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Snippe L, Boffo M, Galvin H, Willemen R, Pronk T, Dom G, Wiers RW. How We Lost 90% of Participants on a Bad Bet: Results from a Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial on Cognitive Bias Modification in Problem Gamblers. J Gambl Stud 2024; 40:521-554. [PMID: 38006537 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-023-10263-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023]
Abstract
Whilst opportunities to participate in gambling have increased, access to support for problem gamblers is lacking behind. This lack of balance calls for improved and accessible intervention methods. The present double-blind randomized controlled trial (RCT) explored the effectiveness of two interventions targeting automatic cognitive processes, known as Attentional Bias Modification (AtBM) and Approach Bias Modification (ApBM). It was hypothesized these interventions would reduce gambling behavior and reduce or reverse targeted biases. Participants (N = 331) were community-recruited Flemish (35%) and Dutch (65%) adult problem gamblers motivated to reduce or stop their gambling who received either six sessions of active training (AtBM or ApBM) or of the corresponding sham-training (sham-AtBM or sham-ApBM). Due to high attrition rates (90.1% up to the intervention phase) the study was terminated before completion, since it would greatly limit the validity of any results. A post hoc qualitative study was performed on a subset of participants to gain insight into contributing factors for the high attrition rate. Issues negatively impacting participants' motivation to complete the program were identified, as well as elements of the program that received approval. The results from this study provide a first insight into the potential of the use of online cognitive bias modification (CBM) interventions in problem gambling (PG). Suggestions and directions for future studies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leroy Snippe
- Addiction Development and Psychopathology (ADAPT) Lab, Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 129, 1018 WS, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Collaborative Antwerp Psychiatric Research Institute (CAPRI), University of Antwerp (UAntwerp), Wilrijk, Belgium.
| | - Marilisa Boffo
- Department of Psychology, Education and Child Studies (DPECS), Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Harriet Galvin
- Addiction Development and Psychopathology (ADAPT) Lab, Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 129, 1018 WS, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychology, Education and Child Studies (DPECS), Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Thomas Pronk
- Addiction Development and Psychopathology (ADAPT) Lab, Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 129, 1018 WS, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Geert Dom
- Collaborative Antwerp Psychiatric Research Institute (CAPRI), University of Antwerp (UAntwerp), Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Reinout W Wiers
- Addiction Development and Psychopathology (ADAPT) Lab, Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 129, 1018 WS, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Centre for Urban Mental Health, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Attention and interpretation cognitive bias change: A systematic review and meta-analysis of bias modification paradigms. Behav Res Ther 2022; 157:104180. [PMID: 36037642 DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2022.104180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This systematic review and meta-analysis examines the effect of Cognitive Bias Modification for attention (CBM-A) and interpretation (CBM-I) on reducing the targeted biases and investigates moderators of each approach. PsycINFO, PsychArticles, and PubMED databases were searched for randomized-controlled studies published before March 2020 with pre- and post-CBM cognitive bias outcome measures, resulting in 91 CBM-A (n = 5914 individuals) and 70 CBM-I samples (n = 4802 individuals). Random-effects models and Hedge's g calculation showed significant medium overall effects of bias reduction with moderate to high heterogeneity (CBM-A g = 0.49 [0.36, 0.64], I2 = 85.19%; CBM-I g = 0.58 [0.48, 0.68], I2 = 70.92%). Effect sizes did not differ between approaches and remained significant after trim-and-fill adjustment for possible publication bias. Moderator variables were investigated with meta-regression and subgroup analyses. Participant age, symptom type, control condition and number of trials moderated CBM-A; student and clinical status moderated CBM-I effect size. Results support attention and interpretation modification in controlled laboratory and variable (online) training settings for non-clinical and clinical samples across various symptom types (anxiety, depression, substance use, eating disorders). Further empirical evidence is necessary to determine optimal sample and methodological combinations most strongly associated with adaptive behavioral outcomes.
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Examining attentional biases, interpretation biases, and attentional control in people with and without chronic pain. Pain 2021; 162:2110-2119. [PMID: 33769370 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Psychological models of chronic pain (CP) highlight cognitive-processing biases (ie, attentional biases, interpretation biases, and attentional control) as pivotal processes that uniquely and synergistically impact the development and maintenance of CP. Very few studies explore multiple cognitive biases, and no studies have examined these 3 processes together in a CP sample. Furthermore, there is a lack of research investigating the relationship between these cognitive processes and pain-relevant variables (eg, pain intensity and pain catastrophising). The current study aimed to (1) compare attentional biases, interpretation biases, and attentional control in people with and without CP, (2) explore their interrelationships, and (3) explore their association with pain-related variables. Seventy-four participants with CP and 66 without pain volunteered. Participants completed a visual scanning task with eye tracking, a recognition task, and a flanker task. Traditional and Bayesian analysis indicated no effect of pain status on cognitive-processing biases. All participants, regardless of pain status, demonstrated attentional biases towards pain on some indices of early and late attention, but not interpretation bias or attentional control. There was weak evidence of associations between attentional biases, interpretation biases, and attentional control. Pain intensity was significantly correlated with interpretation biases, and follow-up analyses revealed people with high pain intensity demonstrated an interpretation bias towards pain significantly more than those with low pain intensity. Findings suggest that attentional biases towards pain are ubiquitous, but for people with moderate-to-severe pain, interpretation biases may have a role worthy of further research.
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Raines EM, Viana AG, Trent ES, Conroy HE, Woodward EC, Zvolensky MJ, Storch EA. The explanatory role of anxiety sensitivity in the association between effortful control and child anxiety and depressive symptoms. Cogn Behav Ther 2020; 49:501-517. [PMID: 32692282 PMCID: PMC7581554 DOI: 10.1080/16506073.2020.1790644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The present study examined the underlying role of anxiety sensitivity in the association between effortful control and anxiety and depressive symptoms in a sample of clinically anxious children. It was hypothesized that effortful control would exert an indirect effect through anxiety sensitivity in relation to child anxiety and depressive symptoms. Clinically anxious children (N= 105; Mage = 10.09 years, SD = 1.22; 56.7% female; 61% ethnic minority) and their mothers completed a diagnostic interview and a battery of questionnaires that included self- and mother-ratings of child effortful control, anxiety sensitivity, and anxiety and depressive symptoms. The indirect effect of effortful control via anxiety sensitivity on child anxiety and depressive symptoms was significant across child- and mother-completed measures. Among clinically anxious youth, greater effortful control was related to lower anxiety sensitivity, which was related to lower anxiety and depressive symptoms. Future work should evaluate whether targeting effortful control leads to clinically meaningful reductions in anxiety sensitivity and child anxiety and depressive symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andres G. Viana
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204
- Texas Institute of Measurement, Evaluation, and Statistics, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204
| | - Erika S. Trent
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204
| | - Haley E. Conroy
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204
| | - Emma C. Woodward
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204
| | - Michael J. Zvolensky
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204
- Department of Behavioral Science, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Eric A. Storch
- Menninger Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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Effortful control, interpretation biases, and child anxiety symptom severity in a sample of children with anxiety disorders. J Anxiety Disord 2019; 67:102136. [PMID: 31494512 PMCID: PMC6750729 DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2019.102136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Effortful control-the ability to inhibit impulsive reactions in favor of more adaptive responses-is negatively related to child anxiety severity. One potential explanation is that greater effortful control may "slow down" automatic, threat-laden interpretations, thereby lowering children's anxiety. The present investigation tested this hypothesis by examining associations between effortful control (and its subcomponents) and anxiety symptom severity, mediated by interpretation biases, in a diverse sample of clinically anxious youth. METHOD Participants (N = 105; Mage = 10.09 years, SD = 1.22; 56.7% female; 49% ethnic minority) completed a diagnostic interview; self-report measures of temperament, anxiety, and interpretation biases; a performance-based measure of interpretation biases; and a parent-child interaction task for which an index of behavioral anxiety was computed. RESULTS Significant indirect effects were found for effortful control, attentional control, and inhibitory control on child self-reported anxiety severity by way of self-reported (but not behaviorally-indexed) interpretation biases. Models predicting behaviorally-indexed child anxiety severity were not significant. DISCUSSION Greater effortful control may result in enhanced attentional capacities that allow children to assess automatic cognitions more objectively, potentially lowering their anxiety. Future work should evaluate whether targeting malleable temperamental constructs, such as effortful control, leads to clinically meaningful reductions in interpretation biases and child anxiety symptoms.
