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Kavitha SA, Priya RK, Arunachalam KP, Avudaiappan S, Saavedra Flores EI, Blanco D. Experimental investigation on strengthening of Zea mays root fibres for biodegradable composite materials using potassium permanganate treatment. Sci Rep 2024; 14:12754. [PMID: 38830936 PMCID: PMC11148049 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-58913-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Humans are the only species who generate waste materials that cannot be broken down by natural processes. The ideal solution to this waste problem would be to employ only compostable materials. Biodegradable materials play a key role in creating a safer and greener world. Biodegradability is the gift that keeps on giving, in the sense of creating an Earth worth living. The future is thus best served by green energy, sustainability, and renewable resources. To realize such goals, waste should be considered as a valuable resource. In this context, Zea mays (Zm) root fibres, which are normally considered as agricultural waste, can be used as reinforcing substances in polymer matrices to produce structural composite materials. Before being used in composites, such fibres must be analysed for their physical properties. Chemical treatments can be employed to improve the structural quality of fibres, and the changes due to such modification can be analysed. Therefore, the current work examines the effect of permanganate treatment on the surface properties of Zm fibres. The raw and potassium permanganate-treated samples were assayed for various properties. Physical analysis of the fibre samples yielded details concerning the physical aspects of the fibres. The thermal conductivity and moisture absorption behaviour of the samples were analysed. Chemical analysis was employed to characterize the composition of both treated and untreated samples. p-XRD was employed to examine the crystalline nature of the Zm fibres. Numerous functional groups present in each sample were analysed by FTIR. Thermogravimetric analysis was used to determine the thermal stability of Zm fibres. Elemental analysis (CHNS and EDS) was used to determine the elemental concentrations of both raw and treated samples. The surface alterations of Zm fibres brought on by treatment were described using SEM analysis. The characteristics of Zm roots and the changes in quality due to treatment were reviewed, and there were noticeable effects due to the treatment. Both samples would have applications in various fields, and each could be used as a potential reinforcing material in the production of efficient bio-composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Anne Kavitha
- PG & Research Department of Physics, Holy Cross College (Autonomous), Nagercoil, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli, 627012, India
| | - Retnam Krishna Priya
- PG & Research Department of Physics, Holy Cross College (Autonomous), Nagercoil, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli, 627012, India.
| | - Krishna Prakash Arunachalam
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Construccion, Facultad de Ciencias de la Construccion y Ordenamiento Territorial, Universidad Tecnologica Metropolitana, Dieciocho 161, Santiago, Chile
| | - Siva Avudaiappan
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Construccion, Facultad de Ciencias de la Construccion y Ordenamiento Territorial, Universidad Tecnologica Metropolitana, Dieciocho 161, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Erick I Saavedra Flores
- Departamento de Ingeniería en Obras Civiles, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Av. Ecuador 3659, Estación Central, 9170022, Santiago, Chile
| | - David Blanco
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Construccion, Facultad de Ciencias de la Construccion y Ordenamiento Territorial, Universidad Tecnologica Metropolitana, Dieciocho 161, Santiago, Chile
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Selvan MT, Ramesh M, Sahayaraj AF, Prabu HJ, Nagarajan KJ. Extraction and characterization of novel fibers from Tecoma stans Linn bark for use as reinforcement in polymer composites. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 270:132492. [PMID: 38763245 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
Embarking on a pioneering investigation, this study unravels the extraordinary qualities of Tecoma stans Fibers (TSFs), freshly harvested from the rachis, establishing them as prospective reinforcements for biocomposites. Delving into their intricate characteristics, TSFs exhibit a unique fusion of physical resilience, with a density of 1.81 ± 0.39 g/cc and a diameter of 234.12 ± 7.63 μm. Complementing their physical prowess, their chemical composition boasts a harmonious blend of cellulose (70.1 ± 9.06 wt%), hemicellulose (13.56 ± 4.29 wt%), lignin (7.62 ± 2.39 wt%), moisture (4.21 ± 1.56 wt%), wax (2.37 ± 0.63 wt%), and ash (1.25 ± 0.36 wt%). In the realm of mechanical strength, TSFs showcase an impressive tensile strength of 639 ± 18.47 MPa, coupled with a robust strain at failure of 1.75 ± 0.13 % and a Young Modulus of 36.51 ± 1.96 GPa. Unveiling their crystalline intricacies, these fibers reveal a microfibril angle of 14.66 ± 0.15°, a crystalline index (CI) of 63.83 %, and a crystallite size (CS) of 9.27 nm. Beyond their mechanical marvels, TSFs exhibit unwavering thermal stability, enduring temperatures up to 297.36 °C, with a Tmax reaching an impressive 392.09 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Tamil Selvan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Dhanalakshmi Srinivasan College of Engineering, Coimbatore, 641105, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - M Ramesh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, KIT-Kalaignarkarunanidhi Institute of Technology, Coimbatore 641402, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - A Felix Sahayaraj
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, KIT-Kalaignarkarunanidhi Institute of Technology, Coimbatore 641402, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - H Joy Prabu
- Department of Physics, St. Joseph's College (Autonomous), Affiliated to Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620002, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - K J Nagarajan
- Department of Mechatronics Engineering, Thiagarajar College of Engineering, Madurai 625015, Tamil Nadu, India
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Eryilmaz O. Revalorization of cellulosic fiber extracted from the waste stem of Brassica oleracea var. botrytis L. (cauliflower) by characterizing for potential composite applications. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 266:131086. [PMID: 38521302 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
This study investigates a protocol for extracting and characterizing fibers obtained from cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis L.) stem agricultural waste, exploring its suitability for composite applications. Brassica oleracea var. botrytis L. (BOVBL), commonly known as cauliflower, was comprehensively characterized for the first time, with its fiber extracted from plant waste stems. BOVBL fiber, subjected to microbial degradation, exhibited properties typical of natural fibers, with a density of 1.47 g/cm3 and a composition of 50.09 % cellulose, 19.7 % hemicellulose, and 22.3 % lignin. XPS analysis showed that the surface structure of the fiber consisted of carbon (64.37 %) and oxygen (22.36 %) due to cellulose. The crystalline index is calculated as 57.32 % indicating a highly organized molecular arrangement. SEM images depicted a rough surface with hexagonal and rectangular forms, enhancing resin penetration for improved composite adhesion. The thermal analysis demonstrated stability up to 324.38 °C, promising suitability for composite heat processing. The results of the single fiber test (tensile strength, E-modulus, and elongation at break) were assessed by using Weibull distribution analysis. This investigation provides suggestions for the potential applications of organic waste leftovers as a new, environmentally friendly material for fiber-reinforced polymer composites aligning with circular economy and sustainability through the utilization of agricultural waste in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oguz Eryilmaz
- Marmara University, Department of Textile Engineering, Istanbul, Turkey
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4
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H JR, Singh S, Janaki Ramulu P, Santos TF, Santos CM, M.R S, Suyambulingam I, Siengchin S. Effect of chemical treatment on physio-mechanical properties of lignocellulose natural fiber extracted from the bark of careya arborea tree. Heliyon 2024; 10:e26706. [PMID: 38434283 PMCID: PMC10907790 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e26706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
For the first time, the current work has carried out a chemical treatment of a novel ligno-cellulose fiber that is extracted from the bark of an unexplored plant of Careya arborea. Careya arborea (CA), a flowering tree known for its green berries, thrives in the Indian subcontinent and Afghanistan. This research was focused on extracting fibers from the bark of the Cary tree for the first time to corroborate the influence of chemical treatment on its different characteristics. These CA fibers have a high proportion of cellulose, consisting of 71.17 wt percent, together with 27.86 wt percent of hemicellulose, and a reduced density of 1140 kg/m3, making them a suitable candidate for creating lightweight applications in a variety of industries. Chemical treatment has done on the cay fiber with the concentrations of NaOH 5 (wt%), 10 (wt%), and 15 (wt%) solution mixture to improve their characteristics. Estimated the difference between Chemically processed and non-processed Cary fibers and corroborated in results. We performed a number of experiments, including FTIR, XRD, SEM, EDAX, AFM, and TGA, to fully comprehend the changing properties. Chemical testing showed that cellulose changed from its non-crystalline state to cellulose, proving that the treatment was successful in changing the fibre structure. Additionally, the thermo-gravimetric examination showed higher thermal stability 248 °C-325 °C and a rise in the crystallinity index, indicating the treated fibers' improved potential for high-temperature applications. The treated Cary fibers exhibited excellent surface properties, promising improved adhesion, mechanical performance, offering lightweight and sustainable solutions for diverse applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeevan Rao H
- Amity Institute of Aerospace Engineering, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Sector 125, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - S. Singh
