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Gmel AI, Mikko S, Ricard A, Velie BD, Gerber V, Hamilton NA, Neuditschko M. Using high-density SNP data to unravel the origin of the Franches-Montagnes horse breed. Genet Sel Evol 2024; 56:53. [PMID: 38987703 PMCID: PMC11238448 DOI: 10.1186/s12711-024-00922-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Franches-Montagnes (FM) is the last native horse breed of Switzerland, established at the end of the 19th century by cross-breeding local mares with Anglo-Norman stallions. We collected high-density SNP genotype data (Axiom™ 670 K Equine genotyping array) from 522 FM horses, including 44 old-type horses (OF), 514 European Warmblood horses (WB) from Sweden and Switzerland (including a stallion used for cross-breeding in 1990), 136 purebred Arabians (AR), 32 Shagya Arabians (SA), and 64 Thoroughbred (TB) horses, as introgressed WB stallions showed TB origin in their pedigrees. The aim of the study was to ascertain fine-scale population structures of the FM breed, including estimation of individual admixture levels and genomic inbreeding (FROH) by means of Runs of Homozygosity. RESULTS To assess fine-scale population structures within the FM breed, we applied a three-step approach, which combined admixture, genetic contribution, and FROH of individuals into a high-resolution network visualization. Based on this approach, we were able to demonstrate that population substructures, as detected by model-based clustering, can be either associated with a different genetic origin or with the progeny of most influential sires. Within the FM breed, admixed horses explained most of the genetic variance of the current breeding population, while OF horses only accounted for a small proportion of the variance. Furthermore, we illustrated that FM horses showed high TB admixture levels and we identified inconsistencies in the origin of FM horses descending from the Arabian stallion Doktryner. With the exception of WB, FM horses were less inbred compared to the other breeds. However, the relatively few but long ROH segments suggested diversity loss in both FM subpopulations. Genes located in FM- and OF-specific ROH islands had known functions involved in conformation and behaviour, two traits that are highly valued by breeders. CONCLUSIONS The FM remains the last native Swiss breed, clearly distinguishable from other historically introgressed breeds, but it suffered bottlenecks due to intensive selection of stallions, restrictive mating choices based on arbitrary definitions of pure breeding, and selection of rare coat colours. To preserve the genetic diversity of FM horses, future conservation managements strategies should involve a well-balanced selection of stallions (e.g., by integrating OF stallions in the FM breeding population) and avoid selection for rare coat colours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annik Imogen Gmel
- Animal GenoPhenomics, Agroscope, Route de la Tioleyre 4, 1725, Posieux, Switzerland
- Equine Department, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8053, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sofia Mikko
- Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7023, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anne Ricard
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Domaine de Vilvert, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Brandon D Velie
- Equine Genetics and Genomics Group, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, RMC Gunn B19-603, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Vinzenz Gerber
- Institut Suisse de Médecine Equine ISME, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 124, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Natasha Anne Hamilton
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Markus Neuditschko
- Animal GenoPhenomics, Agroscope, Route de la Tioleyre 4, 1725, Posieux, Switzerland.
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Lee SY, Shoji H, Shimozawa A, Aoyagi H, Sato Y, Tsumagari K, Terumitsu M, Motegi H, Okada K, Sekiguchi K, Kuromitsu J, Nakahara J, Miyakawa T, Ito D. Phenotypic Insights Into Anti-IgLON5 Disease in IgLON5-Deficient Mice. NEUROLOGY(R) NEUROIMMUNOLOGY & NEUROINFLAMMATION 2024; 11:e200234. [PMID: 38657185 PMCID: PMC11087031 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000200234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Anti-IgLON5 disease is an autoimmune neurodegenerative disorder characterized by various phenotypes, notably sleep and movement disorders and tau pathology. Although the disease is known to be associated with the neuronal cell adhesion protein IgLON5, the physiologic function of IgLON5 remains elusive. There are conflicting views on whether autoantibodies cause loss of function, activation of IgLON5, or inflammation-associated neuronal damage, ultimately leading to the disease. We generated IgLON5 knockout (-/-) mice to investigate the functions of IgLON5 and elucidate the pathomechanism of anti-IgLON5 disease. METHODS IgLON5 knockout (-/-) mice underwent behavioral tests investigating motor function, psychiatric function (notably anxiety and depression), social and exploratory behaviors, spatial learning and memory, and sensory perception. Histologic analysis was conducted to investigate tau aggregation in mice with tauopathy. RESULTS IgLON5-/- mice had poorer performance in the wire hang and rotarod tests (which are tests for motor function) than wild-type mice. Moreover, IgLON5-/- mice exhibited decreased anxiety-like behavior and/or hyperactivity in behavior tests, including light/dark transition test and open field test. IgLON5-/- mice also exhibited poorer remote memory in the contextual fear conditioning test. However, neither sleeping disabilities assessed by EEG nor tau aggregation was detected in the knockout mice. DISCUSSION These results suggest that IgLON5 is associated with activity, anxiety, motor ability, and contextual fear memory. Comparing the various phenotypes of anti-IgLON5 disease, anti-IgLON5 disease might partially be associated with loss of function of IgLON5; however, other phenotypes, such as sleep disorders and tau aggregation, can be caused by gain of function of IgLON5 and/or neuronal damage due to inflammation. Further studies are needed to elucidate the role of IgLON5 in the pathogenesis of anti-IgLON5 diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sin Yi Lee
- From the Department of Neurology (S.Y.L., H.M., K.O., K.S., J.N.), Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo; Division of Systems Medical Science (H.S., T.M.), Center for Medical Science, Fujita Health University, Toyoake; Eisai-Keio Innovation Laboratory for Dementia (A.S., H.A., Y.S., M.T., J.K.), Human Biology Integration, DHBL, Eisai Co., Ltd., Shinjuku-ku; Proteome Homeostasis Research Unit (K.T.), RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama; Department of Neurology (H.M.), The Jikei University School of Medicine; and Department of Physiology/Memory Center (D.I.), Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Shoji
- From the Department of Neurology (S.Y.L., H.M., K.O., K.S., J.N.), Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo; Division of Systems Medical Science (H.S., T.M.), Center for Medical Science, Fujita Health University, Toyoake; Eisai-Keio Innovation Laboratory for Dementia (A.S., H.A., Y.S., M.T., J.K.), Human Biology Integration, DHBL, Eisai Co., Ltd., Shinjuku-ku; Proteome Homeostasis Research Unit (K.T.), RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama; Department of Neurology (H.M.), The Jikei University School of Medicine; and Department of Physiology/Memory Center (D.I.), Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Aki Shimozawa
- From the Department of Neurology (S.Y.L., H.M., K.O., K.S., J.N.), Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo; Division of Systems Medical Science (H.S., T.M.), Center for Medical Science, Fujita Health University, Toyoake; Eisai-Keio Innovation Laboratory for Dementia (A.S., H.A., Y.S., M.T., J.K.), Human Biology Integration, DHBL, Eisai Co., Ltd., Shinjuku-ku; Proteome Homeostasis Research Unit (K.T.), RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama; Department of Neurology (H.M.), The Jikei University School of Medicine; and Department of Physiology/Memory Center (D.I.), Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Aoyagi
- From the Department of Neurology (S.Y.L., H.M., K.O., K.S., J.N.), Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo; Division of Systems Medical Science (H.S., T.M.), Center for Medical Science, Fujita Health University, Toyoake; Eisai-Keio Innovation Laboratory for Dementia (A.S., H.A., Y.S., M.T., J.K.), Human Biology Integration, DHBL, Eisai Co., Ltd., Shinjuku-ku; Proteome Homeostasis Research Unit (K.T.), RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama; Department of Neurology (H.M.), The Jikei University School of Medicine; and Department of Physiology/Memory Center (D.I.), Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Sato
