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Wang Z, Cai Y, Li M, Wan X, Mi L, Yang W, Hu Y. Boosting one-step degradation of shrimp shell waste to produce chitin oligosaccharides at smart nanoscale enzyme reactor with liquid-solid system. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 268:131787. [PMID: 38657939 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Chitin oligosaccharides (CTOS) possess potential applications in food, medicine, and agriculture. However, lower mass transfer and catalytic efficiency are the main kinetic limitations for the production of CTOS from shrimp shell waste (SSW) and crystalline chitin. Chemical or physical methods are usually used for pretreatment to improve chitinase hydrolysis efficiency, but this is not eco-friendly and cost-effective. To address this challenge, a chitinase nanoreactor with the liquid-solid system (BcChiA1@ZIF-8) was manufactured to boost the one-step degradation of SSW and crystalline chitin. Compared with free enzyme, the catalytic efficiency of BcChiA1@ZIF-8 on colloidal chitin was significantly improved to 142 %. SSW and crystalline chitin can be directly degraded by BcChiA1@ZIF-8 without any pretreatments. The yield of N, N'-diacetylchitobiose [(GlcNAc)2] from SSW and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (GlcNAc) from crystalline chitin was 2 times and 3.1 times than that of free enzyme, respectively. The reason was that BcChiA1@ZIF-8 with a liquid-solid system enlarged the interface area, increased the collision frequency between enzyme and substrate, and improved the large-substrates binding activity of chitinase. Moreover, the biphasic system exhibited excellent stability, and the design showed universal applicability. This strategy provided novel guidance for other polysaccharide biosynthesis and the conversion of environmental waste into carbohydrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziteng Wang
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30, South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30, South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, PR China
| | - Yijin Cai
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30, South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30, South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, PR China
| | - Mingxuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30, South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, PR China; College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30, South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, PR China
| | - Xiaoru Wan
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30, South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30, South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, PR China
| | - Li Mi
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30, South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30, South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, PR China.
| | - Wenge Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30, South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, PR China
| | - Yonghong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30, South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, PR China; College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30, South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, PR China.
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Suzuki M, Saito A, Kobayashi M, Yokoyama T, Omiya S, Li J, Sugita K, Miki K, Saito JI, Ando A. Crystal structure of the GH-46 subclass III chitosanase from Bacillus circulans MH-K1 in complex with chitotetraose. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2024; 1868:130549. [PMID: 38158023 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2023.130549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chitosanases (EC 3.2.1.132) hydrolyze chitosan which is a polymer of glucosamine (GlcN) linked by β - 1,4 bonds, and show cleavage specificity against partially acetylated chitosan containing N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) residues. Chitosanases' structural underpinnings for cleavage specificity and the conformational switch from open to closed structures are still a mystery. METHODS The GH-46 subclass III chitosanase from Bacillus circulans MH-K1 (MH-K1 chitosanase), which also catalyzes the hydrolysis of GlcN-GlcNAc bonds in addition to GlcN-GlcN, has had its chitotetraose [(GlcN)4]-complexed crystal structure solved at 1.35 Å resolution. RESULTS The MH-K1 chitosanase's (GlcN)4-bound structure has numerous structural similarities to other GH-46 chitosanases in terms of substrate binding and catalytic processes. However, subsite -1, which is absolutely specific for GlcN, seems to characterize the structure of a subclass III chitosanase due to its distinctive length and angle of a flexible loop. According to a comparison of the (GlcN)4-bound and apo-form structures, the particular binding of a GlcN residue at subsite -2 through Asp77 causes the backbone helix to kink, which causes the upper- and lower-domains to approach closely when binding a substrate. CONCLUSIONS Although GH-46 chitosanases vary in the finer details of the subsites defining cleavage specificity, they share similar structural characteristics in substrate-binding, catalytic processes, and potentially in conformational change. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The precise binding of a GlcN residue to the -2 subsite is essential for the conformational shift that occurs in all GH-46 chitosanases, as shown by the crystal structures of the apo- and substrate-bound forms of MH-K1 chitosanase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michihiko Suzuki
- Molecular Analysis Center, Research Unit, R&D Division, Kyowa Kirin, Sunto-gun, Shizuoka 411-8731, Japan
| | - Akihiro Saito
- Department of Nanobiology, Graduate School of Advanced and Integration Science, Chiba University, Matsudo, Chiba 271-8510, Japan; Department of Materials and Life Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Shizuoka Institute of Science and Technology, Fukuroi, Shizuoka 437-8555, Japan.
| | - Mariko Kobayashi
- Department of Nanobiology, Graduate School of Advanced and Integration Science, Chiba University, Matsudo, Chiba 271-8510, Japan
| | - Tomofumi Yokoyama
- Department of Nanobiology, Graduate School of Advanced and Integration Science, Chiba University, Matsudo, Chiba 271-8510, Japan
| | - Shoko Omiya
- Department of Nanobiology, Graduate School of Advanced and Integration Science, Chiba University, Matsudo, Chiba 271-8510, Japan
| | - Jian Li
- Department of Nanobiology, Graduate School of Advanced and Integration Science, Chiba University, Matsudo, Chiba 271-8510, Japan
| | - Kei Sugita
- Department of Nanobiology, Graduate School of Advanced and Integration Science, Chiba University, Matsudo, Chiba 271-8510, Japan
| | - Kunio Miki
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Saito
- Molecular Analysis Center, Research Unit, R&D Division, Kyowa Kirin, Sunto-gun, Shizuoka 411-8731, Japan
| | - Akikazu Ando
- Department of Nanobiology, Graduate School of Advanced and Integration Science, Chiba University, Matsudo, Chiba 271-8510, Japan
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Thomas R, Fukamizo T, Suginta W. Green-Chemical Strategies for Production of Tailor-Made Chitooligosaccharides with Enhanced Biological Activities. Molecules 2023; 28:6591. [PMID: 37764367 PMCID: PMC10536575 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28186591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Chitooligosaccharides (COSs) are b-1,4-linked homo-oligosaccharides of N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) or glucosamine (GlcN), and also include hetero-oligosaccharides composed of GlcNAc and GlcN. These sugars are of practical importance because of their various biological activities, such as antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antitumor activities, as well as triggering the innate immunity in plants. The reported data on bioactivities of COSs used to contain some uncertainties or contradictions, because the experiments were conducted with poorly characterized COS mixtures. Recently, COSs have been satisfactorily characterized with respect to their structures, especially the degree of polymerization (DP) and degree of N-acetylation (DA); thus, the structure-bioactivity relationship of COSs has become more unambiguous. To date, various green-chemical strategies involving enzymatic synthesis of COSs with designed sequences and desired biological activities have been developed. The enzymatic strategies could involve transglycosylation or glycosynthase reactions using reducing end-activated sugars as the donor substrates and chitinase/chitosanase and their mutants as the biocatalysts. Site-specific chitin deacetylases were also proposed to be applicable for this purpose. Furthermore, to improve the yields of the COS products, metabolic engineering techniques could be applied. The above-mentioned approaches will provide the opportunity to produce tailor-made COSs, leading to the enhanced utilization of chitin biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reeba Thomas
- School of Biomolecular Science and Engineering (BSE), Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC), Payunai, Wangchan District, Rayong 21210, Thailand; (R.T.); (T.F.)
| | - Tamo Fukamizo
- School of Biomolecular Science and Engineering (BSE), Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC), Payunai, Wangchan District, Rayong 21210, Thailand; (R.T.); (T.F.)
- Department of Advanced Bioscience, Kindai University, 3327-204 Nakamachi, Nara 631-8505, Japan
| | - Wipa Suginta
- School of Biomolecular Science and Engineering (BSE), Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC), Payunai, Wangchan District, Rayong 21210, Thailand; (R.T.); (T.F.)
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Liu Y, Qin Z, Wang C, Jiang Z. N-acetyl-d-glucosamine-based oligosaccharides from chitin: Enzymatic production, characterization and biological activities. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 315:121019. [PMID: 37230627 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Chitin, the second most abundant biopolymer, possesses diverse applications in the food, agricultural, and pharmaceutical industries due to its functional properties. However, the potential applications of chitin are limited owing to its high crystallinity and low solubility. N-acetyl chitooligosaccharides and lacto-N-triose II, the two types of GlcNAc-based oligosaccharides, can be obtained from chitin by enzymatic methods. With their lower molecular weights and improved solubility, these two types of GlcNAc-based oligosaccharides display more various beneficial health effects when compared to chitin. Among their abilities, they have exhibited antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, antimicrobial, and plant elicitor activities as well as immunomodulatory and prebiotic effects, which suggests they have the potential to be utilized as food additives, functional daily supplements, drug precursors, elicitors for plants, and prebiotics. This review comprehensively covers the enzymatic methods used for the two types of GlcNAc-based oligosaccharides production from chitin by chitinolytic enzymes. Moreover, current advances in the structural characterization and biological activities of these two types of GlcNAc-based oligosaccharides are summarized in the review. We also highlight current problems in the production of these oligosaccharides and trends in their development, aiming to offer some directions for producing functional oligosaccharides from chitin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihao Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin Economy Technological Development Area, No. 29, 13th Avenue, Tianjin 300222, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Qin
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Baoshan District, No.99 Shangda Road, Shanghai 200444, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunling Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin Economy Technological Development Area, No. 29, 13th Avenue, Tianjin 300222, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhengqiang Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Food Bioengineering (China National Light Industry), College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Haidian District, No.17 Qinghua East Road, Beijing 100083, People's Republic of China.