- Amity Institute of Aerospace Engineering, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Sector 125, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - P. Janaki Ramulu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering & Centre of Excellence for Advanced Manufacturing Engineering, School of Mechanical, Chemical and Materials Engineering, ASTU, Adama, Ethiopia
| | - Thiago F. Santos
- Postgraduate Program in Chemical Engineering, Technology Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Av. Prof. Sen. Salgado Filho, 3000, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, 59072-970, Brazil
| | - Caroliny M. Santos
- Postgraduate Program in Chemical Engineering, Technology Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Av. Prof. Sen. Salgado Filho, 3000, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, 59072-970, Brazil
| | - Sanjay M.R
- Natural Composites Research Group Lab, Department of Materials and Production Engineering, The Sirindhorn International Thai-German Graduate School of Engineering (TGGS), King Mongkut’s University of Technology North Bangkok (KMUTNB), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Indran Suyambulingam
- Natural Composites Research Group Lab, Department of Materials and Production Engineering, The Sirindhorn International Thai-German Graduate School of Engineering (TGGS), King Mongkut’s University of Technology North Bangkok (KMUTNB), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Suchart Siengchin
- Natural Composites Research Group Lab, Department of Materials and Production Engineering, The Sirindhorn International Thai-German Graduate School of Engineering (TGGS), King Mongkut’s University of Technology North Bangkok (KMUTNB), Bangkok, Thailand
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Kaya AI. Extraction of Lightweight Platanus orientalis L. Fruit's Stem Fiber and Determination of Its Mechanical and Physico-Chemical Properties and Potential of Its Use in Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:657. [PMID: 38475338 DOI: 10.3390/polym16050657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Natural fibers extracted from plants are preferred as an alternative to synthetic products. The main reasons for this preference are their affordable cost, light weight and good mechanical properties. However, finding new natural raw materials is challenging due to growth limitations in different geographical areas. Platanus orientalis L. (Eastern plane tree) is a tree with abundant fruits that can grow in many regions of the world. The aim of this study was to determine the mechanical (tensile strength, tensile modulus, elongation), physical (density, fiber diameter) and chemical (cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin) properties of Platanus orientalis L. fruit's stem by fiber extraction from the stems of the tree. It was determined that the extracted fiber had good mechanical properties and cellulose content of 42.03%. As a result of thermogravimetric analysis, it was determined that the plane tree fruit's stem fiber had thermal resistance of up to 299 °C. The tensile strength value was 157.76 MPa, the tensile modulus value was 1.39 GPa and the elongation value was 22.01%. It was determined that it is suitable for use in fiber reinforcement in thermoplastic-based composites at temperatures below 299 °C. According to the results obtained by the mechanical, chemical and physical analysis of Platanus orientalis L. fruit's stem fiber (PoLfs), it could be recommended as a suitable alternative as a reinforcing fiber in thermoplastic and thermoset composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Ihsan Kaya
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Adıyaman University, 02040 Adıyaman, Turkey
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Balasubramani V, Nagarajan KJ, Karthic M, Pandiyarajan R. Extraction of lignocellulosic fiber and cellulose microfibrils from agro waste-palmyra fruit peduncle: Water retting, chlorine-free chemical treatments, physio-chemical, morphological, and thermal characterization. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 259:129273. [PMID: 38211922 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
In this paper, lignocellulosic fibers and cellulose microfibrils (CMFs) were extracted from palmyra fruit peduncle waste and investigated as naturally derived cellulosic materials for their potential use as reinforcement materials in composite applications. The physicochemical, mechanical, and thermal properties of the extracted fiber were studied. Physical and morphological analysis results revealed an extracted fiber diameter of 82.5 μm with a very rough surface, providing excellent interfacial bonding performance with the polymer matrix. Chemical, mechanical, and thermal results showed that the fibers consist mainly of cellulose as their crystallized phase, with a cellulose content of 56.5 wt% and a tensile strength of 693.3 MPa, along with thermal stability up to 252 °C. The chemically extracted CMFs exhibit a short, rough-surfaced, cylindrical cellulose structure with a diameter range of 10-15 μm. These CMFs demonstrate excellent thermal stability, withstanding temperatures up to 330 °C. Furthermore, the formation of CMFs is evident from a substantial increase in the crystallinity index, which increased from 58.2 % in the raw fibers to 78.2 % in the CMFs. FT-IR analysis further confirms the successful removal of non-cellulosic materials through chlorine-free chemical treatments. These findings strongly support the potential use of extracted fibers and CMFs as reinforcement materials in polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Balasubramani
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Thiagarajar College of Engineering, Madurai, -625015, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - K J Nagarajan
- Department of Mechatronics Engineering, Thiagarajar College of Engineering, Madurai, -625015, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - M Karthic
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Thiagarajar College of Engineering, Madurai, -625015, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - R Pandiyarajan
- Department of Mechatronics Engineering, Agni College of Technology, Chennai 600 130, Tamil Nadu, India
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7
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Shibly MAH, Islam MI, Rahat MNH, Billah MM, Rahman MM, Bashar MS, Abdul B, Alorfi HS. Extraction and characterization of a novel cellulosic fiber derived from the bark of Rosa hybrida plant. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 257:128446. [PMID: 38029899 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
The current investigation aims to choose an alternate potential replacement for the nonbiodegradable synthetic fibers used in polymer composites. This goal motivated the thorough characterization of Rosa hybrida bark (RHB) fibers. The research explored fiber characterization such as morphological, mechanical, thermal, and physical properties. The suggested fiber features a percentage of cellulose, hemicellulose molecules, and lignin of 52.99 wt%, 18.49 wt%, and 17.34 wt%, respectively according to chemical composition studies, which improves its mechanical properties. It is suitable for lightweight applications due to its decreased density (1.194 gcm-3). The purpose of the Fourier transform infrared spectroscope was to observe and record how various chemical groups were distributed throughout the surface of the fiber. The presence of 1.41 nm-sized crystalline cellulose and further XRD analysis showed a crystallinity index of 75.48 %. Scanning electron microscope studies revealed that RHB fibers have a rough surface. According to a single fiber tensile test, for gauge length (GL) 40 mm, Young's modulus and tensile strength of RHB fibers were 6.57 GPa and 352.01 MPa, respectively, and for GL 50 mm, 9.02 GPa and 311 MPa, respectively. Furthermore, thermo-gravimetric examination revealed that the isolated fibers were thermally stable up to 290 °C and the kinetic activation energy was found to be 75.32 kJ/mol. The fibers taken from the Rosa hybrida flower plants' bark exhibit qualities similar to those of currently used natural fibers, making them a highly promising replacement for synthetic fibers in polymer matrix composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Abul Hasan Shibly
- Center for Research and Industrial Relation, National Institute of Textile Engineering and Research, University of Dhaka, Bangladesh.
| | - Md Ikramul Islam
- Center for Research and Industrial Relation, National Institute of Textile Engineering and Research, University of Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Nur Hossain Rahat
- Center for Research and Industrial Relation, National Institute of Textile Engineering and Research, University of Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Muhammad Maruf Billah
- Center for Research and Industrial Relation, National Institute of Textile Engineering and Research, University of Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | | | | | - Hajer S Alorfi
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
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Sathishkumar TP, Shah MA, Panchal H, Sharma K, Gopinath R, Sanjay MR, Siengchin S, Rajesh Kumar L, Rampradheep GS. Characterization of new cellulose fiber extracted from second generation Bitter Albizia tree. Sci Rep 2024; 14:1693. [PMID: 38242914 PMCID: PMC10799074 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-51719-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The present work examines the physical, thermal tensile, and chemical properties of wood skin fibers obtained from second generation Bitter Albizia (BA) tree skin. Chemical characterization of BA fibers showed the presence of various chemical contents such as cellulose of 74.89 wt. %, hemicellulose of 14.50 wt. %, wax of 0.31 wt. %, lignin of 12.8 wt. %, moisture of 11.71 wt. %, and ash of 19.29 wt. %. The density of BA fibers (BAFs) was showed 1285 kg/m3. XRD analysis of BAFs showed a crystallinity index (CI) of 57.20% and size of crystallite of 1.68 nm. Tensile strength and strain to failure of BAFs examined through tensile test were 513-1226 MPa and 0.8-1.37% respectively. TGA portrayed the thermal steadiness of BAFs as 339 °C with 55.295 kJ/mol kinetic activation energy, its residual mass was 23.35% at 548 °C. BAFs with high CI, less wax content, and better tensile strength make more suitable for making polymer matrix composites. SEM images of the BAFs surface depicted that the fiber outer surface has more rough which shows that they can contribute to hige fiber-matrix adhesion during composites preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- T P Sathishkumar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kongu Engineering College, Erode, Tamilnadu, India.
| | - Mohd Asif Shah
- Bakhtar University, Kabul, Afghanistan.
- Centre of Research Impact and Outcome, Chitkara University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Chitkara University, Rajpura, 140401, Punjab, India.