- From the Department of Neurology (S.Y.L., H.M., K.O., K.S., J.N.), Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo; Division of Systems Medical Science (H.S., T.M.), Center for Medical Science, Fujita Health University, Toyoake; Eisai-Keio Innovation Laboratory for Dementia (A.S., H.A., Y.S., M.T., J.K.), Human Biology Integration, DHBL, Eisai Co., Ltd., Shinjuku-ku; Proteome Homeostasis Research Unit (K.T.), RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama; Department of Neurology (H.M.), The Jikei University School of Medicine; and Department of Physiology/Memory Center (D.I.), Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuya Tsumagari
- From the Department of Neurology (S.Y.L., H.M., K.O., K.S., J.N.), Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo; Division of Systems Medical Science (H.S., T.M.), Center for Medical Science, Fujita Health University, Toyoake; Eisai-Keio Innovation Laboratory for Dementia (A.S., H.A., Y.S., M.T., J.K.), Human Biology Integration, DHBL, Eisai Co., Ltd., Shinjuku-ku; Proteome Homeostasis Research Unit (K.T.), RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama; Department of Neurology (H.M.), The Jikei University School of Medicine; and Department of Physiology/Memory Center (D.I.), Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mika Terumitsu
- From the Department of Neurology (S.Y.L., H.M., K.O., K.S., J.N.), Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo; Division of Systems Medical Science (H.S., T.M.), Center for Medical Science, Fujita Health University, Toyoake; Eisai-Keio Innovation Laboratory for Dementia (A.S., H.A., Y.S., M.T., J.K.), Human Biology Integration, DHBL, Eisai Co., Ltd., Shinjuku-ku; Proteome Homeostasis Research Unit (K.T.), RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama; Department of Neurology (H.M.), The Jikei University School of Medicine; and Department of Physiology/Memory Center (D.I.), Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Motegi
- From the Department of Neurology (S.Y.L., H.M., K.O., K.S., J.N.), Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo; Division of Systems Medical Science (H.S., T.M.), Center for Medical Science, Fujita Health University, Toyoake; Eisai-Keio Innovation Laboratory for Dementia (A.S., H.A., Y.S., M.T., J.K.), Human Biology Integration, DHBL, Eisai Co., Ltd., Shinjuku-ku; Proteome Homeostasis Research Unit (K.T.), RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama; Department of Neurology (H.M.), The Jikei University School of Medicine; and Department of Physiology/Memory Center (D.I.), Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kensuke Okada
- From the Department of Neurology (S.Y.L., H.M., K.O., K.S., J.N.), Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo; Division of Systems Medical Science (H.S., T.M.), Center for Medical Science, Fujita Health University, Toyoake; Eisai-Keio Innovation Laboratory for Dementia (A.S., H.A., Y.S., M.T., J.K.), Human Biology Integration, DHBL, Eisai Co., Ltd., Shinjuku-ku; Proteome Homeostasis Research Unit (K.T.), RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama; Department of Neurology (H.M.), The Jikei University School of Medicine; and Department of Physiology/Memory Center (D.I.), Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koji Sekiguchi
- From the Department of Neurology (S.Y.L., H.M., K.O., K.S., J.N.), Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo; Division of Systems Medical Science (H.S., T.M.), Center for Medical Science, Fujita Health University, Toyoake; Eisai-Keio Innovation Laboratory for Dementia (A.S., H.A., Y.S., M.T., J.K.), Human Biology Integration, DHBL, Eisai Co., Ltd., Shinjuku-ku; Proteome Homeostasis Research Unit (K.T.), RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama; Department of Neurology (H.M.), The Jikei University School of Medicine; and Department of Physiology/Memory Center (D.I.), Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junro Kuromitsu
- From the Department of Neurology (S.Y.L., H.M., K.O., K.S., J.N.), Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo; Division of Systems Medical Science (H.S., T.M.), Center for Medical Science, Fujita Health University, Toyoake; Eisai-Keio Innovation Laboratory for Dementia (A.S., H.A., Y.S., M.T., J.K.), Human Biology Integration, DHBL, Eisai Co., Ltd., Shinjuku-ku; Proteome Homeostasis Research Unit (K.T.), RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama; Department of Neurology (H.M.), The Jikei University School of Medicine; and Department of Physiology/Memory Center (D.I.), Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jin Nakahara
- From the Department of Neurology (S.Y.L., H.M., K.O., K.S., J.N.), Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo; Division of Systems Medical Science (H.S., T.M.), Center for Medical Science, Fujita Health University, Toyoake; Eisai-Keio Innovation Laboratory for Dementia (A.S., H.A., Y.S., M.T., J.K.), Human Biology Integration, DHBL, Eisai Co., Ltd., Shinjuku-ku; Proteome Homeostasis Research Unit (K.T.), RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama; Department of Neurology (H.M.), The Jikei University School of Medicine; and Department of Physiology/Memory Center (D.I.), Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Miyakawa
- From the Department of Neurology (S.Y.L., H.M., K.O., K.S., J.N.), Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo; Division of Systems Medical Science (H.S., T.M.), Center for Medical Science, Fujita Health University, Toyoake; Eisai-Keio Innovation Laboratory for Dementia (A.S., H.A., Y.S., M.T., J.K.), Human Biology Integration, DHBL, Eisai Co., Ltd., Shinjuku-ku; Proteome Homeostasis Research Unit (K.T.), RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama; Department of Neurology (H.M.), The Jikei University School of Medicine; and Department of Physiology/Memory Center (D.I.), Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daisuke Ito
- From the Department of Neurology (S.Y.L., H.M., K.O., K.S., J.N.), Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo; Division of Systems Medical Science (H.S., T.M.), Center for Medical Science, Fujita Health University, Toyoake; Eisai-Keio Innovation Laboratory for Dementia (A.S., H.A., Y.S., M.T., J.K.), Human Biology Integration, DHBL, Eisai Co., Ltd., Shinjuku-ku; Proteome Homeostasis Research Unit (K.T.), RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama; Department of Neurology (H.M.), The Jikei University School of Medicine; and Department of Physiology/Memory Center (D.I.), Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Salluzzo M, Vianello C, Abdullatef S, Rimondini R, Piccoli G, Carboni L. The Role of IgLON Cell Adhesion Molecules in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1886. [PMID: 37895235 PMCID: PMC10606101 DOI: 10.3390/genes14101886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In the brain, cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) are critical for neurite outgrowth, axonal fasciculation, neuronal survival and migration, and synapse formation and maintenance. Among CAMs, the IgLON family comprises five members: Opioid Binding Protein/Cell Adhesion Molecule Like (OPCML or OBCAM), Limbic System Associated Membrane Protein (LSAMP), neurotrimin (NTM), Neuronal Growth Regulator 1 (NEGR1), and IgLON5. IgLONs exhibit three N-terminal C2 immunoglobulin domains; several glycosylation sites; and a glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchoring to the membrane. Interactions as homo- or heterodimers in cis and in trans, as well as binding to other molecules, appear critical for their functions. Shedding by metalloproteases generates soluble factors interacting with cellular receptors and activating signal transduction. The aim of this review was to analyse the available data implicating a role for IgLONs in neuropsychiatric disorders. Starting from the identification of a pathological role for antibodies against IgLON5 in an autoimmune neurodegenerative disease with a poorly understood mechanism of action, accumulating evidence links IgLONs to neuropsychiatric disorders, albeit with still undefined mechanisms which will require future thorough investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Salluzzo
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Clara Vianello
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (C.V.); (R.R.)
| | - Sandra Abdullatef
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology, University of Trento, 38123 Trento, Italy; (S.A.); (G.P.)
| | - Roberto Rimondini
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (C.V.); (R.R.)
| | - Giovanni Piccoli
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology, University of Trento, 38123 Trento, Italy; (S.A.); (G.P.)