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Xing A, Hu Y, Wang W, Secundo F, Xue C, Mao X. A novel microbial-derived family 19 endochitinase with exochitinase activity and its immobilization. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 107:3565-3578. [PMID: 37103491 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12523-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
A novel chitinase gene of 888 bp from Streptomyces bacillaris was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli BL21. The purified recombinant enzyme (SbChiAJ103) was identified as the first microbial-derived family 19 endochitinase that showed exochitinase activity. SbChiAJ103 exhibited the substrate preference for N-acetylchitooligosaccharides with even degrees of polymerization and the capability to specifically hydrolyze colloidal chitin into (GlcNAc)2. Mono-methyl adipate was employed as a novel linker for the efficient covalent immobilization of chitinase on magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs). The immobilized SbChiAJ103, SbChiAJ103@MNPs, exhibited superior pH tolerance, temperature stability, and storage stability than free SbChiAJ103. Even after incubation at 45 °C for 24 h, SbChiAJ103@MNPs could retain more than 60.0% initial activity. As a result, the enzymatic hydrolysis yield of SbChiAJ103@MNPs increased to 1.58 times that of free SbChiAJ103. Moreover, SbChiAJ103@MNPs could be reused by convenient magnetic separation. After 10 recycles, SbChiAJ103@MNPs could retain almost 80.0% of its initial activity. The immobilization of the novel chitinase SbChiAJ103 paves the way to the efficient and eco-friendly commercial production of (GlcNAc)2. KEY POINTS: • The first microbial GH19 endochitinase with exochitinase activity was reported. • Mono-methyl adipate was first employed to immobilize chitinase. • SbChiAJ103@MNPs showed excellent pH stability, thermal stability, and reusability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aijia Xing
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
- Key Laboratory of Biological Processing of Aquatic Products, China National Light Industry, Qingdao, China
| | - Yang Hu
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China.
- Key Laboratory of Biological Processing of Aquatic Products, China National Light Industry, Qingdao, China.
| | - Wei Wang
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
- Key Laboratory of Biological Processing of Aquatic Products, China National Light Industry, Qingdao, China
| | - Francesco Secundo
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "Giulio Natta", CNR, v. Mario Bianco 9, 20131, Milan, Italy
| | - Changhu Xue
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
- Key Laboratory of Biological Processing of Aquatic Products, China National Light Industry, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao, National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Xiangzhao Mao
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
- Key Laboratory of Biological Processing of Aquatic Products, China National Light Industry, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao, National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China
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Xie Q, Yang J, Cai J, Shen F, Gu J. Homogeneous preparation of water-soluble products from chitin under alkaline conditions and their cell proliferation in vitro. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 231:123321. [PMID: 36657539 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to prepare water-soluble products by homogeneous depolymerization of chitin with H2O2 under alkaline conditions and investigate their potential application in wound healing. For the first time, water-soluble products were successfully prepared using a chitin-NaOH/urea solution; the products were chitosans with molecular weights (Mw) of 3.48-33.5 kDa and degrees of deacetylation (DD) > 0.5. Their Mw, DD and yield were affected by the reaction temperature, reaction time, concentration of H2O2 and chitin DD. The deacetylation and depolymerization of chitin were achieved simultaneously. The depolymerization of chitin was caused by hydrogen abstraction of HO, whereas the deacetylation resulted from the cleavage of amide bonds by HO- and HO2-, although the latter played a more important role. All water-soluble chitosans markedly promoted the proliferation of human skin fibroblast (HSF) cells, but they inhibited the proliferation of human keratinocyte cells. For the proliferation of HSF, a low concentration of chitosans was important. In addition, water-soluble chitosans with an Mw of 3.48-16.4 kDa markedly stimulated the expression of growth factors such as PDGF and TGF-β by macrophages. Water-soluble chitosans could be used as a potential active component in wound dressings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinyue Xie
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Jianhong Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China.
| | - Jun Cai
- Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
| | - Fengqin Shen
- Changzhou Liu Guojun Vocational Technology College, Changzhou 213025, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jianbin Gu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Epidemiologic studies and clinical trials have demonstrated the benefits of dietary fiber. This occurs through a combination of the physiochemical properties of fiber and through microbial fermentation that occurs in the colon which result in the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA). The purpose of this review is to highlight the physiochemical properties of fiber that result in the range of physiologic effects and to review the literature on the health benefits of acetate, propionate, and butyrate. RECENT FINDINGS Of the variety of properties and functions exerted by dietary fibers, the fermentability and production of SCFA's are emphasized in this review. Studies done in both animal and humans reveal the anti-obesity, anti-inflammatory, and possible anti-neoplastic roles SCFAs exert at the mucosal level. Many clinical questions remain regarding the optimal dose, type, and method of delivery of fiber to exert the desired beneficial effects. It has the potential to be used in the management of clinical symptoms, prevention of disease, and improvement in human health. Further studies to address this novel use of fiber has the potential to make a large impact in clinical practice.
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Umemoto N, Saito N, Noguchi M, Shoda SI, Ohnuma T, Watanabe T, Sakuda S, Fukamizo T. Plant Chitinase Mutants as the Catalysts for Chitooligosaccharide Synthesis Using the Sugar Oxazoline Derivatives. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:12897-12906. [PMID: 36184795 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c04632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Sugar oxazolines, (GlcNAc)n-oxa (n = 2, 3, 4, and 5), were synthesized from a mixture of chitooligosaccharides, (GlcNAc)n (n = 2, 3, 4, and 5), and utilized for synthesis of (GlcNAc)7 with higher elicitor activity using plant chitinase mutants as the catalysts. From isothermal titration calorimetry, the binding affinity of (GlcNAc)2-oxa toward an inactive mutant obtained from Arabidopsis thaliana GH18 chitinase was found to be higher than those of the other (GlcNAc)n-oxa (n = 3, 4, and 5). To synthesize (GlcNAc)7, the donor/acceptor substrates with different size combinations, (GlcNAc)2-oxa/(GlcNAc)5 (1), (GlcNAc)3-oxa/(GlcNAc)4 (2), (GlcNAc)4-oxa/(GlcNAc)3 (3), and (GlcNAc)5-oxa/(GlcNAc)2 (4), were incubated with hypertransglycosylating mutants of GH18 chitinases from A. thaliana and Cycas revoluta. The synthetic activities of these plant chitinase mutants were lower than that of a mutant of Bacillus circulans chitinase A1. Nevertheless, in the plant chitinase mutants, the synthetic efficiency of combination (1) was higher than those of the other combinations (2), (3), and (4), suggesting that the synthetic reaction is mostly dominated by the binding affinities of (GlcNAc)n-oxa. In contrast, the Bacillus enzyme mutant with a different subsite arrangement synthesized (GlcNAc)7 from combination (1) in the lowest efficiency. Donor/acceptor-size dependency of the enzymatic synthesis appeared to be strongly related to the subsite arrangement of the enzyme used as the catalyst. The A. thaliana chitinase mutant was found to be useful when combination (1) is employed for the substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoyuki Umemoto
- Department of Advanced Bioscience, Kindai University, 3327-204 Nakamachi, Nara 631-8505, Japan
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Aoba, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Natsuki Saito
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Aoba, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Masato Noguchi
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Aoba, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichiro Shoda
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Aoba, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Takayuki Ohnuma
- Department of Advanced Bioscience, Kindai University, 3327-204 Nakamachi, Nara 631-8505, Japan
| | - Takeshi Watanabe
- Department of Agro-Food Science, Niigata Agro-Food University, Tainai-shi, Niigata 959-2702, Japan
| | - Shohei Sakuda
- Department of Biosciences, Teikyo University, 1-1 Toyosatodai, Utsunomiya 320-8551, Japan
| | - Tamo Fukamizo
- Department of Advanced Bioscience, Kindai University, 3327-204 Nakamachi, Nara 631-8505, Japan
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Saeed MU, Hussain N, Shahbaz A, Hameed T, Iqbal HMN, Bilal M. Bioprospecting microalgae and cyanobacteria for biopharmaceutical applications. J Basic Microbiol 2022; 62:1110-1124. [PMID: 34914840 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.202100445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae and cyanobacteria have sparked a lot of interest due to their potential in various industries like biorefineries, biopharmaceuticals, food supplements, nutraceuticals, and other high-value products. Polysaccharides, vitamins, proteins, enzymes, and steroids are valuable products isolated from microalgae and cyanobacteria and potentially used in health and biomedical applications. Bioactive compounds derived from microalgae and cyanobacteria exhibit various pharmaceutical properties like antibacterial, anticancer, antiviral, antialgal, and antioxidant. From the properties listed above, the research for novel antibiotics has become particularly appropriate. In addition, the possible emergence of resistance against pathogens, as well as the potential decline in antibiotic efficacy, has prompted researchers to look for a new source of antibiotics. Microalgae and cyanobacteria have indicated a great and unexplored potential among these sources. For this reason, microalgae and cyanobacteria have been highlighted for their efficiency in different industrial sectors, as well as for their potential uses in the betterment of human and environmental health. This review gives an overview of bioactive compounds and metabolites with several biological properties isolated from microalgae and cyanobacteria for treating different animal and human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad U Saeed
- Center for Applied Molecular Biology (CAMB), University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Nazim Hussain
- Center for Applied Molecular Biology (CAMB), University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Areej Shahbaz
- Center for Applied Molecular Biology (CAMB), University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Tooba Hameed
- School of Biochemistry & Biotechnology, University of the Punjab Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Hafiz M N Iqbal
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Muhammad Bilal
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian, China
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Bhuvanachandra B, Sivaramakrishna D, Alim S, Swamy MJ, Podile AR. Deciphering the thermotolerance of chitinase O from Chitiniphilus shinanonensis by in vitro and in silico studies. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 210:44-52. [PMID: 35537581 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Biochemical and biophysical studies revealed that chitinase O from Chitiniphilus shinanonensis (CsChiO) exhibits considerable thermotolerance, possibly due to the formation of a stable structural conformation. CsChiO is an exochitinase with a temperature optimum of 70 °C. The secondary structures of CsChiO and its catalytic domain (Cat-CsChiO) are only marginally affected upon heating up to 90 °C, as revealed by circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy. Differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) studies revealed that CsChiO exhibits two endothermic transitions at ca. 51 °C (Tm1) and 59 °C (Tm2), whereas Cat-CsChiO shows a single endothermic transition at 52 °C. Together, the CD and DSC analyses suggested that the catalytic domain of CsChiO undergoes a thermotropic transition at ~52 °C from native state to another stable structural conformation. Results from molecular dynamic simulations corroborated that Cat-CsChiO adopts a stable structural conformation above 50 °C by partial unfolding. Thermotolerant CsChiO would be useful for the conversion of chitin, which is highly abundant, to biologically active COS. This study unveiled the adaptability of enzymes/proteins in nature to perform biological functions at elevated temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhoopal Bhuvanachandra
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500 046, Telangana, India
| | - Dokku Sivaramakrishna
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500 046, Telangana, India
| | - Sk Alim
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500 046, Telangana, India
| | - Musti J Swamy
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500 046, Telangana, India
| | - Appa Rao Podile
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500 046, Telangana, India.
