Structures of fructan and galactan from Polygonatum cyrtonema and their utilization by probiotic bacteria

Evaluation of the anti-atherosclerotic effect for Allium macrostemon Bge. Polysaccharides and structural characterization of its a newly active fructan

Allium Macrostemon Bge. (AMB) is a well-known homology of herbal medicine and food that has been extensively used for thousands of years to alleviate cardiovascular diseases. It contains a significant amount of polysaccharides, yet limited research exists on whether these polysaccharides are responsible for its cardiovascular protective effects. In this study, the anti-atherosclerosis effect of the crude polysaccharides of AMB (AMBP) was evaluated using ApoE-/- mice fed a high-fat diet, along with ox-LDL-induced Thp-1 foam cells. Subsequently, guided by the inhibitory activity of foam cells formation, a major homogeneous polysaccharide named AMBP80-1a was isolated and purified, yielding 11.1 % from AMB. The molecular weight of AMBP80-1a was determined to be 10.01 kDa. AMBP80-1a was firstly characterized as an agavin-type fructan with main chains consisting of →1)-β-d-Fruf-(2→ and →1,6)-β-d-Fruf-(2→ linked to an internal glucose moiety, with →6)-β-d-Fruf-(2→ and β-d-Fruf-(2→ serving as side chains. Furthermore, the bio-activity results indicated that AMBP80-1a reduced lipid accumulation and cholesterol contents in ox-LDL-induced Thp-1 foam cell. These findings supported the role of AMBP in alleviating atherosclerosis in vivo/vitro. AMBP80-1a, as the predominant homogeneous polysaccharide in AMB, was expected to be developed as a functional agent to prevent atherosclerosis.

A graminan type fructan from Achyranthes bidentata prevents the kidney injury in diabetic mice by regulating gut microbiota

Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is the main cause of end-stage renal disease, and few therapeutic options are available. The root of Achyranthis bidentatae (AB) is commonly used for DKD treatment in Traditional Chinese medicine. However, its mechanisms are still unclear. Here, a graminan type fructan ABPW1 with molecular weight of 3998 Da was purified from AB. It was composed of β-1,2-linked Fruf, β-2,6-linked-Fruf and β-1,2,6-linked-Fruf backbone, and terminated with T-Glcp and 2-Fruf residues. ABPW1 protected against kidney injuries and intestinal barrier disruption in Streptozotocin (STZ)/High fat diet (HFD) mice. It could modulate gut microbiota composition, evidenced by a rise in the abundance of Bacteroide and decreases of Rikenella, Alistipes, Laedolimicola and Faecalibaculum. ABPW1 intervention promoted short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) production in STZ/HFD mice, especially propionate and isobutyric acid. Antibiotic treatment further demonstrated the key role of gut microbiota in the renal protective action of ABPW1. In addition, in vitro simulated digestion and fermentation together with in vivo fluorescent labeling studies demonstrated ABPW1 was indigestible in upper digestive tract but could reach the colon and be degraded into SCFAs by gut microbiota there. Overall, these data suggested ABPW1 has the potential application on DKD prevention.

Paotianxiong polysaccharides potential prebiotics: Structural analysis and prebiotic properties

Paotianxiong (PTX) is a processing product of Aconitum carmichaelii Debx., often used as a tonic food daily. However, the structure and activity of the polysaccharide component that plays a major role still need to be determined. In our work, two new polysaccharides were purified from PTX and named PTXP-1 and PTXP-2. Structural analysis showed that PTXP-1 is a glucan with a molecular weight of 915 Da and a structure of 4)-α-D-Glcp-(1 → as the main chain. PTXP-2 is a glucose arabinoglycan with 4)-α-D-Glcp-(1 → as the main chain, containing 8 glycosidic bonds attached, and a molecular weight of 57.9KDa. In vitro probiotic experiments demonstrated that PTXP-1 could significantly promote probiotic growth and acid production. In vivo experiments demonstrated that both PTXP-1 and PTXP-2 exhibited significant effectiveness in promoting the growth of intestinal probiotics. These findings help expand the application of polysaccharide components extracted from tonic herbs as functional food ingredients.

Effect of ultrasonic degradation on the physicochemical characteristics, GLP-1 secretion, and antioxidant capacity of Polygonatum cyrtonema polysaccharide

This study aimed to evaluate the influence of ultrasonic degradation on the physicochemical and biological characteristics of Polygonatum cyrtonema polysaccharide (PCP, 8.59 kDa). PCP was subjected to ultrasonic treatment for 8, 16, and 24 h and yielded the degraded fractions PCP-8, PCP-16, and PCP-24 (5.06, 4.13, and 3.69 kDa), respectively. Compared with the intact PCP, PCP-8, PCP-16 and PCP-24 had a reduced particle size (decrements of 28.03 %, 46.15 % and 62.54 %, respectively). Although ultrasonic degradation did not alter the primary structure of PCP, its triple helical and superficial structures were disrupted, with degraded fractions demonstrating reduced thermal stability and apparent viscosities compared with those of the intact PCP. Furthermore, the functional properties of the degraded fractions were different. PCP-16 most favourably affected GLP-1 secretion, while PCP-8 and PCP-24 exhibited the strongest antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory activities, respectively. Hence, controlled ultrasound irradiation is an appealing approach for partially degrading PCP and enhancing its bioactivity as a functional agent.