- Division of Research and Development, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, 144001, India.
| | - Hitesh Panchal
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Government Engineering College patan, Katpur, Gujarat, India
| | - Kamal Sharma
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, GLA University, Mathura, India
| | - R Gopinath
- Department of Civil Engineering, University College of Engineering, Tindivanam, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - M R Sanjay
- Natural Composite Research Group Lab, Department of Materials and Production Engineering, The Sirindhorn International Thai-German Graduate School of Engineering (TGGS), King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Suchart Siengchin
- Natural Composite Research Group Lab, Department of Materials and Production Engineering, The Sirindhorn International Thai-German Graduate School of Engineering (TGGS), King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - L Rajesh Kumar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, KPR Institute of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India
| | - G S Rampradheep
- Department of Civil Engineering, Kongu Engineering College, Erode, Tamilnadu, India
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Susanto B, Tosuli YT, Adnan, Cahyadi, Nami H, Surjosatyo A, Alandro D, Nugroho AD, Rashyid MI, Muflikhun MA. Characterization of sago tree parts from Sentani, Papua, Indonesia for biomass energy utilization. Heliyon 2024; 10:e23993. [PMID: 38268580 PMCID: PMC10806271 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e23993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Biomass derived from organic waste in industrial processes is an effective method to mitigate the negative impacts of agricultural waste materials. In Sentani, Papua, one such potential biomass source is sago tree waste. This study characterized the waste from the bark, middle, and inner parts of the sago tree to evaluate its biomass energy potential. Scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX) analysis of the complete sample revealed that oxygen, carbon, and silicon were the primary elements, with carbon content ranging from 30.75 % to 38.87 %. This indicates that all parts of the sago plant have the potential to be used as biomass fuel. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) results showed that the inner section of the sago had the lowest moisture content at approximately 13.3 %, followed by the outer part at 42 % and the bark at 55 %. The inner section had the highest lignin content, approximately 37 %, and exhibited the slowest thermal degradation in the differential thermal analysis (DTA) profile. The outer and bark parts of the sago were more reactive in stage II of the DTA profile, suggesting a higher concentration of cellulose and hemicellulose compared to lignin, making them suitable for gasification and pyrolysis. The heating value of sago bark was determined to be 12.85 MJ/kg (adb). These findings underscore the potential of sago waste as a renewable energy source, particularly in remote areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benny Susanto
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universitas Indonesia, Kampus UI Depok, 16424 Indonesia
- PT. PLN (Persero) Research Institute, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Yohanis Tangke Tosuli
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universitas Indonesia, Kampus UI Depok, 16424 Indonesia
| | | | | | - Hossein Nami
- SDU Life Cycle Engineering, Department of Green Technology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, Odense M, 5230, Denmark
| | - Adi Surjosatyo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universitas Indonesia, Kampus UI Depok, 16424 Indonesia
| | - Daffa Alandro
- Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Department, Gadjah Mada University, Indonesia
| | - Alvin Dio Nugroho
- Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Department, Gadjah Mada University, Indonesia
| | | | - Muhammad Akhsin Muflikhun
- Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Department, Gadjah Mada University, Indonesia
- Center for Advanced Manufacturing and Structural Engineering (CAMSE), Gadjah Mada University, Indonesia
- Center of Energy Studies (PSE), Gadjah Mada University, Indonesia
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10
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Abzan N, Abbasian A, Jonoobi M, Ghasemi I. Cellulose microfiber extraction from leftover celery pulp: Chemomechanical treatments, structural, morphological, and thermal characterization. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:126834. [PMID: 37714240 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
Based on the variety of attractive applicability and structural advantages, cellulose is suggested as a sustainable and environmentally-friendly replacement for petroleum-based materials. Therefore, the current study proposed two chemo-mechanical treatments including bleaching with sodium chlorite and sodium hypochlorite for pure cellulose extraction from leftover celery pulp (Apium graveolens var. dulce). The characterizations of the extracted cellulose fibers were measured and analyzed, by using FT-IR, XRD, optical microscopy, FE-SEM, and TGA analysis. FTIR analysis confirmed the successful removal of non-cellulosic and impurities materials by chemical treatments. Analyzing the X-ray diffraction showed that the proposed chemo-mechanical procedures did not have damaging impacts on the cellulose crystalline structure. Microscopies analysis within optical microscopy and FE-SEM indicated that the diameters of the untreated fibers generally ranged from 100 to 150 μm, while for the treated ones, they ranged from 10 to 15 μm. The TGA results illustrated the higher initial degradation temperatures for the treated samples which led to significant improvement in their thermal stabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nooshin Abzan
- Faculty of Petroleum and Chemical Engineering, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Iran.
| | - Ali Abbasian
- Faculty of Petroleum and Chemical Engineering, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Iran.
| | - Mehdi Jonoobi
- Department of Wood and Paper Science and Technology, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Iran.
| | - Ismaeil Ghasemi
- Faculty of Processing, Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute, Iran.
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11
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Karim FE, Islam MR, Ahmed R, Siddique AB, Begum HA. Extraction and characterization of a newly developed cellulose enriched sustainable natural fiber from the epidermis of Mikania micrantha. Heliyon 2023; 9:e19360. [PMID: 37662786 PMCID: PMC10469073 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Riding on the journey of a sustainable world it is very crucial to extend the usage of natural cellulosic fiber from renewable sources. Due to their numerous applications and eco-friendly behavior, natural cellulosic fibers are in greater demand every day. In this article a new natural fiber extracted from the creepers of Mikania micrantha with the help of 5% NaOH retting process. Previously no research work have been done with this fiber. The fiber was characterized by following ASTM D1909, ASTM D 2654, ASTM D1445, TAPPI standard for determination of moisture regain and content, bundle fiber strength and chemical composition respectively. XRD, SEM, FTIR and TGA analysis were also done for the identification of crystallinity, fiber morphology, functional group and thermal behavior. The tests results showed that it is a cellulose enriched textile fiber having 56.42% cellulose. The average moisture regain and content % were 9.17% and 8.4% respectively analyzed from the five samples. The average tenacity was determined 38.6 gm/tex with 1.8% elongation and the crystallinity of the tested fiber was 72%. The maximum degradation temperature for this fiber was 477 °C. The application of this noble fiber can be for making fiber reinforced composites, cellulose nanomaterials, biomaterials etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahmida-E- Karim
- Department of Textile Engineering, BGMEA University of Fashion and Technology (BUFT), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Redwanul Islam
- Department of Textile Engineering, Ahsanullah University of Science and Technology (AUST), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Rizbi Ahmed
- Department of Textile Engineering, BGMEA University of Fashion and Technology (BUFT), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Abu Bakr Siddique
- Department of Textile Engineering, BGMEA University of Fashion and Technology (BUFT), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Hosne Ara Begum
- Department of Yarn Engineering, Bangladesh University of Textiles (BUTEX), Dhaka, Bangladesh
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12
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Sharma S, Asolekar SR, Thakur VK, Asokan P. Valorization of cellulosic fiber derived from waste biomass of constructed wetland as a potential reinforcement in polymeric composites: A technological approach to achieve circular economy. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 340:117850. [PMID: 37105106 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.117850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
This study establishes the suitability of cellulosic fibers derived from Canna indica waste biomass for utilization as a reinforcement in natural fiber polymeric composites. The waste biomass was harvested from constructed wetlands engaged in the treatment of municipal wastewater from a gated community. The extracted Canna indica (CI) fibers were studied for their physicochemical, mechanical, structural, crystallographic, and thermal characteristics and proposed as a potential alternative to synthetic fiber. The CI fibers contained a relatively higher amount of cellulose (60 wt%) and a low wax fraction (0.5 wt%) - which is advantageous for its gainful utilization as a reinforcement. The CI fibers were thermally stable up to 237 °C and have an average fiber length, diameter, and density of 4.3 mm, 842 μm, and 0.75 g/cm3, respectively. The mean maximum tensile strength and Young's modulus were found to be 113 ± 6.82 MPa and 0.8 ± 7.91 GPa, respectively. The nano-indentation test displayed the nano hardness and modulus as 0.3 ± 0.6 GPa and 1.62 ± 0.2 GPa, respectively. The crystallographic properties of CI fibers consisted of an 87.45% crystallinity index and 3.2 nm crystallite size. The morphological attributes of CI fibers showed rough surfaces and shallow cavities on the surfaces of the fibers suggesting the suitability for its utilization as a reinforcement. It is argued that this technological approach can potentially achieve circular economy through valorization of Canna indica biomass harvested from natural wastewater treatment plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruti Sharma
- Environmental Science and Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, 400076, India.
| | - Shyam R Asolekar
- Environmental Science and Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, 400076, India.
| | - Vijay Kumar Thakur
- Biorefining and Advanced Materials Research Centre, Scotland's Rural College (SRUC), Kings Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JG, UK; School of Engineering, University of Petroleum & Energy Studies (UPES), Dehradun, 248007, Uttarakhand, India.
| | - P Asokan
- Green Engineered Materials and Additive Manufacturing Department, CSIR-Advanced Materials and Processes, Research Institute (AMPRI), Bhopal, 462026, India.