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Kim J, Lee B, Chhetri G, Kim I, So Y, Jang W, Seo T. Identification of Mucilaginibacter conchicola sp. nov., Mucilaginibacter achroorhodeus sp. nov. and Mucilaginibacter pallidiroseus sp. nov. and emended description of the genus Mucilaginibacter. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2022; 72. [DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.005431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Three chitinolytic, Gram-negative, light pink, capsule-forming, rod-shaped bacterial strains with gliding motion (MYSH2T, MJ1aT and dk17T) were isolated from seashells, soil and foxtail, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequences and concatenated alignment of 92 core genes indicated that strains MYSH2T, MJ1aT and dk17T were novel species of the genus
Mucilaginibacter
and exhibited a high 16S rRNA sequence similarity (i.e. more than 97.2 %) among each other. These novel strains contained summed feature 3 (C16:1 ω7c and/or C16:1 ω6), iso-C15:0 and MK-7 as the predominant fatty acids and menaquinone. According to the CAZys coding gene of KAAS, MYSH2T and MJ1aT were interpreted as strains containing both GH18 and 19 family coding genes, except for dk17T, which shows only GH19 family genes. These strains likely degrade chitin to chitobiose or directly to N-acetyl-d-glucosamine, which may enhance their chitinolytic capacity, thus making these stains potentially useful for industrial chitin degradation. Based on distinct morphological, physiological, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic differences from their closest phylogenetic neighbours, we propose that strains MYSH2T, MJ1aT and dk17T represent three novel species in the genus
Mucilaginibacter
, for which the names Mucilaginibacter conchicola sp. nov. (=KACC 19716T=JCM 32787T), Mucilaginibacter achroorhodeus sp. nov. (=KACC 19906T=NBRC 113667T) and Mucilaginibacter pallidiroseus sp. nov. (=KACC 19907T=NBRC 113666T) are proposed. An emended description of the genus
Mucilaginibacter
is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyoun Kim
- Department of Life Science, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang 10326, South Korea
| | - Byungjo Lee
- Department of Life Science, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang 10326, South Korea
| | - Geeta Chhetri
- Department of Life Science, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang 10326, South Korea
| | - Inhyup Kim
- Department of Life Science, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang 10326, South Korea
| | - Yoonseop So
- Department of Life Science, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang 10326, South Korea
| | - Wonhee Jang
- Department of Life Science, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang 10326, South Korea
| | - Taegun Seo
- Department of Life Science, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang 10326, South Korea
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12
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Gu YF, Chen YP, Jin R, Wang C, Wen C, Zhou YM. Dietary chitooligosaccharide supplementation alleviates intestinal barrier damage, and oxidative and immunological stress in lipopolysaccharide-challenged laying hens. Poult Sci 2022; 101:101701. [PMID: 35150943 PMCID: PMC8844238 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.101701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effects of chitooligosaccharide (COS) on intestinal barrier, antioxidant capacity, and immunity of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-challenged laying hens. A total of 360 Hy-line Brown laying hens (80-wk-old) were randomly divided into 5 groups with 6 replicates of 12 birds. Hens were fed a corn-soybean meal basal diet supplemented with different COS levels (0; 5; 10; 15; 20 mg/kg) for 8 wk. The results showed that 15 mg/kg COS administration elevated albumen height and Haugh unit (P < 0.05), and numerically optimized productive performance (P > 0.05), therefore, the dosage of 15 mg/kg was chosen for the subsequent experiment. Thereafter, 12 birds from non-supplemented group were randomly selected and assigned into 2 groups, and birds in each group were administered (1.5 mg/kg BW, i.p.) with saline (control group) or LPS (challenge group). Another 6 hens from 15 mg/kg COS-supplemented group were selected and injected with LPS in the same way. Compared with the control group, LPS-challenged birds exhibited elevated circulating diamine oxidase activity, and reduced jejunal villus height and ratio of villus height to crypt depth, and these indices were reversed to control levels by COS (P < 0.05). Also, LPS increased malondialdehyde accumulation and reduced several antioxidant enzyme activities in the intestinal mucosa (P < 0.05). Additionally, LPS increased jejunal secretory IgA and interferon-γ (IFN-γ), and ileal secretory IgA, IgM, and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) concentrations, whereas COS reduced jejunal IFN-γ and IL-1β, and ileal IgM levels (P < 0.05). Moreover, LPS down-regulated mRNA abundance of jejunal occludin and claudin 2, and upregulated expression of jejunal nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor 2, superoxide dismutase 1, and IFN-γ as well as ileal IL-1β (P < 0.05). Besides, COS increased jejunal occludin and ileal claudin 2, nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor 2, and heme oxygenase-1 expression, and decreased jejunal IFN-γ and IL-1β abundance (P < 0.05). These results suggested that COS could alleviate LPS-induced intestinal barrier impairment, and oxidative and immunological stress in laying hens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y F Gu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Y P Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - R Jin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - C Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - C Wen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Y M Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China.
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13
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Chaklader MR, Howieson J, Foysal MJ, Fotedar R. Transformation of fish waste protein to Hermetia illucens protein improves the efficacy of poultry by-products in the culture of juvenile barramundi, Lates calcarifer. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 796:149045. [PMID: 34328887 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Promoting a circular economy via the transformation of food waste into alternative and high-value protein sources for aquaculture diets is a novel approach to developing alternative raw materials to fishmeal (FM). This approach can reduce the ecological impact on the aquatic environment and simultaneously can provide an option for sustainable food waste management. In this context, we report a 56-day trial of feeding barramundi, Lates calcarifer on four iso‑nitrogenous and iso-lipidic diets where the control (0PBM-0HI) was a FM-based diet and the other test diets replaced FM protein with mixtures of a poultry by-product meal (PBM) and a full-fat Hermetia illucens (HI) larvae meal reared on fish waste: the test diets were 85% PBM + 15% HI (85PBM-15HI), 80% PBM + 20% HI (80PBM-20HI) and 75% PBM + 25% HI (75PBM-25HI). Fish fed PBM-HI-based diets showed an equal growth rate and amino acid profile when compared to the control group. Among all serum metabolites, alanine aminotransferase and glutamate dehydrogenase decreased in fish fed PBM-HI-based diets, whilst total protein levels improved in the same diets. Serum lysozyme and bactericidal activity were unchanged which supported the observation of similar infection rates against V. harveyi. Except for the kidney and intestine, catalase activity in the serum and liver increased in fish-fed PBM-HI-based diets. In assessing the gastrointestinal mucosal morphology, the goblet cells producing neutral mucins were higher in PBM-HI-fed fish than the control. PBM-HI diets also enhanced bacterial richness and diversity and increased abundance for Lactobacillus, Clostridium, and Ruminococcus. In summary, combining full-fat HI with PBM allowed complete replacement of FM with no negative effects on growth whilst improving gut health. Such diets would be beneficial for the aquaculture industry, both ecologically and economically, as well as providing value-adding to animal waste as alternative protein sources for aquafeed production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Reaz Chaklader
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, 1 Turner Avenue, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia.