Novel Pestalotiopsis that Causes Gray Spot Disease of Polygonatum cyrtonema in Hunan Province of China

Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua is a perennial herb of the Asparagaceae family that is used for both dietary and medicinal purposes in China. In September 2019, a new leaf spot disease on Polygonatum cyrtonema was detected and is currently widespread in Huaihua, Hunan Province, China. Pathogenic fungi were isolated and purified from samples of diseased tissue that were collected for morphological and molecular phylogenetic studies. The pathogen was identified using multilocus (ITS, TEF-1, and TUB2) phylogenies, as well as morphological characters, and was found to be clustered but separately divergent from species of Pestalotiopsis. However, there were significant morphological differences between the pathogen and similar species. The pathogen was finally identified as a new species that was designated Pestalotiopsis xuefengensis. This is the first report of Pestalotiopsis xuefengensis serving as the causal agent of gray leaf spot on Polygonatum cyrtonema. This study will provide useful information for the diagnosis and management of this disease.

Polygonatum sibiricum polysaccharide ameliorates skeletal muscle aging via mitochondria-associated membrane-mediated calcium homeostasis regulation

BACKGROUND

Sarcopenia, an age-related disease, is characterized by a gradual loss of muscle mass, strength, and function. It has been linked to abnormal organelle function in myotubes, including the mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Recent studies revealed that mitochondria-associated membranes (MAM), the sites connecting mitochondria and the ER, may be implicated in skeletal muscle aging. In this arena, the potential of Polygonatum sibiricum polysaccharide (PSP) emerges as a beacon of hope. PSP, with its remarkable antioxidant and anti-senescence properties, is on the cusp of a therapeutic revolution, offering a promising strategy to mitigate the impacts of sarcopenia.

PURPOSE

The objective of this research is to explore the effects of PSP on age-related muscle dysfunction and the underlying mechanisms involved both in vivo and in vitro.

METHODS

In this investigation, we used in vitro experiments using D-galactose (D-gal)-induced aging in C2C12 myotubes and in vivo experiments on aged mice. Key indices were assessed, including reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, mitochondrial function, the expression of aging-related markers, and the key proteins of mitochondria and MAM fraction. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related to mitochondria and ER were identified, and bioinformatic analyses were performed to explore underlying mechanisms. Muscle mass and function were determined to evaluate the quantity and quality of skeletal muscle in vivo.

RESULTS

PSP treatment effectively mitigated oxidative stress and mitochondrial malfunction caused by D-gal in C2C12 myotubes, preserving mitochondrial fitness and reducing MAM formation. Besides, PSP attenuated D-gal-induced increases in Ca2+ concentrations intracellularly by modulating the calcium-related proteins, which were also confirmed by gene ontology (GO) analysis of DEGs. In aged mice, PSP increased muscle mass and improved grip strength, hanging time, and other parameters while reducing ROS levels and increasing antioxidant enzyme activities in skeletal muscle tissue.

CONCLUSION

PSP offers protection against age-associated muscle impairments. The proposed mechanism suggests that modulation of calcium homeostasis via regulation of the MAM results in a favorable functional outcome during skeletal muscle aging. The results of this study highlight the prospect of PSP as a curative intervention for sarcopenia and affiliated pathological conditions, warranting further investigation.

Property and quality of japonica rice cake prepared with Polygonatum cyrtonema powder

Rice cake is a common traditional food in China. In this study, the effect of Polygonatum cyrtonema (PC) on the qualities and characteristics of rice cake was investigated. The incorporation of PC powder in rice cakes endowed a light-yellow color and increased the water content and water absorption of products. Rheological analysis showed that the rice cake containing PC exhibited weak-gel properties. Additionally, PC (40%) inhibited the rice cake aging and lowered the hardness of rice cakes to 13.86 N after 4 h storage. In vitro starch digestion analysis showed that PC (40%) reduced the digestibility of rice cakes by decreasing the starch hydrolysis rate from 88.70 to 58.95%, displaying a low estimated glycemic index (eGI) of 52.14. The findings mentioned above indicated that the inclusion of PC powder in rice cakes enhanced their characteristics and attributes, which also provided an approach for the development of PC products.

Analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: An update for 2021-2022

The use of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry for the analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates is a well-established technique and this review is the 12th update of the original article published in 1999 and brings coverage of the literature to the end of 2022. As with previous review, this review also includes a few papers that describe methods appropriate to analysis by MALDI, such as sample preparation, even though the ionization method is not MALDI. The review follows the same format as previous reviews. It is divided into three sections: (1) general aspects such as theory of the MALDI process, matrices, derivatization, MALDI imaging, fragmentation, quantification and the use of computer software for structural identification. (2) Applications to various structural types such as oligo- and polysaccharides, glycoproteins, glycolipids, glycosides and biopharmaceuticals, and (3) other general areas such as medicine, industrial processes, natural products and glycan synthesis where MALDI is extensively used. Much of the material relating to applications is presented in tabular form. MALDI is still an ideal technique for carbohydrate analysis, particularly in its ability to produce single ions from each analyte and advancements in the technique and range of applications show little sign of diminishing.

Polygonati Rhizoma: A review on the extraction, purification, structural characterization, biosynthesis of the main secondary metabolites and anti-aging effects

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Polygonati Rhizome (PR) is a plant that is extensively widespread in the temperate zones of the Northern Hemisphere. It is a member of the Polygonatum family of Asparagaceae. PR exhibits diverse pharmacological effects and finds applications in ethnopharmacology, serving as a potent tonic for more than two millennia. PR's compounds endow it with various pharmacological properties, including anti-aging, antioxidant, anti-fatigue, anti-inflammatory, and sleep-enhancing effects, as well as therapeutic potential for osteoporosis and age-related diseases.

AIM OF THE STUDY

This review seeks to offer a thorough overview of the processing, purification, extraction, structural characterization, and biosynthesis pathways of PR. Furthermore, it delves into the anti-aging mechanism of PR, using organ protection as an entry point.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Information on PR was obtained from scientific databases (Google Scholar, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, SciFinder, PubMed, CNKI) and books, doctoral theses, and master's dissertations.

RESULTS

In this investigation, 49 polysaccharides were extracted from PR, and the impact of various processing, extraction, and purification techniques on the structure and activity of these polysaccharides was evaluated. Additionally, 163 saponins and 46 flavonoids were identified, and three key biosynthesis pathways of secondary metabolites were outlined. Notably, PR and Polygonat Rhizomai polysaccharides (PRP) exhibit remarkable protective effects against age-induced injuries to the brain, liver, kidney, intestine, heart, and vessels, thereby promoting longevity and ameliorating the aging process.

CONCLUSIONS

PR, a culinary and therapeutic herb, is rich in active components and pharmacological activities. Based on this review, PR plays a meaningful role in lifespan extension and anti-aging, which can be attributed to PRP. Future research should delve deeper into the structural aspects of PRP that underlie its anti-aging effects and explore potential synergistic interactions with other compounds. Moreover, exploring the potential applications of PR in functional foods and pharmaceutical formulations is recommended to advance the development of industries and resources focused on healthy aging.

Sensitive, precise fingerprint profiling for monosaccharide analysis of Bacillus Calmette-Guérin polysaccharide and nucleic acid isolates

A sensitive and precise HPLC-DAD method with pre-column PMP derivatization was established and validated, for analyzing the polysaccharides in Bacillus Calmette-Guérin polysaccharide and nucleic acid (BCG-PSN) isolates, after acid hydrolysis. And the HPLC fingerprint profiling was used to analyze its monosaccharide composition. The monosaccharide concentration-peak area calibration curve was of good linearity (R2 > 0.99), over the range of 0.016-0.08 mg/mL for mannose or 0.24-1.20 mg/mL for glucose, with high recovery of 93-105 % for quality control samples. The intra-day RSD values of mannose and glucose concentration were less than 2.5 % and 2.1 %, respectively, and their inter-day RSD values were less than 4.3 % and 2.2 %, respectively, and remained stable for up to 14 days. This method also remained durable against changes in chromatographic parameters, but it's susceptible to the flow rate of mobile phase. Additionally, the method was applied to analyze the content of mannose and glucose in 22 batches BCG-PSN powder and 17 batches BCG-PSN injection. The results showed that the HPLC-DAD fingerprint spectra of all the BCG-PSN powder and BCG-PSN injection samples had a high degree of similarity, with the similar indexes up to 0.999 and 0.998, respectively. The HPLC-DAD method with pre-column PMP derivatization is highly rapid, effective, visual, and accurate for determination of monosaccharide contents. The validated method was successfully applied to the analysis of polysaccharide in both BCG-PSN powder and injection.

