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Li D, Li M, Jia Z, Wei Z. A biomass phosphonamide enables biodegradable polylactide with favorable flame retardancy and rapid crystallization. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 274:133365. [PMID: 38914410 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.133365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 06/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
PLA is widely known as biodegradable plastics whose further application in fields such as automotive and architectural is still constrained by its flammability and unsatisfactory crystallization properties. To address the aforementioned concerns, a novel biomass phosphonamide PDPA was synthesized with chemical structure confirmed by FTIR, NMR and elemental analysis tests. Immediately thereafter, PLA/PDPA composites were prepared by melting blending, with a focus on flame retardancy, crystallization properties and flame-retardant mechanism. As expected, PDPA efficiently enhanced both the flame retardancy and crystallization properties of PLA. Specifically, the PLA/4.0PDPA obtained UL-94 V-0 grade and the LOI value increased to 28.6 % with only 4 wt% PDPA added, which comes down to the superior free radical capture and dilution effect of PDPA in the vapor phase and the melting droplet effect. More appealingly, the crystallinity of PLA/4.0PDPA was significantly enhanced to 43.4 % from 2.5 % of PLA, and the shortest t1/2 was 4 mins in the isothermal crystallization process due to the excellent heterogeneous nucleation of PDPA. Moreover, PLA/PDPA composites maintain almost the same mechanical performance as pure PLA. In brief, this work provides a green strategy for the preparation of PLA composites with excellent comprehensive performance and shows great potential in engineering materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongsheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Liaoning Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Engineering, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Minglong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Liaoning Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Engineering, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Zihan Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Liaoning Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Engineering, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Zhiyong Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Liaoning Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Engineering, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.
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2
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Malucelli G. Bio-Sourced Flame Retardants for Textiles: Where We Are and Where We Are Going. Molecules 2024; 29:3067. [PMID: 38999018 PMCID: PMC11243121 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29133067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
After the period of halogenated compounds, the period of nano-structured systems, and that of phosphorus (and nitrogen)-based additives (still in progress), following the increasingly demanding circular economy concept, about ten years ago the textile flame retardant world started experiencing the design and exploitation of bio-sourced products. Indeed, since the demonstration of the potential of such bio(macro)molecules as whey proteins, milk proteins (i.e., caseins), and nucleic acids as effective flame retardants, both natural and synthetic fibers and fabrics can take advantage of the availability of several low-environmental impact/"green" compounds, often recovered from wastes or by-products, which contain all the elements that typically compose standard flame-retardant recipes. The so-treated textiles often exhibit flame-retardant features that are similar to those provided by conventional fireproof treatments. Further, the possibility of using the same deposition techniques already available in the textile industry makes these products very appealing, considering that the application methods usually do not require hazardous or toxic chemicals. This review aims to present an overview of the development of bio-sourced flame retardants, focusing attention on the latest research outcomes, and finally discussing some current challenging issues related to their efficient application, paving the way toward further future implementations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Malucelli
- Politecnico di Torino, Department of Applied Science and Technology, Viale Teresa Michel 5, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM), Via G. Giusti 9, 50121 Florence, Italy
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3
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Zhu B, Jiang X, Li S, Zhu M. An Overview of Recycling Phenolic Resin. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1255. [PMID: 38732725 PMCID: PMC11085933 DOI: 10.3390/polym16091255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Over a century ago, phenolic formaldehyde (PF) resin was developed and continues to increase in yield due to its diverse applications. However, PF resin is a thermosetting plastic lacking fluidity and moldability, which are nondegradable in natural environments, leading to severe threats to fossil resources as well as global environmental crises. As a result, recycling PF resin is extremely important. In this review, we provide the recent advances in the recycling of PF resin, which includes mechanical recycling, chemical recycling, and utilization of carbon-based materials. The advantages and disadvantages of each strategy are evaluated from a green chemistry perspective. This article aims to attract interest in PF resin design, synthesizing, application and recycling, offering useful suggestions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Songjun Li
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Maiyong Zhu
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
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4
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Li D, Tu Z, Wang B, Li M, Jia Z, Wei Z. Synthesis of renewable furan-based phosphate and the superior flame retardancy in biodegradable polylactide. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 263:130435. [PMID: 38408585 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Currently, it has long been considered a challenge to provide sustainable additives for polylactide (PLA) in green way to endow it excellent comprehensive properties. Given the flammability and unsatisfactory crystallization performance of PLA, a furan-based phosphate furfurylamine trimethylphosphate (FATMP) was synthesized from 2-furfurylamine and amino trimethylphosphonic acid by a simple hydration reaction, and the PLA/FATMP composites were prepared by melting blending process. The tensile performance, crystallization behaviors, flame retardancy, and flame-retardant mechanism received special attention. Results showed that the incorporation of only 3 wt% FATMP could indeed increase the LOI value of PLA from 19.8 to 27.3 %, and simultaneously acquired V-0 rating in the vertical burning test owing to the favorable synergistic effect between the vapor phase and the condensed phase. Additionally, the half-crystallization time of PLA was decreased from 12.4 to 5.1 mins with the addition of FATMP, which acted as a nucleating agent. More appealingly, the tensile performance of PLA/FATMP composites was also well maintained. In general, the PLA/FATMP composites we proposed could be promising candidates in application fields where favorable flame retardancy and crystallization ability are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongsheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Liaoning Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Engineering, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Zhu Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Liaoning Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Engineering, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Bo Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Minglong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Liaoning Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Engineering, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Zihan Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Liaoning Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Engineering, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Zhiyong Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Liaoning Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Engineering, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.
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5
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Korobeinichev OP, Sosnin EA, Shaklein AA, Karpov AI, Sagitov AR, Trubachev SA, Shmakov AG, Paletsky AA, Kulikov IV. The Effect of Flame-Retardant Additives DDM-DOPO and Graphene on Flame Propagation over Glass-Fiber-Reinforced Epoxy Resin under the Influence of External Thermal Radiation. Molecules 2023; 28:5162. [PMID: 37446824 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28135162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The flammability of various materials used in industry is an important issue in the modern world. This work is devoted to the study of the effect of flame retardants, graphene and DDM-DOPO (9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide-4,4'-diamino-diphenyl methane), on the flammability of glass-fiber-reinforced epoxy resin (GFRER). Samples were made without additives and with additives of fire retardants: graphene and DDM-DOPO in various proportions. To study the flammability of the samples, standard flammability tests were carried out, such as thermogravimetric analysis, the limiting oxygen index (LOI) test, and cone calorimetry. In addition, in order to test the effectiveness of fire retardants under real fire conditions, for the first time, the thermal structure of downward flame propagation over GFRER composites was measured using thin thermocouples. For the first time, the measured thermal structure of the flame was compared with the results of numerical simulations of flame propagation over GFRER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg P Korobeinichev
- Voevodsky Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Egor A Sosnin
- Voevodsky Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Department of Physics, Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | | | | | - Albert R Sagitov
- Voevodsky Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Department of Physics, Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Stanislav A Trubachev
- Voevodsky Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Andrey G Shmakov
- Voevodsky Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Alexander A Paletsky
- Voevodsky Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Ilya V Kulikov
- Voevodsky Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
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Taibi J, Rouif S, Améduri B, Sonnier R, Otazaghine B. One-Step Multifunctionalization of Flax Fabrics for Simultaneous Flame-Retardant and Hydro-Oleophobic Properties Using Radiation-Induced Graft Polymerization. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15092169. [PMID: 37177315 PMCID: PMC10180769 DOI: 10.3390/polym15092169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