| | - Janet Howieson
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, 1 Turner Avenue, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia
| | - Md Javed Foysal
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, 1 Turner Avenue, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia; Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet 3114, Bangladesh
| | - Ravi Fotedar
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, 1 Turner Avenue, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia
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14
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Gao H, Qin Y, Zeng J, Yang Q, Jia T. Dietary intervention with sialylated lactulose affects the immunomodulatory activities of mice. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:9494-9504. [PMID: 34176623 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-20327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Four sialylated lactuloses [N-acetylneuraminic acid-α2,3-lactulose (Neu5Acα2,3lactulose), N-acetylneuraminic acid-α2,6-lactulose (Neu5Acα2,6lactulose), deaminoneuraminc acid-α2,3-lactulose (Kdnα2,3lactulose), and deaminoneuraminc acid-α-2,6-lactulose (Kdnα2,6lactulose)] were reported to modulate the immunity of mice. The influences of cytokine expression, cell immunity, humoral immunity, and nonspecific immunity were investigated in our study using several techniques. Analysis via ELISA showed that cytokine expression was induced by sialylated lactulose treatment consistently in the serum and spleen. Among the 4 tested sialylated lactuloses, Neu5Acα2,6lactulose performed the best, simultaneously and appropriately promoting the expression of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory factors in the serum and spleen. Kdnα2,3lactulose showed the best antioxidant activity according to detection of the activity of superoxide dismutase, myeloperoxidase, peroxidase, and alkaline phosphatase. Flow cytometry revealed that only Kdnα2,3lactulose significantly boosted the CD3+ T lymphocyte ratio similarly to that of lactulose. Analysis of the hemolysin content to characterize humoral immunity revealed that Kdnα2,3lactulose notably increased hemolysin content compared with that in the control group. To evaluate the nonspecific immune effects of the 4 sialylated lactuloses, a fluorescence microsphere phagocytosis assay was used to analyze the phagocytosis of macrophages. Kdnα2,3lactulose still performed the best in enhancing the phagocytosis of macrophages, showing markedly increased phagocytic percentage and phagocytic index values compared with those in the control and lactulose groups. Comparing the differences of these 4 sialylated lactuloses in affecting immunity in mice revealed that Kdnα2,3lactulose had the best overall performance in influencing cytokine expression, cell immunity, humoral immunity, and nonspecific immunity. This study provides critical support for use of sialylated lactuloses as potential immunomodulators in foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Gao
- School of Food Science, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, China.
| | - Yueqi Qin
- School of Food Science, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Jie Zeng
- School of Food Science, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Qing Yang
- Key Laboratory for Deep Processing of Major Grain and Oil of Ministry of Education, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China.
| | - Tian Jia
- School of Food Science, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, China
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15
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Zhou J, Wen B, Xie H, Zhang C, Bai Y, Cao H, Che Q, Guo J, Su Z. Advances in the preparation and assessment of the biological activities of chitosan oligosaccharides with different structural characteristics. Food Funct 2021; 12:926-951. [PMID: 33434251 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo02768e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Chitosan oligosaccharides (COSs) are widely used biopolymers that have been studied in relation to a variety of abnormal biological activities in the food and biomedical fields. Since different COS preparation technologies produce COS compounds with different structural characteristics, it has not yet been possible to determine whether one or more chito-oligomers are primarily responsible for the bioactivity of COSs. The inherent biocompatibility, mucosal adhesion and nontoxic nature of COSs are well documented, as is the fact that they are readily absorbed from the intestinal tract, but their structure-activity relationship requires further investigation. This review summarizes the methods used for COS preparation, and the research findings with regard to the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-obesity, bacteriostatic and antitumour activity of COSs with different structural characteristics. The correlation between the molecular structure and bioactivities of COSs is described, and new insights into their structure-activity relationship are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwen Zhou
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Natural Products and New Drugs, Guangdong Provincial University Engineering Technology Research Center of Natural Products and Drugs, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou (510006), China. and Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Centre of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou (510006), China.
| | - Bingjian Wen
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Natural Products and New Drugs, Guangdong Provincial University Engineering Technology Research Center of Natural Products and Drugs, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou (510006), China. and Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Centre of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou (510006), China.
| | - Hongyi Xie
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Natural Products and New Drugs, Guangdong Provincial University Engineering Technology Research Center of Natural Products and Drugs, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou (510006), China. and Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Centre of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou (510006), China.
| | - Chengcheng Zhang
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Natural Products and New Drugs, Guangdong Provincial University Engineering Technology Research Center of Natural Products and Drugs, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou (510006), China. and Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Centre of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou (510006), China.
| | - Yan Bai
- School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou (510310), China
| | - Hua Cao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Zhongshan (528458), China
| | - Qishi Che
- Guangzhou Rainhome Pharm & Tech Co., Ltd, Science City, Guangzhou (510663), China
| | - Jiao Guo
- Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Centre of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou (510006), China.
| | - Zhengquan Su
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Natural Products and New Drugs, Guangdong Provincial University Engineering Technology Research Center of Natural Products and Drugs, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou (510006), China.
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16
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Abstract
Chitin and its derivatives are attracting great interest in cosmetic and cosmeceutical fields, thanks to their antioxidant and antimicrobial properties, as well as their biocompatibility and biodegradability. The classical source of chitin, crustacean waste, is no longer sustainable and fungi, a possible alternative, have not been exploited at an industrial scale yet. On the contrary, the breeding of bioconverting insects, especially of the Diptera Hermetia illucens, is becoming increasingly popular worldwide. Therefore, their exoskeletons, consisting of chitin as a major component, represent a waste stream of facilities that could be exploited for many applications. Insect chitin, indeed, suggests its application in the same fields as the crustacean biopolymer, because of its comparable commercial characteristics. This review reports several cosmetic and cosmeceutical applications based on chitin and its derivatives. In this context, chitin nanofibers and nanofibrils, produced from crustacean waste, have proved to be excellent cosmeceutical active compounds and carriers of active ingredients in personal care. Consequently, the insect-based chitin, its derivatives and their complexes with hyaluronic acid and lignin, as well as with other chitin-derived compounds, may be considered a new appropriate potential polymer to be used in cosmetic and cosmeceutical fields.
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17
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Ghosh T, Singh R, Nesamma AA, Jutur PP. Marine Polysaccharides: Properties and Applications. POLYSACCHARIDES 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/9781119711414.ch3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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18
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Abdel-Latif HMR, Abdel-Tawwab M, Khalil RH, Metwally AA, Shakweer MS, Ghetas HA, Khallaf MA. Black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae meal in diets of European seabass: Effects on antioxidative capacity, non-specific immunity, transcriptomic responses, and resistance to the challenge with Vibrio alginolyticus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 111:111-118. [PMID: 33508473 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Black soldier fly larvae meal (BSFLM) has been successfully demonstrated as a promising fish meal (FM) replacer in diets of several fish species including European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax). However, its impacts on antioxidant capacity, and immune responses of treated fish are still poorly understood. A 60-day feeding trial was carried out to evaluate the effects of partial substitution of FM with different levels of dry BSFLM on the antioxidative status, non-specific immunity, transcriptomic responses, and resistance of European seabass to the challenge with Vibrio alginolyticus. Four isoproteic (45%) and isolipidic diets were formulated by replacing 0.0%, 25%, 35%, and 50% of the dietary FM. Each diet was randomly assigned to four fish groups (in triplicates) (initial mean body weight, 12.1 ± 0.21 g) (20 fish per aquarium) (n = 240). Fish were fed three times daily to the apparent satiation. At the end of the feeding trial, serum antioxidant biomarkers such as malondialdehyde levels, and catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase enzyme activities were significantly increased in all BSFLM groups in a dose-dependent manner compared to the control group (P < 0.05). The non-specific immune indices, including phagocytic activity, phagocytic index, serum lysozyme and respiratory burst activities were significantly elevated in BSFLM groups compared to those in the control group (P < 0.05). Significant upregulation of the mRNA expression levels of hepatic heat shock protein 70, interleukin-1beta and interleukin-10 genes were observed in all BSFLM groups compared to the control group (P < 0.05). Additionally, after the challenge with V. alginolyticus, the relative percent of survival was significantly elevated in fish groups fed on diets containing graded levels of BSFLM over the control group (P < 0.05). Conclusively, the present study suggests the potential efficacy of partial replacement of dietary FM protein for up to 50% by BSFLM without negative effects on fish health with possible potentiation of the antioxidative status, and the immune responses of the European seabass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hany M R Abdel-Latif
- Department of Poultry and Fish Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Mohsen Abdel-Tawwab
- Department of Fish Biology and Ecology, Central Laboratory for Aquaculture Research, Agriculture Research Center, Abbassa, Abo-Hammad, Sharqia, 44662, Egypt
| | - Riad H Khalil
- Department of Poultry and Fish Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | | | - Medhat S Shakweer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious and Fish Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Egypt
| | - Hanan A Ghetas
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine and Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Khallaf
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine and Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Egypt
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19
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Liu M, Cai M, Ding P. Oligosaccharides from Traditional Chinese Herbal Medicines: A Review of Chemical Diversity and Biological Activities. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2021; 49:577-608. [PMID: 33730992 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x21500269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
Abstract