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13
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R NS, Thiagamani SMK, P S, M S, Boyina Yagna SN, Hossein EK, M M, Mavinkere Rangappa S, Siengchin S. Isolation and characterization of agro-waste biomass sapodilla seeds as reinforcement in potential polymer composite applications. Heliyon 2023; 9:e17760. [PMID: 37456007 PMCID: PMC10345370 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Fillers or particulate fillers find a growing utilization as reinforcement material in polymer composites due to their ability to enhance the properties of the ensuing composites. The discarded seed in sapodilla fruit is available in abundant and the shell of the seed can be used as a reinforcing filler. The primary goal of this study is to extract and characterize the sapodilla seed shell powder (SSS) physically and chemically in order to assess its potential for reinforcement as a particulate filler in polymer composites. The sapodilla seed shell filler was characterized experimentally by Physio-chemical analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX). The morphology and the filler size were determined by Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Particle size analysis. The thermal degradation behaviour was evaluated by Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nalaeram Sivaram R
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education, Krishnankoil, 626126, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Senthil Muthu Kumar Thiagamani
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education, Krishnankoil, 626126, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sivakumar P
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education, Krishnankoil, 626126, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Srinivasan M
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education, Krishnankoil, 626126, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Surya Narayana Boyina Yagna
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education, Krishnankoil, 626126, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Meena M
- Department of Physics, ST Hindu College, Nagerkoil, 629002, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sanjay Mavinkere Rangappa
- Department of Materials and Production Engineering, The Sirindhorn International Thai-German Graduate School of Engineering (TGGS), King Mongkut’s University of Technology North Bangkok (KMUTNB), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Suchart Siengchin
- Department of Materials and Production Engineering, The Sirindhorn International Thai-German Graduate School of Engineering (TGGS), King Mongkut’s University of Technology North Bangkok (KMUTNB), Bangkok, Thailand
- Institute of Plant and Wood Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Tharandt, Germany
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14
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Dalmis R. Description of a new cellulosic natural fiber extracted from Helianthus tuberosus L. as a composite reinforcement material. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2023; 175:e13960. [PMID: 37339003 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
Natural fiber-reinforced composites are generally known as eco-friendly, long-lasting, and recyclable materials. This study characterizes cellulosic Helianthus tuberosus L. fiber for polymer-based green composites for the first time. Helianthus tuberosus L. fiber has many advantages as a reinforcement material in polymer-based composites. For example, the high roughness of the fiber surface increases the locking into the composite body. One of the most critical advantages is its high thermal stability temperature of 247.3°C. Other advantages of the Helianthus tuberosus L. fiber are high cellulose content, high crystallinity, and high tensile strength. The hollow fiber structure allows its use in insulation materials. Finally, the high cellulose content of 62.65% supports its usage in various industries, including paper and paperboard manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramazan Dalmis
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
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15
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Elmoudnia H, Faria P, Jalal R, Waqif M, Saâdi L. Effectiveness of alkaline and hydrothermal treatments on cellulosic fibers extracted from the Moroccan Pennisetum Alopecuroides plant: Chemical and morphological characterization. CARBOHYDRATE POLYMER TECHNOLOGIES AND APPLICATIONS 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carpta.2022.100276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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16
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Kar A, Saikia D. Characterization of new natural cellulosic fiber from Calamus tenuis (Jati Bet) cane as a potential reinforcement for polymer composites. Heliyon 2023; 9:e16491. [PMID: 37274658 PMCID: PMC10238902 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigates the physical, structural, chemical, thermal, mechanical, and morphological properties of the fibers of Calamus tenuis canes and compares the findings with various lignocellulosic fibers to find the place of these fibers as reinforcements for polymer composites. Chemical analysis confirms the presence of 37.43 ± 1.40% cellulose, 31.06 ± 1.03% hemicellulose, and 28.42 ± 0.81% lignin in Calamus tenuis cane fibers, moreover, the presence of these constituents is also confirmed by Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopic (FTIR) analysis. The X-Ray diffraction (XRD) analysis determines the crystallinity index of 37.38 ± 0.27% and the crystallite size of 0.87 ± 0.03 nm of the samples. The thermogravimetric analysis ensures that the Calamus tenuis cane fibers are thermally stable up to 210 ± 5 °C. The Weibull distribution analysis is employed to estimate the tensile properties of Calamus tenuis canes, which reveal a tensile strength of 37.5 ± 2 MPa, Young's modulus of 1.05 ± 0.08 GPa, and an elongation at break of 18.94 ± 4.26%. The roughness of the fibers' outer surface is confirmed by SEM micrographs and AFM analysis, suggesting that it could enhance the adhesion between fibers and matrix during the fabrication of composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arup Kar
- Department of Physics, Dibrugarh University, Assam, India
| | - Dip Saikia
- Department of Physics, Digboi College, Digboi, Assam, India
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17
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Nuryanta MI, Aryaswara LG, Korsmik R, Klimova-Korsmik O, Nugraha AD, Darmanto S, Kusni M, Muflikhun MA. The Interconnection of Carbon Active Addition on Mechanical Properties of Hybrid Agel/Glass Fiber-Reinforced Green Composite. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15112411. [PMID: 37299210 DOI: 10.3390/polym15112411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, the hybridization of natural and glass fiber has promised several advantages as a green composite. Nevertheless, their different characteristics lead to poor mechanical bonding. In this work, agel fiber and glass fiber was used as reinforcements, and activated carbon filler was added to the polymer matrix of a hybrid composite to modify its characteristics and mechanical properties. A tensile and bending test was conducted to evaluate the effect of three different weight percentages of activated carbon filler (1, 2, and 4 wt%). Vacuum-assisted resin infusion was used to manufacture the hybrid composite to obtain the high-quality composite. The results have revealed that adding 1 wt% filler yielded the most optimum result with the highest tensile strength, flexural strength, and elastic modulus, respectively: 112.90 MPa, 85.26 MPa, and 1.80 GPa. A higher weight percentage of activated carbon filler on the composite reduced its mechanical properties. The lowest test value was shown by the composite with 4 wt%. The micrograph observations have proven that the 4 wt% composite formed agglomeration filler that can induce stress concentration and reduce its mechanical performance. Adding 1 wt% filler offered the best dispersion in the matrix, which can enhance better load transfer capability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Irfan Nuryanta
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Gadjah Mada University, Jl. Grafika No. 2, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
| | - Lugas Gada Aryaswara
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Gadjah Mada University, Jl. Grafika No. 2, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
| | - Rudolf Korsmik
- Department of Welding and Laser Technologies, Saint-Petersburg State Marine Technical University, Saint Petersburg 190121, Russia
| | - Olga Klimova-Korsmik
- Department of Welding and Laser Technologies, Saint-Petersburg State Marine Technical University, Saint Petersburg 190121, Russia
| | | | - Seno Darmanto
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Diponegoro University, Jl. Prof. Jacub Rais, Kota Semarang 50275, Indonesia
| | - Muhammad Kusni
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Bandung Institute of Technology, Jl. E ITB Jl. Ganesa No.10, Lb. Siliwangi, Kecamatan Coblong, Kota Bandung 40132, Indonesia
| | - Muhammad Akhsin Muflikhun
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Gadjah Mada University, Jl. Grafika No. 2, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
- Center of Advanced Manufacturing and Structural Engineering (CAMSE), Gadjah Mada University, Jl. Grafika No. 2, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
- Center of Energy Studies, Gadjah Mada University, Sekip K-1A Kampus UGM, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
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18
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Pinheiro MA, Ribeiro MM, Rosa DLS, Nascimento DDCB, da Silva ACR, Dos Reis MAL, Monteiro SN, Candido VS. Periquiteira ( Cochlospermum orinocense): A Promising Amazon Fiber for Application in Composite Materials. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15092120. [PMID: 37177266 PMCID: PMC10181227 DOI: 10.3390/polym15092120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural lignocellulosic fibers (NLFs) have in recent decades appeared as sustainable reinforcement alternatives to replace synthetic fibers in polymer composite material applications. In this work, for the first time, the periquiteira (Cochlospermum orinocense), a lesser known NLF from the Amazon region, was analyzed for its density and, by X-ray diffraction (XRD), to calculate the crystallinity index as well as the microfibrillar angle (MFA), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron analysis (SEM) and tensile strength. The apparent density found for the periquiteira fiber was 0.43 g/cm3, one of the NLF's lowest. XRD analysis indicated a crystallinity index of 70.49% and MFA of 7.32°. The TGA disclosed thermal stability up to 250 °C. The FTIR analysis indicated the presence of functional groups characteristic of NLFs. The SEM morphological analysis revealed that the periquiteira fiber presents fine bundles of fibrils and a rough surface throughout its entire length. The average strength value of the periquiteira fiber was found as 178 MPa. These preliminary results indicate that the periquiteira fiber has the potential to be used as a reinforcing agent in polymeric matrices and can generate a lightweight composite with excellent mechanical properties that can be used in various industrial sectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriane Alexandrino Pinheiro
- Engineering of Natural Resources of the Amazon Program, Federal University of Pará-UFPA, Belem 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Maurício Maia Ribeiro
- Engineering of Natural Resources of the Amazon Program, Federal University of Pará-UFPA, Belem 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Diemison Lira Santa Rosa
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, Federal University of Pará-UFPA, Ananindeua 67130-660, Brazil
| | | | - Alisson Clay Rios da Silva
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, Federal University of Pará-UFPA, Ananindeua 67130-660, Brazil
| | - Marcos Allan Leite Dos Reis
- Engineering of Natural Resources of the Amazon Program, Federal University of Pará-UFPA, Belem 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Sergio Neves Monteiro
- Materials Science Program, Military Institute of Engineering-IME, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, Brazil
| | - Verônica Scarpini Candido
- Engineering of Natural Resources of the Amazon Program, Federal University of Pará-UFPA, Belem 66075-110, Brazil
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19
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Raouf KHALDOUNE A, ROKBI M. Extraction and characterization of novel natural fiber from Centaurea melitensis plant. JOURNAL OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS 2023; 57:913-928. [DOI: 10.1177/00219983221147381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
In this work a new cellulosic fibers extracted from Centaurea Melitensis plant to the prospect of employing them as a source of reinforcement in composite materials. In this investigation, morphological, chemical, physical and mechanical features of Centaurea Melitensis fibers are investigated. The morphological characteristics using anatomical technique and scanning electron microscopy revealed the presence of a large percentage of fibroblasts in the fibers that allow adhesion with the matrix when manufacturing of composite materials. The fiber density is 1.269 ± 0.018 g/cm3 and the diameter is 187.11 ± 60.41 μm depending on the physical properties. The chemical properties revealed that the Centaurea Melitensis fiber has a crystalline size of 16.92 nm and a crystallinity index of 47.69% using XRD. The results of FTIR analysis proved on major components such as cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin, by TGA the thermal stability was found up to 210°C and the maximum temperature up to 317.86°C. The mechanical properties have shown that the value of the tensile strength of the fibers is 336.87 ± 59.94 MPa, Young’s modulus is 23.87 ± 5.21 GPa, and the strain at failure is 1.27 ± 0.36%, and the interfacial shear strength is 9.82 ± 2.35 MPa. The statistical approach, Weibull distribution was used with two and three parameters to examine the experimental data due to their dispersion. WEIBULL statistical analytical test was used with 2 and 3 parameters are used to examine the experimental data due to their dispersion. All the findings from this investigation reveal that Centaurea Melitensis fibers can be a qualified candidate to be used as reinforcement in low density composite materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abd Raouf KHALDOUNE
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Technology, University of M’sila, M’sila, Algeria
- Laboratoire de Matériaux et Mécanique des Structures (LMMS), University of M’sila, M’sila, Algeria
| | - Mansour ROKBI
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Technology, University of M’sila, M’sila, Algeria
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20
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Han X, Ding L, Tian Z, Song Y, Xiong R, Zhang C, Han J, Jiang S. Potential new material for optical fiber: Preparation and characterization of transparent fiber based on natural cellulosic fiber and epoxy. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 224:1236-1243. [PMID: 36550788 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.10.209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
In order to reduce the dependence on fossil energy products, natural fiber/polymer hybrid composites have been increasingly researched. The high price of the quartz optical fibers and glass optical fibers has greatly inspired researchers to engage in the research on polymer optical fibers. Herein, transparent fibers based on plant fibers were innovatively prepared for the first time by delignification and impregnating epoxy diluted with acetone. The epoxy improved the thermal stability of the fiber without deteriorating its mechanical properties, and also endowed the fiber with the property of transparency. The tensile strength of transparent fibers of three diameters were 34.5, 58.6 and 100.3 MPa, respectively and the corresponding Young's modulus reached 1.1, 1.7 and 2.3 GPa, respectively. In addition, the light-conducting properties of transparent fibers were displayed with a green laser and the fibers displayed good light transmission along the fiber growth direction. Transparent fibers are expected to be used in optical fibers because of their high thermal stability, good mechanical properties and light-conducting properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoshuai Han
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Linhu Ding
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Zhiwei Tian
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Yuanyuan Song
- Joint Laboratory of Advanced Biomedical Materials (NFU-UGent), Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University (NFU), Nanjing 210037, China.
