain region may be particularly sensitive to the consequences of sleep loss. Although the molecular mechanisms underlying sleep and memory formation remain to be investigated, available evidence suggests that SD may impair hippocampal neuronal plasticity and memory processes by attenuating intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-protein kinase A (PKA) signaling which may lead to alterations in cAMP response element binding protein (CREB)-mediated gene transcription, neurotrophic signaling, and glutamate receptor expression. When restricted sleep becomes a chronic condition, it causes a reduction of hippocampal cell proliferation and neurogenesis, which may eventually lead to a reduction in hippocampal volume. Ultimately, by impairing hippocampal plasticity and function, chronically restricted and disrupted sleep contributes to cognitive disorders and psychiatric diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Kreutzmann
- Center for Behavior and Neurosciences, University of Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States
| | - R Havekes
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States
| | - T Abel
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States
| | - P Meerlo
- Center for Behavior and Neurosciences, University of Groningen, The Netherlands.
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19
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Fernandes C, Rocha NBF, Rocha S, Herrera-Solís A, Salas-Pacheco J, García-García F, Murillo-Rodríguez E, Yuan TF, Machado S, Arias-Carrión O. Detrimental role of prolonged sleep deprivation on adult neurogenesis. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:140. [PMID: 25926773 PMCID: PMC4396387 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult mammalian brains continuously generate new neurons, a phenomenon called adult neurogenesis. Both environmental stimuli and endogenous factors are important regulators of adult neurogenesis. Sleep has an important role in normal brain physiology and its disturbance causes very stressful conditions, which disrupt normal brain physiology. Recently, an influence of sleep in adult neurogenesis has been established, mainly based on sleep deprivation studies. This review provides an overview on how rhythms and sleep cycles regulate hippocampal and subventricular zone neurogenesis, discussing some potential underlying mechanisms. In addition, our review highlights some interacting points between sleep and adult neurogenesis in brain function, such as learning, memory, and mood states, and provides some insights on the effects of antidepressants and hypnotic drugs on adult neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Fernandes
- Faculty of Medicine, University of PortoPorto, Portugal
- Laboratory of Neuropsychophysiology, Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of PortoPorto, Portugal
| | | | - Susana Rocha
- School of Accounting and Administration of Porto, Polytechnic Institute of PortoPorto, Portugal
| | - Andrea Herrera-Solís
- Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento y Sueño, Hospital General Dr. Manuel Gea González/Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoMexico City, Mexico
| | - José Salas-Pacheco
- Instituto de Investigación Científica, Universidad Juárez del Estado de DurangoDurango, Mexico
| | - Fabio García-García
- Departamento de Biomedicina, Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad VeracruzanaXalapa, Mexico
| | - Eric Murillo-Rodríguez
- División Ciencias de la Salud, Laboratorio de Neurociencias Moleculares e Integrativas, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad Anáhuac MayabMérida, México
| | - Ti-Fei Yuan
- School of Psychology, Nanjing Normal UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Sergio Machado
- Panic and Respiration, Institute of Psychiatry of Federal University of Rio de JaneiroRio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Physical Activity Neuroscience, Physical Activity Sciences Postgraduate Program, Salgado de Oliveira UniversityNiterói, Brazil
| | - Oscar Arias-Carrión
- Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento y Sueño, Hospital General Dr. Manuel Gea González/Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoMexico City, Mexico
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20
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Abstract
Transcriptomic studies have revealed that the brains of sleeping and awake animals differ significantly at the molecular level, with hundreds of brain transcripts changing their expression across behavioral states. However, it was unclear how sleep affects specific cells types, such as oligodendrocytes, which make myelin in the healthy brain and in response to injury. In this review, I summarize the recent findings showing that several genes expressed at higher levels during sleep are involved in the synthesis/maintenance of all membranes and of myelin in particular. In addition, I will discuss the effect of sleep and wake on oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs), providing a working hypothesis on the function of REM sleep and acetylcholine in OPC proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Bellesi
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
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21
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22
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Acosta-Peña E, Camacho-Abrego I, Melgarejo-Gutiérrez M, Flores G, Drucker-Colín R, García-García F. Sleep deprivation induces differential morphological changes in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex in young and old rats. Synapse 2014; 69:15-25. [PMID: 25179486 DOI: 10.1002/syn.21779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Revised: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Sleep is a fundamental state necessary for maintenance of physical and neurological homeostasis throughout life. Several studies regarding the functions of sleep have been focused on effects of sleep deprivation on synaptic plasticity at a molecular and electrophysiological level, and only a few studies have studied sleep function from a structural perspective. Moreover, during normal aging, sleep architecture displays some changes that could affect normal development in the elderly. In this study, using a Golgi-Cox staining followed by Sholl analysis, we evaluate the effects of 24 h of total sleep deprivation on neuronal morphology of pyramidal neurons from Layer III of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and the dorsal hippocampal CA1 region from male Wistar rats at two different ages (3 and 22 months). We found no differences in total dendritic length and branching length in both analyzed regions after sleep deprivation. Spine density was reduced in the CA1 of young-adults, and interestingly, sleep deprivation increased spine density in PFC of aged animals. Taken together, our results show that 24 h of total sleep deprivation have different effects on synaptic plasticity and could play a beneficial role in cognition during aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Acosta-Peña