Most of traditional Chinese herbal medicine (TCHM) substances come from medicinal plants, among which oligosaccharides have gradually attracted widespread attention at home and abroad due to their important biological activities and great medicinal potential. Numerous in vitro and in vivo experiments exhibited that oligosaccharides possess various activities, such as antitumor, anti-oxidation, modulate the gut microflora, anti-inflammatory, anti-infection, and immune-regulatory activities. Generally, biological activities are closely related to chemical structures, including molecular weight, monosaccharide composition, glycosidic bond connection, etc. The structural analysis of oligosaccharides is an important basis for studying their structure-activity relationship, but the structural diversity and complexity of carbohydrate compounds limit the study of oligosaccharides activities. Understanding the structures and biological functions of oligosaccharides is important for the development of new bioactive substances with natural oligosaccharides. This review provides a systematic introduction of the current knowledge of the chemical structures and biological activities of oligosaccharides. Most importantly, the reported chemical characteristics and biological activities of the famous TCHM oligosaccharides were briefly summarized, including Morinda officinalis, Rehmannia glutinosa, Arctium lappa, Polygala tenuifolia, Panax ginseng, Lycium barbarum and Astragalus membranaceus. TCHM oligosaccharides play an important role in nutrition, health care, disease diagnosis and prevention as well as have broad application prospects in the field of medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyun Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 232 Waihuan East Road, Panyu District, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Miaomiao Cai
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 232 Waihuan East Road, Panyu District, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Ping Ding
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 232 Waihuan East Road, Panyu District, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
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Raimundo I, Silva R, Meunier L, Valente SM, Lago-Lestón A, Keller-Costa T, Costa R. Functional metagenomics reveals differential chitin degradation and utilization features across free-living and host-associated marine microbiomes. MICROBIOME 2021; 9:43. [PMID: 33583433 PMCID: PMC7883442 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-020-00970-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chitin ranks as the most abundant polysaccharide in the oceans yet knowledge of shifts in structure and diversity of chitin-degrading communities across marine niches is scarce. Here, we integrate cultivation-dependent and -independent approaches to shed light on the chitin processing potential within the microbiomes of marine sponges, octocorals, sediments, and seawater. RESULTS We found that cultivatable host-associated bacteria in the genera Aquimarina, Enterovibrio, Microbulbifer, Pseudoalteromonas, Shewanella, and Vibrio were able to degrade colloidal chitin in vitro. Congruent with enzymatic activity bioassays, genome-wide inspection of cultivated symbionts revealed that Vibrio and Aquimarina species, particularly, possess several endo- and exo-chitinase-encoding genes underlying their ability to cleave the large chitin polymer into oligomers and dimers. Conversely, Alphaproteobacteria species were found to specialize in the utilization of the chitin monomer N-acetylglucosamine more often. Phylogenetic assessments uncovered a high degree of within-genome diversification of multiple, full-length endo-chitinase genes for Aquimarina and Vibrio strains, suggestive of a versatile chitin catabolism aptitude. We then analyzed the abundance distributions of chitin metabolism-related genes across 30 Illumina-sequenced microbial metagenomes and found that the endosymbiotic consortium of Spongia officinalis is enriched in polysaccharide deacetylases, suggesting the ability of the marine sponge microbiome to convert chitin into its deacetylated-and biotechnologically versatile-form chitosan. Instead, the abundance of endo-chitinase and chitin-binding protein-encoding genes in healthy octocorals leveled up with those from the surrounding environment but was found to be depleted in necrotic octocoral tissue. Using cultivation-independent, taxonomic assignments of endo-chitinase encoding genes, we unveiled previously unsuspected richness and divergent structures of chitinolytic communities across host-associated and free-living biotopes, revealing putative roles for uncultivated Gammaproteobacteria and Chloroflexi symbionts in chitin processing within sessile marine invertebrates. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that differential chitin degradation pathways, utilization, and turnover dictate the processing of chitin across marine micro-niches and support the hypothesis that inter-species cross-feeding could facilitate the co-existence of chitin utilizers within marine invertebrate microbiomes. We further identified chitin metabolism functions which may serve as indicators of microbiome integrity/dysbiosis in corals and reveal putative novel chitinolytic enzymes in the genus Aquimarina that may find applications in the blue biotechnology sector. Video abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- I. Raimundo
- Instituto de Bioengenharia e Biociências, Instituto Superior Técnico (IST), Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, Torre Sul, Piso 11, 11.6.11b, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - R. Silva
- Instituto de Bioengenharia e Biociências, Instituto Superior Técnico (IST), Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, Torre Sul, Piso 11, 11.6.11b, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - L. Meunier
- Instituto de Bioengenharia e Biociências, Instituto Superior Técnico (IST), Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, Torre Sul, Piso 11, 11.6.11b, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
- Laboratory of Aquatic Systems Ecology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - S. M. Valente
- Instituto de Bioengenharia e Biociências, Instituto Superior Técnico (IST), Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, Torre Sul, Piso 11, 11.6.11b, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - A. Lago-Lestón
- Department of Medical Innovation, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada (CICESE), 22860 Ensenada, Mexico
| | - T. Keller-Costa
- Instituto de Bioengenharia e Biociências, Instituto Superior Técnico (IST), Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, Torre Sul, Piso 11, 11.6.11b, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - R. Costa
- Instituto de Bioengenharia e Biociências, Instituto Superior Técnico (IST), Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, Torre Sul, Piso 11, 11.6.11b, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
- Centro de Ciências do Mar (CCMAR), Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
- Department of Energy, Joint Genome Institute, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
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Bhuvanachandra B, Sivaramakrishna D, Alim S, Preethiba G, Rambabu S, Swamy MJ, Podile AR. New Class of Chitosanase from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens for the Generation of Chitooligosaccharides. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:78-87. [PMID: 33393308 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c05078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Chitooligosaccharides (COS) generated from either chitin (chitin oligosaccharides) or chitosan (chitosan oligosaccharides) have a wide range of applications in agriculture, medicine, and other fields. Here, we report the characterization of a chitosanase from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (BamCsn) and the importance of a tryptophan (Trp), W204, for BamCsn activity. BamCsn hydrolyzed the chitosan polymer by an endo mode. It also hydrolyzed chitin oligosaccharides and interestingly exhibited transglycosylation activity on chitotetraose and chitopentaose. Mutation of W204, a nonconserved amino acid in chitosanases, to W204A abolished the hydrolytic activity of BamCsn, with a change in the structure that resulted in a decreased affinity for the substrate and impaired the catalytic ability. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that BamCsn could belong to a new class of chitosanases that showed unique properties like transglycosylation, cleavage of chitin oligosaccharides, and the presence of W204 residues, which is important for activity. Chitosanases belonging to the BamCsn class showed a high potential to generate COS from chitinous substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhoopal Bhuvanachandra
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500 046, Telangana, India
| | - Dokku Sivaramakrishna
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500 046, Telangana, India
| | - Sk Alim
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500 046, Telangana, India
| | - Gopi Preethiba
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500 046, Telangana, India
| | - Samudrala Rambabu
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500 046, Telangana, India
| | - Musti J Swamy
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500 046, Telangana, India
| | - Appa Rao Podile
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500 046, Telangana, India
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Benchamas G, Huang G, Huang S, Huang H. Preparation and biological activities of chitosan oligosaccharides. Trends Food Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2020.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Chitooligosaccharides for wound healing biomaterials engineering. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 117:111266. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.111266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Mukherjee S, Behera PK, Madhuprakash J. Efficient conversion of crystalline chitin to N-acetylglucosamine and N,N'-diacetylchitobiose by the enzyme cocktail produced by Paenibacillus sp. LS1. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 250:116889. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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25
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Harmsen RAG, Aam BB, Madhuprakash J, Hamre AG, Goddard-Borger ED, Withers SG, Eijsink VGH, Sørlie M. Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of Chito-oligosaccharides with Alternating N-d-Acetylglucosamine and d-Glucosamine. Biochemistry 2020; 59:4581-4590. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.0c00839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rianne A. G. Harmsen
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, PO 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Berit Bjugan Aam
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, PO 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Jogi Madhuprakash
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, PO 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, India
| | - Anne Grethe Hamre
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, PO 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Ethan D. Goddard-Borger
- Walter & Eliza Hall, Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Colombia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Stephen G. Withers
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Colombia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Vincent G. H. Eijsink
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, PO 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Morten Sørlie
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, PO 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway
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Varma R, Vasudevan S. Extraction, Characterization, and Antimicrobial Activity of Chitosan from Horse Mussel Modiolus modiolus. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:20224-20230. [PMID: 32832775 PMCID: PMC7439375 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c01903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Chitin and chitosan have been proved to have enormous applications in biomedical, pharmaceutical, and industrial fields. The horse mussel, Modiolus modiolus, a refuse of the fishery industries at Thondi, is a reserve of rich chitin. The aim of this work is to extract chitosan from the horse mussel and its further characterization using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), micro-Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and elemental analysis. The result of FTIR studies revealed different functional groups of organic compounds such as out-of-plane bending (564 cm-1), C-O-C stretching (711 cm-1), and CH2 stretching (1174 cm-1) in chitosan. The degree of acetylation of the extracted chitosan was observed to be 57.43%, which makes it suitable as a biopolymer for biomedical applications. Prominent peaks observed with micro-Raman studies were at 484 cm-1 (14,264 counts/s), 2138 cm-1 (45,061 counts/s), and 2447 cm-1 (45,636 counts/s). XRD studies showed the crystalline nature of the polymer, and the maximum peak was observed at 20.04°. Elemental analysis showed a considerable decrease in the percentage of nitrogen and carbon upon the conversion of chitin to chitosan, while chitosan had a higher percentage of hydrogen and sulfur. The antibacterial activities of chitosan from the horse mussel were found to be efficient at a 200 μg/mL concentration against all the bacterial strains tested with a comparatively higher antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli (9 mm) and Bacillus subtilis (8 mm).