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Look out captain, I hear an ambiguous alien! A study of interpretation bias and anxiety in young children. Behav Res Ther 2019; 121:103450. [PMID: 31491688 DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2019.103450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 07/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
There is convincing evidence that anxious children and adolescents are biased to interpret ambiguity in a negative way (Stuijfzand, Creswell, Field, Pearcey, & Dodd, 2017). However, little research examines interpretation bias in children under eight years. This is due to existing measures of interpretation bias being inappropriate for young children. Consequently, we aimed to develop a new interpretation bias task for young children using tones. Children learnt to associate high tones with a 'happy alien' and low tones with an 'angry alien'. They were then asked to classify tones from the middle of the frequency range (ambiguous tones) as 'happy' or 'angry'. Corrugator muscle activity was recorded alongside behavioural responses. A community sample of 110 children aged 4-8 years, split into high and low anxious groups, completed the task. High anxious children were more likely to interpret the ambiguous tones as negative but this effect was small and only apparent after controlling for developmental factors. Corrugator activity aligned with behavioural responses for trained but not ambiguous tones. This is the first study to assess interpretation bias in young children using behavioural and physiological measures. Results indicate the task is developmentally appropriate and has potential utility for future research.
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Booth RW, Sharma D. Attentional control and estimation of the probability of positive and negative events. Cogn Emot 2019; 34:553-567. [PMID: 31448691 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2019.1657382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
People high in negative affect tend to think negative events are more likely than positive events ("probability bias"). Studies have found that weak attentional control exaggerates another negative affect-related cognitive bias - attentional bias - but it is not clear why this might be. We therefore wanted to know whether weak attentional control would be related to probability bias too. Four studies, with predominantly female student samples (N = 857), revealed correlations of around -.38 between attentional control and probability bias. This remained significant when trait anxiety and depression were controlled; there were no interactions between attentional control and negative affect. Studies 3 and 4 found that attentional control's relationship with probability bias was partly mediated by emotion regulation ability. These results suggest attentional control is important for regulating affect-related cognitive biases, and for emotion regulation in general. Furthermore, because cognitive biases are thought to be important for maintaining emotional disorders, these results are also consistent with weak attentional control being a risk factor for these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W Booth
- Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, Sabancı University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Dinkar Sharma
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, School of Psychology, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK
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Shi R, Sharpe L, Abbott M. A meta-analysis of the relationship between anxiety and attentional control. Clin Psychol Rev 2019; 72:101754. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2019.101754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Booth RW, Sharma D, Dawood F, Doğan M, Emam HMA, Gönenç SS, Kula NA, Mazıcı B, Saraçyakupoğlu A, Shahzad AUR. A relationship between weak attentional control and cognitive distortions, explained by negative affect. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0215399. [PMID: 30998718 PMCID: PMC6472758 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0215399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
People high in negative affect (anxiety or depression) show cognitive distortions, specific thinking errors which contribute to the maintenance of their condition. It is thought that weak attentional control is a risk factor for negative affect and emotional disorders, because weak attentional control exaggerates the expression of attentional bias, another cognitive feature of emotional disorders. We wondered whether weak attentional control might similarly exaggerate the expression of cognitive distortions. In two samples of students from Turkey and the UK, we found that weak attentional control was indeed related to cognitive distortions, but this relationship was explained by both variables’ relationships with negative affect. This suggests that weak attentional control, while related to negative affect, does not necessarily exaggerate all of its cognitive features. There seems to be a limit on the affective consequences of poor attentional control, which may limit its clinical usefulness as a risk factor for emotional disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dinkar Sharma
- School of Psychology, University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom
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10
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Stuijfzand S, Creswell C, Field AP, Pearcey S, Dodd H. Research Review: Is anxiety associated with negative interpretations of ambiguity in children and adolescents? A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2018; 59:1127-1142. [PMID: 29052865 PMCID: PMC6849625 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.12822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The tendency to interpret ambiguity as threat (negative interpretation) has been implicated in cognitive models of anxiety. A significant body of research has examined the association between anxiety and negative interpretation, and reviews suggest there is a robust positive association in adults. However, evidence with children and adolescents has been inconsistent. This study aimed to provide a systematic quantitative assessment of the association between anxiety and negative interpretation in children and adolescents. METHOD Following systematic searches and screening for eligibility, 345 effects sizes from 77 studies were meta-analysed. RESULTS Overall a medium positive association was found between anxiety and negative interpretation in children and adolescents ( d ^ = .62). Two variables significantly moderated this effect. Specifically, the association increased in strength with increasing age and when the content of ambiguous scenarios matched the anxiety subtype under investigation. CONCLUSIONS Results extend findings from adult literature by demonstrating an association in children and adolescents with evidence for content specificity in the association. Age effects imply a role for development. Results raise considerations for when and for whom clinical treatments for anxiety focusing on interpretation bias are appropriate. The vast majority of studies included in the review have used correlational designs and there are a limited number of studies with young children. The results should be considered with these limitations in mind.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzannah Stuijfzand
- School of Psychology and Clinical Language SciencesUniversity of ReadingReadingUK
| | - Cathy Creswell
- School of Psychology and Clinical Language SciencesUniversity of ReadingReadingUK
| | | | - Samantha Pearcey
- School of Psychology and Clinical Language SciencesUniversity of ReadingReadingUK
| | - Helen Dodd
- School of Psychology and Clinical Language SciencesUniversity of ReadingReadingUK
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Klein AM, Salemink E, de Hullu E, Houtkamp E, Papa M, van der Molen M. Cognitive Bias Modification Reduces Social Anxiety Symptoms in Socially Anxious Adolescents with Mild Intellectual Disabilities: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Autism Dev Disord 2018; 48:3116-3126. [PMID: 29680962 PMCID: PMC6096836 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-018-3579-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to examine the effects of Cognitive Bias Modification training for Interpretation (CBM-I) in socially anxious adolescents with Mild Intellectual Disabilities (MID). A total of 69 socially anxious adolescents with MID were randomly assigned to either a positive or a neutral control-CMB-I-training. Training included five sessions in a 3-week period, and each session consisted of 40 training items. Adolescents in the positive training group showed a significant reduction in negative interpretation bias on the two interpretation bias tasks after training compared to adolescents in the control-training group. Furthermore, in contrast to the control-training group, adolescents in the positive training reported a significant reduction of their social anxiety symptoms 10 weeks post-training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke M Klein
- Clinical, Neuro, and Developmental Psychology, VU Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Developmental Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 129B, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Elske Salemink