This study concerns the one-step radiografting of flax fabrics with phosphonated and fluorinated polymer chains using (meth)acrylic monomers: dimethyl(methacryloxy)methyl phosphonate (MAPC1), 2-(perfluorobutyl)ethyl methacrylate (M4), 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorooctyl acrylate (AC6) and 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorodecyl methacrylate (M8). The multifunctionalization of flax fabrics using a pre-irradiation procedure at 20 and 100 kGy allows simultaneously providing them with flame retardancy and hydro- and oleophobicity properties. The successful grafting of flax fibers is first confirmed by FTIR spectroscopy. The morphology of the treated fabrics, the regioselectivity of grafting and the distribution of the fluorine and phosphorus elements are assessed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX). The flame retardancy is evaluated using pyrolysis combustion flow calorimetry (PCFC) and cone calorimetry. The hydro- and oleophobicity and water repellency of the treated fabrics is established by contact angle and sliding angle measurements, respectively. The grafting treatment of flax irradiated at 100 KGy, using M8 and MAPC1 monomers (50:50) for 24 h, allows achieving fluorine and phosphorus contents of 8.04 wt% and 0.77 wt%, respectively. The modified fabrics display excellent hydro-oleophobic and flame-retardant properties with water and diiodomethane contact angles of 151° and 131°, respectively, and a large decrease in peak of heat release rate (pHRR) compared to pristine flax (from 230 W/g to 53 W/g). Relevant results are also obtained for M4 and AC6 monomers in combination with MAPC1. For the flame retardancy feature, the presence of fluorinated groups does not disturb the effect of phosphorus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamila Taibi
- Polymers Composites and Hybrids (PCH), IMT Mines Ales, 30319 Ales, France
| | - Sophie Rouif
- Ionisos SAS, 13 Chemin du Pontet, 69380 Civrieux-d'Azergues, France
| | - Bruno Améduri
- ICGM, University of Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Rodolphe Sonnier
- Polymers Composites and Hybrids (PCH), IMT Mines Ales, 30319 Ales, France
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7
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Waldin NA, Jamain Z. Synthesis and Mechanical Property of Hexasubstituted Cyclotriphosphazene Derivatives Attached to Hydrazine-bridge Linkage with High Fire Retardancy. J Mol Struct 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2023.135330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
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8
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Loganathan TM, Sultan MTH, Ahsan Q, Jawaid M, Naveen J, Shah AUM, Talib ARA, Basri AA. Thermal degradation, visco-elastic and fire-retardant behavior of hybrid Cyrtostachys Renda/kenaf fiber-reinforced MWCNT-modified phenolic composites. JOURNAL OF THERMAL ANALYSIS AND CALORIMETRY 2022; 147:14079-14096. [PMID: 36093037 PMCID: PMC9447359 DOI: 10.1007/s10973-022-11557-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Natural fibers have emerged as a potential alternate to synthetic fibers, because of their excellent performance, biodegradability, renewability and sustainability. This research has focused on investigating the thermal, visco-elastic and fire-retardant properties of different hybrid Cytostachys Renda (CR)/kenaf fiber (K) (50/0; 35/ 15, 25/25, 15/ 35, 0/50)-reinforced MWCNT (multi-walled carbon nanotubes)-modified phenolic composites. The mass% of MWCNT-modified phenolic resin was maintained 50 mass% including 0.5 mass% of MWCNT. In order to achieve homogeneous dispersion ball milling process was employed to incorporate the MWCNT into phenolic resin (powder). Thermal results from thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetric analysis revealed that the hybrid composites (35/15; 35 mass% CR and 15 mass% K) showed higher thermal stability among the composite samples. Visco-elastic results revealed that kenaf fiber-based MWCNT-modified composites (0/50; 0 mass% CR and 50 mass% K) exhibited higher storage and loss modulus due to high modulus kenaf fiber. Fire-retardant analysis (UL-94) showed that all the composite samples met H-B self-extinguishing rating and exhibited slow burning rate according to limiting oxygen index (LOI) test. However, (15/35; 15 mass% CR and 35 mass% K) hybrid composites showed the highest time to ignition, highest fire performance index, lowest total heat release rate, average mass loss rate, average fire growth rate index and maximum average rate of heat emission. Moreover, the smoke density of all hybrid composites was found to be less than 200 which meets the federal aviation regulations (FAR) 25.853d standard. Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) was carried out to select an optimal composite sample considering the thermal, visco-elastic and fire-retardant behaviors. Through TOPSIS analysis, the hybrid (15/35; 15 mass% CR and 35 mass% K) composite sample has been selected as an optimal composite which can be used for high-temperature aircraft and automotive applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamil Moli Loganathan
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan Malaysia
| | - Mohamed Thariq Hameed Sultan
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan Malaysia
- Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan Malaysia
- Aerospace Malaysia Innovation Centre (944751-A), Prime Minister’s Department, MIGHT Partnership Hub, Jalan Impact, 63000 Cyberjaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan Malaysia
| | - Qumrul Ahsan
- University of Asia Pacific, 74/A Green Road, 1205 Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Jawaid
- Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan Malaysia
| | - Jesuarockiam Naveen
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632014 India
| | - Ain Umaira Md Shah
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan Malaysia
| | - Abd. Rahim Abu Talib
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan Malaysia
| | - Adi Azriff Basri
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan Malaysia
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Wang Y, Yu K, Zhao J, Xin A. NaOH hydrothermally treated gibbsite modified silicone acrylic emulsion-based intumescent flame-retardant coatings for plywood. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.129001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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10
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Zamani K, Kocaman S, Işık M, Soydal U, Özmeral N, Ahmetli G. Water sorption, thermal, and fire resistance properties of natural shell‐based epoxy composites. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kianoosh Zamani
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Selcuk University Konya Turkey
| | - Suheyla Kocaman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences Konya Technical University Konya Turkey
| | - Murat Işık
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences Konya Technical University Konya Turkey
| | - Ulku Soydal
- Karapınar Aydoğanlar Vocational School Selcuk University Konya Turkey
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science Selcuk University Konya Turkey
| | - Nimet Özmeral
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences Konya Technical University Konya Turkey
| | - Gulnare Ahmetli
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences Konya Technical University Konya Turkey
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Mokhena TC, Sadiku ER, Ray SS, Mochane MJ, Matabola KP, Motloung M. Flame retardancy efficacy of phytic acid: An overview. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Emmanuel Rotimi Sadiku
- Institute of Nano Engineering Research (INER), Department of Chemical, Metallurgical and Materials Engineering (Polymer Technology Division) Tshwane University of Technology Pretoria South Africa
| | - Suprakas Sinha Ray
- Centre for Nanostructures and Advanced Materials, DSI‐CSIR Nanotechnology Innovation Centre Council for Scientific and Industrial Research Pretoria South Africa
- Department of Chemical Sciences University of Johannesburg Johannesburg South Africa
| | | | | | - Mpho Motloung
- Centre for Nanostructures and Advanced Materials, DSI‐CSIR Nanotechnology Innovation Centre Council for Scientific and Industrial Research Pretoria South Africa
- Department of Chemical Sciences University of Johannesburg Johannesburg South Africa
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Madyaratri EW, Ridho MR, Aristri MA, Lubis MAR, Iswanto AH, Nawawi DS, Antov P, Kristak L, Majlingová A, Fatriasari W. Recent Advances in the Development of Fire-Resistant Biocomposites—A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14030362. [PMID: 35160351 PMCID: PMC8840495 DOI: 10.3390/polym14030362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Biocomposites reinforced with natural fibers represent an eco-friendly and inexpensive alternative to conventional petroleum-based materials and have been increasingly utilized in a wide variety of industrial applications due to their numerous advantages, such as their good mechanical properties, low production costs, renewability, and biodegradability. However, these engineered composite materials have inherent downsides, such as their increased flammability when subjected to heat flux or flame initiators, which can limit their range of applications. As a result, certain attempts are still being made to reduce the flammability of biocomposites. The combustion of biobased composites can potentially create life-threatening conditions in buildings, resulting in substantial human and material losses. Additives known as flame-retardants (FRs) have been commonly used to improve the fire protection of wood and biocomposite materials, textiles, and other fields for the purpose of widening their application areas. At present, this practice is very common in the construction sector due to stringent fire safety regulations on residential and public buildings. The aim of this study was to present and discuss recent advances in the development of fire-resistant biocomposites. The flammability of wood and natural fibers as material resources to produce biocomposites was researched to build a holistic picture. Furthermore, the potential of lignin as an eco-friendly and low-cost FR additive to produce high-performance biocomposites with improved technological and fire properties was also discussed in detail. The development of sustainable FR systems, based on renewable raw materials, represents a viable and promising approach to manufacturing biocomposites with improved fire resistance, lower environmental footprint, and enhanced health and safety performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvara Windra Madyaratri
- Department of Forest Products, Faculty of Forestry and Environment, IPB University, Bogor 16680, Indonesia; (E.W.M.); (M.R.R.); (M.A.A.)
| | - Muhammad Rasyidur Ridho
- Department of Forest Products, Faculty of Forestry and Environment, IPB University, Bogor 16680, Indonesia; (E.W.M.); (M.R.R.); (M.A.A.)