| | - Lucia Carboni
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy;
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Stratton JA, Nolte MJ, Payseur BA. Genetics of behavioural evolution in giant mice from Gough Island. Proc Biol Sci 2023; 290:20222603. [PMID: 37161324 PMCID: PMC10170209 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2022.2603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The evolution of behaviour on islands is a pervasive phenomenon that contributed to Darwin's theory of natural selection. Island populations frequently show increased boldness and exploration compared with their mainland counterparts. Despite the generality of this pattern, the genetic basis of island-associated behaviours remains a mystery. To address this gap in knowledge, we genetically dissected behaviour in 613 F2s generated by crossing inbred mouse strains from Gough Island (where they live without predators or human commensals) and a mainland conspecific. We used open field and light/dark box tests to measure seven behaviours related to boldness and exploration in juveniles and adults. Across all assays, we identified a total of 41 quantitative trait loci (QTL) influencing boldness and exploration. QTL have moderate effects and are often unique to specific behaviours or ages. Function-valued trait mapping revealed changes in estimated effects of QTL during assays, providing a rare dynamic window into the genetics of behaviour often missed by standard approaches. The genomic locations of QTL are distinct from those found in laboratory strains of mice, indicating different genetic paths to the evolution of similar behaviours. We combine our mapping results with extensive phenotypic and genetic information available for laboratory mice to nominate candidate genes for the evolution of behaviour on islands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jered A. Stratton
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Mark J. Nolte
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Bret A. Payseur
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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Depression-Associated Negr1 Gene-Deficiency Induces Alterations in the Monoaminergic Neurotransmission Enhancing Time-Dependent Sensitization to Amphetamine in Male Mice. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12121696. [PMID: 36552158 PMCID: PMC9776224 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12121696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In GWAS studies, the neural adhesion molecule encoding the neuronal growth regulator 1 (NEGR1) gene has been consistently linked with both depression and obesity. Although the linkage between NEGR1 and depression is the strongest, evidence also suggests the involvement of NEGR1 in a wide spectrum of psychiatric conditions. Here we show the expression of NEGR1 both in tyrosine- and tryptophan hydroxylase-positive cells. Negr1-/- mice show a time-dependent increase in behavioral sensitization to amphetamine associated with increased dopamine release in both the dorsal and ventral striatum. Upregulation of transcripts encoding dopamine and serotonin transporters and higher levels of several monoamines and their metabolites was evident in distinct brain areas of Negr1-/- mice. Chronic (23 days) escitalopram-induced reduction of serotonin and dopamine turnover is enhanced in Negr1-/- mice, and escitalopram rescued reduced weight of hippocampi in Negr1-/- mice. The current study is the first to show alterations in the brain monoaminergic systems in Negr1-deficient mice, suggesting that monoaminergic neural circuits contribute to both depressive and obesity-related phenotypes linked to the human NEGR1 gene.
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Behavioral Phenotyping of Bbs6 and Bbs8 Knockout Mice Reveals Major Alterations in Communication and Anxiety. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314506. [PMID: 36498834 PMCID: PMC9741393 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary cilium is an organelle with a central role in cellular signal perception. Mutations in genes that encode cilia-associated proteins result in a collection of human syndromes collectively termed ciliopathies. Of these, the Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS) is considered one of the archetypical ciliopathies, as patients exhibit virtually all respective clinical phenotypes, such as pathological changes of the retina or the kidney. However, the behavioral phenotype associated with ciliary dysfunction has received little attention thus far. Here, we extensively characterized the behavior of two rodent models of BBS, Bbs6/Mkks, and Bbs8/Ttc8 knockout mice concerning social behavior, anxiety, and cognitive abilities. While learning tasks remained unaffected due to the genotype, we observed diminished social behavior and altered communication. Additionally, Bbs knockout mice displayed reduced anxiety. This was not due to altered adrenal gland function or corticosterone serum levels. However, hypothalamic expression of Lsamp, the limbic system associated protein, and Adam10, a protease acting on Lsamp, were reduced. This was accompanied by changes in characteristics of adult hypothalamic neurosphere cultures. In conclusion, we provide evidence that behavioral changes in Bbs knockout mice are mainly found in social and anxiety traits and might be based on an altered architecture of the hypothalamus.
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Lobb-Rabe M, DeLong K, Salazar RJ, Zhang R, Wang Y, Carrillo RA. Dpr10 and Nocte are required for Drosophila motor axon pathfinding. Neural Dev 2022; 17:10. [PMID: 36271407 PMCID: PMC9585758 DOI: 10.1186/s13064-022-00165-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The paths axons travel to reach their targets and the subsequent synaptic connections they form are highly stereotyped. How cell surface proteins (CSPs) mediate these processes is not completely understood. The Drosophila neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is an ideal system to study how pathfinding and target specificity are accomplished, as the axon trajectories and innervation patterns are known and easily visualized. Dpr10 is a CSP required for synaptic partner choice in the neuromuscular and visual circuits and for axon pathfinding in olfactory neuron organization. In this study, we show that Dpr10 is also required for motor axon pathfinding. To uncover how Dpr10 mediates this process, we used immunoprecipitation followed by mass spectrometry to identify Dpr10 associated proteins. One of these, Nocte, is an unstructured, intracellular protein implicated in circadian rhythm entrainment. We mapped nocte expression in larvae and found it widely expressed in neurons, muscles, and glia. Cell-specific knockdown suggests nocte is required presynaptically to mediate motor axon pathfinding. Additionally, we found that nocte and dpr10 genetically interact to control NMJ assembly, suggesting that they function in the same molecular pathway. Overall, these data reveal novel roles for Dpr10 and its newly identified interactor, Nocte, in motor axon pathfinding and provide insight into how CSPs regulate circuit assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meike Lobb-Rabe
- grid.170205.10000 0004 1936 7822Department of Molecular Genetics & Cellular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 USA ,grid.170205.10000 0004 1936 7822Neuroscience Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 USA ,grid.170205.10000 0004 1936 7822Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 USA
| | - Katherine DeLong
- grid.170205.10000 0004 1936 7822Department of Molecular Genetics & Cellular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 USA ,grid.170205.10000 0004 1936 7822Neuroscience Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 USA
| | - Rio J. Salazar
- grid.170205.10000 0004 1936 7822Department of Molecular Genetics & Cellular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 USA ,grid.170205.10000 0004 1936 7822Neuroscience Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 USA ,grid.170205.10000 0004 1936 7822Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 USA
| | - Ruiling Zhang
- grid.170205.10000 0004 1936 7822Department of Molecular Genetics & Cellular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 USA ,grid.170205.10000 0004 1936 7822Neuroscience Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 USA ,grid.170205.10000 0004 1936 7822Committee on Development, Regeneration, and Stem Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 USA
| | - Yupu Wang
- grid.170205.10000 0004 1936 7822Department of Molecular Genetics & Cellular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 USA ,grid.170205.10000 0004 1936 7822Neuroscience Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 USA ,grid.170205.10000 0004 1936 7822Committee on Development, Regeneration, and Stem Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 USA
| | - Robert A. Carrillo
- grid.170205.10000 0004 1936 7822Department of Molecular Genetics & Cellular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 USA ,grid.170205.10000 0004 1936 7822Neuroscience Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 USA ,grid.170205.10000 0004 1936 7822Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 USA ,grid.170205.10000 0004 1936 7822Committee on Development, Regeneration, and Stem Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 USA
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Babina M, Franke K, Bal G. How "Neuronal" Are Human Skin Mast Cells? Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810871. [PMID: 36142795 PMCID: PMC9505265 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells are evolutionarily old cells and the principal effectors in allergic responses and inflammation. They are seeded from the yolk sac during embryogenesis or are derived from hematopoietic progenitors and are therefore related to other leukocyte subsets, even though they form a separate clade in the hematopoietic system. Herein, we systematically bundle information from several recent high-throughput endeavors, especially those comparing MCs with other cell types, and combine such information with knowledge on the genes’ functions to reveal groups of neuronal markers specifically expressed by MCs. We focus on recent advances made regarding human tissue MCs, but also refer to studies in mice. In broad terms, genes hyper-expressed in MCs, but largely inactive in other myelocytes, can be classified into subcategories such as traffic/lysosomes (MLPH and RAB27B), the dopamine system (MAOB, DRD2, SLC6A3, and SLC18A2), Ca2+-related entities (CALB2), adhesion molecules (L1CAM and NTM) and, as an overall principle, the transcription factors and modulators of transcriptional activity (LMO4, PBX1, MEIS2, and EHMT2). Their function in MCs is generally unknown but may tentatively be deduced by comparison with other systems. MCs share functions with the nervous system, as they express typical neurotransmitters (histamine and serotonin) and a degranulation machinery that shares features with the neuronal apparatus at the synapse. Therefore, selective overlaps are plausible, and they further highlight the uniqueness of MCs within the myeloid system, as well as when compared with basophils. Apart from investigating their functional implications in MCs, a key question is whether their expression in the lineage is due to the specific reactivation of genes normally silenced in leukocytes or whether the genes are not switched off during mastocytic development from early progenitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magda Babina