- Developmental Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 129B, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eva de Hullu
- Clinical Psychology, Open University, Heerlen, The Netherlands
| | - Esther Houtkamp
- Clinical, Neuro, and Developmental Psychology, VU Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marlissa Papa
- Clinical, Neuro, and Developmental Psychology, VU Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mariët van der Molen
- Clinical, Neuro, and Developmental Psychology, VU Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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12
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Sherman BJ, Baker NL, Squeglia LM, McRae-Clark AL. Approach bias modification for cannabis use disorder: A proof-of-principle study. J Subst Abuse Treat 2018; 87:16-22. [PMID: 29471922 PMCID: PMC5826579 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsat.2018.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND More effective treatments for cannabis use disorder (CUD) are needed. Evidence suggests that biases in cognitive processing of drug-related stimuli are central to the development and maintenance of addiction. The current study examined the feasibility and effect of a novel intervention - approach bias modification (ApBM) - on cannabis approach bias and cue-reactivity. METHODS A randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled proof-of-principle laboratory experiment investigated the effect of a four-session computerized ApBM training protocol on cannabis approach bias and cue-reactivity in non-treatment seeking adults age 18-65 with CUD (N = 33). ApBM procedures involved responding to cannabis or neutral stimuli using a computer joystick to model approach or avoidance behavior. Reactivity to tactile, olfactory, and auditory cue sets was assessed with physiological (blood pressure and heart rate) and subjective (cannabis craving) measures. Cannabis use was assessed via self-report. RESULTS Participants receiving ApBM showed blunted cannabis cue-induced craving at the end of training compared to those in the sham-ApBM condition (p = .05). A preliminary gender effect on cannabis use was also found; men receiving ApBM reported fewer cannabis use sessions per day at the end of training compared to women (p = .02), while there were no differences between men and women in the sham condition. ApBM did not attenuate cannabis approach bias following training. CONCLUSION Preliminary results indicate that ApBM may be efficacious in reducing cannabis cue-reactivity and improving cannabis use outcomes. While encouraging, the results should be interpreted with caution. Investigation of ApBM as an adjunct to psychosocial treatments for treatment-seeking adults with CUD is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Sherman
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, 67 President Street, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
| | - Nathaniel L Baker
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, 135 Cannon Street, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Lindsay M Squeglia
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, 67 President Street, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Aimee L McRae-Clark
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, 67 President Street, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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Loijen A, Rinck M, Walvoort SJW, Kessels RPC, Becker ES, Egger JIM. Modification of Automatic Alcohol-Approach Tendencies in Alcohol-Dependent Patients with Mild or Major Neurocognitive Disorder. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2017; 42:153-161. [PMID: 29034489 DOI: 10.1111/acer.13529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To examine the applicability of an alcohol-avoidance training procedure in patients with alcohol dependence and alcohol-induced neurocognitive disorders (NDs), we trained 2 groups that differed in the degree of cognitive impairment: One group fulfilled the DSM-5 criteria for alcohol-induced mild ND, and 1 group was diagnosed with Korsakoff's syndrome (KS) (alcohol-induced major ND, confabulatory/amnesic subtype; DSM-5). The intervention is assumed to match the preserved cognitive capacity for implicit learning in both groups. METHODS Fifty-one inpatients with a mild ND and 54 inpatients with KS were trained. Six training sessions (including pre- and posttests) of a computerized implicit alcohol approach-avoidance task were applied. Neurocognitive variables were available from the standard assessment procedure of the clinic. RESULTS Training of alcohol-avoidance tendencies is feasible in a population with alcohol-related NDs. The alcohol-approach bias decreased for both groups in each session. Better learning results over time were obtained in participants with a larger baseline alcohol-approach tendency. Learning effects were positively related to age and implicit (nondeclarative) memory functioning. No relation between training effects and executive or explicit memory functions was found. CONCLUSIONS Training of an alcohol-avoidance tendency can be successfully applied in patients with alcohol dependence including those with alcohol-induced NDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke Loijen
- Centre of Excellence for Neuropsychiatry, Vincent van Gogh Institute for Psychiatry, Venray, the Netherlands.,Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.,Centre of Excellence for Korsakoff and Alcohol-Related Cognitive Disorders, Vincent van Gogh Institute for Psychiatry, Venray, the Netherlands
| | - Mike Rinck
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Serge J W Walvoort
- Centre of Excellence for Korsakoff and Alcohol-Related Cognitive Disorders, Vincent van Gogh Institute for Psychiatry, Venray, the Netherlands
| | - Roy P C Kessels
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.,Centre of Excellence for Korsakoff and Alcohol-Related Cognitive Disorders, Vincent van Gogh Institute for Psychiatry, Venray, the Netherlands.,Department of Medical Psychology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Eni S Becker
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Jos I M Egger
- Centre of Excellence for Neuropsychiatry, Vincent van Gogh Institute for Psychiatry, Venray, the Netherlands.,Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.,Centre of Excellence for Korsakoff and Alcohol-Related Cognitive Disorders, Vincent van Gogh Institute for Psychiatry, Venray, the Netherlands.,Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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14
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Ahmed SP, Somerville LH, Sebastian CL. Using temporal distancing to regulate emotion in adolescence: modulation by reactive aggression. Cogn Emot 2017; 32:812-826. [DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2017.1358698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S. P. Ahmed
- Department of Psychology, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, UK
| | - L. H. Somerville
- Department of Psychology and Center for Brain Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - C. L. Sebastian
- Department of Psychology, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, UK
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15
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Houtkamp EO, van der Molen MJ, de Voogd EL, Salemink E, Klein AM. The relation between social anxiety and biased interpretations in adolescents with mild intellectual disabilities. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2017; 67:94-98. [PMID: 28672178 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2017.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cognitive theories of anxiety emphasize the importance of cognitive processes in the onset and maintenance of anxiety disorders. However, little is known about these processes in children and adolescents with Mild Intellectual Disabilities (MID). AIMS The aim of this study was to investigate interpretation bias and its content-specificity in adolescents with MID who varied in their levels of social anxiety. METHOD AND PROCEDURES In total, 631 adolescents from seven special secondary schools for MID filled in questionnaires to measure their levels of social anxiety. They also completed the Interpretation Recognition Task to measure how they interpret ambiguous situations. OUTCOMES AND RESULTS Adolescents with higher self-reported levels of social anxiety interpreted ambiguous scenarios as more negative than adolescents with lower self-reported social anxiety. Furthermore, this negative interpretation was specific for social situations; social anxiety was only associated with ambiguous social anxiety-related scenarios, but not with other anxiety-related scenarios. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS These findings support the hypothesis that socially anxious adolescents with MID display an interpretation bias that is specific for stimuli that are relevant for their own anxiety. This insight is useful for improving treatments for anxious adolescents with MID by targeting content-specific interpretation biases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther O Houtkamp
- Clinical, Neuro, and Developmental Psychology, VU Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | | | - E Leone de Voogd
- Child Development and Education, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Elske Salemink