- Research Center for Biomaterials BRIN, Jl Raya Bogor KM 46, Cibinong 16911, Indonesia;
| | - Manggar Arum Aristri
- Department of Forest Products, Faculty of Forestry and Environment, IPB University, Bogor 16680, Indonesia; (E.W.M.); (M.R.R.); (M.A.A.)
- Research Center for Biomaterials BRIN, Jl Raya Bogor KM 46, Cibinong 16911, Indonesia;
| | | | - Apri Heri Iswanto
- Department of Forest Product, Faculty of Forestry, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan 20155, Indonesia
- JATI-Sumatran Forestry Analysis Study Center, Jl. Tridharma Ujung No. 1, Kampus USU, Medan 20155, Indonesia
- Correspondence: (A.H.I.); (D.S.N.); or (W.F.)
| | - Deded Sarip Nawawi
- Department of Forest Products, Faculty of Forestry and Environment, IPB University, Bogor 16680, Indonesia; (E.W.M.); (M.R.R.); (M.A.A.)
- Correspondence: (A.H.I.); (D.S.N.); or (W.F.)
| | - Petar Antov
- Faculty of Forest Industry, University of Forestry, 1797 Sofia, Bulgaria;
| | - Lubos Kristak
- Faculty of Wood Sciences and Technology, Technical University in Zvolen, 96001 Zvolen, Slovakia; (L.K.); (A.M.)
| | - Andrea Majlingová
- Faculty of Wood Sciences and Technology, Technical University in Zvolen, 96001 Zvolen, Slovakia; (L.K.); (A.M.)
| | - Widya Fatriasari
- Research Center for Biomaterials BRIN, Jl Raya Bogor KM 46, Cibinong 16911, Indonesia;
- Correspondence: (A.H.I.); (D.S.N.); or (W.F.)
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Tavakoli M, Ghasemian A, Dehghani-Firouzabadi MR, Mazela B. Cellulose and Its Nano-Derivatives as a Water-Repellent and Fire-Resistant Surface: A Review. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 15:82. [PMID: 35009224 PMCID: PMC8746080 DOI: 10.3390/ma15010082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The inevitable destructive effects of moisture and temperature are obvious in cellulosic and nanocellulosic substrates. These materials are the main foundations of interdependent industries that produce products such as currency notes or high-quality packaging for sanitary, cosmetics, or ammunition in the defense industry. Therefore, it is essential to develop procedures to eliminate problems arising from humidity and fire to improve the quality of these green and sustainable materials. The production of waterproof and flame-resistant cellulose-based substrates has drawn increasing attention to resolve these drawbacks. In this review paper, we have initially summarized the most accessible cellulosic substrates, different kinds of nanocellulose, and the general information about water repellents and intumescent fireproof surfaces. Then, the potential and necessity of using cellulosic biobased substrates are addressed for use in modified shapes as waterproof and fire inhibitor coatings. Cost-effective, eco-friendly, and durable, dual-function coatings are also introduced as future challenges, which are exploited as water-repellents and flame-retardant cellulose-based surfaces for pulp and paper applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrnoosh Tavakoli
- Department of Pulp and Paper Technology, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences & Natural Resources, Gorgan 4913815739, Iran or (M.T.); (A.G.); (M.R.D.-F.)
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 28, 60-637 Poznan, Poland
| | - Ali Ghasemian
- Department of Pulp and Paper Technology, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences & Natural Resources, Gorgan 4913815739, Iran or (M.T.); (A.G.); (M.R.D.-F.)
| | - Mohammad Reza Dehghani-Firouzabadi
- Department of Pulp and Paper Technology, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences & Natural Resources, Gorgan 4913815739, Iran or (M.T.); (A.G.); (M.R.D.-F.)
| | - Bartłomiej Mazela
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 28, 60-637 Poznan, Poland
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14
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Motloung MP, Mofokeng TG, Ojijo V, Ray SS. A review on the processing–morphology–property relationship in biodegradable polymer composites containing carbon nanotubes and nanofibers. POLYM ENG SCI 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.25798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mpho Phillip Motloung
- Centre for Nanostructures and Advanced Materials, DSI‐CSIR Nanotechnology Innovation Centre Council for Scientific and Industrial Research Pretoria South Africa
- Department of Chemical Sciences University of Johannesburg Johannesburg South Africa
| | - Tladi Gideon Mofokeng
- Centre for Nanostructures and Advanced Materials, DSI‐CSIR Nanotechnology Innovation Centre Council for Scientific and Industrial Research Pretoria South Africa
| | - Vincent Ojijo
- Centre for Nanostructures and Advanced Materials, DSI‐CSIR Nanotechnology Innovation Centre Council for Scientific and Industrial Research Pretoria South Africa
| | - Suprakas Sinha Ray
- Centre for Nanostructures and Advanced Materials, DSI‐CSIR Nanotechnology Innovation Centre Council for Scientific and Industrial Research Pretoria South Africa
- Department of Chemical Sciences University of Johannesburg Johannesburg South Africa
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15
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Xu Y, Qiu Y, Yan C, Liu L, Xu M, Xu B, Li B. A novel and multifunctional flame retardant nucleating agent towards superior fire safety and crystallization properties for biodegradable poly (lactic acid). ADV POWDER TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apt.2021.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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16
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de Oliveira CRS, Batistella MA, Guelli Ulson de Souza SMDA, Ulson de Souza AA. Functionalization of cellulosic fibers with a kaolinite-TiO 2 nano-hybrid composite via a solvothermal process for flame retardant applications. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 266:118108. [PMID: 34044926 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Eco-responsible flame retardant treatments with some resistance to washing are of considerable interest in the sale and applications of technical garments and home textiles. Thus, in the present study, a nano-hybrid composite based on kaolinite-TiO2 was prepared and incorporated into the fibers of cotton fabric through a more sustainable route compared to existing commercial processes. SEM analyses revealed a mineral covering of the treated cotton fibers, which do not propagate flames when exposed to fire and have a self-extinguishing behavior after the heat source removal. The method proved to be efficient in obtaining a cotton product with high fireproof performance. It was observed that after functionalization, the fabric showed a thermal degradation 41% less at 800 °C, an increase in the residue formation, and a reduction of about 85% in peak heat release measured by PCFC. Some resistance to washing was noticed, and the mechanical resistance of fibers was preserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Rafael Silva de Oliveira
- Federal University of Santa Catarina, Chemical Engineering Department, Mass Transfer Laboratory, PO Box 476, 88.040-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
| | - Marcos Antonio Batistella
- Federal University of Santa Catarina, Chemical Engineering Department, Mass Transfer Laboratory, PO Box 476, 88.040-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil; IMT Mines Alès, PCH-Polymer Composites Hybrids, 6 Avenue de Clavières, 30319 Alès Cedex, France.
