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Keerthika K, Jayakumar M. Extraction, characterization and evaluation of antimicrobial activity of chitosan from adult Zophobas morio (Fabricius, 1776) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). Int J Biol Macromol 2024:135188. [PMID: 39216586 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.135188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 05/18/2024] [Accepted: 08/28/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
The increasing demand for chitosan has led to the exploration of alternative sources, including insects. In this study, chitosan was extracted from Zophobas morio beetles with 19.17 % yield. FTIR and Raman Spectroscopy showed similar peaks in Z. morio chitosan (ZC) and commercial chitosan (CC). ZC showed low crystallinity (40.96 %) and high thermal residual mass (42.7 %) than CC. SEM imaging of ZC displayed pores ranging from 10 μm to 0.3 μm. EDX mapping revealed the homogenous presence of C, N and O elements. ZC exhibited low molecular weight (435.95 kDa) and low intrinsic viscosity (317.95 cm3/g) than CC (680.20 kDa and 480.87 cm3/g, respectively). Degree of deacetylation of ZC and CC was 96.24 % and 78.26 %, respectively. ZC showed antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), Klebsiella pneumoniae (ATCC 13883), Proteus mirabilis (ATCC 29906), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 29212) and Candida albicans (ATCC 90028) with zones of inhibition ranging from 5 mm to 11 mm. The minimum bactericidal concentration of ZC against K. pneumoniae and P. mirabilis was lower than CC. This study suggests the applicability of insect chitosan as an antimicrobial agent in the food and pharmaceutical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kannan Keerthika
- Unit of Applied Entomology, Department of Zoology, University of Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Manickkam Jayakumar
- Unit of Applied Entomology, Department of Zoology, University of Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
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2
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Triunfo M, Guarnieri A, Ianniciello D, Coltelli MB, Salvia R, Scieuzo C, De Bonis A, Falabella P. A comprehensive characterization of Hermetia illucens derived chitosan produced through homogeneous deacetylation. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 271:132669. [PMID: 38801847 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
The increasing demand for chitin and chitosan is driving research to explore alternative sources to crustaceans. Insects, particularly bioconverters as Hermetia illucens, are promising substitutes as they process food industry waste into valuable molecules, including chitin. Chitosan can be produced by chitin deacetylation: hot deacetylation to obtain a heterogeneous chitosan, the commonly produced, and cold deacetylation to obtain a homogeneous chitosan, not widely available. The two different treatments lead to a different arrangement of the amine and acetyl groups in the chitosan structure, affecting its molecular weight, deacetylation degree, and biological activity. This is the first report on the production and chemical-physical and biological characterization of homogenous chitosan derived from H. illucens larvae, pupal exuviae, and adults. This work, in addition to the report on heterogeneous chitosan by our research group, completes the overview of H. illucens chitosan. The yield values obtained for homogeneous chitosan from pupal exuviae (3 and 7 %) are in the range of insect (2-8 %) and crustaceans (4-15 %) chitosan. The evaluation of the antioxidant activity and antimicrobial properties against Gram-negative (Escherichia coli) and Gram-positive (Micrococcus flavus) bacteria confirmed the great versatility of H. illucens chitosan for biomedical and industrial applications and its suitability as an alternative source to crustaceans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micaela Triunfo
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata - Via dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
| | - Anna Guarnieri
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata - Via dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
| | - Dolores Ianniciello
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata - Via dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
| | - Maria Beatrice Coltelli
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa - Largo Lucio Lazzarino, 56122 Pisa, Italy
| | - Rosanna Salvia
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata - Via dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy; Spinoff XFlies s.r.l, University of Basilicata, Via dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
| | - Carmen Scieuzo
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata - Via dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy; Spinoff XFlies s.r.l, University of Basilicata, Via dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy.
| | - Angela De Bonis
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata - Via dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
| | - Patrizia Falabella
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata - Via dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy; Spinoff XFlies s.r.l, University of Basilicata, Via dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy.