| | - Ranhua Xiong
- Joint Laboratory of Advanced Biomedical Materials (NFU-UGent), Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University (NFU), Nanjing 210037, China.
| | - Chunmei Zhang
- Institute of Materials Science and Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China.
| | - Jingquan Han
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
| | - Shaohua Jiang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
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Bozaci E, Altınışık Tağaç A. Extraction and Characterization of New Cellulosic Fiber from Catalpa bignonioides Fruits for Potential Use in Sustainable Products. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 15:polym15010201. [PMID: 36616550 PMCID: PMC9824769 DOI: 10.3390/polym15010201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the extract of Catalpa bignonioides plants and characterize novel natural cellulosic fibers from the fruits as an alternative material for sustainable products. The Catalpa bignonioides tree contains pharmacologically active compounds and is found all over the world. The sustainable natural fibers were easily extracted in an environmentally friendly manner from the fruits of the plant and characterized in terms of their chemical, thermal, and physical properties. The Catalpa bignonioides fibers (CBF) were composed of cellulose (58.3%), hemicellulose (3.1%), and lignin (38.6%) and had a low density (0.713 g/cm3). Fourier transform (FT-IR) analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses were used to search for the chemical groups, crystalline structures, and surface morphology of the CBF fibers. The results suggest that CBF fibers are a suitable alternative for composite and textile applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebru Bozaci
- Department of Textile Engineering, Ege University, Izmir 35030, Turkey
- Correspondence: (E.B.); (A.A.T.)
| | - Aylin Altınışık Tağaç
- Department of Chemistry, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir 35390, Turkey
- Correspondence: (E.B.); (A.A.T.)
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22
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Recent Development in the Processing, Properties, and Applications of Epoxy-Based Natural Fiber Polymer Biocomposites. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 15:polym15010145. [PMID: 36616495 PMCID: PMC9824855 DOI: 10.3390/polym15010145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing environmental concerns have increased the scientific interest in the utilization of natural fibers for the development of epoxy biocomposite materials. The incorporation of one or more fibers in the production of hybrid epoxy polymer composites has been a subject of discussion. It is interesting to acknowledge that natural/synthetic fiber hybridized epoxy composites have superior properties over natural/natural fiber hybridized epoxy composites. Significant efforts have been devoted to the improvement of natural fiber surface modifications to promote bonding with the epoxy matrix. However, to achieve sufficient surface modification without destroying the natural fibers, optimization of treatment parameters such as the concentration of the treatment solution and treatment time is highly necessary. Synthetic and treated natural fiber hybridization in an epoxy matrix is expected to produce biocomposites with appreciable biodegradability and superior mechanical properties by manipulating the fiber/matrix interfacial bonding. This paper presents a review of studies on the processing of epoxy natural fiber composites, mechanical properties, physical properties such as density and water absorption, thermal properties, biodegradability study, nondestructive examination, morphological characterizations, and applications of epoxy-based natural fiber biocomposites. Other aspects, including a review of variables that enhance the mechanical and functional performance of epoxy/natural fibers composites while also increasing the biodegradability of the composite material for environmental sustainability, were presented. The future research focus was elucidated. It is hoped that this review will stimulate and refocus research efforts toward advancing the manufacture of epoxy/natural fiber composites to meet the growing demand for biocomposite materials in the global world.
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23
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Sadrmanesh V, Chen Y. Selected Properties of Two Alternative Plant Fibers: Canola and Sweet Clover Fibers. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:7877. [PMID: 36431363 PMCID: PMC9699566 DOI: 10.3390/ma15227877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Identifying sustainable resources of natural fibers is essential due to their high demand in industrial applications such as automotive and biomedical materials. Two alternative fibers obtained from canola and sweet clover stalks were characterized for their properties using energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), contact angle, and tensile test. Hemp and flax fibers, both in use as industrial fibers, were also characterized as conventional fibers. Results showed that all the fibers had the same chemical elements (carbon, oxygen, magnesium, and potassium) and chemical bonds. The crystallinity index for the alternative fibers ranged from 62 to 71%, which was close but lower than the conventional fibers (82% for hemp and 80% for flax). The thermal stability of the alternative fibers was around 220 °C, close to the conventional fibers (230 °C). The alternative fibers had contact angles of less than 90°, showing high surface energy. Since the alternative fibers had a low Young's modulus and tensile strength (5.57-8.52 GPa and 57.45-71.26 MPa, respectively), they are suitable for some specific applications in the biomedical industry. In contrast, conventional fibers are suitable where a higher stiffness and strength is required.
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24
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A Low-Density Cellulose Rich New Natural Fiber Extracted from the Bark of Jack Tree Branches and Its Characterizations. Heliyon 2022; 8:e11667. [DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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25
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Preparation and characterization of cellulose fibers from Meghatyrsus maximus: Applications in its chemical derivatives. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 296:119918. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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26
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Extraction and characterization of natural lignocellulosic fibres from Typha angustata grass. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 222:1840-1851. [PMID: 36198366 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.09.273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, efforts have been made to reduce deforestation to conserve the ecosystem. In the current scenario, agro-cultivated products are used instead of wood for engineering applications. Thus, natural lignocellulosic fibres are used as a reinforcing material and have been extremely attractive to industries and the scientific community during the past few decades. This study aimed to examine the use of natural fibres extracted from Typha angustata grass as reinforcement in polymer matrix composites. The density of the fibres was 1.015 g/cc. Chemical analysis confirmed that T. angustata fibres (TAFs) have a cellulose content of 73.54 wt%, a hemicellulose content of 10.11 wt%, a lignin content of 6.23 wt% and a wax content of 0.23 wt%. The crystallinity index (65.16 %) and crystalline size (6.40 nm) were identified by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. The presence of functional groups in the TAFs was examined by employing Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The presence of cellulose at peak intensities of C2, C3 and C5 in the TAFs was confirmed using 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The single fibre tensile test revealed that the tensile strength was 665 ± 7 MPa and Young's modulus was 27.45 ± 3.46 GPa. The thermal stability of the TAFs was examined by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and the prominent peak was observed at 298.48 °C, with a kinetic activation energy of 67.99 kJ/mol. The surface roughness of the fibres was analysed by atomic force microscopy (AFM) with an accuracy of 1 nm. The above-mentioned outcomes indicated that the TAFs have desirable properties that are comparable to existing natural fibres and suggested to be utilised as the possible reinforcement to fabricate the fibre-reinforced polymer matrix composites.