| | | | - Antônio Augusto Ulson de Souza
- Federal University of Santa Catarina, Chemical Engineering Department, Mass Transfer Laboratory, PO Box 476, 88.040-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
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17
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Isam Bakr Albaker R, Kocaman S, Marti ME, Ahmetli G. Application of various carboxylic acids modified walnut shell waste as natural filler for epoxy‐based composites. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Suheyla Kocaman
- Department of Chemical Engineering Selçuk University Konya Turkey
- Department of Chemical Engineering Konya Technical University Konya Turkey
| | - Mustafa Esen Marti
- Department of Chemical Engineering Selçuk University Konya Turkey
- Department of Chemical Engineering Konya Technical University Konya Turkey
| | - Gulnare Ahmetli
- Department of Chemical Engineering Selçuk University Konya Turkey
- Department of Chemical Engineering Konya Technical University Konya Turkey
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18
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Jin Q, Tian GQ, He R, Gu HL, Wu F, Zhu J. Simultaneously enhancing the crystallization rate and fire retardancy of poly(lactic acid) by using a novel bifunctional additive trimethylamine phenylphosphonate. RSC Adv 2021; 11:27346-27355. [PMID: 35480655 PMCID: PMC9037895 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra02862f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Simultaneously regulating the crystallizing and combustion behaviors of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) will be conducive to its further development in the fields of electronic appliances, automotive and rail transit materials. To achieve this goal, a novel bifunctional additive triethylamine phenylphosphonate (TEAP) was synthesized through acid-base neutralization reaction between trimethylamine and phenylphosphonic acid. When TEAP was added into PLA, the crystallization behaviors of PLA/TEAP assessed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and polarized optical microscopy (POM) suggested that TEAP acted as a nucleating agent and plasticizer for PLA, which effectively increased the crystallization rate of PLA. However, PLA with 3 wt% TEAP showed a slower crystallization rate than that of PLA with 1 wt% TEAP due to the filler aggregation of TEAP. Thus, the crystallization rate increased first and then slightly decreased with increasing content of TEAP. Compared with the variation of the crystallization rate, the long period (L) and amorphous layer thickness (L a) resulting from SAXS showed opposite trends, while the average crystal thickness (L c) changed slightly; the reason may relate to the variation of the number of lamellae with increasing the content of TEAP. Meanwhile, the results of WAXD and Raman spectra showed the crystal structure of PLA was not affected by the addition of TEAP. The combustion behaviors of PLA and PLA/TEAP were evaluated by the limiting oxygen index (LOI), UL-94 test, cone calorimetry test (CCT) and thermal gravimetric analyses coupled to Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (TGA-FTIR). According to the results, TEAP mainly promotes the removal of melt dripping, hence brings away heat and delays the combustion. Besides, the production of phosphorus-containing free radicals can quench hydrogen or oxygen free radicals in the fire. Thus, the fire safety of PLA is significantly improved by adding a very low content of TEAP (1-3 wt%). Only 1 wt% loading of TEAP can increase the LOI value of PLA from 19.5 vol% to 28.6 vol%, pass the UL-94 V-0 rating and have a low peak heat release rate of 404 kW m-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Jin
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences Chongqing 402160 P. R. China +86-023-15123252084, +86-023-49512058 +86-023-15123252084, +86-023-49512058
| | - Guo-Qiang Tian
- Center for Degradable and Flame-Retardant Polymeric Materials (ERCPM-MoE), College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), Sichuan University 29 Wangjiang Road Chengdu 610064 P. R. China
| | - Rong He
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences Chongqing 402160 P. R. China +86-023-15123252084, +86-023-49512058 +86-023-15123252084, +86-023-49512058
| | - Hai-Long Gu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences Chongqing 402160 P. R. China +86-023-15123252084, +86-023-49512058 +86-023-15123252084, +86-023-49512058
| | - Fang Wu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences Chongqing 402160 P. R. China +86-023-15123252084, +86-023-49512058 +86-023-15123252084, +86-023-49512058
| | - Jiang Zhu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences Chongqing 402160 P. R. China +86-023-15123252084, +86-023-49512058 +86-023-15123252084, +86-023-49512058
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19
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Santos LP, da Silva DS, Morari TH, Galembeck F. Environmentally Friendly, High-Performance Fire Retardant Made from Cellulose and Graphite. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:2400. [PMID: 34372003 PMCID: PMC8348208 DOI: 10.3390/polym13152400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Many materials and additives perform well as fire retardants and suppressants, but there is an ever-growing list of unfulfilled demands requiring new developments. This work explores the outstanding dispersant and adhesive performances of cellulose to create a new effective fire-retardant: exfoliated and reassembled graphite (ERG). This is a new 2D polyfunctional material formed by drying aqueous dispersions of graphite and cellulose on wood, canvas, and other lignocellulosic materials, thus producing adherent layers that reduce the damage caused by a flame to the substrates. Visual observation, thermal images and surface temperature measurements reveal fast heat transfer away from the flamed spots, suppressing flare formation. Pinewood coated with ERG underwent standard flame resistance tests in an accredited laboratory, reaching the highest possible class for combustible substrates. The fire-retardant performance of ERG derives from its thermal stability in air and from its ability to transfer heat to the environment, by conduction and radiation. This new material may thus lead a new class of flame-retardant coatings based on a hitherto unexplored mechanism for fire retardation and showing several technical advantages: the precursor dispersions are water-based, the raw materials used are commodities, and the production process can be performed on commonly used equipment with minimal waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandra P. Santos
- Galembetech Consultores e Tecnologia Ltda., Campinas 13080-661, Brazil; (L.P.S.); (T.H.M.)
| | - Douglas S. da Silva
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-970, Brazil;
| | - Thais H. Morari
- Galembetech Consultores e Tecnologia Ltda., Campinas 13080-661, Brazil; (L.P.S.); (T.H.M.)
| | - Fernando Galembeck
- Galembetech Consultores e Tecnologia Ltda., Campinas 13080-661, Brazil; (L.P.S.); (T.H.M.)
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-970, Brazil;
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20
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Mbakop RS, Brouillette F, Lebrun G. Effect of phosphorylation on the planar compaction of reinforcements made of unidirectional flax fibres supported by a thin flax fibre mat. CAN J CHEM ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cjce.24200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigue Stéphane Mbakop
- Innovations Institute in Ecomaterials, Ecoproducts and Ecoenergies (I2E3) Université du Québec à Trois‐Rivières (UQTR) Trois‐Rivières Québec Canada
| | - François Brouillette
- Innovations Institute in Ecomaterials, Ecoproducts and Ecoenergies (I2E3) Université du Québec à Trois‐Rivières (UQTR) Trois‐Rivières Québec Canada
| | - Gilbert Lebrun
- Innovations Institute in Ecomaterials, Ecoproducts and Ecoenergies (I2E3) Université du Québec à Trois‐Rivières (UQTR) Trois‐Rivières Québec Canada
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21
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Schirp A, Dannenberg J. Durability of Flame-Retarded, Co-Extruded Profiles Based on High-Density Polyethylene and Wheat Straw Residues. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26113217. [PMID: 34072122 PMCID: PMC8199502 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26113217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
At present, little information is available in the scientific literature related to the durability (weathering resistance) of fire-retarded wood and natural fiber-reinforced thermoplastics. In this work, thermoplastic profiles for façade applications based on high-density polyethylene, wheat straw particles, and fire-retardants were extruded and their reaction-to-fire performance before and after artificial weathering evaluated. Profile geometries were either solid or hollow-core profiles, and fire-retardants (FR) were added either in the co-extruded layer or in the bulk. Various FR for inclusion in the co-extruded layer were screened based on UL-94 tests. For profile extrusion, two types of FR were chosen: a coated intumescent combination based on ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and an APP coated with melamine and without formaldehyde. Before weathering, the peak heat release rate (pHRR) and the total heat release (THR), which were determined using cone calorimeter measurements, were reduced by up to 64% and 67% due to the FR. However, even before weathering, pHRR of the profiles was relatively high, with best (lowest) values between 230 and 250 kW/m2 under the test conditions. After 28 days of artificial weathering, changes in reaction-to-fire performance and color were evaluated. Use of the APP in the co-extruded layer worsened color change compared to the formulation without APP but the pHRR was not significantly changed. The influence of weathering on the fire behavior was small compared to the difference between fire-retarded and non-fire-retarded materials. Results from the cone calorimeter were analyzed with regard to ETAG 028, which provides requirements related to the durability of fire performance of building products. In many formulations, increase in THR was less than 20% compared to before weathering, which would place some of the profiles in class C or better (EN 13501-1). However, due to the high pHRR, at best, class D was obtained under the conditions of this study. In addition to cone calorimeter measurements, results from the single flame source test, limiting oxygen index determination and thermogravimetric analysis, are shown and discussed. Strength properties, water uptake and swelling of the profiles, thermal conductivity, and energy dispersive X-ray data are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne Schirp