- Child Development and Education, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anke M Klein
- Clinical, Neuro, and Developmental Psychology, VU Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Child Development and Education, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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17
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Hughes AM, Chalder T, Hirsch CR, Moss-Morris R. An attention and interpretation bias for illness-specific information in chronic fatigue syndrome. Psychol Med 2017; 47:853-865. [PMID: 27894380 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291716002890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies have shown that specific cognitions and behaviours play a role in maintaining chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). However, little research has investigated illness-specific cognitive processing in CFS. This study investigated whether CFS participants had an attentional bias for CFS-related stimuli and a tendency to interpret ambiguous information in a somatic way. It also determined whether cognitive processing biases were associated with co-morbidity, attentional control or self-reported unhelpful cognitions and behaviours. METHOD A total of 52 CFS and 51 healthy participants completed self-report measures of symptoms, disability, mood, cognitions and behaviours. Participants also completed three experimental tasks, two designed specifically to tap into CFS salient cognitions: (i) visual-probe task measuring attentional bias to illness (somatic symptoms and disability) v. neutral words; (ii) interpretive bias task measuring positive v. somatic interpretations of ambiguous information; and (iii) the Attention Network Test measuring general attentional control. RESULTS Compared with controls, CFS participants showed a significant attentional bias for fatigue-related words and were significantly more likely to interpret ambiguous information in a somatic way, controlling for depression and anxiety. CFS participants had significantly poorer attentional control than healthy individuals. Attention and interpretation biases were associated with fear/avoidance beliefs. Somatic interpretations were also associated with all-or-nothing behaviour and catastrophizing. CONCLUSIONS People with CFS have illness-specific biases which may play a part in maintaining symptoms by reinforcing unhelpful illness beliefs and behaviours. Enhancing adaptive processing, such as positive interpretation biases and more flexible attention allocation, may provide beneficial intervention targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Hughes
- Psychology Department,King's College London,Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience,London,UK
| | - T Chalder
- Department of Psychological Medicine,King's College London,London,UK
| | - C R Hirsch
- Psychology Department,King's College London,Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience,London,UK
| | - R Moss-Morris
- Psychology Department,King's College London,Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience,London,UK
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Biased interpretations of ambiguous bodily threat information in adolescents with chronic pain. Pain 2017; 158:471-478. [DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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19
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de Voogd E, Wiers R, Prins P, de Jong P, Boendermaker W, Zwitser R, Salemink E. Online attentional bias modification training targeting anxiety and depression in unselected adolescents: Short- and long-term effects of a randomized controlled trial. Behav Res Ther 2016; 87:11-22. [PMID: 27585484 DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2016.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Heathcote LC, Koopmans M, Eccleston C, Fox E, Jacobs K, Wilkinson N, Lau JY. Negative Interpretation Bias and the Experience of Pain in Adolescents. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2016; 17:972-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2016.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 04/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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21
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Kong G, Larsen H, Cavallo DA, Becker D, Cousijn J, Salemink E, Collot D'Escury-Koenigs AL, Morean ME, Wiers RW, Krishnan-Sarin S. Re-training automatic action tendencies to approach cigarettes among adolescent smokers: a pilot study. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF DRUG AND ALCOHOL ABUSE 2016; 41:425-32. [PMID: 26186485 DOI: 10.3109/00952990.2015.1049492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This pilot study conducted a preliminary examination of whether Cognitive Bias Modification (CBM), a computerized task to retrain cognitive-approach biases towards smoking stimuli (a) changed approach bias for cigarettes, and (b) improved smoking cessation outcomes in adolescent smokers. METHODS Sixty adolescent smokers received four weeks of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) for smoking cessation, with CBM (90% avoidance/10% approach for smoking stimuli and 10% avoidance/90% approach for neutral stimuli) or sham (50% avoidance/50% approach for smoking and neutral stimuli) training in the Netherlands (n = 42) and the United States (n = 18). RESULTS While we did not observe changes in action tendencies related to CBM, adolescents with higher smoking approach biases at baseline had greater decreases in approach biases at follow-up, compared to adolescents with smoking avoidance biases, regardless of treatment condition (p = 0.01). Intent-to-treat (ITT) analyses showed that CBM, when compared with sham trended toward higher end-of-treatment, biochemically-confirmed, seven-day point prevalence abstinence, (17.2% vs. 3.2%, p = 0.071). ITT analysis also showed that regardless of treatment condition, cotinine level (p = 0.045) and average number of cigarette smoked (p ≤ 0.001) significantly decreased over the course of treatment. CONCLUSIONS The findings from this pilot study suggests that re-training approach biases toward cigarettes shows promise for smoking cessation among adolescent smokers. Future research should utilize larger samples and increased distinction between CBM and sham conditions, and examine mechanisms underlying the CBM approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Kong
- a Department of Psychiatry , Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven , CT , USA
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Effting M, Salemink E, Verschuere B, Beckers T. Implicit and explicit measures of spider fear and avoidance behavior: Examination of the moderating role of working memory capacity. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 2016; 50:269-76. [PMID: 26497446 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2015.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Revised: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Avoidance behavior is central to several anxiety disorders. The current study tested whether avoidance behavior for spiders depends on a dynamic interplay between implicit and explicit processes, moderated by the availability to exert control through working memory capacity (WMC). METHODS A total of 63 participants completed an approach-avoidance task, an implicit association test, a spider fear questionnaire and a behavioral avoidance test that included an assessment of approach distance as well as approach speed. WMC was measured by a complex operation span task. It was hypothesized that in individuals with low WMC, implicit avoidance tendencies and implicit negative associations predict avoidance behavior for a spider better than the explicit measure, whereas in high WMC individuals, the explicit measure should better predict avoidance behavior than the implicit measures. RESULTS Results revealed that WMC moderated the influence of implicit negative associations, but not implicit avoidance tendencies, on spider approach distance but not the speed of approaching. Although explicit spider fear directly influenced avoidance behavior, its impact was not modulated by WMC. LIMITATIONS Participants in our study were from a non-clinical sample, which limits the generalizability of our findings. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that implicit processes might become more pertinent for fear behavior as the ability to control such processes wanes, which may be particularly relevant for anxiety disorders given their association with lowered executive control functioning. As such, training procedures that specifically target implicit processes or control abilities might improve treatment outcomes for anxiety disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marieke Effting
- University of Amsterdam, Weesperplein 4, 1018 XA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Elske Salemink
- University of Amsterdam, Weesperplein 4, 1018 XA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Bruno Verschuere
- University of Amsterdam, Weesperplein 4, 1018 XA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Ghent University, Henri Dunantlaan 2, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium; Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Tom Beckers
- University of Amsterdam, Weesperplein 4, 1018 XA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; KU Leuven, Tiensestraat 102, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium.