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Ding L, Han X, Chen L, Jiang S. Preparation and properties of hydrophobic and transparent wood. JOURNAL OF BIORESOURCES AND BIOPRODUCTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jobab.2022.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
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R A, Mr S, Kushvaha V, Khan A, Seingchin S, Dhakal HN. Modification of Fibres and Matrices in Natural Fibre Reinforced Polymer Composites: A Comprehensive Review. Macromol Rapid Commun 2022; 43:e2100862. [PMID: 35609116 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202100862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Composite materials derived from eco-friendly natural fibres and other biodegradable materials have gained prominence in industrial applications due to their sustainability and reduced greenhouse gas emissions attributes in comparison with conventional reinforcements such as glass and carbon fibres. Application of natural fibre-polymer composites (NFPCs) in different industrial applications provides competitive edge due to its lightweight, higher specific mechanical properties than glass fibres, sustainability and lesser cost involved in production. There are certain challenges associated with natural fibers and its reinforcement in composites such as poor bonding between the fibres and matrix due to its contradictory nature of characteristics, moisture absorption, lower thermal properties and poor interfacial adhesion between the natural fibre and polymer matrix. The challenges involved in NFPCs needs to be overcome to produce materials with relatively equivalent properties to that of conventional compositesand other metallic structures. Several researchers around the globe have conducted investigations with the primary attention being paid to the modification of natural fibers and matrix by employing surface treatments and other chemical treatment methods. In order to address the need for eco-friendly and sustainable materials in different domains, a comprehensive review on natural fibers and its sources, available matrix materials, modification techniques, mechanical and thermal properties of NFPCs is needed for better understanding of behavior of NFPCs.This work provides the information and wholistic view of natural fibre reinforced composites based on the results obtained from modification techniques,with the view of focusing the review in terms of different chemical and physical treatment techniques, modification of fibers and matrix and enhanced mechanical and thermal properties in the composites. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- ArunRamnath R
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore, India
| | - Sanjay Mr
- Natural Composites Research Group Lab, Department of Materials and Production Engineering, The Sirindhorn International Thai-German Graduate School of Engineering (TGGS), King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok (KMUTNB), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Vinod Kushvaha
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Jammu, India
| | - Anish Khan
- Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research (CEAMR), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Suchart Seingchin
- Natural Composites Research Group Lab, Department of Materials and Production Engineering, The Sirindhorn International Thai-German Graduate School of Engineering (TGGS), King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok (KMUTNB), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Hom N Dhakal
- Advanced Polymers and Composites (APC) Research Group, School of Mechanical and Design Engineering, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, PO1 3DJ, UK
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Processing, Characterization of Furcraea foetida (FF) Fiber and Investigation of Physical/Mechanical Properties of FF/Epoxy Composite. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14071476. [PMID: 35406353 PMCID: PMC9003038 DOI: 10.3390/polym14071476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent days the rising concern over environmental pollution with excessive use of synthetic materials has led to various eco-friendly innovations. Due to the organic nature, abundance and higher strength, natural fibers are gaining a lot of interest among researchers and are also extensively used by various industries to produce ecological products. Natural fibers are widely used in the composite industry as an alternative to synthetic fibers for numerous applications and new sources of fiber are continuously being explored. In this study, a fiber extracted from the Furcraea foetida (FF) plant is characterized for its feasibility as a reinforcement to fabricate polymer composite. The results show that the fiber has a density of 0.903 ± 0.07 g/cm3, tensile strength (σt) of 170.47 ± 24.71 MPa and the fiber is thermally stable up to 250 °C. The chemical functional groups and elements present in the FF fiber are evaluated by conducting Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The addition of FF fibers in epoxy reduced the density (13.44%) and hardness (10.9%) of the FF/Epoxy (FF/E) composite. However, the void content (Vc < 8%) and water absorption (WA: < 6%) rate increased in the composite. The FF/E composite with 30% volume of FF fibers showed maximum σt (32.14 ± 5.54 MPa) and flexural strength (σf: 80.23 ± 11.3 MPa).
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Al-Gorair AS, Sayed A, Mahmoud GA. Engineered Superabsorbent Nanocomposite Reinforced with Cellulose Nanocrystals for Remediation of Basic Dyes: Isotherm, Kinetic, and Thermodynamic Studies. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14030567. [PMID: 35160555 PMCID: PMC8839526 DOI: 10.3390/polym14030567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) were produced from pea peels by acid hydrolysis to be used with pectin and acrylic acid (AAc) to form Pectin-PAAc/CNC nanocomposite by γ-irradiation. The structure, morphology, and properties of the nanocomposite were investigated using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) techniques. The nanocomposite hydrogel was used for the removal of methylene blue dye (MB) from wastewater. The results revealed that the presence of CNCs in the polymeric matrix enhances the swelling and adsorption properties of Pectin-PAAc/CNC. The optimum adsorbate concentration is 70 mg/L. The kinetic experimental data were fit by pseudo-first-order (PFO), pseudo-second-order (PSO), and Avrami (Avr) kinetic models. It was found that the kinetic models fit the adsorption of MB well where the correlation coefficients of all kinetic models are higher than 0.97. The Avr kinetic model has the lowest ∆qe (normalized standard deviation) value, making it the most suitable one for describing the adsorption kinetics. The adsorption isotherm of MB by Pectin-PAAc follows the Brouers–Sotolongo model while that by Pectin-PAAc/CNC follows the Langmuir isotherm model. The negative values of ∆G confirmed the spontaneous nature of adsorption, and the positive value of ∆H indicated the endothermic nature of the adsorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arej S. Al-Gorair
- Chemistry Department, College of Science Princess, Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11564, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Asmaa Sayed
- Polymer Chemistry Department, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Nasr City, P.O. Box 29, Cairo 11787, Egypt;
- Correspondence:
| | - Ghada A. Mahmoud
- Polymer Chemistry Department, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Nasr City, P.O. Box 29, Cairo 11787, Egypt;
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Rangappa SM, Parameswaranpillai J, Siengchin S, Jawaid M, Ozbakkaloglu T. Bioepoxy based hybrid composites from nano-fillers of chicken feather and lignocellulose Ceiba Pentandra. Sci Rep 2022. [PMID: 35013525 DOI: 10.1002/pc.26413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, fillers of waste chicken feather and abundantly available lignocellulose Ceiba Pentandra bark fibers were used as reinforcement with Biopoxy matrix to produce the sustainable composites. The aim of this work was to evaluate the mechanical, thermal, dimensional stability, and morphological performance of waste chicken feather fiber/Ceiba Pentandra bark fiber filler as potential reinforcement in carbon fabric-layered bioepoxy hybrid composites intended for engineering applications. These composites were prepared by a simple, low cost and user-friendly fabrication methods. The mechanical (tensile, flexural, impact, hardness), dimensional stability, thermal stability, and morphological properties of composites were characterized. The Ceiba Pentandra bark fiber filler-reinforced carbon fabric-layered bioepoxy hybrid composites display better mechanical performance compared to chicken feather fiber/Ceiba Pentandra bark fiber reinforced carbon fabrics layered bioepoxy hybrid composites. The Scanning electron micrographs indicated that the composites exhibited good adhesion at the interface of the reinforcement material and matrix system. The thermogravimetric studies revealed that the composites possess multiple degradation steps, however, they are stable up to 300 °C. The thermos-mechanical studies showed good dimensional stability of the composites. Both studied composites display better thermal and mechanical performance compared to neat bioepoxy or non-bioepoxy thermosets and are suitable for semi-structural applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Mavinkere Rangappa
- Natural Composites Research Group Lab, Department of Materials and Production Engineering, The Sirindhorn International Thai-German Graduate School of Engineering (TGGS), King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok, Bangkok, Thailand.
| | | | - Suchart Siengchin
- Natural Composites Research Group Lab, Department of Materials and Production Engineering, The Sirindhorn International Thai-German Graduate School of Engineering (TGGS), King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok, Bangkok, Thailand.
| | - Mohammad Jawaid
- Department of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Togay Ozbakkaloglu
- Department of Civil Engineering, Ingram School of Engineering, Texas State University, San Marcos, Texas, USA
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Wu S, Zhang J, Li C, Wang F, Shi L, Tao M, Weng B, Yan B, Guo Y, Chen Y. Characterization of potential cellulose fiber from cattail fiber: A study on micro/nano structure and other properties. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 193:27-37. [PMID: 34687763 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.10.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Exploration of the application prospects of cattail fibers (CFs) in natural composites, and other fields is important for the sustainable development of new, green, light-weight, functional biomass materials. In this study, the physical and chemical properties, micro/nano structure, and mechanical characteristics of CFs were investigated. The CFs have a low density (618.0 kg m-3). The results of transmission electron microscopy and tensile testing data indicated that the cattail trunk fiber (CTF) bundle is composed of parenchyma cells and solid stone cells, demonstrating high specific modulus (10.1 MPa∙m3·kg-1) and high elongation at break (3.9%). In turn, the cattail branch fiber (CBF) bundle is composed of parenchyma cells with specific "half-honeycomb" shape. The inner diaphragms divide these cells into the open cavities. This structural feature endows the CTF bundles with stable structure, good oil absorption and storage capacities. The chemical component and the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analyses show that the CFs have higher lignin content (20.6%) and wax content (11.5%), which are conducive to the improvement of corrosion resistance, thermal stability and lipophilic-hydrophobic property of CF. Finally, the thermogravimetric analysis indicates that its final degradation temperature is 404.5 °C, which is beneficial to the increase in processability of CFs-reinforced composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Wu
- College of Forest and Garden, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Jinlong Zhang
- College of Forest and Garden, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Chuangye Li
- College of Forest and Garden, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Fuli Wang
- College of Forest and Garden, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Lanlan Shi
- College of Forest and Garden, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Mengxue Tao
- College of Forest and Garden, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Beibei Weng
- College of Forest and Garden, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Bin Yan
- College of Forest and Garden, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Yong Guo
- College of Forest and Garden, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China.
| | - Yuxia Chen
- College of Forest and Garden, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China.