- Fraunhofer-Institute for Wood Research (WKI), 38108 Braunschweig, Germany
- Correspondence:
| | - Jan Dannenberg
- Lowke Schiessl Ingenieure GmbH, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany;
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22
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Zhou Y, Lin Y, Tawiah B, Sun J, Yuen RKK, Fei B. DOPO-Decorated Two-Dimensional MXene Nanosheets for Flame-Retardant, Ultraviolet-Protective, and Reinforced Polylactide Composites. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:21876-21887. [PMID: 33939405 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c05587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study presents a novel and facile strategy for fabricating fire-resistant, ultraviolet (UV)-shielding, and tensile-enhanced polylactide (PLA) composites using two-dimensional (2D) MXene (Ti3C2) flakes chemically modified with 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO). The thermal and burning performances of PLA composites were demonstrated by the limiting oxygen index, UL-94 test, and cone calorimetry. The UV-shielding and tensile performances were also examined. The results revealed that PLA/Ti3C2-DOPO (3 wt %) displayed a V-0 rating in the UL-94 test. The enhancement against fire hazard was reflected by the significant reduction in the peak heat release rate (33.7%), total heat release (47%), peak CO production (58.8%), and total smoke production (41.7%). The improved fire-safety performance of the composites is attributed to the interplay of catalytic, barrier, and condensed effects of the Ti3C2-DOPO nanosheets in the PLA matrix. PLA/Ti3C2-DOPO also showed an increase (∼9%) in tensile strength and an "Excellent" level (UPF 50+) in the UV-protection assessment. In all, this study introduces a novel chemical modification strategy for 2D MXene flakes to fabricate multifunctional PLA composites, which are promising candidates for next-generation sustainable and protective plastic products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyang Zhou
- Institute of Textiles and Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China
- Centre of Micro/Nano Manufacturing Technology (MNMT-Dublin), School of Mechanical & Materials Engineering, University College Dublin, Dublin D04 KW52, Ireland
| | - Yichao Lin
- Institute of Textiles and Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China
- School of Safety Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Benjamin Tawiah
- Institute of Textiles and Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China
- Department of Industrial Art (Textiles), Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi 00000, Ghana
| | - Jun Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Richard K K Yuen
- Department of Civil and Architectural Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Bin Fei
- Institute of Textiles and Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China
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23
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Xu YJ, Qu LY, Liu Y, Zhu P. An overview of alginates as flame-retardant materials: Pyrolysis behaviors, flame retardancy, and applications. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 260:117827. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.117827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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24
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Miedzianowska J, Masłowski M, Rybiński P, Strzelec K. Modified Nanoclays/Straw Fillers as Functional Additives of Natural Rubber Biocomposites. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13050799. [PMID: 33807768 PMCID: PMC7962032 DOI: 10.3390/polym13050799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasingly, raw materials of natural origin are used as fillers in polymer composites. Such biocomposites have satisfactory properties. To ensure above-average functional properties, modifications of biofillers with other materials are also used. The presented research work aimed to produce and characterize elastomeric materials with a straw-based filler and four different types of montmorillonite. The main research goal was to obtain improved functional parameters of vulcanizates based on natural rubber. A series of composites filled with straw and certain types of modified and unmodified nano-clays in various ratios and amounts were prepared. Then, they were subjected to a series of tests to assess the impact of the hybrids used on the final product. It has been shown that the addition of optimal amounts of biofillers can, inter alia, increase the tensile strength of the composite, improve damping properties, extend the burning time of the material and affect the course of vulcanization or cross-linking density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Miedzianowska
- Institute of Polymer & Dye Technology, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 12/16, 90-924 Lodz, Poland; (M.M.); (K.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Marcin Masłowski
- Institute of Polymer & Dye Technology, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 12/16, 90-924 Lodz, Poland; (M.M.); (K.S.)
| | - Przemysław Rybiński
- Institute of Chemistry, Jan Kochanowski University, Żeromskiego 5, 25-369 Kielce, Poland;
| | - Krzysztof Strzelec
- Institute of Polymer & Dye Technology, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 12/16, 90-924 Lodz, Poland; (M.M.); (K.S.)
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25
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Towards Selection Charts for Epoxy Resin, Unsaturated Polyester Resin and Their Fibre-Fabric Composites with Flame Retardants. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14051181. [PMID: 33802309 PMCID: PMC7959149 DOI: 10.3390/ma14051181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Epoxy and unsaturated polyester resins are the most used thermosetting polymers. They are commonly used in electronics, construction, marine, automotive and aircraft industries. Moreover, reinforcing both epoxy and unsaturated polyester resins with carbon or glass fibre in a fabric form has enabled them to be used in high-performance applications. However, their organic nature as any other polymeric materials made them highly flammable materials. Enhancing the flame retardancy performance of thermosetting polymers and their composites can be improved by the addition of flame-retardant materials, but this comes at the expense of their mechanical properties. In this regard, a comprehensive review on the recent research articles that studied the flame retardancy of epoxy resin, unsaturated polyester resin and their composites were covered. Flame retardancy performance of different flame retardant/polymer systems was evaluated in terms of Flame Retardancy index (FRI) that was calculated based on the data extracted from the cone calorimeter test. Furthermore, flame retardant selection charts that relate between the flame retardancy level with mechanical properties in the aspects of tensile and flexural strength were presented. This review paper is also dedicated to providing the reader with a brief overview on the combustion mechanism of polymeric materials, their flammability behaviour and the commonly used flammability testing techniques and the mechanism of action of flame retardants.
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Progress in Biodegradable Flame Retardant Nano-Biocomposites. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13050741. [PMID: 33673607 PMCID: PMC7957674 DOI: 10.3390/polym13050741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper summarizes the results obtained in the course of the development of a specific group of biocomposites with high functionality of flame retardancy, which are environmentally acceptable at the same time. Conventional biocomposites have to be altered through different modifications, to be able to respond to the stringent standards and environmental requests of the circular economy. The most commonly produced types of biocomposites are those composed of a biodegradable PLA matrix and plant bast fibres. Despite of numerous positive properties of natural fibres, flammability of plant fibres is one of the most pronounced drawbacks for their wider usage in biocomposites production. Most recent novelties regarding the flame retardancy of nanocomposites are presented, with the accent on the agents of nanosize (nanofillers), which have been chosen as they have low or non-toxic environmental impact, but still offer enhanced flame retardant (FR) properties. The importance of a nanofiller’s geometry and shape (e.g., nanodispersion of nanoclay) and increase in polymer viscosity, on flame retardancy has been stressed. Although metal oxydes are considered the most commonly used nanofillers there are numerous other possibilities presented within the paper. Combinations of clay based nanofillers with other nanosized or microsized FR agents can significantly improve the thermal stability and FR properties of nanocomposite materials. Further research is still needed on optimizing the parameters of FR compounds to meet numerous requirements, from the improvement of thermal and mechanical properties to the biodegradability of the composite products. Presented research initiatives provide genuine new opportunities for manufacturers, consumers and society as a whole to create a new class of bionanocomposite materials with added benefits of environmental improvement.