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3
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Triunfo M, Guarnieri A, Ianniciello D, Coviello L, Vitti A, Nuzzaci M, Salvia R, Scieuzo C, Falabella P. Hermetia illucens, an innovative and sustainable source of chitosan-based coating for postharvest preservation of strawberries. iScience 2023; 26:108576. [PMID: 38162020 PMCID: PMC10755050 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The ability of chitosan produced from pupal exuviae of Hermetia illucens to retard the decay of the local strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa) cultivar Melissa was investigated for the first time in this paper. The results demonstrated the effectiveness of insect chitosan compared to the commercial polymer in preserving and enhancing, at the same time, some physicochemical parameters (weight loss, pH and soluble solids content) and nutraceutical properties (total polyphenol content, total flavonoid content and total antioxidant activity) of strawberries stored at RT, 4°C and at mixed storage conditions (4°C + RT). Moreover, chitosan from H. illucens was also effective in reducing fungal decay and improving fruit shelf life. The obtained results confirm that insect chitosan, particularly deriving from H. illucens pupal exuviae, can be a viable alternative to crustacean one in safeguarding postharvest fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micaela Triunfo
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Via dell’Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
| | - Anna Guarnieri
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Via dell’Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
| | - Dolores Ianniciello
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Via dell’Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
| | - Leonardo Coviello
- School of Agricultural, Forestry, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Basilicata, Via dell’Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
| | - Antonella Vitti
- School of Agricultural, Forestry, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Basilicata, Via dell’Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
| | - Maria Nuzzaci
- School of Agricultural, Forestry, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Basilicata, Via dell’Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
| | - Rosanna Salvia
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Via dell’Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
- Spinoff XFlies s.r.l, University of Basilicata, Via dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
| | - Carmen Scieuzo
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Via dell’Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
- Spinoff XFlies s.r.l, University of Basilicata, Via dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
| | - Patrizia Falabella
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Via dell’Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
- Spinoff XFlies s.r.l, University of Basilicata, Via dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
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4
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Choi YS, Lee JH, Kim TK, Shin DM. Edible insects in food. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2023; 108:223-264. [PMID: 38461000 DOI: 10.1016/bs.afnr.2023.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
Edible insects, with their high protein and lipid content, offer a safe and cost-effective alternative to traditional protein sources. They are environmentally friendly, emitting fewer greenhouse gases and requiring less water than livestock farming. Their rapid reproduction, efficiency, and labor-saving qualities make them attractive for industry. However, the unappealing appearance of edible insects hinders consumer acceptance. To overcome this, materialization technologies should be developed, and negative perceptions addressed with objective data. Promoting the nutritional value, safe rearing, disease prevention, and cost-efficiency of edible insects can boost consumer interest. Commercializing various insect products is crucial to revitalize their integration into the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Sang Choi
- Research Group of Food Processing, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jae Hoon Lee
- Research Group of Food Processing, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Kyung Kim
- Research Group of Food Processing, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Min Shin
- Food Science and Technology, Keimyung University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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5
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Protective effects of edible insect protein extracts from Protaetia brevitarsis against H2O2-induced oxidative stress in mouse C2C12 myoblast cells. FOOD BIOSCI 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2023.102396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Nutritional Composition, Health Benefits, and Application Value of Edible Insects: A Review. Foods 2022; 11:foods11243961. [PMID: 36553703 PMCID: PMC9777846 DOI: 10.3390/foods11243961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
For thousands of years, edible insects have been used as food to alleviate hunger and improve malnutrition. Some insects have also been used as medicines because of their therapeutic properties. This is not only due to the high nutritional value of edible insects, but more importantly, the active substances from edible insects have a variety of biofunctional activities. In this paper, we described and summarized the nutritional composition of edible insects and discussed the biological functions of edible insects and their potential benefits for human health. A summary analysis of the findings for each active function confirms that edible insects have the potential to develop functional foods and medicines that are beneficial to humans. In addition, we analyzed the issues that need to be considered in the application of edible insects and the current status of edible insects in food and pharmaceutical applications. We concluded with a discussion of regulations related to edible insects and an outlook on future research and applications of edible insects. By analyzing the current state of research on edible insects, we aim to raise awareness of the use of edible insects to improve human health and thus promote their better use and development.
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Triunfo M, Tafi E, Guarnieri A, Salvia R, Scieuzo C, Hahn T, Zibek S, Gagliardini A, Panariello L, Coltelli MB, De Bonis A, Falabella P. Characterization of chitin and chitosan derived from Hermetia illucens, a further step in a circular economy process. Sci Rep 2022; 12:6613. [PMID: 35459772 PMCID: PMC9033872 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-10423-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to their properties and applications, the growing demand for chitin and chitosan has stimulated the market to find more sustainable alternatives to the current commercial source (crustaceans). Bioconverter insects, such as Hermetia illucens, are the appropriate candidates, as chitin is a side stream of insect farms for feed applications. This is the first report on production and characterization of chitin and chitosan from different biomasses derived from H. illucens, valorizing the overproduced larvae in feed applications, the pupal exuviae and the dead adults. Pupal exuviae are the best biomass, both for chitin and chitosan yields and for their abundance and easy supply from insect farms. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscope analysis revealed the similarity of insect-derived polymers to commercial ones in terms of purity and structural morphology, and therefore their suitability for industrial and biomedical applications. Its fibrillary nature makes H. illucens chitin suitable for producing fibrous manufacts after conversion to chitin nanofibrils, particularly adults-derived chitin, because of its high crystallinity. A great versatility emerged from the evaluation of the physicochemical properties of chitosan obtained from H. illucens, which presented a lower viscosity-average molecular weight and a high deacetylation degree, fostering its putative antimicrobial properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micaela Triunfo
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
| | - Elena Tafi
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
| | - Anna Guarnieri
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
| | - Rosanna Salvia
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Potenza, Italy.
- Spinoff XFLIES s.r.l, University of Basilicata, Potenza, Italy.
| | - Carmen Scieuzo
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
- Spinoff XFLIES s.r.l, University of Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
| | - Thomas Hahn
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Susanne Zibek
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB, Stuttgart, Germany
| | | | - Luca Panariello
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Angela De Bonis
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
| | - Patrizia Falabella
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Potenza, Italy.
- Spinoff XFLIES s.r.l, University of Basilicata, Potenza, Italy.