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Immunology and Allergology IA, 12203 Berlin, Germany
- Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Allergology, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany
- Correspondence:
| | - Kristin Franke
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Immunology and Allergology IA, 12203 Berlin, Germany
- Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Allergology, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Gürkan Bal
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Immunology and Allergology IA, 12203 Berlin, Germany
- Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Allergology, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany
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9
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Gong L, Gu Y, Han X, Luan C, Liu C, Wang X, Sun Y, Zheng M, Fang M, Yang S, Xu L, Sun H, Yu B, Gu X, Zhou S. Spatiotemporal Dynamics of the Molecular Expression Pattern and Intercellular Interactions in the Glial Scar Response to Spinal Cord Injury. Neurosci Bull 2022; 39:213-244. [PMID: 35788904 PMCID: PMC9905408 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-022-00897-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Nerve regeneration in adult mammalian spinal cord is poor because of the lack of intrinsic regeneration of neurons and extrinsic factors - the glial scar is triggered by injury and inhibits or promotes regeneration. Recent technological advances in spatial transcriptomics (ST) provide a unique opportunity to decipher most genes systematically throughout scar formation, which remains poorly understood. Here, we first constructed the tissue-wide gene expression patterns of mouse spinal cords over the course of scar formation using ST after spinal cord injury from 32 samples. Locally, we profiled gene expression gradients from the leading edge to the core of the scar areas to further understand the scar microenvironment, such as neurotransmitter disorders, activation of the pro-inflammatory response, neurotoxic saturated lipids, angiogenesis, obstructed axon extension, and extracellular structure re-organization. In addition, we described 21 cell transcriptional states during scar formation and delineated the origins, functional diversity, and possible trajectories of subpopulations of fibroblasts, glia, and immune cells. Specifically, we found some regulators in special cell types, such as Thbs1 and Col1a2 in macrophages, CD36 and Postn in fibroblasts, Plxnb2 and Nxpe3 in microglia, Clu in astrocytes, and CD74 in oligodendrocytes. Furthermore, salvianolic acid B, a blood-brain barrier permeation and CD36 inhibitor, was administered after surgery and found to remedy fibrosis. Subsequently, we described the extent of the scar boundary and profiled the bidirectional ligand-receptor interactions at the neighboring cluster boundary, contributing to maintain scar architecture during gliosis and fibrosis, and found that GPR37L1_PSAP, and GPR37_PSAP were the most significant gene-pairs among microglia, fibroblasts, and astrocytes. Last, we quantified the fraction of scar-resident cells and proposed four possible phases of scar formation: macrophage infiltration, proliferation and differentiation of scar-resident cells, scar emergence, and scar stationary. Together, these profiles delineated the spatial heterogeneity of the scar, confirmed the previous concepts about scar architecture, provided some new clues for scar formation, and served as a valuable resource for the treatment of central nervous system injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leilei Gong
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Yun Gu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Han
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Chengcheng Luan
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Xinghui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Yufeng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Mengru Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Mengya Fang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Shuhai Yang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Lai Xu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Hualin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Bin Yu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Xiaosong Gu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China.
| | - Songlin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China.
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10
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Ramanan VK, Heckman MG, Lesnick TG, Przybelski SA, Cahn EJ, Kosel ML, Murray ME, Mielke MM, Botha H, Graff-Radford J, Jones DT, Lowe VJ, Machulda MM, Jack CR, Knopman DS, Petersen RC, Ross OA, Vemuri P. Tau polygenic risk scoring: a cost-effective aid for prognostic counseling in Alzheimer's disease. Acta Neuropathol 2022; 143:571-583. [PMID: 35412102 PMCID: PMC9109940 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-022-02419-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Tau deposition is one of two hallmark features of biologically defined Alzheimer's disease (AD) and is more closely related to cognitive decline than amyloidosis. Further, not all amyloid-positive individuals develop tauopathy, resulting in wide heterogeneity in clinical outcomes across the population with AD. We hypothesized that a polygenic risk score (PRS) based on tau PET (tau PRS) would capture the aggregate inherited susceptibility/resistance architecture influencing tau accumulation, beyond solely the measurement of amyloid-β burden. Leveraging rich multimodal data from a population-based sample of older adults, we found that this novel tau PRS was a strong surrogate of tau PET deposition and captured a significant proportion of the variance in tau PET levels as compared with amyloid PET burden, APOE (apolipoprotein E) ε4 (the most common risk allele for AD), and a non-APOE PRS of clinical case-control AD risk variants. In independent validation samples, the tau PRS was associated with cerebrospinal fluid phosphorylated tau levels in one cohort and with postmortem Braak neurofibrillary tangle stage in another. We also observed an association of the tau PRS with longitudinal cognitive trajectories, including a statistical interaction of the tau PRS with amyloid burden on cognitive decline. Although additional study is warranted, these findings demonstrate the potential utility of a tau PRS for capturing the collective genetic background influencing tau deposition in the general population. In the future, a tau PRS could be leveraged for cost-effective screening and risk stratification to guide trial enrollment and clinical interventions in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay K Ramanan
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic-Minnesota, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
| | - Michael G Heckman
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic-Florida, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Timothy G Lesnick
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic-Minnesota, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Scott A Przybelski
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic-Minnesota, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Elliot J Cahn
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic-Minnesota, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Matthew L Kosel
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic-Minnesota, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Melissa E Murray
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic-Florida, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Michelle M Mielke
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic-Minnesota, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic-Minnesota, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Hugo Botha
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic-Minnesota, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Jonathan Graff-Radford
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic-Minnesota, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - David T Jones
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic-Minnesota, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic-Minnesota, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Val J Lowe
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic-Minnesota, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Mary M Machulda
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic-Minnesota, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Clifford R Jack
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic-Minnesota, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - David S Knopman
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic-Minnesota, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Ronald C Petersen
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic-Minnesota, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic-Minnesota, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Owen A Ross
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic-Florida, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
- Department of Clinical Genomics, Mayo Clinic-Florida, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Prashanthi Vemuri
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic-Florida, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA.