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Aaliya B, Sunooj KV, Lackner M. Biopolymer composites: a review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOBASED PLASTICS 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/24759651.2021.1881214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Basheer Aaliya
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Pondicherry University , Puducherry, India
| | | | - Maximilian Lackner
- University of Applied Sciences FH Technikum Wien , Höchstädtplatz, Vienna, Austria
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28
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Straw/Nano-Additive Hybrids as Functional Fillers for Natural Rubber Biocomposites. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14020321. [PMID: 33435445 PMCID: PMC7826977 DOI: 10.3390/ma14020321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Currently, up to 215 million metric tons of harvestable straw are available in Europe, 50% of the crops come from wheat, 25% from barley and 25% from maize. More than half of the production remains undeveloped. The overproduction of straw in the world means that the current methods of its management are insufficient. The article describes the production method and characterization of natural rubber biocomposites containing cereal straw powder modified with functional nano-additives in the form of carbon black, silica and halloysite nanotubes. The use of cereal straw in the elastomer matrix should contribute to obtaining a product with good mechanical properties while ensuring a low cost of the composite. In turn, the application of the mechanical modification process will allow the combination of specific properties of raw materials to obtain new, advanced elastomeric materials. As part of the work, hybrid fillers based on mechanically modified cereal straw were produced. The impact of hybrid fillers on mechanical, rheometric and damping properties was assessed. The flammability and susceptibility of the obtained biocomposites to aging processes were determined. The use of hybrid fillers based on mechanically modified straw allowed us to obtain a higher cross-linking density of vulcanizates (even up to 40% compared to the reference sample), and thus higher values of the rheometric moment during the vulcanization process of rubber mixtures (from approx. 10% (10 phr of filler) up to 50% (30 phr of filler) in relation to the unfilled system) and higher hardness of vulcanizates (by about 30–70%). The curing time of the blends was slightly longer, but the obtained composites were characterized by significantly higher tensile strength. The use of fillers in the elastomer matrix increased the modulus at 100, 200 and 300% and the elongation at break. Moreover, greater resistance of vulcanizates to the combustion process was confirmed.
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29
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Abdul Azam F‘A, Razak Z, Md Radzi MKF, Muhamad N, Che Haron CH, Sulong AB. Influence of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes on the Rheological Behavior and Physical Properties of Kenaf Fiber-Reinforced Polypropylene Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12092083. [PMID: 32933225 PMCID: PMC7570251 DOI: 10.3390/polym12092083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The incorporation of kenaf fiber fillers into a polymer matrix has been pronounced in the past few decades. In this study, the effect of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) with a short kenaf fiber (20 mesh) with polypropylene (PP) added was investigated. The melt blending process was performed using an internal mixer to produce polymer composites with different filler contents, while the suitability of this melt composite for the injection molding process was evaluated. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was carried out to investigate the thermal stability of the raw materials. Rheological analyses were conducted by varying the temperature, load factor, and filler content. The results demonstrate a non-Newtonian pseudoplastic behavior in all samples with changed kenaf fillers (10 to 40 wt %) and MWCNT contents (1 to 4 wt %), which confirm the suitability of the feedstock for the injection molding process. The addition of MWCNTs had an immense effect on the viscosity and an enormous reduction in the feedstock flow behavior. The main contribution of this work is the comprehensive observation of the rheological characteristics of newly produced short PP/kenaf composites that were altered after MWCNT additions. This study also presented an adverse effect on the composites containing MWCNTs, indicating a hydrophilic property with improved water absorption stability and the low flammability effect of PP/kenaf/MWCNT composites. This PP/kenaf/MWCNT green composite produced through the injection molding technique has great potential to be used as car components in the automotive industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farah ‘Atiqah Abdul Azam
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia; (F.‘A.A.A.); (Z.R.); (M.K.F.M.R.); (N.M.); (C.H.C.H.)
| | - Zakaria Razak
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia; (F.‘A.A.A.); (Z.R.); (M.K.F.M.R.); (N.M.); (C.H.C.H.)
- German-Malaysian Institute, Taman Universiti Strategic Planning and Business Development, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Khairul Fadzly Md Radzi
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia; (F.‘A.A.A.); (Z.R.); (M.K.F.M.R.); (N.M.); (C.H.C.H.)
- Malaysian Palm Oil Board (MPOB), 6 Persiaran Institusi Bandar Baru Bangi, Kajang 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Norhamidi Muhamad
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia; (F.‘A.A.A.); (Z.R.); (M.K.F.M.R.); (N.M.); (C.H.C.H.)
| | - Che Hassan Che Haron
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia; (F.‘A.A.A.); (Z.R.); (M.K.F.M.R.); (N.M.); (C.H.C.H.)
| | - Abu Bakar Sulong
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia; (F.‘A.A.A.); (Z.R.); (M.K.F.M.R.); (N.M.); (C.H.C.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +603-89216678
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Wang Y, Deng J, Zhao J, Shi H. New pivot for investigating flame‐retarding mechanism: Quantitative analysis of zinc phosphate doped aliphatic waterborne polyurethane‐based intumescent coatings for flame‐retarding plywood. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- YaChao Wang
- School of Resources Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture & Technology Xi'an China
- School of Safety Science and Engineering, Xi'an University of Science & Technology Xi'an China
| | - Jun Deng
- School of Safety Science and Engineering, Xi'an University of Science & Technology Xi'an China
| | - JiangPing Zhao
- School of Resources Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture & Technology Xi'an China
| | - Hongxing Shi
- Research Institute of Chemical Defense Beijing China
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31
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Enhanced Resistance to Fire of the Bark-Based Panels Bonded with Clay. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10165594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the flammability of ecologically friendly, 100% natural larch and poplar bark-based panels bonded with clay. The clay acted as a fire retardant, and it improved the fire resistance of the boards by 12–15% for the surface and 27–39% for the edge of the testing specimens. The thermal conductivity was also analyzed. Although the panels had a density ranging from 600 to 900 kg/m3, thermal conductivity for the panel with a density of 600 kg/m3 was excellent, and it was comparable to lightweight insulation panels with much lower densities. Besides that, the advantage of the bark clay boards, as an insulation material, is mostly in an accumulative capacity similar to wood cement boards, and it can significantly improve the climatic stability of indoor spaces that have low ventilation rates. Bark boards with clay, similar to wood cement composites (wood wool cement composites and wood particle cement composites), have low mechanical properties and elasticity. Therefore, there their use is limited to non-structural paneling applications. These ecologically friendly, 100% natural and recyclable composites can be mostly used with respect to their thermal insulation, acoustics and fire resistance properties.