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8
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Aseervatham G SB, Devanesan AA, Ali DJ. Nanobiocatalysts and photocatalyst in dye degradation. PHYSICAL SCIENCES REVIEWS 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/psr-2021-0059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
In the modern era, the world today is in a mission for a new method of environmental bioremediation in faltering the damage, especially in polluted water. Recently, the global direction is regulated toward an alteration from the usual chemical-based methods to a supplementary ecofriendly green alternative. In this perspective, biocatalysts are appreciated as an economical and clean substitute which was meant to catalyze degradation of unmanageable chemicals in a rapid, green and ecologically stable manner. Among the various sources of water pollution, the textile manufacturing industries were thought to be a major dispute due to release of effluents in natural water bodies such as rivers. Other industries like paper, pulp and tannery pharmaceutical industries were also responsible in contaminating the water bodies. Photocatalysis was considered as an auspicious method for the removal of dyes from the natural bodies, specifically those with hard organic compounds; using enzymes. The present chapter briefly emphasizes on the effective methods used for degradation of dye effluents; their importance of photocatalytic and biocatalytic solution to the current environmental difficulties and future opportunities are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smilin Bell Aseervatham G
- PG and Research Department of Biotechnology & Bioinformatics , Holy Cross College (Autonomous) , Tiruchirappalli 620002 , Tamil Nadu , India
| | - Arul Ananth Devanesan
- Department of Biotechnology , Karpagam Academy of Higher Education , Pollachi Main Road, Eachanari Post , Coimbatore 641021 , Tamil Nadu , India
| | - Doulathunnisa Jaffar Ali
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University , Nanjing , Jiangsu , 210096 , China
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Lee JH, Kim TK, Jeong CH, Yong HI, Cha JY, Kim BK, Choi YS. Biological activity and processing technologies of edible insects: a review. Food Sci Biotechnol 2021; 30:1003-1023. [PMID: 34471556 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-021-00942-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The burgeoning global population growth has raised concerns regarding the expected increase in the demand for food, which could be partially tackled by identifying novel food sources. To this end, edible insects have recently attracted research interest. Several technologies for utilizing edible insect-derived proteins have been introduced; however, research into their functional utilization is insufficient. Herein, we reviewed the relevant literature on the importance of insects as food sources, extraction of edible insects, the nutritional value of insects, biological activities of components, and their applications in food industries. We summarized the studies primarily focused on the functional utilization of edible insects, suggesting that for successful incorporation and growth of edible insects in food and pharmaceutical industries, strategies to improve the extraction methods are required to explore the biological activity of edible insects. Furthermore, the awareness of edible insects with a focus on their allergens warrants consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Hoon Lee
- Research Group of Food Processing, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju, 55365 Korea
| | - Tae-Kyung Kim
- Research Group of Food Processing, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju, 55365 Korea
| | - Chang Hee Jeong
- Microbiology and Functionality Research Group, World Institute of Kimchi, Gwangju, 61755 Korea
| | - Hae In Yong
- Research Group of Food Processing, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju, 55365 Korea
| | - Ji Yoon Cha
- Research Group of Food Processing, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju, 55365 Korea
| | - Bum-Keun Kim
- Research Group of Food Processing, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju, 55365 Korea
| | - Yun-Sang Choi
- Research Group of Food Processing, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju, 55365 Korea
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Abstract
Chitin and its derivatives are attracting great interest in cosmetic and cosmeceutical fields, thanks to their antioxidant and antimicrobial properties, as well as their biocompatibility and biodegradability. The classical source of chitin, crustacean waste, is no longer sustainable and fungi, a possible alternative, have not been exploited at an industrial scale yet. On the contrary, the breeding of bioconverting insects, especially of the Diptera Hermetia illucens, is becoming increasingly popular worldwide. Therefore, their exoskeletons, consisting of chitin as a major component, represent a waste stream of facilities that could be exploited for many applications. Insect chitin, indeed, suggests its application in the same fields as the crustacean biopolymer, because of its comparable commercial characteristics. This review reports several cosmetic and cosmeceutical applications based on chitin and its derivatives. In this context, chitin nanofibers and nanofibrils, produced from crustacean waste, have proved to be excellent cosmeceutical active compounds and carriers of active ingredients in personal care. Consequently, the insect-based chitin, its derivatives and their complexes with hyaluronic acid and lignin, as well as with other chitin-derived compounds, may be considered a new appropriate potential polymer to be used in cosmetic and cosmeceutical fields.
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11
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Physicochemical Properties of Chitosan from Two Commonly Reared Edible Cricket Species, and Its Application as a Hypolipidemic and Antimicrobial Agent. POLYSACCHARIDES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/polysaccharides2020022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Insect-derived chitin and chitosan have gained interest as alternative sources to that derived from crustaceans; however, little information is available on chitin from the house cricket (Acheta domesticus) and tropical banded cricket (Gryllodes sigillatus), two cricket species commonly reared in the United States for human consumption. In this study, chitin was successfully isolated and purified from these two cricket species; using FTIR, chitins were found to be in alpha-crystalline form. Cricket chitosan was produced from both species with varying degrees of deacetylation (DDA) by varying alkaline conversion duration. G. sigillatus chitosan was larger (524 kDa) than A. domesticus chitosan (344 kDa). Both cricket chitosans showed similar (p > 0.05) lipid-binding capacity to that of shrimp chitosan. Both chitosans were as effective at inhibiting microbial growth of surrogate foodborne pathogens as the commercial shrimp chitosan. At a concentration of 0.50 mg/mL cricket chitosan, approximately 100% of Listeria innocua growth was inhibited, due to a contribution of both chitosan and the solvent-acetic acid. At the same concentration, growth of Escherichia coli was inhibited 90% by both cricket chitosan samples with ~80% DDA, where a decrease in the DDA led to decreased antimicrobial activity. However, varying the DDA had no effect on chitosan’s lipid-binding capacity. As more edible insects become a normalized protein source in our diet, the use of by-products, such as chitin and chitosan, derived from insect protein processing, show promising applications for the pharmaceutical and food industries.