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic-Minnesota, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
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11
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Kim B, Sasaki A, Murphy K, Matthews SG. DNA methylation signatures in human neonatal blood following maternal antenatal corticosteroid treatment. Transl Psychiatry 2022; 12:132. [PMID: 35354798 PMCID: PMC8967826 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-022-01902-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Antenatal corticosteroids (ACS) are used to treat women at risk of preterm birth to improve neonatal survival. Though affected children may be at long-term risk of neurobehavioural disorders, the driving mechanisms remain unknown. Animal studies have shown that ACS exposure can lead to overlapping changes in DNA methylation between the blood and the brain, identifying gene pathways for neurodevelopment, which highlights the potential to examine peripheral blood as a surrogate for inaccessible human brain tissue. We hypothesized that differential methylation will be identified in blood of term-born neonates following ACS. Mother-infant dyads that received ACS were retrospectively identified through the Ontario Birth Study at Sinai Health Complex and matched to untreated controls for maternal age, BMI, parity and foetal sex (n = 14/group). Genome-wide methylation differences were examined at single-nucleotide resolution in DNA extracted from dried bloodspot cards using reduced representative bisulfite sequencing approaches. 505 differentially methylated CpG sites (DMCs) were identified, wherein 231 were hypermethylated and 274 were hypomethylated. These sites were annotated to 219 genes, of which USP48, SH3PXD2A, NTM, CAMK2N2, MAP6D1 were five of the top ten genes with known neurological function. Collectively, the set of hypermethylated genes were enriched for pathways of transcription regulation, while pathways of proteasome activity were enriched among the set of hypomethylated genes. This study is the first to identify DNA methylation changes in human neonatal blood following ACS. Understanding the epigenetic changes that occur in response to ACS will support future investigations to delineate the effects of prenatal glucocorticoid exposure on human development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bona Kim
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Aya Sasaki
- grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada ,grid.250674.20000 0004 0626 6184Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Kellie Murphy
- grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Stephen G. Matthews
- grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada ,grid.250674.20000 0004 0626 6184Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON Canada ,grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
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12
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Giallongo S, Řeháková D, Biagini T, Lo Re O, Raina P, Lochmanová G, Zdráhal Z, Resnick I, Pata P, Pata I, Mistrík M, de Magalhães JP, Mazza T, Koutná I, Vinciguerra M. Histone Variant macroH2A1.1 Enhances Nonhomologous End Joining-dependent DNA Double-strand-break Repair and Reprogramming Efficiency of Human iPSCs. Stem Cells 2022; 40:35-48. [PMID: 35511867 PMCID: PMC9199840 DOI: 10.1093/stmcls/sxab004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
DNA damage repair (DDR) is a safeguard for genome integrity maintenance. Increasing DDR efficiency could increase the yield of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) upon reprogramming from somatic cells. The epigenetic mechanisms governing DDR during iPSC reprogramming are not completely understood. Our goal was to evaluate the splicing isoforms of histone variant macroH2A1, macroH2A1.1, and macroH2A1.2, as potential regulators of DDR during iPSC reprogramming. GFP-Trap one-step isolation of mtagGFP-macroH2A1.1 or mtagGFP-macroH2A1.2 fusion proteins from overexpressing human cell lines, followed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis, uncovered macroH2A1.1 exclusive interaction with Poly-ADP Ribose Polymerase 1 (PARP1) and X-ray cross-complementing protein 1 (XRCC1). MacroH2A1.1 overexpression in U2OS-GFP reporter cells enhanced specifically nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ) repair pathway, while macroH2A1.1 knock-out (KO) mice showed an impaired DDR capacity. The exclusive interaction of macroH2A1.1, but not macroH2A1.2, with PARP1/XRCC1, was confirmed in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) undergoing reprogramming into iPSC through episomal vectors. In HUVEC, macroH2A1.1 overexpression activated transcriptional programs that enhanced DDR and reprogramming. Consistently, macroH2A1.1 but not macroH2A1.2 overexpression improved iPSC reprogramming. We propose the macroH2A1 splicing isoform macroH2A1.1 as a promising epigenetic target to improve iPSC genome stability and therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastiano Giallongo
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne’s University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Daniela Řeháková
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne’s University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tommaso Biagini
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Oriana Lo Re
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne’s University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Translational Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute of the Medical University of Varna (RIMUV), Varna, Bulgaria
| | - Priyanka Raina
- Integrative Genomics of Ageing Group, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Gabriela Lochmanová
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zbyněk Zdráhal
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
- National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Igor Resnick
- Department of Translational Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute of the Medical University of Varna (RIMUV), Varna, Bulgaria
- Program for Hematology, Immunology, BMT and Cell therapy, St. Marina University Hospital, Varna, Bulgaria
- Department of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Varna, Varna, Bulgaria
| | - Pille Pata
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia
- IVEX Lab, Akadeemia 15, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Illar Pata
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Martin Mistrík
- Laboratory of Genome Integrity, Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - João Pedro de Magalhães
- Integrative Genomics of Ageing Group, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Tommaso Mazza
- Department of Translational Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute of the Medical University of Varna (RIMUV), Varna, Bulgaria
| | - Irena Koutná
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne’s University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Manlio Vinciguerra
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne’s University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Translational Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute of the Medical University of Varna (RIMUV), Varna, Bulgaria
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13
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Spatiotemporal expression of IgLON family members in the developing mouse nervous system. Sci Rep 2021; 11:19536. [PMID: 34599206 PMCID: PMC8486791 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-97768-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Differential expression of cell adhesion molecules in neuronal populations is one of the many mechanisms promoting the formation of functional neural circuits in the developing nervous system. The IgLON family consists of five cell surface immunoglobulin proteins that have been associated with various developmental disorders, such as autism spectrum disorder, schizophrenia, and major depressive disorder. However, there is still limited and fragmented information about their patterns of expression in certain regions of the developing nervous system and how their expression contributes to their function. Utilizing an in situ hybridization approach, we have analyzed the spatiotemporal expression of all IgLON family members in the developing mouse brain, spinal cord, eye, olfactory epithelium, and vomeronasal organ. At one prenatal (E16) and two postnatal (P0 and P15) ages, we show that each IgLON displays distinct expression patterns in the olfactory system, cerebral cortex, midbrain, cerebellum, spinal cord, and eye, indicating that they likely contribute to the wiring of specific neuronal circuitry. These analyses will inform future functional studies aimed at identifying additional roles for these proteins in nervous system development.
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14
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McDonough CW, Warren HR, Jack JR, Motsinger-Reif AA, Armstrong ND, Bis JC, House JS, Singh S, El Rouby NM, Gong Y, Mychaleckyj JC, Rotroff DM, Benavente OR, Caulfield MJ, Doria A, Pepine CJ, Psaty BM, Glorioso V, Glorioso N, Hiltunen TP, Kontula KK, Arnett DK, Buse JB, Irvin MR, Johnson JA, Munroe PB, Wagner MJ, Cooper-DeHoff RM. Adverse Cardiovascular Outcomes and Antihypertensive Treatment: A Genome-Wide Interaction Meta-Analysis in the International Consortium for Antihypertensive Pharmacogenomics Studies. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2021; 110:723-732. [PMID: 34231218 PMCID: PMC8672325 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.2355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
We sought to identify genome-wide variants influencing antihypertensive drug response and adverse cardiovascular outcomes, utilizing data from four randomized controlled trials in the International Consortium for Antihypertensive Pharmacogenomics Studies (ICAPS). Genome-wide antihypertensive drug-single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) interaction tests for four drug classes (β-blockers, n = 9,195; calcium channel blockers (CCBs), n = 10,511; thiazide/thiazide-like diuretics, n = 3,516; ACE-inhibitors/ARBs, n = 2,559) and cardiovascular outcomes (incident myocardial infarction, stroke, or death) were analyzed among patients with hypertension of European ancestry. Top SNPs from the meta-analyses were tested for replication of cardiovascular outcomes in an independent Cohorts for Heart and Aging Research in Genomic Epidemiology (CHARGE) study (n = 21,267), blood pressure (BP) response in independent ICAPS studies (n = 1,552), and ethnic validation in African Americans from the Genetics of Hypertension Associated Treatment study (GenHAT; n = 5,115). One signal reached genome-wide significance in the β-blocker-SNP interaction analysis (rs139945292, Interaction P = 1.56 × 10-8 ). rs139945292 was validated through BP response to β-blockers, with the T-allele associated with less BP reduction (systolic BP response P = 6 × 10-4 , Beta = 3.09, diastolic BP response P = 5 × 10-3 , Beta = 1.53). The T-allele was also associated with increased adverse cardiovascular risk within the β-blocker treated patients' subgroup (P = 2.35 × 10-4 , odds ratio = 1.57, 95% confidence interval = 1.23-1.99). The locus showed nominal replication in CHARGE, and consistent directional trends in β-blocker treated African Americans. rs139945292 is an expression quantitative trait locus for the 50 kb upstream gene NTM (neurotrimin). No SNPs attained genome-wide significance for any other drugs classes. Top SNPs were located near CALB1 (CCB), FLJ367777 (ACE-inhibitor), and CES5AP1 (thiazide). The NTM region is associated with increased risk for adverse cardiovascular outcomes and less BP reduction in β-blocker treated patients. Further investigation into this region is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitrin W. McDonough