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Hajj R, El Hage R, Sonnier R, Otazaghine B, Rouif S, Nakhl M, Lopez-Cuesta JM. Influence of lignocellulosic substrate and phosphorus flame retardant type on grafting yield and flame retardancy. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2020.104612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Chee SS, Jawaid M, Alothman OY, Yahaya R. Thermo-oxidative stability and flammability properties of bamboo/kenaf/nanoclay/epoxy hybrid nanocomposites. RSC Adv 2020; 10:21686-21697. [PMID: 35516649 PMCID: PMC9054550 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra02126a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, three types of nanoclay [halloysite nanotube (HNT), montmorillonite (MMT) and organically modified MMT (OMMT)] were incorporated into bamboo/kenaf (B/K) reinforced epoxy hybrid composites to compare their thermo-oxidative (TOD) stability and flammability properties. B/K (50 : 50) hybrid nanocomposites were fabricated by adding 1% loading (by weight) nanoclay through a hand lay-up technique. Wide angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) were used to study the morphology of the nanoclay–epoxy mixture. The TOD stability of the hybrid nanocomposites was studied with a thermogravimetry analyzer (TGA) under oxygen atmosphere. The flammability properties were evaluated using the Underwriters Laboratories 94 horizontal burning test (UL-94HB), limiting oxygen index (LOI), cone calorimetry and smoke density test. The morphological study reveals that MMT/epoxy and HNT/epoxy are highly agglomerated while OMMT/epoxy reveals a more uniform distribution morphology. The obtained results reveal that B/K/HNT shows better TOD stability below 300 °C, but B/K/MMT and B/K/OMMT show high residue content and decomposition temperatures above 300 °C. The flame retardancy of the hybrid nanocomposites improved with the loading of all types of nanoclay, but B/K/OMMT shows higher flame retardancy than B/K/MMT and B/K/HNT hybrid nanocomposites. Hybrid nanocomposites show improvement in flame properties in terms of peak heat release rate (pHRR), total heat release, fire growth rate index (FIGRA) and maximum average rate of heat emission (MARHE) and smoke growth rate index (SMOGRA) indicators. The findings from this work can be utilized to prepare high-performance fire retardant natural fiber reinforced epoxy hybrid composites for automotive and construction applications to save human lives. In this study, three types of nanoclay [halloysite nanotube (HNT), montmorillonite (MMT) and organically modified MMT (OMMT)] were incorporated into bamboo/kenaf (B/K) reinforced epoxy hybrid composites to compare their thermo-oxidative (TOD) stability and flammability properties.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Siew Sand Chee
- Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM) 43400 Serdang Selangor Malaysia
| | - Mohammad Jawaid
- Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM) 43400 Serdang Selangor Malaysia .,Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, King Saud University Riyadh Saudi Arabia
| | - Othman Y Alothman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, King Saud University Riyadh Saudi Arabia
| | - Ridwan Yahaya
- Science and Technology Research Institute for Defence (STRIDE) Kajang Selangor Malaysia
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Arslan F, Dilsiz N. Flame resistant properties of LDPE/PLA blends containing halogen‐free flame retardant. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.48960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Figen Arslan
- Department of Chemical EngineeringInstutite for Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Gazi University 06570 Ankara Turkey
| | - Nursel Dilsiz
- Department of Chemical EngineeringInstutite for Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Gazi University 06570 Ankara Turkey
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of EngineeringGazi University 06570 Ankara Turkey
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Tawiah B, Yu B, Wei R, Yuen RKK, Chen W, Xin JH, Fei B. Simultaneous fire safety enhancement and mechanical reinforcement of poly(lactic acid) biocomposites with hexaphenyl (nitrilotris(ethane-2,1-diyl))tris(phosphoramidate). JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 380:120856. [PMID: 31284172 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.120856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) is an important bioplastic polymer with wide engineering applications, but has relatively low tensile strength and high susceptibility to flames. This manuscript reports the synthesis of a new cyclo-phosphorus-nitrogen flame retardant (FR) - hexaphenyl (nitrilotris(ethane-2,1-diyl))tris(phosphoramidate) (HNETP) for concurrent FR and tensile strength enhancement. 1H, 13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Fourier Transform Infra-red spectra showed that HNETP was successfully synthesized. The FR properties of PLA/HNETP composites were investigated, and the peak heat release rate (PHRR) reduced by ˜ 51.3%, total heat released (THR) ˜ 43.1%, and carbon monoxide (CO) production by ˜ 46.5% with 3 wt% HNETP loading. The fire performance index increased by ˜ 65.8%, while the fire growth index decreased by ˜ 56.7%. The tensile strength and the Young's Modulus improved to ˜ 67.4 and ˜ 87.8% respectively. A significant increase in limiting oxygen index (LOI) (32.5%) was attained with a V-0 rating in the vertical burning test. TG-IR study showed considerable reduction in pyrolysis gaseous products by the PLA/HNETP composites compared to PLA. Insignificant changes were observed in the glass transition and the melting temperature of PLA and PLA/HNETP biocomposites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Tawiah
- Institute of Textiles and Clothing, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Bin Yu
- Department of Civil and Architectural Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ruichao Wei
- Department of Civil and Architectural Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Richard K K Yuen
- Department of Civil and Architectural Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Institute of Textiles and Clothing, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - John H Xin
- Institute of Textiles and Clothing, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Bin Fei
- Institute of Textiles and Clothing, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.
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Wang Y, Yue J, Xie R, Liu C, Gan L, Huang J. High‐value use of lignocellulosic‐rich eucommia residue for promoting mechanical properties and flame retardancy of poly(butylene succinate). J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.48543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuhuan Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Chongqing Key Laboratory of Soft‐Matter Material Chemistry and Functional ManufacturingSouthwest University 400715 Chongqing China
| | - Junfeng Yue
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Chongqing Key Laboratory of Soft‐Matter Material Chemistry and Functional ManufacturingSouthwest University 400715 Chongqing China
| | - Rong Xie
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Chongqing Key Laboratory of Soft‐Matter Material Chemistry and Functional ManufacturingSouthwest University 400715 Chongqing China
| | - Changhua Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Chongqing Key Laboratory of Soft‐Matter Material Chemistry and Functional ManufacturingSouthwest University 400715 Chongqing China
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Application Technology for 3D Printing, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent TechnologyChinese Academy of Sciences 400714 Chongqing China
| | - Lin Gan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Chongqing Key Laboratory of Soft‐Matter Material Chemistry and Functional ManufacturingSouthwest University 400715 Chongqing China
| | - Jin Huang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Chongqing Key Laboratory of Soft‐Matter Material Chemistry and Functional ManufacturingSouthwest University 400715 Chongqing China
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Thermal and Flammability Properties of Kenaf/Recycled Carbon Filled with Cardanol Hybrid Composites. INT J POLYM SCI 2019. [DOI: 10.1155/2019/9168342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, hybrid composites were fabricated by using kenaf and recycled carbon with a cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) derivative known as cardanol as the matrix by a compression molding technique. In this work, we look for the effect of recycled carbon weight loading (15%, 25%, and 35%) on the thermal properties of kenaf/cardanol composites while maintaining the total fiber loading of 50 wt%. TGA, DSC, DMA, and flammability UL 90 HB properties of the specimens were studied. The results indicate that cardanol improved the thermal stability of kenaf and hybridization with recycled carbon also further improved the thermal stability of the specimens. The flammability UL 90 HB test determines the flame retardancy property of all specimens.
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Hajj R, Otazaghine B, Sonnier R, El Hage R, Rouif S, Nakhl M, Lopez-Cuesta JM. Influence of monomer reactivity on radiation grafting of phosphorus flame retardants on flax fabrics. Polym Degrad Stab 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2019.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Motloung MP, Ojijo V, Bandyopadhyay J, Ray SS. Cellulose Nanostructure-Based Biodegradable Nanocomposite Foams: A Brief Overview on the Recent Advancements and Perspectives. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1270. [PMID: 31370292 PMCID: PMC6723299 DOI: 10.3390/polym11081270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The interest in designing new environmentally friendly materials has led to the development of biodegradable foams as a potential substitute to most currently used fossil fuel-derived polymer foams. Despite the possibility of developing biodegradable and environmentally friendly polymer foams, the challenge of foaming biopolymers still persists as they have very low melt strength and viscosity as well as low crystallisation kinetics. Studies have shown that the incorporation of cellulose nanostructure (CN) particles into biopolymers can enhance the foamability of these materials. In addition, the final properties and performance of the foamed products can be improved with the addition of these nanoparticles. They not only aid in foamability but also act as nucleating agents by controlling the morphological properties of the foamed material. Here, we provide a critical and accessible overview of the influence of CN particles on the properties of biodegradable foams; in particular, their rheological, thermal, mechanical, and flammability and thermal insulating properties and biodegradability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mpho Phillip Motloung
- DST-CSIR National Centre for Nanostructured Materials, Council for Scientific and, Industrial Research, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa
| | - Vincent Ojijo
- DST-CSIR National Centre for Nanostructured Materials, Council for Scientific and, Industrial Research, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
| | - Jayita Bandyopadhyay
- DST-CSIR National Centre for Nanostructured Materials, Council for Scientific and, Industrial Research, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
| | - Suprakas Sinha Ray
- DST-CSIR National Centre for Nanostructured Materials, Council for Scientific and, Industrial Research, Pretoria 0001, South Africa.
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa.