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33
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Caputo D, Fusco C, Nacci A, Palazzo G, Murgia S, D'Accolti L, Gentile L. A selective cellulose/hemicellulose green solvents extraction from buckwheat chaff. CARBOHYDRATE POLYMER TECHNOLOGIES AND APPLICATIONS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carpta.2021.100094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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34
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Ding L, Han X, Cao L, Chen Y, Ling Z, Han J, He S, Jiang S. Characterization of natural fiber from manau rattan (Calamus manan) as a potential reinforcement for polymer-based composites. JOURNAL OF BIORESOURCES AND BIOPRODUCTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jobab.2021.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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35
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Soma Sundaram Pillai R, Rajamoni R, Suyambulingam I, Rajamony Suthies Goldy I, Divakaran D. Synthesis and characterization of cost-effective industrial discarded natural ceramic particulates from Cymbopogon flexuosus plant shoot for potential polymer/metal matrix reinforcement. Polym Bull (Berl) 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-021-03913-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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36
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Raju JSN, Depoures MV, Kumaran P. Comprehensive characterization of raw and alkali (NaOH) treated natural fibers from Symphirema involucratum stem. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 186:886-896. [PMID: 34271053 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.07.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated the effect of alkali treatment on the enhancement of Physico-chemical, tensile, thermal and surface properties of Symphirema involucratum stem fiber (SISF). The investigation of chemical constituents of optimally alkalized SISF revealed that ideal increment of cellulose content (68.69 wt%) and desired modification of other chemical components was accomplished through 60 min immersion period. An increase in the crystallinity index to 33.33% and small crystallite size to 3.21 nm was noted by X-ray diffraction analysis. Moreover, the treated fiber was found suitable for light-weight applications since physical analysis acknowledges that the density of the fiber augmented to 1424 kg/m3after surface treatment that reduces total weight percentage. The enhancements in tensile strength (471.2 ± 19.8 MPa), tensile modulus (5.82 ± 0.77 GPa) and thermal stability (371 °C) were noted that ensures the treated fiber has good mechanical and thermal properties required for composite preparation. These findings validated that the optimally surface-modified SISF is a suitable material for lightweight composite structures, for the time being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juvvi Siva Naga Raju
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Thandalam, Chennai 602 105, Tamilnadu, India; Department of Mechanical Engineering, PACE Institute of Technology and Sciences, Vallore, Ongole 523272, Andhra Pradesh, India.
| | - Melvin Victor Depoures
- Department of Automobile Engineering, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Thandalam, Chennai 602 105, Tamilnadu, India
| | - P Kumaran
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
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37
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Srivastava RK, Shetti NP, Reddy KR, Kwon EE, Nadagouda MN, Aminabhavi TM. Biomass utilization and production of biofuels from carbon neutral materials. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 276:116731. [PMID: 33607352 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The availability of organic matters in vast quantities from the agricultural/industrial practices has long been a significant environmental challenge. These wastes have created global issues in increasing the levels of BOD or COD in water as well as in soil or air segments. Such wastes can be converted into bioenergy using a specific conversion platform in conjunction with the appropriate utilization of the methods such as anaerobic digestion, secondary waste treatment, or efficient hydrolytic breakdown as these can promote bioenergy production to mitigate the environmental issues. By the proper utilization of waste organics and by adopting innovative approaches, one can develop bioenergy processes to meet the energy needs of the society. Waste organic matters from plant origins or other agro-sources, biopolymers, or complex organic matters (cellulose, hemicelluloses, non-consumable starches or proteins) can be used as cheap raw carbon resources to produce biofuels or biogases to fulfill the ever increasing energy demands. Attempts have been made for bioenergy production by biosynthesizing, methanol, n-butanol, ethanol, algal biodiesel, and biohydrogen using different types of organic matters via biotechnological/chemical routes to meet the world's energy need by producing least amount of toxic gases (reduction up to 20-70% in concentration) in order to promote sustainable green environmental growth. This review emphasizes on the nature of available wastes, different strategies for its breakdown or hydrolysis, efficient microbial systems. Some representative examples of biomasses source that are used for bioenergy production by providing critical information are discussed. Furthermore, bioenergy production from the plant-based organic matters and environmental issues are also discussed. Advanced biofuels from the organic matters are discussed with efficient microbial and chemical processes for the promotion of biofuel production from the utilization of plant biomasses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh K Srivastava
- Department of Biotechnology, GIT, GITAM (Deemed to Be University), Rushikonda, Visakhapatnam, 530045, (A.P.), India
| | - Nagaraj P Shetti
- Department of Chemistry, K. L. E. Institute of Technology, Gokul, Hubballi, 580027, Karnataka, India
| | - Kakarla Raghava Reddy
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Eilhann E Kwon
- Department of Environment and Energy, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Mallikarjuna N Nadagouda
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, 45324, USA
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Importance of Interfacial Adhesion Condition on Characterization of Plant-Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composites: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13030438. [PMID: 33573036 PMCID: PMC7866398 DOI: 10.3390/polym13030438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant fibers have become a highly sought-after material in the recent days as a result of raising environmental awareness and the realization of harmful effects imposed by synthetic fibers. Natural plant fibers have been widely used as fillers in fabricating plant-fibers-reinforced polymer composites. However, owing to the completely opposite nature of the plant fibers and polymer matrix, treatment is often required to enhance the compatibility between these two materials. Interfacial adhesion mechanisms are among the most influential yet seldom discussed factors that affect the physical, mechanical, and thermal properties of the plant-fibers-reinforced polymer composites. Therefore, this review paper expounds the importance of interfacial adhesion condition on the properties of plant-fiber-reinforced polymer composites. The advantages and disadvantages of natural plant fibers are discussed. Four important interface mechanism, namely interdiffusion, electrostatic adhesion, chemical adhesion, and mechanical interlocking are highlighted. In addition, quantifying and analysis techniques of interfacial adhesion condition is demonstrated. Lastly, the importance of interfacial adhesion condition on the performances of the plant fiber polymer composites performances is discussed. It can be seen that the physical and thermal properties as well as flexural strength of the composites are highly dependent on the interfacial adhesion condition.
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Sankhla S, Sardar HH, Neogi S. Greener extraction of highly crystalline and thermally stable cellulose micro-fibers from sugarcane bagasse for cellulose nano-fibrils preparation. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 251:117030. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.117030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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C IP, R S. Characterization of a new natural cellulosic fiber extracted from Derris scandens stem. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 165:2303-2313. [PMID: 33091474 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.10.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The present study aims to identify a potential substitute for the harmful synthetic fibers in the field of polymer composites. With this objective, a comprehensive characterization of Derris scandens stem fibers (DSSFs) was carried out. The presence of high strength gelatinous fibers with a traditional hierarchical cell structure was found in the anatomical study. The chemical compositional analysis estimated the cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin contents of 63.3 wt%, 11.6 wt%, and 15.3 wt%, respectively. Further analysis with XRD confirmed the presence of crystalline cellulose having a size of 11.92 nm with a crystallinity index of 58.15%. SEM and AFM studies show that these fibers are porous, and the average roughness is 105.95 nm. Single fiber tensile tests revealed that the DSSFs exhibited the mean Young's modulus and tensile strength of 13.54 GPa and 633.87 MPa respectively. Furthermore, the extracted fibers were found to be thermally stable up to 230 °C, as confirmed by thermogravimetric analysis. The fibers extracted from the stem of medicinal plant Derris scandens have the properties comparable to that of existing natural fibers, thus, suggesting it to use as a highly promising reinforcing agent alternative to synthetic fibers in polymer matrix composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaiya Perumal C
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Alagappa Chettiar Government College of Engineering and Technology, Karaikudi 630004, Sivaganga District, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Sarala R
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Alagappa Chettiar Government College of Engineering and Technology, Karaikudi 630004, Sivaganga District, Tamil Nadu, India
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Characterization of potential cellulose fiber from Luffa vine: A study on physicochemical and structural properties. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 164:2247-2257. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.08.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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42
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Taban E, Mirzaei R, Faridan M, Samaei E, Salimi F, Tajpoor A, Ghalenoei M. Morphological, acoustical, mechanical and thermal properties of sustainable green Yucca ( Y. gloriosa) fibers: an exploratory investigation. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCE & ENGINEERING 2020; 18:883-896. [PMID: 33312610 PMCID: PMC7721914 DOI: 10.1007/s40201-020-00513-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective of this study was to evaluate the acoustical, morphological, mechanical and thermal properties of fibers extracted from the leaves of Yucca (Y. gloriosa) shrub. METHODS Several tests were performed on either untreated or alkali-treated (5% NaOH) fibers. The chemical analysis of the fibers was performed to determine their lignin, cellulose, hemicellulose, wax and moisture content. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and thermogravimetric analysis were respectively employed to chemically and thermally analyze the fibers. The microscopic examination was also carried out using scanning electron microscope (SEM). INSTRON universal testing machine and an impedance tube system were employed for measuring the tensile properties of the fibers and the sound absorption coefficient values of the samples fabricated from the same fibers, respectively. RESULTS The results from the experiments revealed that the fibers have low density (1.32 g/cm3) and higher cellulose content (66.36 wt.%,). The mechanical characterization of these fibers also confirmed they are similar to the other lignocellulose fibers used for the reinforcement of polymer matrix composites. The tensile strength test conducted on Yucca fibres showed that mechanical properties of alkali treated fibers are superior to the untreated fibers. The thermal analysis also demonstrated that the alkali treated fibres can thermally withstand temperatures of up to 364 °C which confirms the fact that the thermal stability of fibers was improved by alkali treatment. CONCLUSION Fibers extracted from the leaves of Yucca demonstrated fair amounts of mechanical and thermal resistance and strength. The samples fabricated from Yucca fibers demonstrated fair levels of sound absorption coefficients particularly at higher frequency ranges which are typical to the other natural fibers. The possible use of Yucca fibers as either a reinforcing agent for composites or a sound absorbing medium is highly promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebrahim Taban