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research and Center for Pharmacogenomics and Precision Medicine, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Helen R. Warren
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- NIHR Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Centre, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - John R. Jack
- Bioinformatics Research Center, Department of Statistics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Alison A. Motsinger-Reif
- Biostatistics and Computational Biology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Nicole D. Armstrong
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Joshua C. Bis
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - John S. House
- Biostatistics and Computational Biology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sonal Singh
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research and Center for Pharmacogenomics and Precision Medicine, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Nihal M. El Rouby
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research and Center for Pharmacogenomics and Precision Medicine, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Yan Gong
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research and Center for Pharmacogenomics and Precision Medicine, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Joesyf C. Mychaleckyj
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Daniel M. Rotroff
- Bioinformatics Research Center, Department of Statistics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Oscar R. Benavente
- Department of Neurology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Mark J. Caulfield
- National Institute for Health Research, Barts Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Center, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Alessandrio Doria
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center; and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Carl J. Pepine
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Bruce M. Psaty
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Valeria Glorioso
- Department of Statistics and Quantitative Methods, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | - Nicola Glorioso
- Department of Clinical, Surgical and Experimental Science, University of Sassari, Medical School, Sassari, Italy
| | - Timo P. Hiltunen
- Department of Medicine and Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kimmo K. Kontula
- Department of Medicine and Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Donna K. Arnett
- College of Public Health, Dean’s Office, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - John B. Buse
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, UNC School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Marguerite R. Irvin
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Julie A. Johnson
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research and Center for Pharmacogenomics and Precision Medicine, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Patricia B. Munroe
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- NIHR Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Centre, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Michael J. Wagner
- Center for Pharmacogenomics and Individualized Therapy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Rhonda M. Cooper-DeHoff
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research and Center for Pharmacogenomics and Precision Medicine, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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15
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Jagomäe T, Singh K, Philips MA, Jayaram M, Seppa K, Tekko T, Gilbert SF, Vasar E, Lilleväli K. Alternative Promoter Use Governs the Expression of IgLON Cell Adhesion Molecules in Histogenetic Fields of the Embryonic Mouse Brain. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:6955. [PMID: 34203377 PMCID: PMC8268470 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The members of the IgLON superfamily of cell adhesion molecules facilitate fundamental cellular communication during brain development, maintain functional brain circuitry, and are associated with several neuropsychiatric disorders such as depression, autism, schizophrenia, and intellectual disabilities. Usage of alternative promoter-specific 1a and 1b mRNA isoforms in Lsamp, Opcml, Ntm, and the single promoter of Negr1 in the mouse and human brain has been previously described. To determine the precise spatiotemporal expression dynamics of Lsamp, Opcml, Ntm isoforms, and Negr1, in the developing brain, we generated isoform-specific RNA probes and carried out in situ hybridization in the developing (embryonic, E10.5, E11.5, 13.5, 17; postnatal, P0) and adult mouse brains. We show that promoter-specific expression of IgLONs is established early during pallial development (at E10.5), where it remains throughout its differentiation through adulthood. In the diencephalon, midbrain, and hindbrain, strong expression patterns are initiated a few days later and begin fading after birth, being only faintly expressed during adulthood. Thus, the expression of specific IgLONs in the developing brain may provide the means for regionally specific functionality as well as for specific regional vulnerabilities. The current study will therefore improve the understanding of how IgLON genes are implicated in the development of neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toomas Jagomäe
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411 Tartu, Estonia; (T.J.); (M.-A.P.); (M.J.); (K.S.); (E.V.); (K.L.)
- Centre of Excellence in Genomics and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 50090 Tartu, Estonia
- Laboratory Animal Centre, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 14B Ravila Street, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Katyayani Singh
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411 Tartu, Estonia; (T.J.); (M.-A.P.); (M.J.); (K.S.); (E.V.); (K.L.)
- Centre of Excellence in Genomics and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 50090 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Mari-Anne Philips
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411 Tartu, Estonia; (T.J.); (M.-A.P.); (M.J.); (K.S.); (E.V.); (K.L.)
- Centre of Excellence in Genomics and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 50090 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Mohan Jayaram
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411 Tartu, Estonia; (T.J.); (M.-A.P.); (M.J.); (K.S.); (E.V.); (K.L.)
- Centre of Excellence in Genomics and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 50090 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kadri Seppa
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411 Tartu, Estonia; (T.J.); (M.-A.P.); (M.J.); (K.S.); (E.V.); (K.L.)
- Centre of Excellence in Genomics and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 50090 Tartu, Estonia
- Laboratory Animal Centre, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 14B Ravila Street, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Triin Tekko
- The Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande 6, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal;
| | - Scott F. Gilbert
- Department of Biology, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, PA 19081, USA;
| | - Eero Vasar
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411 Tartu, Estonia; (T.J.); (M.-A.P.); (M.J.); (K.S.); (E.V.); (K.L.)
- Centre of Excellence in Genomics and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 50090 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kersti Lilleväli
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411 Tartu, Estonia; (T.J.); (M.-A.P.); (M.J.); (K.S.); (E.V.); (K.L.)
- Centre of Excellence in Genomics and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 50090 Tartu, Estonia
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16
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Chang CY, Wu KL, Chang YY, Liu YW, Huang YC, Jian SF, Lin YS, Tsai PH, Hung JY, Tsai YM, Hsu YL. The Downregulation of LSAMP Expression Promotes Lung Cancer Progression and Is Associated with Poor Survival Prognosis. J Pers Med 2021; 11:jpm11060578. [PMID: 34202934 PMCID: PMC8234324 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11060578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer has been a leading cause of cancer-related death for decades and therapeutic strategies for non-driver mutation lung cancer are still lacking. A novel approach for this type of lung cancer is an emergent requirement. Here we find that loss of LSAMP (Limbic System Associated Membrane Protein), compared to other IgLON family of proteins NTM (Neurotrimin) and OPCML (OPioid-binding Cell adhesion MoLecule), exhibits the strongest prognostic and therapeutic significance in predicting lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) progression. Lower expression of LSAMP and NTM, but not OPCML, were found in tumor parts compared with normal parts in six LUAD patients, and this was validated by public datasets, Oncomine® and TCGA. The lower expression of LSAMP, but not NTM, was correlated to shorter overall survival. Two epigenetic regulations, including hypermethylation and miR-143-3p upregulation but not copy number variation, were associated with downregulation of LSAMP in LUAD patients. Pathway network analysis showed that NEGR1 (Neuronal Growth Regulator 1) was involved in the regulatory loop of LSAMP. The biologic functions by LSMAP knockdown in lung cancer cells revealed LSMAP was linked to cancer cell migration via epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) but not proliferation nor stemness of LUAD. Our result showed for the first time that LSAMP acts as a potential tumor suppressor in regulating lung cancer. A further deep investigation into the role of LSAMP in lung cancer tumorigenesis would provide therapeutic hope for such affected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Yuan Chang
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (C.-Y.C.); (K.-L.W.); (Y.-C.H.); (S.-F.J.); (Y.-S.L.); (P.-H.T.); (J.-Y.H.); (Y.-L.H.)
- Department of Anatomy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Li Wu
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (C.-Y.C.); (K.-L.W.); (Y.-C.H.); (S.-F.J.); (Y.-S.L.); (P.-H.T.); (J.-Y.H.); (Y.-L.H.)