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Dipteran Carboxymethyl Chitosan as an Inexhaustible Derivative with a Potential Antiproliferative Activity in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2020; 2020:4396305. [PMID: 33062011 PMCID: PMC7539079 DOI: 10.1155/2020/4396305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Traditional folk therapies indicate that insects have diverse medicinal potentials. However, the therapeutic application of insect chitosan and its derivatives has not been explored. To investigate the application of chitosan and its derivatives, the carboxymethyl derivative of chitosan (CM-Ch) was extracted from two dipteran larvae species, Chrysomya albiceps and Sarcophaga aegyptiaca. The degree of deacetylation (DD) and CM-Ch functional groups were validated using Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy analysis and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H NMR), respectively. The molecular weight was estimated using MALDI-TOF MS analysis. The effect of CM-Ch on the morphology and proliferation of human liver HepG2 cancer cells was assessed. IC50 of CM-Ch induced significant growth-inhibitory effects in HepG2 cells. CM-Ch treatment altered the morphology of HepG2 in a dose-dependent manner and induced apoptosis in a caspase-dependent manner. CM-Ch treatment showed no signs of toxicity, and no alterations in liver and kidney biochemical markers were observed in albino rats. A CM-Ch derivative from commercial crustacean chitosan was used to assess the efficacy of the insect-derived CM-Ch. The data presented here introduce insect CM-Ch as a promising, inexhaustible, safe derivative of chitosan with antitumor potential in liver cancer. This is the first report highlighting the anticancer activity of insect CM-Ch in hepatocellular carcinoma cells.
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Mohan K, Ganesan AR, Muralisankar T, Jayakumar R, Sathishkumar P, Uthayakumar V, Chandirasekar R, Revathi N. Recent insights into the extraction, characterization, and bioactivities of chitin and chitosan from insects. Trends Food Sci Technol 2020; 105:17-42. [PMID: 32901176 PMCID: PMC7471941 DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2020.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Background Insects are a living resource used for human nutrition, medicine, and industry. Several potential sources of proteins, peptides, and biopolymers, such as silk, chitin, and chitosan are utilized in industry and for biotechnology applications. Chitosan is an amino-polysaccharide derivative of chitin that consists of linear amino polysaccharides with d-glucosamine and N-acetyl-d-glucosamine units. Currently, the chief commercial sources of chitin and chitosan are crustacean shells that accumulate as a major waste product from the marine food industry. Existing chitin resources have some natural challenges, including insufficient supplies, seasonal availability, and environmental pollution. As an alternative, insects could be utilized as unconventional but feasible sources of chitin and chitosan. Scope and approach This review focuses on the recent sources of insect chitin and chitosan, particularly from the Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Orthoptera, Hymenoptera, Diptera, Hemiptera, Dictyoptera, and Odonata orders. In addition, the extraction methods and physicochemical characteristics are discussed. Insect chitin and chitosan have numerous biological activities and could be used for food, biomedical, and industrial applications. Key findings and conclusions Recently, the invasive and harmful effects of insect species causing severe damage in agricultural crops has led to great economic losses globally. These dangerous species serve as potential sources of chitin and are underutilized worldwide. The conclusion of the present study provides better insight into the conversion of insect waste-derived chitin into value-added products as an alternative chitin source to address food security related challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kannan Mohan
- PG and Research Department of Zoology, Sri Vasavi College, Erode, Tamil Nadu, 638 316, India
| | - Abirami Ramu Ganesan
- School of Applied Sciences, College of Engineering, Science and Technology (CEST), Fiji National University, 5529, Fiji
| | - Thirunavukkarasu Muralisankar
- Aquatic Ecology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641 046, India
| | - Rajarajeswaran Jayakumar
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia
| | - Palanivel Sathishkumar
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | | | | | - Nagarajan Revathi
- PG and Research Department of Zoology, Sri Vasavi College, Erode, Tamil Nadu, 638 316, India
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14
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Sustainable ecofriendly phytoextract mediated one pot green recovery of chitosan. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13832. [PMID: 31554844 PMCID: PMC6761131 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50133-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Chitin and chitosan are biopolymers that have diverse applications in medicine, agriculture, food, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, wastewater treatment and textiles. With bio-origins, they easily blend with biological systems and show exemplified compatibility which is mandatory when it comes to biomedical research. Chitin and chitosan are ecofriendly, however the processes that are used to recover them aren’t ecofriendly. The focus of this work is to attempt an ecofriendly, sustainable phytomediated one pot recovery of chitosan from commercial chitin and from crab and shrimp shells and squid pen solid wastes. Graviola extracts have been employed, given the fact file that their active ingredients acetogenins actively interact with chitin in insects (resulting in its application as an insecticide). With that as the core idea, the graviola extracts were chosen for orchestrating chitin recovery and a possible chitin to chitosan transformation. The results confirm that graviola extracts did succeed in recovery of chitosan nanofibers from commercial chitin flakes and recovery of chitosan particles directly from solid marine wastes of crab, shrimp and squids. This is a first time report of a phyto-extract mediated novel chitosan synthesis method.