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Sun BB, Yao BH, Fu ZS, He YQ. Preparation and analysis of photochromic behavior of carboxymethyl chitin derivatives containing spiropyran moieties. Des Monomers Polym 2020; 23:106-117. [PMID: 33029079 PMCID: PMC7473278 DOI: 10.1080/15685551.2020.1796362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
1ʹ-(2-Acryloxyethyl)-3,3ʹ-dimethyl-6-nitrospiro[2 H-1-benzopyran-2,2ʹ-indoline] (SPA) was synthesized and grafted onto a water-soluble carboxymethyl chitin (CMCH) macromolecule to prepare a photochromic copolymer (CMCH-g-SPA). The structure of CMCH-g-SPA was characterized by Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, thermogravimetric (TG) analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, water-solubility evaluation, and UV-vis spectroscopy. XRD patterns of CMCH-g-SPA revealed that grafting copolymerization disrupts the CMCH semicrystalline structure, thus improving water solubility. UV-vis spectroscopy results supported the negative photochromic behavior of the merocyanine (MC) form of CMCH-g-SPA (CMCH-g-MCA) present in a water solution of the target copolymer. In addition to high solvent polarity, the intermolecular and intramolecular electrostatic attraction between the indolenine cation and the COO− anion were found to be influencing factors, which stabilize these MC form of spiropyran groups grafted onto CMCH. In a water solution, visible light bleaching was completed over a short period (8 minutes) under artificial visible light irradiation and the thermal coloration reaction, whose rate constant at 25 °C was 4.64 × 10−4 s−1, which fit the first-order reaction equation. After ten photochromic cycles in water solution, the relative absorption intensity of CMCH-g-MCA decreased by 7.92%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin-Bin Sun
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an, China.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Vocational and Technical College of Defense Industry, Xi'an, China
| | - Bing-Hua Yao
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an, China
| | - Zheng-Sheng Fu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yang-Qing He
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an, China
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Kapešová J, Petrásková L, Kulik N, Straková Z, Bojarová P, Markošová K, Rebroš M, Křen V, Slámová K. Transglycosidase activity of glycosynthase-type mutants of a fungal GH20 β-N-acetylhexosaminidase. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 161:1206-1215. [PMID: 32522540 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.05.273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
β-N-Acetylhexosaminidases (CAZy GH20, EC 3.2.1.52) are exo-glycosidases specific for cleaving N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylgalactosamine moieties of various substrates. The β-N-acetylhexosaminidase from the filamentous fungus Talaromyces flavus (TfHex), a model enzyme in this study, has a broad substrate flexibility and outstanding synthetic ability. We have designed and characterized seven glycosynthase-type variants of TfHex mutated at the catalytic aspartate residue that stabilizes the oxazoline reaction intermediate. Most of the obtained enzyme variants lost the majority of their original hydrolytic activity towards the standard substrate p-nitrophenyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-β-D-glucopyranoside (pNP-β-GlcNAc); moreover, the mutants were not active with the proposed glycosynthase donor 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-d-glucopyranosyl-α-fluoride (GlcNAc-α-F) either as would be expected in a glycosynthase. Importantly, the mutant enzymes instead retained a strong transglycosylation activity towards the standard substrate pNP-β-GlcNAc. In summary, five out of seven prepared TfHex variants bearing mutation at the catalytic Asp370 residue acted as efficient transglycosidases, which makes them excellent tools for the synthesis of chitooligosaccharides, with the advantage of processing an inexpensive, stable and commercially available pNP-β-GlcNAc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Kapešová
- Laboratory of Biotransformation, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, Prague 4 CZ 14220, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Petrásková
- Laboratory of Biotransformation, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, Prague 4 CZ 14220, Czech Republic
| | - Natalia Kulik
- Center for Nanobiology and Structural Biology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Zámek 136, Nové Hrady, CZ 37333, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Straková
- Laboratory of Biotransformation, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, Prague 4 CZ 14220, Czech Republic.; Department of Biochemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 6, Prague 6, CZ 16000, Czech Republic
| | - Pavla Bojarová
- Laboratory of Biotransformation, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, Prague 4 CZ 14220, Czech Republic
| | - Kristína Markošová
- Institute of Biotechnology, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, Bratislava, SK 81237, Slovakia
| | - Martin Rebroš
- Institute of Biotechnology, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, Bratislava, SK 81237, Slovakia
| | - Vladimír Křen
- Laboratory of Biotransformation, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, Prague 4 CZ 14220, Czech Republic
| | - Kristýna Slámová
- Laboratory of Biotransformation, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, Prague 4 CZ 14220, Czech Republic..
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Abstract
β-N-acetylhexosaminidases (EC 3.2.1.52) are retaining hydrolases of glycoside hydrolase family 20 (GH20). These enzymes catalyze hydrolysis of terminal, non-reducing N-acetylhexosamine residues, notably N-acetylglucosamine or N-acetylgalactosamine, in N-acetyl-β-D-hexosaminides. In nature, bacterial β-N-acetylhexosaminidases are mainly involved in cell wall peptidoglycan synthesis, analogously, fungal β-N-acetylhexosaminidases act on cell wall chitin. The enzymes work via a distinct substrate-assisted mechanism that utilizes the 2-acetamido group as nucleophile. Curiously, the β-N-acetylhexosaminidases possess an inherent trans-glycosylation ability which is potentially useful for biocatalytic synthesis of functional carbohydrates, including biomimetic synthesis of human milk oligosaccharides and other glycan-functionalized compounds. In this review, we summarize the reaction engineering approaches (donor substrate activation, additives, and reaction conditions) that have proven useful for enhancing trans-glycosylation activity of GH20 β-N-acetylhexosaminidases. We provide comprehensive overviews of reported synthesis reactions with GH20 enzymes, including tables that list the specific enzyme used, donor and acceptor substrates, reaction conditions, and details of the products and yields obtained. We also describe the active site traits and mutations that appear to favor trans-glycosylation activity of GH20 β-N-acetylhexosaminidases. Finally, we discuss novel protein engineering strategies and suggest potential “hotspots” for mutations to promote trans-glycosylation activity in GH20 for efficient synthesis of specific functional carbohydrates and other glyco-engineered products.
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Chandra Rajan K, Vengatesen T. Molecular adaptation of molluscan biomineralisation to high-CO 2 oceans - The known and the unknown. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 155:104883. [PMID: 32072987 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2020.104883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2019] [Revised: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
High-CO2 induced ocean acidification (OA) reduces the calcium carbonate (CaCO3) saturation level (Ω) and the pH of oceans. Consequently, OA is causing a serious threat to several ecologically and economically important biomineralising molluscs. Biomineralisation is a highly controlled biochemical process by which molluscs deposit their calcareous structures. In this process, shell matrix proteins aid the nucleation, growth and assemblage of the CaCO3 crystals in the shell. These molluscan shell proteins (MSPs) are, ultimately, responsible for determination of the diverse shell microstructures and mechanical strength. Recent studies have attempted to integrate gene and protein expression data of MSPs with shell structure and mechanical properties. These advances made in understanding the molecular mechanism of biomineralisation suggest that molluscs either succumb or adapt to OA stress. In this review, we discuss the fate of biomineralisation process in future high-CO2 oceans and its ultimate impact on the mineralised shell's structure and mechanical properties from the perspectives of limited substrate availability theory, proton flux limitation model and the omega myth theory. Furthermore, studying the interplay of energy availability and differential gene expression is an essential first step towards understanding adaptation of molluscan biomineralisation to OA, because if there is a need to change gene expression under stressors, any living system would require more energy than usual. To conclude, we have listed, four important future research directions for molecular adaptation of molluscan biomineralisation in high-CO2 oceans: 1) Including an energy budgeting factor while understanding differential gene expression of MSPs and ion transporters under OA. 2) Unraveling the genetic or epigenetic changes related to biomineralisation under stressors to help solving a bigger picture about future evolution of molluscs, and 3) Understanding Post Translational Modifications of MSPs with and without stressors. 4) Understanding carbon uptake mechanisms across taxa with and without OA to clarify the OA theories on Ω.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanmani Chandra Rajan
- The Swire Institute of Marine Science and School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Thiyagarajan Vengatesen
- The Swire Institute of Marine Science and School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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Liu M, Mao X, Chen D, Yu B, He J, Zheng P, Yu J, Luo J, Luo Y, Wang J, Wang Q, Wang H. Dietary pectic oligosaccharide supplementation improves rat reproductive performance via regulating intestinal volatile fatty acids during middle gestation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 6:210-216. [PMID: 32542202 PMCID: PMC7283514 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2020.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
As a kind of green additive, pectic oligosaccharide (POS) may regulate some physiological functions of animals, such as gut health, antioxidant capacity, immunity and lipid metabolism. This study aimed to identify whether POS administration can improve maternal reproduction, and to determine the possible metabolism. A total of 48 pregnant Wistar rats randomly allotted into 2 groups, and each group was fed a diet supplemented with 0 or 800 mg/kg of POS. Pectic oligosaccharide administration increased rat born number (P < 0.05), did not affect rat embryo number on d 7 of gestation, but increased rat fetus number on d 14 of gestation (P < 0.05). On d 14 of gestation, POS treatment improved Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium populations and volatile fatty acid concentrations of cecal digesta (P < 0.05), hormone (progesterone and nitric oxide) and cytokine (interleukin 2) concentrations of serum (P < 0.05), and antioxidant capacity of serum (increased total antioxidant capacity and decreased malondialdehyde) and placenta (increased total superoxide dismutase, decreased malondialdehyde) (P < 0.05) in pregnant rats. These results suggest that POS administration improved rat reproduction via decreasing fetus loss in middle gestation. This was due to the increased volatile fatty acid concentrations in rat gut improving hormone and inflammatory-cytokine productions, and antioxidant capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghui Liu
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Xiangbing Mao
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chengdu, 611130, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition and Feed, Chinese Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu, 611130, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition, Sichuan, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Daiwen Chen