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan;
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Yun Chang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan;
- Division of General Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Wei Liu
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan;
| | - Yung-Chi Huang
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (C.-Y.C.); (K.-L.W.); (Y.-C.H.); (S.-F.J.); (Y.-S.L.); (P.-H.T.); (J.-Y.H.); (Y.-L.H.)
- Drug Development and Value Creation Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Fang Jian
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (C.-Y.C.); (K.-L.W.); (Y.-C.H.); (S.-F.J.); (Y.-S.L.); (P.-H.T.); (J.-Y.H.); (Y.-L.H.)
| | - Yi-Shiuan Lin
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (C.-Y.C.); (K.-L.W.); (Y.-C.H.); (S.-F.J.); (Y.-S.L.); (P.-H.T.); (J.-Y.H.); (Y.-L.H.)
| | - Pei-Hsun Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (C.-Y.C.); (K.-L.W.); (Y.-C.H.); (S.-F.J.); (Y.-S.L.); (P.-H.T.); (J.-Y.H.); (Y.-L.H.)
| | - Jen-Yu Hung
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (C.-Y.C.); (K.-L.W.); (Y.-C.H.); (S.-F.J.); (Y.-S.L.); (P.-H.T.); (J.-Y.H.); (Y.-L.H.)
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan;
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Drug Development and Value Creation Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Ming Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (C.-Y.C.); (K.-L.W.); (Y.-C.H.); (S.-F.J.); (Y.-S.L.); (P.-H.T.); (J.-Y.H.); (Y.-L.H.)
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan;
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Drug Development and Value Creation Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Correspondence:
| | - Ya-Ling Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (C.-Y.C.); (K.-L.W.); (Y.-C.H.); (S.-F.J.); (Y.-S.L.); (P.-H.T.); (J.-Y.H.); (Y.-L.H.)
- Drug Development and Value Creation Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
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17
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Venkannagari H, Kasper JM, Misra A, Rush SA, Fan S, Lee H, Sun H, Seshadrinathan S, Machius M, Hommel JD, Rudenko G. Highly Conserved Molecular Features in IgLONs Contrast Their Distinct Structural and Biological Outcomes. J Mol Biol 2020; 432:5287-5303. [PMID: 32710982 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2020.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal growth regulator 1 (NEGR1) and neurotrimin (NTM) are abundant cell-surface proteins found in the brain and form part of the IgLON (Immunoglobulin LSAMP, OBCAM, Neurotrimin) family. In humans, NEGR1 is implicated in obesity and mental disorders, while NTM is linked to intelligence and cognitive function. IgLONs dimerize homophilically and heterophilically, and they are thought to shape synaptic connections and neural circuits by acting in trans (spanning cellular junctions) and/or in cis (at the same side of a junction). Here, we reveal homodimeric structures of NEGR1 and NTM. They assemble into V-shaped complexes via their Ig1 domains, and disruption of the Ig1-Ig1 interface abolishes dimerization in solution. A hydrophobic ridge from one Ig1 domain inserts into a hydrophobic pocket from the opposing Ig1 domain producing an interaction interface that is highly conserved among IgLONs but remarkably plastic structurally. Given the high degree of sequence conservation at the interaction interface, we tested whether different IgLONs could elicit the same biological effect in vivo. In a small-scale study administering different soluble IgLONs directly into the brain and monitoring feeding, only NEGR1 altered food intake significantly. Taking NEGR1 as a prototype, our studies thus indicate that while IgLONs share a conserved mode of interaction and are able to bind each other as homomers and heteromers, they are structurally plastic and can exert unique biological action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harikanth Venkannagari
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; Sealy Center for Structural Biology and Molecular Biophysics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - James M Kasper
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; Center for Addiction Research, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Anurag Misra
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; Sealy Center for Structural Biology and Molecular Biophysics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Scott A Rush
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; Sealy Center for Structural Biology and Molecular Biophysics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Shanghua Fan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; Sealy Center for Structural Biology and Molecular Biophysics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Hubert Lee
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; Sealy Center for Structural Biology and Molecular Biophysics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Hong Sun
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; Center for Addiction Research, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Suchithra Seshadrinathan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; Sealy Center for Structural Biology and Molecular Biophysics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Mischa Machius
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; Sealy Center for Structural Biology and Molecular Biophysics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Jonathan D Hommel
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; Center for Addiction Research, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Gabby Rudenko
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; Sealy Center for Structural Biology and Molecular Biophysics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; Center for Addiction Research, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
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18
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Bregin A, Kaare M, Jagomäe T, Karis K, Singh K, Laugus K, Innos J, Leidmaa E, Heinla I, Visnapuu T, Oja EM, Kõiv K, Lilleväli K, Harro J, Philips MA, Vasar E. Expression and impact of Lsamp neural adhesion molecule in the serotonergic neurotransmission system. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2020; 198:173017. [PMID: 32828972 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2020.173017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Limbic system associated membrane protein (Lsamp) is a neural adhesion protein which has been recently found to be differentially expressed between serotonergic neuron subtypes. We have previously shown elevated serotonin (5-HT) turnover rate in Lsamp-deficient mice. The purpose of the current study was to elucidate the role of Lsamp in serotonergic neurotransmission. Chronic (18 days) administration of serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) escitalopram (10 mg/kg) significantly increased general activity in wild-type mice in the open field and protected exploration in Lsamp-/- mice in the elevated-plus maze. An important psychopathology-related endophenotype, elevated 5-HT turnover in the brain of Lsamp-deficient mice, was reproduced in the saline group. Escitalopram restored the elevated 5-HT turnover of Lsamp-deficient mice to a level comparable with their wild-type littermates, suggesting that high 5-HT turnover in mutants is mediated by the increased activity of serotonin transporter (SERT protein encoded by Slc6a4 gene). The baseline level of Slc6a4 transcript was not changed in Lsamp-deficient mice, however, our immunohistochemical analysis showed partial co-expression of Lsamp with both SERT and Tph2 proteins in raphe. Overactivity of SERT in Lsamp-/- mice is further supported by significant elevation of Maoa transcript and increase of DOPAC, another Mao A product, specifically in the raphe. Again, elevation of DOPAC was reduced to the level of wild-type by chronic SSRI treatment. The activity of Lsamp gene promoters varied in 5-HT producing nuclei: both Lsamp 1a and 1b promoters were active in the dorsal raphe; most of the expression in the median raphe was from 1b promoter, whereas Lsamp 1a promoter was almost exclusively active in the caudal subgroup of raphe nuclei. We suggest that Lsamp may have an impact on the integrity of serotonergic synapses, which is possibly the neurochemical basis of the anxiety- and sociability-related phenotype in Lsamp-deficient mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandr Bregin
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411 Tartu, Estonia; Centre of Excellence in Genomics and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Maria Kaare
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411 Tartu, Estonia; Centre of Excellence in Genomics and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Toomas Jagomäe
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411 Tartu, Estonia; Centre of Excellence in Genomics and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Karina Karis
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411 Tartu, Estonia; Centre of Excellence in Genomics and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Katyayani Singh
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411 Tartu, Estonia; Centre of Excellence in Genomics and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Karita Laugus
- Division of Neuropsychopharmacology, Department of Psychology, Estonian Centre of Behavioural and Health Sciences, University of Tartu, Estonia
| | - Jürgen Innos
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411 Tartu, Estonia; Centre of Excellence in Genomics and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Este Leidmaa
- Institute of Molecular Psychiatry, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Indrek Heinla
- Department of Psychology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Tanel Visnapuu
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411 Tartu, Estonia; Centre of Excellence in Genomics and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Eva-Maria Oja
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411 Tartu, Estonia; Centre of Excellence in Genomics and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kadri Kõiv
- Division of Neuropsychopharmacology, Department of Psychology, Estonian Centre of Behavioural and Health Sciences, University of Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kersti Lilleväli
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411 Tartu, Estonia; Centre of Excellence in Genomics and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Jaanus Harro