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Platt B, Waters AM, Schulte-Koerne G, Engelmann L, Salemink E. A review of cognitive biases in youth depression: attention, interpretation and memory. Cogn Emot 2016; 31:462-483. [PMID: 26785312 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2015.1127215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Depression is one of the most common mental health problems in childhood and adolescence. Although data consistently show it is associated with self-reported negative cognitive styles, less is known about the mechanisms underlying this relationship. Cognitive biases in attention, interpretation and memory represent plausible mechanisms and are known to characterise adult depression. We provide the first structured review of studies investigating the nature and causal role of cognitive biases in youth depression. Key questions are (i) do cognitive biases characterise youth depression? (ii) are cognitive biases a vulnerability factor for youth depression? and (iii) do cognitive biases play a causal role in youth depression? We find consistent evidence for positive associations between attention and interpretation biases and youth depression. Stronger biases in youth with an elevated risk of depression support cognitive-vulnerability models. Preliminary evidence from cognitive bias modification paradigms supports a causal role of attention and interpretation biases in youth depression but these paradigms require testing in clinical samples before they can be considered treatment tools. Studies of memory biases in youth samples have produced mixed findings and none have investigated the causal role of memory bias. We identify numerous areas for future research in this emerging field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belinda Platt
- a Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy , Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich , Nussbaumstrasse 5a, Munich , Germany
| | - Allison M Waters
- b School of Applied Psychology , Griffith University , 176 Messines Ridge Road, Mt Gravatt, QLD , Australia
| | - Gerd Schulte-Koerne
- a Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy , Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich , Nussbaumstrasse 5a, Munich , Germany
| | - Lina Engelmann
- a Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy , Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich , Nussbaumstrasse 5a, Munich , Germany
| | - Elske Salemink
- c Department of Developmental Psychology , University of Amsterdam , Weesperplein 4, Amsterdam , Netherlands
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Salemink E, Wolters L, de Haan E. Augmentation of Treatment As Usual with online Cognitive Bias Modification of Interpretation training in adolescents with Obsessive Compulsive Disorder: A pilot study. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 2015; 49:112-9. [PMID: 25724385 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2015.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Revised: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for children and adolescents with Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is effective. However, since almost half of patients remain symptomatic after treatment, there remains room for improvement. Cognitive Bias Modification training of Interpretations (CBM-I) is a promising new intervention, as it targets misinterpretation of intrusions, which is seen as an important characteristic in OCD. To date, there have been no published studies of CBM-I in adolescents with OCD. The aim of the current pilot study was to examine the added value of online CBM-I training as an adjunctive treatment to the Treatment As Usual (TAU; that included CBT and pharmacotherapy) in adolescents with OCD. METHODS Patients receiving TAU were randomly assigned to either an additional CBM-I training (n = 9), or to an additional placebo variant of this procedure (n = 7). RESULTS Immediate, on-line interpretations changed in response to the CBM-I training, while no such effects were observed on slower retrospective off-line interpretations. Patients in the CBM-I training condition reported fewer obsessive compulsive symptoms after training, and clinicians rated them as having fewer obsessive symptoms (corresponding to medium-large effect sizes). No such changes were observed in the placebo group. LIMITATIONS The small sample size precludes strong conclusions and replication is necessary to test the robustness of the findings. CONCLUSIONS This small randomized controlled trial is suggestive, although not conclusive, regarding the promising additive value of OC-related CBM-I training as an adjunctive intervention to TAU in an adolescent clinical population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elske Salemink
- Addiction, Development and Psychopathology Lab (Adapt Lab), Department of Developmental Psychology, Research Priority Areas 'Yield', and 'Amsterdam Brain and Cognition', University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Obsessive Compulsive-, Anxiety- and Tic Disorders, Academic Center for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, de Bascule, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Lidewij Wolters
- Department of Obsessive Compulsive-, Anxiety- and Tic Disorders, Academic Center for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, de Bascule, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Academic Medical Center, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Else de Haan
- Department of Obsessive Compulsive-, Anxiety- and Tic Disorders, Academic Center for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, de Bascule, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Child Development and Education, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Attentional Control Theory in Childhood: Enhanced Attentional Capture by Non-Emotional and Emotional Distractors in Anxiety and Depression. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141535. [PMID: 26599268 PMCID: PMC4658135 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Attentional control theory (ACT) proposes that anxiety is associated with executive functioning deficits. The theory has been widely investigated in adults. The current study tested whether symptoms of childhood anxiety and depression were associated with experimentally measured attentional control in the context of non-emotional and emotional stimuli. Sixty-one children (mean age = 9.23 years, range = 8.39–10.41) reported their trait anxiety and depression symptoms and completed three visual search tasks. The tasks used a variant of an irrelevant singleton paradigm and measured attentional capture by task-irrelevant non-emotional (color) and emotional (facial expressions) distractors. Significant attentional capture by both non-emotional and emotional distractors was observed, and was significantly correlated with trait anxiety and symptoms of depression. The strength of relationship between attentional capture and the symptoms did not differ significantly for non-emotional and emotional distractors. The results suggest that symptoms of childhood anxiety and depression are associated with poorer attentional control both in the presence of emotional and non-emotional stimuli, supporting ACT in younger populations. This attentional deficit in the context of non-emotional information might be as central to childhood internalizing symptoms as attentional biases often observed on tasks investigating processing of emotional stimuli.