- Department of Biomedicine, Health Sciences Institute, Veracruzana University, Luis Castelazo-Ayala s/n, Industrial-Animas, Xalapa, Veracruz, 91190, México
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23
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Arámburo C, Alba-Betancourt C, Luna M, Harvey S. Expression and function of growth hormone in the nervous system: a brief review. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2014; 203:35-42. [PMID: 24837495 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2014.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Revised: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that growth hormone (GH) expression is not confined exclusively to the pituitary somatotrophs as it is synthesized in many extrapituitary locations. The nervous system is one of those extrapituitary sites. In this brief review we summarize data that substantiate the expression, distribution and characterization of neural GH and detail its roles in neural function, including cellular growth, proliferation, differentiation, neuroprotection and survival, as well as its functional roles in behavior, cognition and neurotransmission. Although systemic GH may exert some of these effects, it is increasingly evident that locally expressed neural GH, acting through intracrine, autocrine or paracrine mechanisms, may also be causally involved as a neurotrophic factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Arámburo
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Juriquilla, Querétaro 76230, México.
| | - Clara Alba-Betancourt
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Juriquilla, Querétaro 76230, México
| | - Maricela Luna
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Juriquilla, Querétaro 76230, México
| | - Steve Harvey
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2H7, Canada
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Mueller AD, Parfyonov M, Pavlovski I, Marchant EG, Mistlberger RE. The inhibitory effect of sleep deprivation on cell proliferation in the hippocampus of adult mice is eliminated by corticosterone clamp combined with interleukin-1 receptor 1 knockout. Brain Behav Immun 2014; 35:182-8. [PMID: 24121035 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2013.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Revised: 09/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Deprivation or fragmentation of sleep for longer than 2days significantly inhibits cell proliferation and neurogenesis in the hippocampus of adult rats and mice. Signaling pathways that mediate these effects have yet to be clarified. Although deprivation procedures can stimulate adrenal corticosterone (CORT) release, suppression of cell proliferation by sleep deprivation does not require elevated CORT. We examined a role for interleukin-1β (IL-1β), a pro-inflammatory cytokine that is increased by sleep loss and that mediates effects of stress on hippocampal neurogenesis. Wild type (WT) and IL-1 receptor 1 knockout (IL1RI-KO) mice were subjected to rapid-eye-movement sleep deprivation (RSD) for 72-h using the multiple platform-over-water method. Mice were administered BrdU (100mg/kg) i.p. at hour 70 of RSD and were sacrificed 2-h later. New cells were identified by immunoreactivity (ir) for BrdU and Ki67 in the granular cell layer/subgranular zone (GCL/SGZ) and the hilus. In Experiment 1, WT and IL1RI-KO mice, by contrast with respective control groups, exhibited significantly fewer BrdU-ir and Ki67-ir cells. In Experiment 2, WT and IL1RI-KO mice were adrenalectomized (ADX) and maintained on constant low-dose CORT by osmotic minipumps. RSD reduced cell proliferation by 32% (p<0.01) in ADX-WT animals but did not significantly reduce proliferation in ADX IL1RI-KO animals (p>0.1). These results imply that RSD suppresses cell proliferation by the presence of wake-dependent factors (either elevated CORT or IL-1β signaling are sufficient), rather than the absence of a REM sleep-dependent process. The generality of these findings to other sleep deprivation methods and durations remains to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anka D Mueller
- Cognitive and Neural Sciences Program, Department of Psychology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A1S6, Canada
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25
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Regalado-Santiago C, López-Meraz ML, Santiago-García J, Fernández-Pomares C, Juárez-Aguilar E. Growth hormone (GH) is a survival rather than a proliferative factor for embryonic striatal neural precursor cells. Growth Horm IGF Res 2013; 23:179-186. [PMID: 23891194 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2013.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Revised: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A possible role of GH during central nervous system (CNS) development has been suggested by the presence of this hormone and its receptor in brain areas before its production by the pituitary gland. Although several effects have been reported for GH, the specific role of this hormone during CNS development remains unclear. Here, we examined the effect of GH on proliferation, survival and neurosphere formation in primary cultures of striatal tissue from 14-day-old (E14) mouse embryos. DESIGN GH receptor gene expression was confirmed by RT-PCR. Primary cultures of embryonic striatal cells were treated with different doses of GH in serum free media, then the number of neurospheres was determined. To examine the GH effect on proliferation and survival of the striatal primary cultures, bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) and TUNEL immunoreactivity was conducted. RESULTS In the presence of the epidermal growth factor (EGF), GH increased the formation of neurospheres, with a maximal response at 10 ng/ml, higher doses were inhibitory. In absence of EGF, GH failed to stimulate neurosphere formation. Proliferation rate in the primary striatal cultures was inhibited by 24 or 48 h incubation with GH. However, in the absence of EGF, GH increased BrdU incorporation. GH treatment decreases the rate of apoptosis of nestin and GFAP positive cells in the primary striatal cultures, enhancing neurosphere formation. CONCLUSIONS Our in vitro data demonstrate that GH plays a survival role on the original population of embryonic striatal cells, improving Neural Precursor Cells (NPCs) expansion. We suggest that this GH action could be predominant during striatal neurodevelopment.