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15
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Anti-diarrhea effects and identification of Musca domestica larvae low molecular weight peptides (LMWP). J Pharm Biomed Anal 2019; 173:162-168. [PMID: 31146171 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2019.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Musca domestica larvae have been used clinically to cure children malnutritional stagnation and low molecular weight peptides (LMWP) of Musca domestica larvae showed more useful bioactivities. But there is no report on anti-diarrhea effects and identification of the LWMP. The purposes of this study were clarifying the anti-diarrhea effects by regulating intestinal microecology and identification of LMWP. In anti-diarrhea test, diarrhea mice were administered LMWP by oral gavage. Then rectal stool indicator bacteria were counted also the identification of rectal stool bacteria were determined by PCR-DGGE. In LMWP identification test, GFC and RP-HPLC were used to separate the peptide. Then the single polypeptide was tested by MALDI TOF and N-terminal sequence analysis. The results of anti-diarrhea showed that LMWP was effective in the inhibition diarrhea in mice. And microbial diversity indices showed that LMWP treatment group exhibited a higher number of bands. The identification test showed that LMWP had four main components (10-30KD, S1, S2, S3), and there were 5, 7 and 4 peaks in S1, S2 and S3, respectively. The the molecular weight of S2-5, S3-2 and S3-3 was 877.053D, 877.0631D and 1069.4391D, respectively. And S3-3 was determined as Chain A, Carboxypeptidase G2. So the hypothesis that intestinal microbiological regulation might be one of the potential anti-diarrhea mechanisms of Musca domestica larvae LMWP which had four main components and one of the single polypeptide was identified could be drawn.
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Gao Y, Wang D, Xu ML, Shi SS, Xiong JF. Toxicological characteristics of edible insects in China: A historical review. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 119:237-251. [PMID: 29649491 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 04/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Edible insects are ideal food sources, which contain important nutrients and health-promoting compounds. With a rapid development of industrial insect farming, insect-derived food is a novel and emerging food industry. Edible insects have been traditionally consumed in various communities, while continuously gaining relevance in today's society; however, they currently remain underutilized. Although there are a large number of literature on edible insects, these literature primarily focus on the nutritional value edible insects. The toxicity assessment data of edible insects remain incomprehensive, especially for the new national standard that is currently in effect; and many data and conclusions are not accurately specified/reported. Therefore, we performed a literature review and summarized the data on the toxicological assessment of edible insects in China. The review first describes the research progress on safety toxicological assessment, and then offers references regarding the development of 34 edible insect species in China. These data can be a platform for the development of future toxicological assessment strategies, which can be carried out by a multidisciplinary team, possibly consisting of food engineers, agronomists, farmers, and so on, to improve the acceptability of edible insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Gao
- College of Agriculture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, PR China
| | - Di Wang
- College of Agriculture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, PR China
| | - Meng-Lei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Jilin University, Changchun 130000, PR China.
| | - Shu-Sen Shi
- College of Agriculture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, PR China.
| | - Jin-Feng Xiong
- Changchun Institute of Biological Products Co. Ltd., Changchun 130012, PR China
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Ibitoye EB, Lokman IH, Hezmee MNM, Goh YM, Zuki ABZ, Jimoh AA. Extraction and physicochemical characterization of chitin and chitosan isolated from house cricket. Biomed Mater 2018; 13:025009. [DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/aa9dde] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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18
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Chae KS, Shin CS, Shin WS. Characteristics of cricket ( Gryllus bimaculatus) chitosan and chitosan-based nanoparticles. Food Sci Biotechnol 2018; 27:631-639. [PMID: 30263789 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-018-0314-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The field cricket (Gryllus bimaculatus) is commonly consumed as food in different parts of the world. This study was performed to characterize the chitosan extracted from crickets and to assess its potential use to the growing functional market. The degree of deacetylation (DA), Fourier-transform infrared spectra, X-ray diffraction patterns, molecular mass, scanning electron microscopy spectra, and color were measured. Cricket chitosan nanoparticles were prepared, and the optimal conditions were identified. The molecular mass of the cricket chitosan was lower than that of commercial chitosan; however, the DA, FTIR, and XRD spectra were similar. The particle size (208.27 ± 3.47 nm), zeta potential (35.72 ± 1.29 mV), and polydispersity index (PDI: 0.27 ± 0.03) of the cricket chitosan NPs were superior to the commercial. Addition of NaCl reduced the cricket chitosan NPs size up to 15.5%. This finding is a novel trial to prove the availability of the insect chitosan with a low molecular mass as an active carrier source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyo-Sung Chae
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763 Republic of Korea
| | - Chae-Shim Shin
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763 Republic of Korea
| | - Weon-Sun Shin
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763 Republic of Korea
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Zhang Y, Zhou X, Ji L, Du X, Sang Q, Chen F. Enzymatic single-step preparation and antioxidant activity of hetero-chitooligosaccharides using non-pretreated housefly larvae powder. Carbohydr Polym 2017; 172:113-119. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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20