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chengdu, 611130, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition and Feed, Chinese Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu, 611130, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition, Sichuan, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Bing Yu
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chengdu, 611130, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition and Feed, Chinese Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu, 611130, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition, Sichuan, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Jun He
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chengdu, 611130, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition and Feed, Chinese Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu, 611130, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition, Sichuan, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Ping Zheng
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chengdu, 611130, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition and Feed, Chinese Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu, 611130, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition, Sichuan, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Jie Yu
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chengdu, 611130, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition and Feed, Chinese Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu, 611130, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition, Sichuan, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Junqiu Luo
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chengdu, 611130, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition and Feed, Chinese Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu, 611130, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition, Sichuan, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Yuheng Luo
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chengdu, 611130, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition and Feed, Chinese Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu, 611130, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition, Sichuan, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Jianping Wang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chengdu, 611130, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition and Feed, Chinese Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu, 611130, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition, Sichuan, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Quyuan Wang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Huifen Wang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
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Recent Updates in Pharmacological Properties of Chitooligosaccharides. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:4568039. [PMID: 31781615 PMCID: PMC6875261 DOI: 10.1155/2019/4568039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chemical structures derived from marine foods are highly diverse and pharmacologically promising. In particular, chitooligosaccharides (COS) present a safe pharmacokinetic profile and a great source of new bioactive polymers. This review describes the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antidiabetic properties of COS from recent publications. Thus, COS constitute an effective agent against oxidative stress, cellular damage, and inflammatory pathogenesis. The mechanisms of action and targeted therapeutic pathways of COS are summarized and discussed. COS may act as antioxidants via their radical scavenging activity and by decreasing oxidative stress markers. The mechanism of COS antidiabetic effect is characterized by an acceleration of pancreatic islets proliferation, an increase in insulin secretion and sensitivity, a reduction of postprandial glucose, and an improvement of glucose uptake. COS upregulate the GLUT2 and inhibit digestive enzyme and glucose transporters. Furthermore, they resulted in reduction of gluconeogenesis and promotion of glucose conversion. On the other hand, the COS decrease inflammatory mediators, suppress the activation of NF-κB, increase the phosphorylation of kinase, and stimulate the proliferation of lymphocytes. Overall, this review brings evidence from experimental data about protective effect of COS.
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Jiang Z, Liu G, Yang Y, Shao K, Wang Y, Liu W, Han B. N-Acetyl chitooligosaccharides attenuate amyloid β-induced damage in animal and cell models of Alzheimer’s disease. Process Biochem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2019.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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34
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Chitosan oligosaccharide (COS): An overview. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 129:827-843. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.01.192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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35
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Chitosan and its derivatives: synthesis, biotechnological applications, and future challenges. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:1557-1571. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9550-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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36
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Madhuprakash J, Dalhus B, Rani TS, Podile AR, Eijsink VGH, Sørlie M. Key Residues Affecting Transglycosylation Activity in Family 18 Chitinases: Insights into Donor and Acceptor Subsites. Biochemistry 2018; 57:4325-4337. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.8b00381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jogi Madhuprakash
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. Box 5003, 1432 Ås, Norway
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, India
| | - Bjørn Dalhus
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Institute for Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, P.O.
Box 4950, Nydalen, N-0424 Oslo, Norway
- Department of Microbiology, Clinic for Laboratory Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, P.O. Box 4950, Nydalen, N-0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - T. Swaroopa Rani
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, India
| | - Appa Rao Podile
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, India
| | - Vincent G. H. Eijsink
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. Box 5003, 1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Morten Sørlie
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. Box 5003, 1432 Ås, Norway
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Khan MI, Shin JH, Kim JD. The promising future of microalgae: current status, challenges, and optimization of a sustainable and renewable industry for biofuels, feed, and other products. Microb Cell Fact 2018; 17:36. [PMID: 29506528 PMCID: PMC5836383 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-018-0879-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 619] [Impact Index Per Article: 103.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Microalgae have recently attracted considerable interest worldwide, due to their extensive application potential in the renewable energy, biopharmaceutical, and nutraceutical industries. Microalgae are renewable, sustainable, and economical sources of biofuels, bioactive medicinal products, and food ingredients. Several microalgae species have been investigated for their potential as value-added products with remarkable pharmacological and biological qualities. As biofuels, they are a perfect substitute to liquid fossil fuels with respect to cost, renewability, and environmental concerns. Microalgae have a significant ability to convert atmospheric CO2 to useful products such as carbohydrates, lipids, and other bioactive metabolites. Although microalgae are feasible sources for bioenergy and biopharmaceuticals in general, some limitations and challenges remain, which must be overcome to upgrade the technology from pilot-phase to industrial level. The most challenging and crucial issues are enhancing microalgae growth rate and product synthesis, dewatering algae culture for biomass production, pretreating biomass, and optimizing the fermentation process in case of algal bioethanol production. The present review describes the advantages of microalgae for the production of biofuels and various bioactive compounds and discusses culturing parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Imran Khan
- Department of Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, San 96-1, Dun-Duk Dong, Yeosu, Chonnam 550-749 South Korea
| | - Jin Hyuk Shin
- Department of Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, San 96-1, Dun-Duk Dong, Yeosu, Chonnam 550-749 South Korea
| | - Jong Deog Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, San 96-1, Dun-Duk Dong, Yeosu, Chonnam 550-749 South Korea
- Research Center on Anti-Obesity and Health Care, Chonnam National University, San 96-1, Dun-Duk Dong, Yeosu, Chonnam 550-749 South Korea
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Chitooligosaccharides and their biological activities: A comprehensive review. Carbohydr Polym 2018; 184:243-259. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.12.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Halder SK, Mondal KC. Microbial Valorization of Chitinous Bioresources for Chitin Extraction and Production of Chito-Oligomers and N-Acetylglucosamine: Trends, Perspectives and Prospects. Microb Biotechnol 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-7140-9_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
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Yu S, Lee E, Tsogbadrakh B, Son GI, Kim M. Prenatal hyperbaric normoxia treatment improves healthspan and regulates chitin metabolic genes in Drosophila melanogaster. Aging (Albany NY) 2017; 8:2538-2550. [PMID: 27777382 PMCID: PMC5115905 DOI: 10.18632/aging.101084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Aging is a universal, irreversible process accompanied by physiological declines that culminate in death. Rapid progress in gerontology research has revealed that aging can be slowed through mild stress-induced hormesis. We previously reported that hyperbaric normoxia (HN, 2 atm absolute pressure with 10% O2) induces a cytoprotective response in vitro by regulating fibronectin. In the present study, we investigated the hormetic effects of prenatal HN exposure on Drosophila healthspan related to molecular defense mechanisms. HN exposure had no disruptive effect on developmental rate or adult body weight. However, lifespan was clearly enhanced, as was resistance to oxidative and heat stress. In addition, levels of reactive oxygen species were significantly decreased and motor performance was increased. HN stress has been shown to trigger molecular changes in the heat shock response and ROS scavenging system, including hsp70, catalase, glutathione synthase, and MnSOD. Furthermore, to determine the hormetic mechanism underlying these phenotypic and molecular changes, we performed a genome-wide profiling in HN-exposed and control flies. Genes encoding chitin metabolism were highly up-regulated, which could possibly serve to scavenge free radicals. These results identify prenatal HN exposure as a potential hormetic factor that may improve longevity and healthspan by enhancing defense mechanisms in Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suyeun Yu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, 136-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunil Lee
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, 136-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Bodokhsuren Tsogbadrakh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwang-Ic Son
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, 136-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Mari Kim
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, 136-701, Republic of Korea
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Vanden Braber NL, Díaz Vergara LI, Morán Vieyra FE, Borsarelli CD, Yossen MM, Vega JR, Correa SG, Montenegro MA. Physicochemical characterization of water-soluble chitosan derivatives with singlet oxygen quenching and antibacterial capabilities. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 102:200-207. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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42