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26
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Maggio M, Colizzi E, Fisichella A, Valenti G, Ceresini G, Dall’Aglio E, Ruffini L, Lauretani F, Parrino L, Ceda GP. Stress hormones, sleep deprivation and cognition in older adults. Maturitas 2013; 76:22-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2013.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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27
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Mueller AD, Meerlo P, McGinty D, Mistlberger RE. Sleep and adult neurogenesis: implications for cognition and mood. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2013; 25:151-81. [PMID: 24218292 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2013_251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The hippocampal dentate gyrus plays a critical role in learning and memory throughout life, in part by the integration of adult-born neurons into existing circuits. Neurogenesis in the adult hippocampus is regulated by numerous environmental, physiological, and behavioral factors known to affect learning and memory. Sleep is also important for learning and memory. Here we critically examine evidence from correlation, deprivation, and stimulation studies that sleep may be among those factors that regulate hippocampal neurogenesis. There is mixed evidence for correlations between sleep variables and rates of hippocampal cell proliferation across the day, the year, and the lifespan. There is modest evidence that periods of increased sleep are associated with increased cell proliferation or survival. There is strong evidence that disruptions of sleep exceeding 24 h, by total deprivation, selective REM sleep deprivation, and chronic restriction or fragmentation, significantly inhibit cell proliferation and in some cases neurogenesis. The mechanisms by which sleep disruption inhibits neurogenesis are not fully understood. Although sleep disruption procedures are typically at least mildly stressful, elevated adrenal corticosterone secretion is not necessary for this effect. However, procedures that prevent both elevated corticosterone and interleukin 1β signaling have been found to block the effect of sleep deprivation on cell proliferation. This result suggests that sleep loss impairs hippocampal neurogenesis by the presence of wake-dependent factors, rather than by the absence of sleep-specific processes. This would weigh against a hypothesis that regulation of neurogenesis is a function of sleep. Nonetheless, impaired neurogenesis may underlie some of the memory and mood effects associated with acute and chronic sleep disruptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anka D Mueller
- Department of Psychology, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada
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28
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Devesa P, Gelabert M, Gonźlez-Mosquera T, Gallego R, Relova JL, Devesa J, Arce VM. Growth hormone treatment enhances the functional recovery of sciatic nerves after transection and repair. Muscle Nerve 2012; 45:385-92. [PMID: 22334173 DOI: 10.1002/mus.22303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although nerves can spontaneously regenerate in the peripheral nervous system without treatment, functional recovery is generally poor, and thus there is a need for strategies to improve nerve regeneration. METHODS The left sciatic nerve of adult rats was transected and immediately repaired by epineurial sutures. Rats were then assigned to one of two experimental groups treated with either growth hormone (GH) or saline for 8 weeks. Sciatic nerve regeneration was estimated by histological evaluation, nerve conduction tests, and rotarod and treadmill performance. RESULTS GH-treated rats showed increased cellularity at the lesion site together with more abundant immunoreactive axons and Schwann cells. Compound muscle action potential (CMAP) amplitude was also higher in these animals, and CMAP latency was significantly lower. Treadmill performance increased in rats receiving GH. CONCLUSION GH enhanced the functional recovery of the damaged nerves, thus supporting the use of GH treatment, alone or combined with other therapeutic approaches, in promoting nerve repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Devesa
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, San Francisco 1, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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