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Recent developments in antibacterial and antifungal chitosan and its derivatives. Carbohydr Polym 2017; 164:268-283. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 447] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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21
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Zhou J, Kong L, Fang N, Mao B, Ai H. Synthesis and Functional Characterization of MAF-1A Peptide Derived From the Larvae of Housefly, Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae). JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2016; 53:1467-1472. [PMID: 27838615 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjw110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The Musca domestica antifungal peptide-1A (MAF-1A peptide) from housefly larvae was synthesized by solid-phase synthesis technique, and antiviral, antioxidant, and antifungal properties were evaluated in this study. Present results indicated that it could significantly inhibit the infection of influenza virus H1N1, Autographa californica multicapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV), and Bombyx mori nuclear polyhydrosis virus (BmNPV), which displayed excellent virucidal activities. Antioxidant results demonstrated that the MAF-1A peptide had effective scavenging activity for hydroxyl and superoxide radicals, which were similar to that of ascorbic acid. Besides, antifungal results showed that it can also significantly inhibit the growth of four fungi, and the half inhibitory concentrations (IC50) values were ∼59.3, 84.2, 144.9, and 48.5 μg/ml, respectively, highlighting an important role of MAF-1A peptide in the defense of M domestica against pathogenic microorganisms. These results revealed that the MAF-1A peptide from housefly larvae has great potential as a natural ingredient for the exploitation of antiviral and antifungal therapeutic agents, avoiding abuse of chemical agents and environmental pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhou
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China (; ; ; ; )
| | - Lina Kong
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China (; ; ; ; )
| | - Nainai Fang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China (; ; ; ; )
| | - Bin Mao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China (; ; ; ; )
| | - Hui Ai
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China (; ; ; ; )
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CUI HY, WANG CL, WANG YR, LI ZJ, ZHANG YN. The polysaccharide isolated from Pleurotus nebrodensis (PN-S) shows immune-stimulating activity in RAW264.7 macrophages. Chin J Nat Med 2015; 13:355-60. [DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(15)30026-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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23
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Extraction and characterization of chitin and chitosan with antimicrobial and antioxidant activities from cosmopolitan Orthoptera species (Insecta). BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-014-0391-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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24
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Kaya M, Baran T, Erdoğan S, Menteş A, Aşan Özüsağlam M, Çakmak YS. Physicochemical comparison of chitin and chitosan obtained from larvae and adult Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata). MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2014; 45:72-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2014.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Revised: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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25
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New chitin, chitosan, and O-carboxymethyl chitosan sources from resting eggs of Daphnia longispina (Crustacea); with physicochemical characterization, and antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-013-0488-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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26
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Kaya M, Baran T, Mentes A, Asaroglu M, Sezen G, Tozak KO. Extraction and Characterization of α-Chitin and Chitosan from Six Different Aquatic Invertebrates. FOOD BIOPHYS 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11483-013-9327-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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27
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Pieterse E, Pretorius Q. Nutritional evaluation of dried larvae and pupae meal of the housefly (Musca domestica) using chemical- and broiler-based biological assays. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2014. [DOI: 10.1071/an12370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The nutritional composition of common housefly (Musca domestica) larvae and pupae meal is reported in terms of proximate analysis, amino acid profile, fatty acid composition, apparent metabolisable energy and total tract digestibility (TTD) of nutrients. Proximate analysis and TTD of meal showed larvae and pupae meal to contain, on a DM basis, a gross energy value of 20.10 MJ/kg and 20.42 MJ/kg, respectively, and an apparent metabolisable energy value of 14.23 MJ/kg and 15.15 MJ/kg, respectively. Crude protein content was 60.38% and 76.23%, with TTDs of 69% and 79%, respectively, with similarly high values reported for individual amino acids. Amino acid analysis revealed a favourable amino acid composition with high lysine concentrations but marginally low methionine concentrations. Arginine : lysine ratios of larvae and pupae meal were 0.67 and 0.91, respectively, and isoleucine : leucine ratios were 0.68 and 0.64, respectively. Crude fat contents were 14.08% and 14.39%, with TTDs of 94% and 98%, respectively, and crude fibre contents were 8.59% and 15.71%, with TTDs of 62% and 58%. Housefly larvae meal had crude protein TTD of 69%, whereas that of pupae meal was 79%. Both larvae and pupae meal had high amino acid TTDs. The TTD values of the crude fat and crude fibre were determined at 94% and 62%, respectively, for the housefly larvae, and at 98% and 58%, respectively, for the housefly pupae. M. domestica larvae meal can therefore be regarded as a good-quality protein source suitable for animal feeding.