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26
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Henry JD, Moses E, Castellini J, Scott J. Mental health problems in adolescence and the interpretation of unambiguous threat. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127167. [PMID: 26039081 PMCID: PMC4454485 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant threat perception has been linked to paranoia, anxiety and other mental health problems, and is widely considered to be a core, transdiagnostic feature of psychopathology. However, to date there has been only limited investigation of whether mental health problems are associated with a biased interpretation of stimuli that have explicit (as opposed to ambiguous) connotations of threat. In the present study, 41 adolescents diagnosed with a mental illness and 45 demographically matched controls were asked to provide danger ratings of stimuli normatively rated as being either low or high in potential threat. All participants were also asked to complete background measures of cognitive function, mental health and wellbeing. The results indicated that the two groups did not differ in their capacity to discriminate between low and high threat stimuli, nor did they differ in the absolute level of threat that they attributed to these stimuli. However, for the control group, the overall level of threat perceived in facial stimuli was correlated with two important indices of mental health (depression and anxiety). No associations emerged in the clinical group. These data are discussed in relation to their potential implications for the role of aberrant threat perception in transdiagnostic models of mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie D. Henry
- School of Psychology, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Ernestina Moses
- School of Psychology, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Julieta Castellini
- School of Psychology, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - James Scott
- School of Medicine, The University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
- Australia Metro North Mental Health, Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital, Herston, Queensland, Australia
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27
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Miller LE. Perceived threat in childhood: a review of research and implications for children living in violent households. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2015; 16:153-168. [PMID: 24562723 DOI: 10.1177/1524838013517563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The current study is a review of existing literature on perceived threat across childhood (0-19 years). There is strong evidence from this body of research that threat detection emerges in infancy and is present throughout childhood, with meaningful links to child adjustment. The wide range of methodologies employed to assess threat include biological measures (event-related potential and functional magnetic resonance imaging), observational data (gaze duration and response time), and a range of ways of gathering cognitive data (threat appraisal). Across methodologies, a uniform finding is that children who have higher threat attenuation are at increased risk for the development of anxiety disorders. It also seems that children's attention to threatening stimuli may vary across development, with heightened attention in infancy and early childhood. These findings have meaningful extensions for children who are living in violent families. Since many children living in violent homes are exposed to the threat of violence beginning in infancy, these children may be at heightened risk as compared to their nonexposed peers for the development of maladaptive patterns of threat detection and response. There is some evidence that this long-standing pattern of vigilance toward threat in key developmental periods may in part explain the increased risk of the development of anxiety disorders and posttraumatic stress disorder following exposure to violence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Miller
- Department of Psychology, Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies, University of Notre Dame, IN, US
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Fu X, Du Y, Au S, Lau JYF. Single-Session Cognitive Bias Modification of Interpretations Training in High-Anxious Adolescents. J Cogn Psychother 2015; 29:253-272. [PMID: 32755951 DOI: 10.1891/0889-8391.29.3.253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Anxiety disorders in youths are globally prevalent and carry impairing, long-lasting effects. Interpreting ambiguous cues negatively may be causally related to adolescent anxiety. Extending cognitive bias modification of interpretations (CBM-I) training, which counters anxiety by encouraging positive interpretations, to anxious adolescents could inform the design of new interventions. The study investigates whether single-session CBM-I training (a) altered interpretation biases and negative mood in adolescents selected for high anxiety and (b) whether these training-associated changes were larger than those reported in low-anxious adolescents. Seventy-seven Chinese adolescents received either positive or control training. Positive training encouraged endorsement of positive interpretations of ambiguous scenarios while on control training trials, half of the scenarios were resolved positively and half negatively. A single session of CBM-I altered interpretation biases across all individuals, F(1, 52) = 10.63, p < .01, η2 = .17. However, no training effects on mood measures emerged (all ps > .05). Training effects were not consistently moderated by baseline trait anxiety. Multisession CBM-I may be needed for mood changes to occur.
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Lindgren KP, Neighbors C, Westgate E, Salemink E. Self-control and implicit drinking identity as predictors of alcohol consumption, problems, and cravings. J Stud Alcohol Drugs 2014; 75:290-8. [PMID: 24650823 DOI: 10.15288/jsad.2014.75.290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We investigated trait and alcohol-specific self-control as unique predictors and moderators of the relation between implicit drinking identity associations and drinking. METHOD Three hundred undergraduates completed a drinking identity Implicit Association Test (IAT), trait and alcohol self-control questionnaires, and alcohol consumption, problems, and cravings inventories. RESULTS Regression analyses tested for unique effects of predictors and for Self-Control × IAT interactions. Each predictor accounted for unique variance in consumption, but there was no evidence of moderation effects. Both types of self-control, but not IAT scores, accounted for unique variance in problems. A Trait Self-Control × Implicit Drinking interaction accounted for excess zeros in problems, with a greater likelihood of not having alcohol problems among individuals with low implicit identity who had higher versus lower trait self-control. Each predictor accounted for unique variance in cravings. A Trait Self-Control × IAT interaction was also found, indicating that implicit drinking identity was a stronger predictor of cravings among those with lower versus higher trait self-control. CONCLUSIONS Results are partially consistent with previous research: Both types of self-control and drinking identity associations predicted unique variance in drinking, and moderation effects were observed for trait self-control and drinking identity associations and two of the three drinking variables. Findings suggest that trait and alcohol-specific self-control and implicit drinking identity could be useful intervention targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen P Lindgren
- Center for the Study of Health and Risk Behaviors, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | | | - Erin Westgate
- Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Elske Salemink
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Menne-Lothmann C, Viechtbauer W, Höhn P, Kasanova Z, Haller SP, Drukker M, van Os J, Wichers M, Lau JYF. How to boost positive interpretations? A meta-analysis of the effectiveness of cognitive bias modification for interpretation. PLoS One 2014; 9:e100925. [PMID: 24968234 PMCID: PMC4072710 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The current meta-analysis explores the strength of effects of cognitive bias modification training for interpretation bias (CBM-I) on positive (i.e., adaptive) interpretations and mood as well as the training and sample characteristics influencing these effects. Data-bases were searched with the key words “interpret* bias AND training” and “interpret* bias AND modif*”. Reference lists of identified articles were checked and authors of identified articles were contacted for further relevant articles and unpublished data. Studies were reviewed for inclusion with eligibility criteria being that the study (a) aimed to target interpretation biases through any kind of training, (b) assessed mood and/or interpretation bias as outcome measures, (c) allocated individuals to training conditions at random, and (d) recruited adult samples. A meta-analytic multilevel mixed-effects model was employed to assess standardized mean changes in interpretation bias, negative mood, and emotional reactivity. In addition, several training and sample characteristics were explored for their potential to enhance benign training effectiveness. On average, benign CBM-I resulted in an increase in positive interpretation bias (p<.01) and a decrease in negative mood state (p<.001), but did not affect emotional reactivity. These effects were not consistently different from control conditions with no or neutral training. However, within benign training conditions imagery instructions and more training sessions were related to larger cognitive and mood effects, whereas feedback about training performance and inclusion of non-benign training items (instead of including benign items only) boosted cognitive effects only. Finally, training was more effective in women (cognitive and mood effects) and presumably samples with symptomatic emotional dysregulation (cognitive effects). Although the effects of emotional dysregulation and number of training sessions could not well be distinguished, there is an indication that when used with imagery instructions and more training sessions, benign CBM-I can be employed as a useful complementary treatment to usual psychotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Menne-Lothmann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, South Limburg Mental Health Research and Teaching Network, EURON, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Wolfgang Viechtbauer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, South Limburg Mental Health Research and Teaching Network, EURON, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Petra Höhn