- Division of Neuropsychopharmacology, Department of Psychology, Estonian Centre of Behavioural and Health Sciences, University of Tartu, Estonia
| | - Mari-Anne Philips
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411 Tartu, Estonia; Centre of Excellence in Genomics and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Eero Vasar
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411 Tartu, Estonia; Centre of Excellence in Genomics and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
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19
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Szczurkowska J, Pischedda F, Pinto B, Managò F, Haas CA, Summa M, Bertorelli R, Papaleo F, Schäfer MK, Piccoli G, Cancedda L. NEGR1 and FGFR2 cooperatively regulate cortical development and core behaviours related to autism disorders in mice. Brain 2019; 141:2772-2794. [PMID: 30059965 PMCID: PMC6113639 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awy190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders are neurodevelopmental conditions with diverse aetiologies, all characterized by common core symptoms such as impaired social skills and communication, as well as repetitive behaviour. Cell adhesion molecules, receptor tyrosine kinases and associated downstream signalling have been strongly implicated in both neurodevelopment and autism spectrum disorders. We found that downregulation of the cell adhesion molecule NEGR1 or the receptor tyrosine kinase fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) similarly affects neuronal migration and spine density during mouse cortical development in vivo and results in impaired core behaviours related to autism spectrum disorders. Mechanistically, NEGR1 physically interacts with FGFR2 and modulates FGFR2-dependent extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and protein kinase B (AKT) signalling by decreasing FGFR2 degradation from the plasma membrane. Accordingly, FGFR2 overexpression rescues all defects due to Negr1 knockdown in vivo. Negr1 knockout mice present phenotypes similar to Negr1-downregulated animals. These data indicate that NEGR1 and FGFR2 cooperatively regulate cortical development and suggest a role for defective NEGR1-FGFR2 complex and convergent downstream ERK and AKT signalling in autism spectrum disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Szczurkowska
- Local Micro-environment and Brain Development Laboratory, Italian Institute of Technology, Genoa, Italy.,Università degli Studi di Genova, Via Balbi, 5, Genoa, Italy
| | - Francesca Pischedda
- Laboratory of Biology of Synapse. Center for Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Bruno Pinto
- Local Micro-environment and Brain Development Laboratory, Italian Institute of Technology, Genoa, Italy.,Bio@SNS, Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesca Managò
- Genetics of Cognition Laboratory, Italian Institute of Technology, Genoa, Italy
| | - Carola A Haas
- Experimental Epilepsy Research, Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Maria Summa
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Italian Institute of Technology, Genoa, Italy
| | - Rosalia Bertorelli
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Italian Institute of Technology, Genoa, Italy
| | - Francesco Papaleo
- Genetics of Cognition Laboratory, Italian Institute of Technology, Genoa, Italy
| | - Michael K Schäfer
- Department of Anesthesiology and Focus Program Translational Neurosciences, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Germany
| | - Giovanni Piccoli
- Laboratory of Biology of Synapse. Center for Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, Trento, Italy.,Dulbecco Telethon Institute, Varese Street 16b - 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Cancedda
- Local Micro-environment and Brain Development Laboratory, Italian Institute of Technology, Genoa, Italy.,Dulbecco Telethon Institute, Varese Street 16b - 00185 Rome, Italy
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20
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E GX, Basang WD, Zhu YB. Whole-genome analysis identifying candidate genes of altitude adaptive ecological thresholds in yak populations. J Anim Breed Genet 2019; 136:371-377. [PMID: 31062447 DOI: 10.1111/jbg.12403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The domestic yak (Bos grunniens) is an iconic symbol of animal husbandry on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Long-term domestication and natural selection have led to a wide distribution of yak, forming many ecological populations to adapt to the local ecological environment. High altitude is closely related to oxygen density, and it is an important environmental ecological factor for biological survival and livestock production. The aim of the present study was to perform a preliminary analysis to identify the candidate genes of altitude distribution adapted ecological thresholds in yak using next-generation sequence technology. A total of 15,762,829 SNPs were obtained from 29 yaks with high- and low-altitude distribution by genome-wide sequencing. According to the results of the selective sweep analysis with FST and ZHp, 21 candidate genes were identified. 14 genes (serine/threonine protein kinase TNNI3K, TEN1, DYM, ITPR1, ZC4H2, KNTC1, ADGRB3, CLYBL, TANGO6, ASCC3, KLHL3, PDE4D, DEPDC1B and AGBL4) were grouped into 32 Gene Ontology terms, and four genes (RPS6KA6, ITPR1, GNAO1 and PDE4D) annotated in 35 pathways, including seven environmental information processing and one environmental adaptation. Therefore, the novel candidate genes found in the current study do not only support new theories about high-altitude adaptation, but also further explain the molecular mechanisms of altitude adaptation threshold in yaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Xin E
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Forage & Herbivore, Chongqing Engineering Research Centre for Herbivores Resource Protection and Utilization, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Wang-Dui Basang
- State Key Laboratory of Barley and Yak Germplasm Resources and Genetic Improvement (Tibet Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences (TAAAS)), Lhasa, China.,Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Tibet Academy of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Lhasa, China
| | - Yan-Bin Zhu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Tibet Academy of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Lhasa, China
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21
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Singh K, Jayaram M, Kaare M, Leidmaa E, Jagomäe T, Heinla I, Hickey MA, Kaasik A, Schäfer MK, Innos J, Lilleväli K, Philips MA, Vasar E. Neural cell adhesion molecule Negr1 deficiency in mouse results in structural brain endophenotypes and behavioral deviations related to psychiatric disorders. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5457. [PMID: 30932003 PMCID: PMC6443666 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41991-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal growth regulator 1 (NEGR1) belongs to the immunoglobulin (IgLON) superfamily of cell adhesion molecules involved in cortical layering. Recent functional and genomic studies implicate the role of NEGR1 in a wide spectrum of psychiatric disorders, such as major depression, schizophrenia and autism. Here, we investigated the impact of Negr1 deficiency on brain morphology, neuronal properties and social behavior of mice. In situ hybridization shows Negr1 expression in the brain nuclei which are central modulators of cortical-subcortical connectivity such as the island of Calleja and the reticular nucleus of thalamus. Brain morphological analysis revealed neuroanatomical abnormalities in Negr1−/− mice, including enlargement of ventricles and decrease in the volume of the whole brain, corpus callosum, globus pallidus and hippocampus. Furthermore, decreased number of parvalbumin-positive inhibitory interneurons was evident in Negr1−/− hippocampi. Behaviorally, Negr1−/− mice displayed hyperactivity in social interactions and impairments in social hierarchy. Finally, Negr1 deficiency resulted in disrupted neurite sprouting during neuritogenesis. Our results provide evidence that NEGR1 is required for balancing the ratio of excitatory/inhibitory neurons and proper formation of brain structures, which is prerequisite for adaptive behavioral profiles. Therefore, Negr1−/− mice have a high potential to provide new insights into the neural mechanisms of neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katyayani Singh
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411, Tartu, Estonia. .,Centre of Excellence in Genomics and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411, Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Mohan Jayaram
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411, Tartu, Estonia.,Centre of Excellence in Genomics and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Maria Kaare
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411, Tartu, Estonia.,Centre of Excellence in Genomics and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Este Leidmaa
- Institute of Molecular Psychiatry, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str.25, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Toomas Jagomäe
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411, Tartu, Estonia.,Centre of Excellence in Genomics and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Indrek Heinla
- Department of Psychology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Postboks 6050 Langnes, 9037, Tromso, Norway
| | - Miriam A Hickey
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Allen Kaasik
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Michael K Schäfer
- Department for Anesthesiology, University Medical Center and Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN), Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jürgen Innos
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411, Tartu, Estonia.,Centre of Excellence in Genomics and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kersti Lilleväli
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411, Tartu, Estonia.,Centre of Excellence in Genomics and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Mari-Anne Philips
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411, Tartu, Estonia.,Centre of Excellence in Genomics and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Eero Vasar
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411, Tartu, Estonia.,Centre of Excellence in Genomics and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
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