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28
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Song C, Yu H, Zhang M, Yang Y, Zhang G. Physicochemical properties and antioxidant activity of chitosan from the blowfly Chrysomya megacephala larvae. Int J Biol Macromol 2013; 60:347-54. [PMID: 23792633 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2013.05.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Revised: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we extracted the chitosan from the larvae of blowfly Chrysomya megacephala, a new source of insect chitosan, using chemical methods. We evaluated the physical properties of the blowfly chitosan using a variety of approaches, including preliminary color-change identification, molecular weight determination, elemental analysis (EA), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), solid-state (13)C cross-polarization and magic-angle-spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((13)C CP/MAS NMR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Its antioxidant property was examined through 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging assays. The results showed that the molecular weight of the blowfly chitosan (501 kDa) was lower than that of the commercial chitosan (989 kDa), and its degree of deacetylation (DDA) (87.9-89.6%) was also higher than that of the commercial chitosan (83.8-85.8%). Furthermore, the blowfly chitosan exhibited excellent antioxidant activity and its IC50 value was 1.2 mg/ml. Therefore, the blowfly larvae could be a novel alternative source of chitosan and might be used as a natural antioxidant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Song
- State Key Laboratory for Biological Control/Institute of Entomology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510275, PR China
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29
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Suginta W, Khunkaewla P, Schulte A. Electrochemical Biosensor Applications of Polysaccharides Chitin and Chitosan. Chem Rev 2013; 113:5458-79. [DOI: 10.1021/cr300325r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 341] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wipa Suginta
- Biochemistry and Electrochemistry
Research Unit, Schools
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima
30000, Thailand
| | - Panida Khunkaewla
- Biochemistry and Electrochemistry
Research Unit, Schools
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima
30000, Thailand
| | - Albert Schulte
- Biochemistry and Electrochemistry
Research Unit, Schools
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima
30000, Thailand
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30
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Ai H, Wang F, Zhang N, Zhang L, Lei C. Antiviral, immunomodulatory, and free radical scavenging activities of a protein-enriched fraction from the larvae of the housefly, Musca domestica. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2013; 13:112. [PMID: 24735244 PMCID: PMC4011367 DOI: 10.1673/031.013.11201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2011] [Accepted: 05/07/2012] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In our previous study, protein-enriched fraction (PEF) that was isolated from the larvae of the housefly, Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae), showed excellent hepatoprotective activity as well as the potential for clinical application in therapy for liver diseases. In this study, antiviral, immunomodulatory, and free radical scavenging activities of PEF were evaluated. The antiviral results demonstrated that PEF inhibited the infection of avian influenza virus H9N2 and had a virucidal effect against the multicapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus of the alfalfa looper, Autographa californica Speyer (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in vitro. The mortality of silkworm larve in a PEF treatment group decreased significantly compared with a negative control. PEF showed excellent scavenging activity for 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl and superoxide anion radicals, which were similar to those of ascorbic acid. The imunomodulatory results suggested that PEF could effectively improve immune function in experimental mice. Our results indicated that PEF could possibly be used for the prophylaxis and treatment of diseases caused by avian influenza virus infection. In addition, PEF with virucidal activity against insect viruses might provide useful for the development of antimicrobial breeding technology for economically important insects. As a natural product from insects, PEF could be a potential source for the discovery of potent antioxidant and immunomodulatory agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Ai
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, College of Life Science, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
| | - Furong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Insect Resource Utilization & Sustainable Pest Management of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China
| | - Na Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, College of Life Science, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
| | - Lingyao Zhang
- Hubei Provincial Center for Diseases Control and Prevention (CDC), Hubei Provincial Academy of Preventive Medicine, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
| | - Chaoliang Lei
- Key Laboratory of Insect Resource Utilization & Sustainable Pest Management of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China
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31
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Zhu FX, Wang WP, Hong CL, Feng MG, Xue ZY, Chen XY, Yao YL, Yu M. Rapid production of maggots as feed supplement and organic fertilizer by the two-stage composting of pig manure. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2012; 116:485-491. [PMID: 22541952 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2012] [Revised: 04/03/2012] [Accepted: 04/03/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A two-stage composting experiment was performed to utilize pig manure for producing maggots as feed supplement and organic fertilizer. Seven-day composting of 1.8 ton fresh manure inoculated with 9 kg mixture of housefly neonates and wheat bran produced 193 kg aging maggots, followed by 12 week composting to maturity. Reaching the thermophilic phase and final maturity faster was characteristic of the maggot-treated compost compared with the same-size natural compost. Upon the transit of the maggot-treated compost to the second stage, the composting temperature maintained around 55 °C for 9 days and the moisture decreased to ~40%. Moreover, higher pH, faster detoxification and different activity patterns for some microbial enzymes were observed. There was a strong material loss (35% water-soluble carbon and 16% total nitrogen) caused by the maggot culture in the first stage. Our results highlight a higher economic value of pig manure achieved through the two-stage composting without bulking agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Xiang Zhu
- Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
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32
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Chen M, Hu M, Wang D, Wang G, Zhu X, Yan D, Sun J. Multifunctional hyperbranched glycoconjugated polymers based on natural aminoglycosides. Bioconjug Chem 2012; 23:1189-99. [PMID: 22591322 DOI: 10.1021/bc300016b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Multifunctional gene vectors with high transfection, low cytotoxicity, and good antitumor and antibacterial activities were prepared from natural aminoglycosides. Through the Michael-addition polymerization of gentamycin and N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide, cationic hyperbranched glycoconjugated polymers were synthesized, and their physical and chemical properties were analyzed by FTIR, (1)H NMR, (13)C NMR, GPC, ζ-potential, and acid-base titration techniques. The cytotoxicity of these hyperbranched glycoconjugated polycations was low because of the hydrolysis of degradable glycosidic and amide linkages in acid conditions. Owing to the presence of various primary, secondary, and tertiary amines in the polymers, hyperbranched glycoconjugated polymers showed high buffering capacity and strong DNA condensation ability, resulting in the high transfection efficiency. In the meantime, due to the introduction of natural aminoglycosides into the polymeric backbone, the resultant hyperbranched glycoconjugated polymers inhibited the growth of cancer cells and bacteria efficiently. Combining the gene transfection, antitumor, and antibacterial abilities together, the multifunctional hyperbranched glycoconjugated polymers based on natural aminoglycosides may play an important role in protecting cancer patients from bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingsheng Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