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, South Limburg Mental Health Research and Teaching Network, EURON, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Zuzana Kasanova
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, South Limburg Mental Health Research and Teaching Network, EURON, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Simone P. Haller
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Marjan Drukker
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, South Limburg Mental Health Research and Teaching Network, EURON, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jim van Os
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, South Limburg Mental Health Research and Teaching Network, EURON, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Visiting Professor of Psychiatric Epidemiology King’s College London, King’s Health Partners Department of Psychosis studies Institute of Psychiatry, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marieke Wichers
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, South Limburg Mental Health Research and Teaching Network, EURON, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jennifer Y. F. Lau
- Psychology Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College London, London, United Kingdom
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Woud ML, Becker ES. Editorial for the Special Issue on Cognitive Bias Modification Techniques: An Introduction to a Time Traveller’s Tale. COGNITIVE THERAPY AND RESEARCH 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10608-014-9605-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Salemink E, Kindt M, Rienties H, van den Hout M. Internet-based cognitive bias modification of interpretations in patients with anxiety disorders: a randomised controlled trial. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 2014; 45:186-95. [PMID: 24177146 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2013.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Revised: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Previous research suggests that negative interpretation biases stimulate anxiety. As patients with an anxiety disorder tend to interpret ambiguous information negatively, it was hypothesised that training more positive interpretations reduces negative interpretation biases and emotional problems. METHODS In a randomised, double-blind placebo-controlled trial, patients with different anxiety disorders were trained online over eight days to either generate positive interpretations of ambiguous social scenarios (n = 18) or to generate 50% positive and 50% negative interpretations in the placebo control condition (n = 18) (Study 1). RESULTS Positively trained patients made more positive interpretations and less negative ones than control patients. This training was followed by a decrease in anxiety, depression, and general psychological distress, but this effect was also observed in the control group. To get a better understanding of these unexpected results, we tested a 100% neutral placebo control group (Study 2, n = 19); now the scenarios described neutral, non-emotional situations and no valenced interpretations were generated. The results from this neutral group were comparable to the effects from the other control group. LIMITATIONS An advantage, but potentially also a disadvantage of the study is that CBM-I training was performed online with less control over the procedures and setting. In addition, the scenarios were not matched to the specific concerns of each patient and the training sessions were performed in close proximity to one another. CONCLUSIONS Compared to both control conditions, CBM-I had superior effects on interpretations, but not on emotions. The current findings showed the boundary conditions for CBM-I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elske Salemink
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Sharbanee JM, Hu L, Stritzke WGK, Wiers RW, Rinck M, MacLeod C. The effect of approach/avoidance training on alcohol consumption is mediated by change in alcohol action tendency. PLoS One 2014; 9:e85855. [PMID: 24465750 PMCID: PMC3899082 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Training people to respond to alcohol images by making avoidance joystick movements can affect subsequent alcohol consumption, and has shown initial efficacy as a treatment adjunct. However, the mechanisms that underlie the training’s efficacy are unknown. The present study aimed to determine 1) whether the training’s effect is mediated by a change in action tendency or a change in selective attention, and 2) whether the training’s effect is moderated by individual differences in working memory capacity (WMC). Three groups of social drinkers (total N = 74) completed either approach-alcohol training, avoid-alcohol training or a sham-training on the Approach-Avoidance Task (AAT). Participants’ WMC was assessed prior to training, while their alcohol-related action tendency and selective attention were assessed before and after the training on the recently developed Selective-Attention/Action Tendency Task (SA/ATT), before finally completing an alcohol taste-test. There was no significant main effect of approach/avoidance training on alcohol consumption during the taste-test. However, there was a significant indirect effect of training on alcohol consumption mediated by a change in action tendency, but no indirect effect mediated by a change in selective attention. There was inconsistent evidence of WMC moderating training efficacy, with moderation found only for the effect of approach-alcohol training on the AAT but not on the SA/ATT. Thus approach/avoidance training affects alcohol consumption specifically by changing the underlying action tendency. Multiple training sessions may be required in order to observe more substantive changes in drinking behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M. Sharbanee
- Centre for the Advancement of Research on Emotion, School of Psychology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
- * E-mail: .
| | - Litje Hu
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Werner G. K. Stritzke
- Centre for the Advancement of Research on Emotion, School of Psychology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - Reinout W. Wiers
- Addiction, Development, and Psychopathology (Adapt) Lab, Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mike Rinck
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Colin MacLeod
- Centre for the Advancement of Research on Emotion, School of Psychology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
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Impulsivity and substance-related attentional bias: a meta-analytic review. Drug Alcohol Depend 2013; 133:1-14. [PMID: 23746428 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Revised: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 05/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous research demonstrates the role of attentional bias in addictive behaviors. Impulsivity is thought to affect the strength of attentional biases, and thus, attentional biases might be one mechanism by which impulsivity affects addictive behaviors. However, whether or not impulsivity is related to attentional biases across different conceptualizations of impulsivity and attentional biases has yet to be examined as an initial test of such causal models. METHODS The authors completed a meta-analysis of 13 published research studies examining the relationship between substance-related attentional bias and different conceptualizations of impulsivity. RESULTS There was a small and significant effect size between impulsivity and substance-related attentional bias (r=0.20), which was moderated by impulsivity measurement type (Qb=5.91, df=1, p<0.05): there was a stronger relationship between behavioral impulsivity and substance-related attentional bias (r=0.22) than trait impulsivity and substance-related attentional bias (r=0.10). Different components of behavioral impulsivity and trait impulsivity did not affect the relationship. CONCLUSIONS This study is the first systematic and empirical demonstration of the relationship between substance-related attentional bias and impulsivity and suggests viability of future examinations of casual models relating these constructs. Since trait and behavioral conceptualizations differentially relate to substance-related attentional bias, the current review further supports research suggesting how disaggregation of multidimensional constructs can lead to more robust relationships.