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Xie C, Gong W, Zhu Z, Zhou Y, Yan L, Hu Z, Ai L, Peng Y. Mapping the Secretome and Its N-Linked Glycosylation of Pleurotus eryngii and Pleurotus ostreatus Grown on Hemp Stalks. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:5486-5495. [PMID: 31012315 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b00061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Our previous research showed that Pleurotus eryngii and Pleurotus ostreatus were effective fungi for pretreatment of industrial hemp stalks to improve enzymatic saccharification. The secretomes of these two fungi were analyzed to search for the effective enzyme cocktails degrading hemp lignin during the pretreatment process. In total, 169 and 155 proteins were identified in Pleurotus eryngii and Pleurotus ostreatus, respectively, and 50% of the proteins involved in lignocellulose degradation were CAZymes. Because most of the extracellular proteins secreted by fungi are glycosylated proteins, the N-linked glycosylation of enzymes could be mapped. In total, 27 and 24 N-glycosylated peptides were detected in Pleurotus eryngii and Pleurotus ostreatus secretomes, respectively. N-Glycosylated peptides of laccase, GH92, exoglucanase, phenol oxidase, α-galactosidase, carboxylic ester hydrolase, and pectin lyase were identified. Deglycosylation could decrease enzymatic saccharification of hemp stalks. The activities of laccase, α-galactosidase, and phenol oxidase and the thermal stability of laccase were reduced after deglycosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunliang Xie
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Changsha 410205 , China
| | - Wenbing Gong
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Changsha 410205 , China
| | - Zuohua Zhu
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Changsha 410205 , China
| | - Yingjun Zhou
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Changsha 410205 , China
| | - Li Yan
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Changsha 410205 , China
| | - Zhenxiu Hu
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Changsha 410205 , China
| | - Lianzhong Ai
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Changsha 410205 , China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Food Microbiology, School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering , University of Shanghai for Science and Technology , Shanghai 200093 , China
| | - Yuande Peng
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Changsha 410205 , China
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41
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Improving the resistance to hydrothermal ageing of flame-retarded PLA by incorporating miscible PMMA. Polym Degrad Stab 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2018.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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42
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Novel Dihydroxy-Containing Ammonium Phosphate Based Poly(Lactic Acid): Synthesis, Characterization and Flame Retardancy. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:polym10080871. [PMID: 30960796 PMCID: PMC6403760 DOI: 10.3390/polym10080871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this work is to prepare flame-retardant biobased poly(lactic acid) materials through incorporating a novel flame retardant dihydroxy-containing ammonium phosphate (DAP) derived from 2-chloro-5,5-dimethyl-1,3,2-dioxaphosphinane-2-oxide (DOP) and 2-amino-2-methyl-1,3-propanediol (AMPD). Interestingly, PLA modified with only 0.5% DAP passed UL-94 V-0 rating, and possessed a limiting oxygen index (LOI) value of 24.6%, which would further increase with the increasing loading of DAP. PLA/DAP did not exhibit obviously improved results in terms of heat release rate (HRR), as the loading of DAP was relatively low. It was found that DAP showed little effect on the thermal stability of PLA and the onset decomposition temperatures of PLA and PLA/DAP blends were very close. Besides, the degree of crystallization increased because of the plasticized effect of DAP. Based on the analyses of flame-retardant mechanism of DAP, it disclosed that DAP decomposed to generate incombustible compounds, such as water and ammonia, to dilute the concentration of oxygen and fuels, and then release some phosphorus-containing fragments that could produce phosphorus-containing free radicals to interrupt free-radical reactions, and finally noncombustible melt dripping was produced so as to bring away large amount of heat and stop the feedback of heat to the matrix.
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Ghaffar SH, Madyan OA, Fan M, Corker J. The Influence of Additives on the Interfacial Bonding Mechanisms Between Natural Fibre and Biopolymer Composites. Macromol Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s13233-018-6119-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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45
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Hajj R, El Hage R, Sonnier R, Otazaghine B, Gallard B, Rouif S, Nakhl M, Lopez-Cuesta JM. Grafting of phosphorus flame retardants on flax fabrics: Comparison between two routes. Polym Degrad Stab 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2017.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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46
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Acid-base synergistic flame retardant wood pulp paper with high thermal stability. Carbohydr Polym 2017; 178:123-130. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.08.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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47
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Sałasińska K, Borucka M, Celiński M, Gajek A, Zatorski W, Mizera K, Leszczyńska M, Ryszkowska J. Thermal stability, fire behavior, and fumes emission of polyethylene nanocomposites with halogen-free fire retardants. ADVANCES IN POLYMER TECHNOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/adv.21914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Sałasińska
- Department of Chemical, Biological and Aerosol Hazards; Central Institute for Labour Protection-National Research Institute; Warsaw Poland
| | - Monika Borucka
- Department of Chemical, Biological and Aerosol Hazards; Central Institute for Labour Protection-National Research Institute; Warsaw Poland
| | - Maciej Celiński
- Department of Chemical, Biological and Aerosol Hazards; Central Institute for Labour Protection-National Research Institute; Warsaw Poland
| | - Agnieszka Gajek
- Department of Chemical, Biological and Aerosol Hazards; Central Institute for Labour Protection-National Research Institute; Warsaw Poland
| | - Wojciech Zatorski
- Department of Chemical, Biological and Aerosol Hazards; Central Institute for Labour Protection-National Research Institute; Warsaw Poland
| | - Kamila Mizera
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering; Warsaw University of Technology; Warsaw Poland
| | - Milena Leszczyńska
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering; Warsaw University of Technology; Warsaw Poland
| | - Joanna Ryszkowska
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering; Warsaw University of Technology; Warsaw Poland
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48
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Mngomezulu ME, Luyt AS, Chapple SA, John MJ. Effect of expandable graphite on thermal and flammability properties of poly(lactic acid)-starch/poly(ɛ-caprolactone) blend systems. POLYM ENG SCI 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.24751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mfiso E. Mngomezulu
- Department of Chemistry; University of the Free State (Qwaqwa Campus), Private Bag X13; Phuthaditjhaba, 9866 South Africa
| | - Adriaan S. Luyt
- Center for Advanced Materials; Qatar University, PO Box 2713; Doha Qatar
| | - Steve A. Chapple
- CSIR Materials Science and Manufacturing; Polymers and Composites Competence Area, P.O. Box 1124; Port Elizabeth, 6000 South Africa
| | - Maya J. John
- CSIR Materials Science and Manufacturing; Polymers and Composites Competence Area, P.O. Box 1124; Port Elizabeth, 6000 South Africa
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science; Nelson Mandela University, PO Box 1600; Port Elizabeth, 6000 South Africa
- School of Mechanical, Industrial and Aeronautical Engineering; University of the Witwatersrand; Johannesburg South Africa
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Vincent T, Dumazert L, Dufourg L, Cucherat C, Sonnier R, Guibal E. New alginate foams: Box-Behnken design of their manufacturing; fire retardant and thermal insulating properties. J Appl Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/app.45868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Vincent
- Ecole des Mines d'Alès; Centre des Matériaux des Mines d'Alès; MPA, 6 Avenue de Clavières, Alès Cedex F-30319 France
| | - Loïc Dumazert
- Ecole des Mines d'Alès; Centre des Matériaux des Mines d'Alès; MPA, 6 Avenue de Clavières, Alès Cedex F-30319 France
| | - Ludivine Dufourg
- Ecole des Mines d'Alès; Centre des Matériaux des Mines d'Alès; MPA, 6 Avenue de Clavières, Alès Cedex F-30319 France
| | - Claire Cucherat
- Ecole des Mines d'Alès; Centre des Matériaux des Mines d'Alès; MPA, 6 Avenue de Clavières, Alès Cedex F-30319 France
| | - Rodolphe Sonnier
- Ecole des Mines d'Alès; Centre des Matériaux des Mines d'Alès; MPA, 6 Avenue de Clavières, Alès Cedex F-30319 France
| | - Eric Guibal
- Ecole des Mines d'Alès; Centre des Matériaux des Mines d'Alès; MPA, 6 Avenue de Clavières, Alès Cedex F-30319 France
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Kocaman S, Karaman M, Gursoy M, Ahmetli G. Chemical and plasma surface modification of lignocellulose coconut waste for the preparation of advanced biobased composite materials. Carbohydr Polym 2017; 159:48-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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