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Marine microbes as a valuable resource for brand new industrial biocatalysts. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2017.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Patil PS, Leipzig ND. Fluorinated methacrylamide chitosan sequesters reactive oxygen species to relieve oxidative stress while delivering oxygen. J Biomed Mater Res A 2017; 105:2368-2374. [PMID: 28371332 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.36079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Antioxidants play an important role in regulating overabundant reactive oxygen species (ROS) in wound healing to reduce oxidative stress and inflammation. In this work, we demonstrate for the first time that functionalization of methacrylamide chitosan (MAC) with aliphatic pentadecafluoro chains, to synthesize pentadecafluoro-octanoyl methacrylamide chitosan (MACF), enhances the antioxidant capacity of the MAC base hydrogel material, while being able to deliver oxygen for future enhanced wound healing applications. As such, MACF was shown to sequester more nitric oxide (p < 0.01) and hydroxyl (p < 0.0001) radicals as compared to the negative control even when delivering additional oxygen. MACF's beneficial antioxidant capacity was further confirmed in in vitro cell culture experiments using human dermal fibroblasts stressed with 2,2'-azobis(2-methylpropionamidine) dihydrochloride (AAPH). © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 105A: 2368-2374, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pritam S Patil
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Akron, Ohio, 44325
| | - Nic D Leipzig
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Akron, Ohio, 44325
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Slámová K, Bojarová P. Engineered N-acetylhexosamine-active enzymes in glycoscience. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2017; 1861:2070-2087. [PMID: 28347843 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2017.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent years, enzymes modifying N-acetylhexosamine substrates have emerged in numerous theoretical studies as well as practical applications from biology, biomedicine, and biotechnology. Advanced enzyme engineering techniques converted them into potent synthetic instruments affording a variety of valuable glycosides. SCOPE OF REVIEW This review presents the diversity of engineered enzymes active with N-acetylhexosamine carbohydrates: from popular glycoside hydrolases and glycosyltransferases to less known oxidases, epimerases, kinases, sulfotransferases, and acetylases. Though hydrolases in natura, engineered chitinases, β-N-acetylhexosaminidases, and endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidases were successfully employed in the synthesis of defined natural and derivatized chitooligomers and in the remodeling of N-glycosylation patterns of therapeutic antibodies. The genes of various N-acetylhexosaminyltransferases were cloned into metabolically engineered microorganisms for producing human milk oligosaccharides, Lewis X structures, and human-like glycoproteins. Moreover, mutant N-acetylhexosamine-active glycosyltransferases were applied, e.g., in the construction of glycomimetics and complex glycostructures, industrial production of low-lactose milk, and metabolic labeling of glycans. In the synthesis of biotechnologically important compounds, several innovative glycoengineered systems are presented for an efficient bioproduction of GlcNAc, UDP-GlcNAc, N-acetylneuraminic acid, and of defined glycosaminoglycans. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS The above examples demonstrate that engineering of N-acetylhexosamine-active enzymes was able to solve complex issues such as synthesis of tailored human-like glycoproteins or industrial-scale production of desired oligosaccharides. Due to the specific catalytic mechanism, mutagenesis of these catalysts was often realized through rational solutions. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Specific N-acetylhexosamine glycosylation is crucial in biological, biomedical and biotechnological applications and a good understanding of its details opens new possibilities in this fast developing area of glycoscience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristýna Slámová
- Laboratory of Biotransformation, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Pavla Bojarová
- Laboratory of Biotransformation, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic.
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Yang JW, Tian G, Chen DW, Yao Y, He J, Zheng P, Mao XB, Yu J, Huang ZQ, Yu B. Involvement of PKA signalling in anti-inflammatory effects of chitosan oligosaccharides in IPEC-J2 porcine epithelial cells. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2017; 102:252-259. [PMID: 28299836 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Weaning is characterized by intestinal inflammation, which is a big challenge in pig industry. Control of intestinal inflammation is important for improvement of growth performance and health. Therefore, the study was focused on the anti-inflammatory activity of low-molecular-weight chitosan oligosaccharide (LCOS) in a porcine small intestinal epithelial cell line (IPEC-J2). The results showed that TNF-α, as inflammation inducer, significantly upregulated the mRNA expression of IL-8 and MCP-1. Afterwards, LCOS significantly attenuated mRNA expression of IL-8 and MCP-1 induced by TNF-α in the cells. Mannose (MAN), as ligand of mannose receptor, had no effect on the anti-inflammatory activity of LCOS, which suggested that mannose receptor may not involve in the anti-inflammatory activity of LCOS in IPEC-J2 cells. Interestingly, N-[2-(p-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]-5-isoquinolinesulfonamide 2HCl hydrate (H89), as PKA (protein kinase A)-specific inhibitor, reversed the mRNA expression of IL-8 when co-cultured with LCOS. Furthermore, LCOS concentration dependent downregulated the mRNA expression of claudin-1 compared with TNF-α treatment. However, the trans-epithelial electric resistance (TEER) was not affected by LCOS when co-cultured with TNF-α in 3 hr. In conclusion, LCOS have a potent anti-inflammatory activity, and as a feed additives, may be useful for the inhibition of inflammatory process in weaning period of pigs with intestinal inflammation occurring.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Yang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, Sichuan, China
| | - G Tian
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, Sichuan, China
| | - D W Chen
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, Sichuan, China
| | - Y Yao
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, Sichuan, China
| | - J He
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, Sichuan, China
| | - P Zheng
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, Sichuan, China
| | - X B Mao
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, Sichuan, China
| | - J Yu
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, Sichuan, China
| | - Z Q Huang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, Sichuan, China
| | - B Yu
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, Sichuan, China
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Oh SH, Vo TS, Ngo DH, Kim SY, Ngo DN, Kim SK. Prevention of H2O2-induced oxidative stress in murine microglial BV-2 cells by chitin-oligomers. Process Biochem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2016.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Il’ina AV, Varlamov VP. Neutralization of reactive oxygen species by chitosan and its derivatives in vitro/in vivo (Review). APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683816010063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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48
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Liang TW, Chen WT, Lin ZH, Kuo YH, Nguyen AD, Pan PS, Wang SL. An Amphiprotic Novel Chitosanase from Bacillus mycoides and Its Application in the Production of Chitooligomers with Their Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Evaluation. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:E1302. [PMID: 27517920 PMCID: PMC5000699 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17081302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 07/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The objectives of this investigation were to produce a novel chitosanase for application in industries and waste treatment. The transformation of chitinous biowaste into valuable bioactive chitooligomers (COS) is one of the most exciting applications of chitosanase. An amphiprotic novel chitosanase from Bacillus mycoides TKU038 using squid pen powder (SPP)-containing medium was retrieved from a Taiwan soil sample, which was purified by column chromatography, and characterized by biochemical protocol. Extracellular chitosanase (CS038) was purified to 130-fold with a 35% yield, and its molecular mass was roughly 48 kDa. CS038 was stable over a wide range of pH values (4-10) at 50 °C and exhibited an optimal temperature of 50 °C. Interestingly, the optimum pH values were estimated as 6 and 10, whereas CS038 exhibited chitosan-degrading activity (100% and 94%, respectively). CS038 had Km and Vmax values of 0.098 mg/mL and 1.336 U/min, separately, using different concentrations of water-soluble chitosan. A combination of the high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometer data revealed that the chitosan oligosaccharides obtained from the hydrolysis of chitosan by CS038 comprise oligomers with multiple degrees of polymerization (DP), varying from 3-9, as well as CS038 in an endolytic fashion. The TKU038 culture supernatant and COS mixture exhibited 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activities. The COS activities were dose dependent and correlated to their DP. The COS with high DP exhibited enhanced DPPH radical scavenging capability compared with COS with low DP. Furthermore, the COS exhibited inhibitory behavior on nitric oxide (NO) production in murine RAW 264.7 macrophage cells, which was induced by Escherichia coli O111 lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The COS with low DP possesses a more potent anti-inflammatory capability to decrease NO production (IC50, 76.27 ± 1.49 µg/mL) than that of COS with high DP (IC50, 82.65 ± 1.18 µg/mL). Given its effectiveness in production and purification, acidophilic and alkalophilic properties, stability over ranges of pH values, ability to generate COS, antioxidant activity, and anti-inflammatory, CS038 has potential applications in SPP waste treatment and industries for COS production as a medical prebiotic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Wen Liang
- Life Science Development Center, Tamkang University, New Taipei City 25137, Taiwan.
- Department of Chemistry, Tamkang University, New Taipei City 25137, Taiwan.
| | - Wei-Ting Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Tamkang University, New Taipei City 25137, Taiwan.
| | - Zhi-Hu Lin
- Division of Chinese Materia Medica Development, National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Taipei 11221, Taiwan.
| | - Yao-Haur Kuo
- Division of Chinese Materia Medica Development, National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Taipei 11221, Taiwan.
| | - Anh Dzung Nguyen
- Institute of Biotechnology and Environment, Tay Nguyen University, Buon Ma Thuot 630000, Vietnam.
| | - Po-Shen Pan
- Department of Chemistry, Tamkang University, New Taipei City 25137, Taiwan.
| | - San-Lang Wang
- Life Science Development Center, Tamkang University, New Taipei City 25137, Taiwan.
- Department of Chemistry, Tamkang University, New Taipei City 25137, Taiwan.
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Lee S, Hanh NTT, Cho JY, Kim JY, Moon YH, Yeom SC, Kim GJ, Kim D. Glucooligosaccharide production by Leuconostoc mesenteroides fermentation with efficient pH control, using a calcium hydroxide-sucrose solution. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-015-0587-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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50
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Li K, Xing R, Liu S, Li P. Advances in preparation, analysis and biological activities of single chitooligosaccharides. Carbohydr Polym 2016; 139:178-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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