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Liu S, Sun J, Yu L, Zhang C, Bi J, Zhu F, Qu M, Jiang C, Yang Q. Extraction and characterization of chitin from the beetle Holotrichia parallela Motschulsky. Molecules 2012; 17:4604-11. [PMID: 22510609 PMCID: PMC6268755 DOI: 10.3390/molecules17044604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2012] [Revised: 03/31/2012] [Accepted: 04/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Insect chitin was isolated from adult Holotrichia parallela by treatment with 1 M HCl and 1 M NaOH, following by 1% potassium permanganate solution for decolorization. The yield of chitin from this species is 15%. This insect chitin was compared with the commercial α-chitin from shrimp, by infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and elemental analysis. Both chitins exhibited similar chemical structures and physicochemical properties. Adult H. parallela is thus a promising alternative source of chitin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Qingli Yang
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; ; Tel.: +86-532-8761-5601; Fax: +86-532-8761-1087
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34
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Ai H, Wang F, Xia Y, Chen X, Lei C. Antioxidant, antifungal and antiviral activities of chitosan from the larvae of housefly, Musca domestica L. Food Chem 2011; 132:493-8. [PMID: 26434321 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2011] [Revised: 09/13/2011] [Accepted: 11/07/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Antioxidant activity of the chitosan from the larvae of Musca domestica L. was evaluated in two different reactive oxygen species assays, and inhibitory effects against seven fungi were also tested. The results showed that the chitosan had scavenging activity for hydroxyl and superoxide radicals which were similar to that of ascorbic acid. Also the chitosan exhibited excellent antifungal activity, especially in the low concentration, it could significantly inhibit the growth of Rhizopus stolonifer. Besides, antiviral results demonstrated that the chitosan could effectively inhibit the infection of AcMNPV and BmNPV. These results suggested that the chitosan from the larvae of housefly could be effectively used as a natural antioxidant to protect the human body from free radicals and retard the progress of many chronic diseases. Furthermore, the chitosan with antiviral and antifungal activity might provide useful information for antiviral breeding technology of economic insect and development of plant pathological control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Ai
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, College of Life Science, Huazhong Normal University, Wuhan 430079, PR China; Key Laboratory of Insect Resource Utilization & Sustainable Pest Management of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Furong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Insect Resource Utilization & Sustainable Pest Management of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Yuqian Xia
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, College of Life Science, Huazhong Normal University, Wuhan 430079, PR China
| | - Xiaomin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Insect Resource Utilization & Sustainable Pest Management of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Chaoliang Lei
- Key Laboratory of Insect Resource Utilization & Sustainable Pest Management of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China.
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35
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Chu FJ, Jin XB, Zhu JY. Housefly maggots (Musca domestica) protein-enriched fraction/extracts (PE) inhibit lipopolysaccharide-induced atherosclerosis pro-inflammatory responses. J Atheroscler Thromb 2010; 18:282-90. [PMID: 21157115 DOI: 10.5551/jat.5991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the effects of housefly maggot (Musca domestica) protein-enriched fraction/extracts (PE) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced atherosclerosis (AS) pro-inflammatory responses in mice and macrophages. METHODS The mouse model of AS was established by feeding a cholesterol-enriched diet and inducing by LPS. Changes in the levels of blood lipids (total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL)) and pro-inflammatory cytokines (interferon-gamma (IFNγ), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and interleukin-1alpha (IL-1α)) were determined. Histomorphometric analysis of the pathological condition of the artery was also carried out. The macrophages were stimulated by LPS in the presence or absence of PE, and then the levels of TNFα, IL-1α and monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1) in cell culture supernatant were measured. RESULTS Compared with the negative control group, the levels of three pro-inflammatory cytokines were significantly enhanced in the PE treatment group (p< 0.01). The concentrations of TC, TG and LDL were lower in the PE treatment group than in the negative control group (p< 0.01). HDL concentration in the PE treatment group was higher than in the negative control group (p< 0.01). Histomorphometric analysis showed that the thickness of the intima and media area, as well as the area ratio of the intima to media in the PE treatment group were lower than in the negative control group (p< 0.01). The expression of TNFα, IL-1α and MCP-1 in LPS-induced macrophages was inhibited by different concentrations of PE (p< 0.01). CONCLUSION These results indicate that PE potently inhibited multiple pro-inflammatory responses in experimental atherosclerosis lesions in vivo, and possessed anti-pro-inflammatory properties in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Jiang Chu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Bioactive Drugs Research, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
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Yu Z, Jin C, Xin M, JianMin H. Effect of Aloe vera polysaccharides on immunity and antioxidant activities in oral ulcer animal models. Carbohydr Polym 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2008.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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MengYong Z, CaiJiao W, HuSheng Z, XianWu P, JianMin F. Protective effect of polysaccharides from morinda officinalis on bone loss in ovariectomized rats. Int J Biol Macromol 2008; 43:276-8. [PMID: 18638500 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2008.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2008] [Accepted: 06/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In order to examine the effect of polysaccharides from morinda officinalis (MOP) on bone quality of osteoporosis rats. The osteoporosis in rats was induced by ovariectomy, and MOP (100 or 300 mg/kg) was orally administrated once daily. The animals were assessed 30 days after the operation for bone mineral density, serum cytokines level and mineral element concentration. MOP administration in rats resulted in an increase in bone mineral density and mineral element concentration, a decrease in serum cytokines level, which indicated that MOP administration may play an important role in the development of osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhu MengYong
- The department of Orthopaedics in Taizhou Central Hospital, Taizhou 318000, Zhejiang, PR China
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