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Department of occupational Health engineering, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ramazan Mirzaei
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Department of occupational Health engineering, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Faridan
- Department of Occupational Health and Safety at Work Engineering, School of Health and Nutrition, Nutritional Health Research Centre, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Ehsan Samaei
- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Salimi
- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Tajpoor
- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehran Ghalenoei
- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
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Siva R, Valarmathi TN, Palanikumar K. Effects of magnesium carbonate concentration and lignin presence on properties of natural cellulosic Cissus quadrangularis fiber composites. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 164:3611-3620. [PMID: 32877714 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.08.195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cissus quadrangularis biodegradable natural cellulosic fibers comprehensively characterized to assess their potential as reinforcing materials in polymer composites. Initially, the Cissus quadrangularis fibers were chemically treated with 5% Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and 5% magnesium carbonate (MgCO3) to improvise the properties of the fiber. The mechanical test result shows that chemically treated 5% MgCO3 fiber show that 4% and 24% improved tensile strength compared to NaOH and untreated ones. The cellulose crystallinity of the treated fiber got increased as the amorphous constituents removed. Further, 5% MgCO3 treatment removed a larger amount of amorphous hemicellulose, lignin, and other impurities present on the fiber surface. Secondly, the composites were fabricated at different combination of MgCO3 (5%, 10%, 15%), plasticizer (5%, 7.5%, 10%), and fiber volume (20%, 25% and 30%) with L9 Taguchi orthogonal array approach. Based on the results, 5% MgCO3, 5% plasticizer, and 30% fiber volume showed significant improvement in Young's modulus, tensile, and flexural strength of 8%, 27%, and 16% respectively. Moreover, there was no notable improvement observed on impact strength for both treated (15.91 KJ/m2) and untreated (13.98 KJ/m2) fiber. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrographs used to examine the interface bonding between fiber and the matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Siva
- Research Scholar, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - T N Valarmathi
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - K Palanikumar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sri Sai Ram Institute of Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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44
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Acetylation Treatment for the Batch Processing of Natural Fibers: Effects on Constituents, Tensile Properties and Surface Morphology of Selected Plant Stem Fibers. FIBERS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/fib8120073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This work was on the comparative evaluation of the property effects obtainable when acetylation is applied to parts of selected agro fibers that are obtainable within common localities. The fibers were subjected to different concentrations of acetylation treatment at ambient temperature for 3 h. The physico-chemical, morphological, and tensile properties of the fibers were examined after the treatment. It was discovered from the results that the procedures variedly influenced the constituents of the fibers, their resulting tensile properties as well as their post-acetylation treatment surface morphology. The proportion of crystalline cellulose in the starting fibers greatly influenced their post treatment composition, behaviour and properties. The results show that plantain fibers had the highest aspect ratios, followed by banana fibers with values of about 1000 and 417, respectively. These fibers exhibited the least density and are thus potential plant fibers for composite development. Banana fiber had the least density of about 1.38 g/cm3 while that of DombeyaBuettneri fiber possessed the highest value of 1.5 g/cm3. There was significant enhancement in the hemicellulose content of Combretum Racemosum, while the lignin content of the plantain fibers was highly reduced. The treatment favoured the enhancement of the tensile properties in Combretum Racemosum fibers, which had enhanced tensile strength and strain at all compositions of the treatment. Optimum tensile strength and strain values of 155 MPa and 0.046, respectively, are achieved at 4% composition. Dombeya Buettneri fibers showed the highest ultimate tensile strength among the plant fibers in the untreated condition, which was gradually decreased as the concentration of the reagents was increased. Overall, 4% acetylation treatment is optimum for tensile properties’ enhancement for most of the natural fibers evaluated.
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Manimaran P, Pillai GP, Vignesh V, Prithiviraj M. Characterization of natural cellulosic fibers from Nendran Banana Peduncle plants. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 162:1807-1815. [PMID: 32814104 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.08.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this work is to explore the natural cellulosic fibers extracted from Nendran Banana Peduncle plants. This is the first time, the tests are carried out in the Nendran Banana Peduncle Fiber (NBPF) to measure the properties of the chemical, physical, mechanical, thermal (TGA/DTG), X-ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis, Fourier-transform Infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) analysis and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) furnished in this work. The Weibull distribution analysis was adopted for the analysis of diameter, tensile strength and Young's modulus of the fiber. The XRD analysis for the NBPF shows that the crystallinity index of 53.3%and crystallinity size of 4.72 nm. Thermogravimetric analysis depicted that NBPF can withstand thermally up to 356 °C. FT-IR results proved the existence of different chemical compositions and their corresponding functional groups. AFM analysis revealed the surface of the fiber found as rough. From the results, it is concluded that NBPF utilized as a polymer matrix composite for manufacturing light load automotive components and construction equipment.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Manimaran
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Karpagam Institute of Technology, Coimbatore 641 105, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - G Pitchayya Pillai
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sethu Institute of Technology, Kariapatti 626 115, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - V Vignesh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sethu Institute of Technology, Kariapatti 626 115, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - M Prithiviraj
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kamaraj College of Engineering and Technology, Madurai 625 701, Tamil Nadu, India
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K SC, S M, Raju JSN, Md JS. Characterization of novel natural cellulosic fiber extracted from the stem of Cissus vitiginea plant. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 161:1358-1370. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.07.230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Mahoney R, Weeks R, Zheng T, Huang Q, Dai W, Cao Y, Liu G, Guo Y, Chistyakov V, Chikindas ML. Evaluation of an Industrial Soybean Byproduct for the Potential Development of a Probiotic Animal Feed Additive with Bacillus Species. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2020; 12:1173-1178. [PMID: 31784951 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-019-09619-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Probiotics are gaining public attention for their application in animal husbandry due to their ability to promote growth and prevent infections. Bacillus subtilis KATMIRA1933 and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens B-1895 are two spore-forming probiotic microorganisms that have been demonstrated to provide health benefits for poultry when supplemented into their diet. These strains can be propagated on a wide range of substrates, including soybean-derived byproducts from the food processing industry. Soybean-derived byproducts are often incorporated into animal feeds, but the value of an additive could potentially be increased by the addition of probiotic microorganisms, which may decrease production costs and reduce environmental impact. In this study, a soybean byproduct and a desalted version of this byproduct were evaluated as potential substrates for the growth of two probiotic bacilli species. Chemical analysis of these byproducts showed favorable carbohydrate, fat, and amino acid profiles, which were not affected by the desalting process. The desalted byproduct was further evaluated as a substrate for the growth of B. subtilis KATMIRA1933 and B. amyloliquefaciens B-1895 under solid-state conditions, and samples from this experiment were visualized by scanning electron microscopy. The results of this study indicate that the desalted soybean byproduct is a suitable substrate for the propagation of the two Bacillus species, which grew to numbers sufficient for the formulation of a probiotic animal feed additive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Mahoney
- Health Promoting Naturals Laboratory, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences , Rutgers State University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers State University, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Richard Weeks
- Health Promoting Naturals Laboratory, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences , Rutgers State University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
- Department of Food Science, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers State University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Ting Zheng
- Department of Food Science, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers State University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Qingrong Huang
- Department of Food Science, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers State University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Weijie Dai
- Guangdong Huiertai Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, China
| | - Yong Cao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Guo Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yongjing Guo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Vladimir Chistyakov
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Michael L Chikindas
- Health Promoting Naturals Laboratory, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences , Rutgers State University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia.
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Siva R, Valarmathi T, Palanikumar K, Samrot AV. Study on a Novel natural cellulosic fiber from Kigelia africana fruit: Characterization and analysis. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 244:116494. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Feasibility of producing biodegradable disposable paper cup from pineapple peels, orange peels and Mauritian hemp leaves with beeswax coating. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-020-3164-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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50
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Rigid Polyurethane Foams Based on Bio-Polyol and Additionally Reinforced with Silanized and Acetylated Walnut Shells for the Synthesis of Environmentally Friendly Insulating Materials. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13153245. [PMID: 32707810 PMCID: PMC7435791 DOI: 10.3390/ma13153245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Rigid polyurethane (PUR) foams produced from walnut shells-derived polyol (20 wt.%) were successfully reinforced with 2 wt.% of non-treated, acetylated, and silanized walnut shells (WS). The impact of non-treated and chemically-treated WS on the morphology, mechanical, and thermal characteristics of PUR composites was determined. The morphological analysis confirmed that the addition of WS fillers promoted a reduction in cell size, compared to pure PUR foams. Among all the modified PUR foams, the greatest improvement of mechanical characteristics was observed for PUR foams with the addition of silanized WS-the compressive, flexural, and impact strength were enhanced by 21, 16, and 13%, respectively. The addition of non-treated and chemically-treated WS improved the thermomechanical stability of PUR foams. The results of the dynamic mechanical analysis confirmed an increase in glass transition temperature and storage modulus of PUR foams after the incorporation of chemically-treated WS. The addition of non-treated and chemically-treated WS did not affect the insulating properties of PUR foams, and the thermal conductivity value did not show any significant improvement and deterioration due to the addition of WS fillers.
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