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Eberl C, Wiers RW, Pawelczack S, Rinck M, Becker ES, Lindenmeyer J. Implementation of Approach Bias Re-Training in Alcoholism-How Many Sessions are Needed? Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2013; 38:587-94. [DOI: 10.1111/acer.12281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Eberl
- Salus Clinic; Lindow Germany
- Behavioural Science Institute; Radboud University; Nijmegen the Netherlands
| | - Reinout W. Wiers
- ADAPT-Lab; Department of Psychology; University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam the Netherlands
| | - Steffen Pawelczack
- Salus Clinic; Lindow Germany
- Behavioural Science Institute; Radboud University; Nijmegen the Netherlands
| | - Mike Rinck
- Behavioural Science Institute; Radboud University; Nijmegen the Netherlands
| | - Eni S. Becker
- Behavioural Science Institute; Radboud University; Nijmegen the Netherlands
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Lau JY. Cognitive bias modification of interpretations: A viable treatment for child and adolescent anxiety? Behav Res Ther 2013; 51:614-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2013.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2013] [Revised: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Platt B, Cohen Kadosh K, Lau JYF. The role of peer rejection in adolescent depression. Depress Anxiety 2013; 30:809-21. [PMID: 23596129 DOI: 10.1002/da.22120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2012] [Revised: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Adolescence is a period of major risk for depression, which is associated with negative personal, social, and educational outcomes. Yet, in comparison to adult models of depression, very little is known about the specific psychosocial stressors that contribute to adolescent depression, and whether these can be targeted by interventions. In this review, we consider the role of peer rejection. First, we present a comprehensive review of studies using innovative experimental paradigms to understand the role of peer rejection in adolescent depression. We show how reciprocal relationships between peer rejection and depressive symptoms across adolescence powerfully shape and maintain maladaptive trajectories. Second, we consider how cognitive biases and their neurobiological substrates may explain why some adolescents are more vulnerable to the effects of, and perhaps exposure to, peer rejection compared to others. Finally, we draw attention to emerging cognitive and functional magnetic resonance imaging-based neurofeedback training, which by modifying aspects of information processing may promote more adaptive responses to peer rejection. A better understanding of the mechanisms underlying adolescent depression may not only alleviate symptoms during a period of substantial developmental challenges, but may also reduce the burden of the disorder across the lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belinda Platt
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, United Kingdom.
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Efficacy of Interpretation Bias Modification in Depressed Adolescents and Young Adults. COGNITIVE THERAPY AND RESEARCH 2013; 38:89-102. [PMID: 24729643 DOI: 10.1007/s10608-013-9578-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the efficacy of a four-session Cognitive Bias Modification-Interpretation program for 45 depressed adolescents and young adults (14-21 years old; 12 males, 33 females; Beck Depressive Inventory, Second Edition ≥ 14) randomized to an active intervention condition (repeated exposure to positive outcomes of depression-relevant ambiguous scenarios; n=23) or a control condition (n=22). Both conditions experienced reductions on a Test of Interpretation Bias at post-treatment, with no significant between-group differences. When limited to those with negative bias at baseline, the intervention group showed greater improvement in interpretation bias at mid- and post-treatment. In addition, the intervention group overall had greater improvements in self-reported negative cognitions than the control group at post-intervention and two-week follow-up. However, there were no differences between groups in depression or anxiety symptom change. Potential factors contributing to mixed findings are discussed.
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van Deursen DS, Salemink E, Smit F, Kramer J, Wiers RW. Web-based cognitive bias modification for problem drinkers: protocol of a randomised controlled trial with a 2x2x2 factorial design. BMC Public Health 2013; 13:674. [PMID: 23870532 PMCID: PMC3723484 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-13-674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The automatic tendency to attend to, positively evaluate and approach alcohol related stimuli has been found to play a causal role in problematic alcohol use and can be retrained by computerised Cognitive Bias Modification (CBM). In spite of CBMs potential as an internet intervention, little is known about the efficacy of web-based CBM. The study described in this protocol will test the effectiveness of web-based CBM in a double blind randomised controlled trial with a 2 (attention bias retraining: real versus placebo) x 2 (alcohol/no-go training: real versus placebo) x 2 (approach bias retraining: real versus placebo) factorial design. METHODS/DESIGN The effectiveness of 12 sessions of CBM will be examined among problem drinkers aged 18-65 who are randomly assigned to one of the eight CBM conditions, after completing two modules of a validated cognitive behavioural intervention, DrinkingLess. The primary outcome measure is the change in alcohol use. It is expected that, for each of the CBM interventions, participants in the real CBM conditions will show a greater decrease in alcohol use than participants in the placebo conditions. Secondary outcome measures include the percentage of participants drinking within the limits for sensible drinking. Possible mediating (change in automatic biases) and moderating (working memory, inhibition) factors will be examined, as will the comparative cost-effectiveness of the various CBM strategies. DISCUSSION This study will be the first to test the relative efficacy of various web-based CBM strategies in problem drinkers. If proven effective, CBM could be implemented as a low-cost, low-threshold adjuvant to CBT-based online interventions for problem drinkers. TRIAL REGISTRATION Netherlands Trial register: NTR3875.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise S van Deursen
- Addiction Development and Psychopathology (ADAPT)-lab, Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Weesperplein 4, 1018 XA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Elske Salemink
- Addiction Development and Psychopathology (ADAPT)-lab, Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Weesperplein 4, 1018 XA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Filip Smit
- Trimbos Institute, Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction, PO Box 725, 3500 AS Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Centre, Van der Boechorststraat 1, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jeannet Kramer
- Trimbos Institute, Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction, PO Box 725, 3500 AS Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Reinout W Wiers
- Addiction Development and Psychopathology (ADAPT)-lab, Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Weesperplein 4, 1018 XA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Peeters M, Monshouwer K, van de Schoot RAGJ, Janssen T, Vollebergh WAM, Wiers RW. Automatic Processes and the Drinking Behavior in Early Adolescence: A Prospective Study. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2013; 37:1737-44. [DOI: 10.1111/acer.12156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2012] [Accepted: 02/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Margot Peeters
- Department of Child and Adolescent Studies; Utrecht University; Utrecht; The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Tim Janssen
- Department of Psychology; University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam; The Netherlands
| | - Wilma A. M. Vollebergh
- Department of Child and Adolescent Studies; Utrecht University; Utrecht; The Netherlands
| | - Reinout W. Wiers
- Department of Psychology; University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam; The Netherlands
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Eberl C, Wiers RW, Pawelczack S, Rinck M, Becker ES, Lindenmeyer J. Approach bias modification in alcohol dependence: do clinical effects replicate and for whom does it work best? Dev Cogn Neurosci 2012; 4:38-51. [PMID: 23218805 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2012.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2012] [Revised: 10/06/2012] [Accepted: 11/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcoholism is a progressive neurocognitive developmental disorder. Recent evidence shows that computerized training interventions (Cognitive Bias Modification, CBM) can reverse some of these maladaptively changed neurocognitive processes. A first clinical study of a CBM, called alcohol-avoidance training, found that trained alcoholic patients showed less relapse at one-year follow-up than control patients. The present study tested the replication of this result, and questions about mediation and moderation. METHODS 509 alcohol-dependent patients received treatment as usual (primarily Cognitive Behavior Therapy) inpatient treatment. Before and after treatment, the implicit approach bias was measured with the Alcohol Approach-Avoidance Task. Half of the patients were randomly assigned to CBM, the other half received treatment as usual only. Background variables, psychopathology and executive control were tested as possible moderating variables of CBM. One year after treatment, follow-up data about relapse were collected. RESULTS The group receiving CBM developed alcohol-avoidance behavior and reported significantly lower relapse rates at one-year follow-up. Change in alcohol-approach bias mediated this effect. Moderation analyses demonstrated that older patients and patients with a strong approach-bias at pretest profited most from CBM. CONCLUSIONS CBM is a promising treatment add-on in alcohol addiction and may counter some of the maladaptive neurocognitive effects of long-term alcoholism.
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