Polysaccharides from Polygonatum kingianum Collett & Hemsl ameliorated fatigue by regulating NRF2/HO-1/NQO1 and AMPK/PGC-1α/TFAM signaling pathways, and gut microbiota

Polygonatum kingianum Coll & Hemsl is an important Chinese medicine used for enhancing physical function and anti-fatigue, and polysaccharides (PKPs) are considered as the main bioactive components. However, the mechanisms through which PKPs exert their anti-fatigue effects are not fully understood. This study aimed more comprehensively to explore the anti-fatigue mechanisms of PKPs, focusing on metabolism, protein expression, and gut flora, by using exhaustive swimming experiments in mice. Results showed a significant increase in the exhaustive swimming time of the mice treated with PKPs, especially in the high-dose group (200 mg/kg/day). Further studies showed that PKPs remarkably improves several fatigue-related physiological indices. Additionally, 16S rRNA sequence analysis showed that PKPs increased antioxidant bacteria (e.g., g_norank_f_Muribaculaceae) and the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), while reducing the abundance of harmful bacteria (e.g., g_Escherichia-Shigella and g_Helicobacter). PKPs also mitigated oxidative stress through activating the NRF2/HO-1 signaling pathway, and promoted energy metabolism by upregulating the expression of AMPK/PGC-1α/TFAM signaling pathway proteins. This research may offer theoretical support for incorporating PKPs as a novel dietary supplement in functional foods targeting anti-fatigue properties.

Structural Characterization of Polygonatum Cyrtonema Polysaccharide and Its Immunomodulatory Effects on Macrophages

A neutral Polygonatum cyrtonema polysaccharide (NPCP) was isolated and purified from Polygonatum cyrtonema by various chromatographic techniques, including DEAE-52 and Sephadex-G100 chromatography. The structure of NPCP was characterized by HPLC, HPGPC, GC-MS, FT-IR, NMR, and SEM. Results showed that NPCP is composed of glucose (55.4%) and galactose (44.6%) with a molecular weight of 3.2 kDa, and the sugar chain of NPCP was →1)-α-D-Glc-(4→1)-β-D-Gal-(3→. In vitro bioactivity experiments demonstrated that NPCP significantly enhanced macrophages proliferation and phagocytosis while inhibiting the M1 polarization induced by LPS as well as the M2 polarization induced by IL-4 and IL-13 in macrophages. Additionally, NPCP suppressed the secretion of IL-6 and TNF-α in both M1 and M2 cells but promoted the secretion of IL-10. These results suggest that NPCP could serve as an immunomodulatory agent with potential applications in anti-inflammatory therapy.

Structure characterization of an agavin-type fructan isolated from Polygonatum cyrtonema and its effect on the modulation of the gut microbiota in vitro

The herbal medicine Polygonatum cyrtonema is highly regarded in China for its medicinal and dietary properties. However, further research is needed to elucidate the structure of its polysaccharide and understand how it promotes human health by modulating the gut microbiota. This study aims to investigate a homogeneous polysaccharide (PCP95-1-1) from Polygonatum cyrtonema and assess its susceptibility to digestion as well as its utilization by intestinal microbiota. The results confirmed that PCP95-1-1 is an agavin-type fructan, which possesses two fructose chains, namely β-(2 → 6) and β-(2 → 1) fructosyl-fructose, attached to the sucrose core, and has branches of β-D-Fruf residues. Moreover, PCP95-1-1 demonstrated resistance to digestion and maintained its reducing sugar content throughout the digestive system, indicating it could reach the gut without being digested. In vitro fermentation of PCP95-1-1 significantly decreased the pH value (p < 0.05) while notably increasing the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), confirming its utilization by human gut microbiota. Additionally, PCP95-1-1 exhibited a significant ability (p < 0.05) to beneficial bacteria such as Megamonas and Bifidobacterium, while reducing the presence of facultative or conditional pathogens such as Escherichia-Shigella and Klebsiella at the genus level. Consequently, PCP95-1-1 has the potential to positively influence physical well-being by modulating the gut microbiota environment and can be developed as a functional food.

Purification, structural characterization, and immunomodulatory activity of two polysaccharides from Portulaca oleracea L

In present study, two water-soluble polysaccharides designated as POL-1 and POL-2 were purified from purslane and their structural characteristics as well as immunomodulatory activity were investigated. The weight-average molecular weight (Mw) of POL-1 and POL-2 were determined to be 64,100 Da and 21,000 Da, respectively. Comprehensive techniques including UV, IR, GC-MS, and NMR were applied to deduced that POL-1 was a pectin polysaccharide homogalacturonan (HG) consisting of →4)-α-GalpA-(1→ with methyl ester degree of 9.71 % and acetylation degree of 0.34 %, while POL-2 was composed of a 1, 4-linked β-Galp backbone substituted by short side chain →4)-α-Glcp-(1→ and →6)-α-Glcp-(1→. The →4)-α-Glcp-(1→ was attached at the O-6 position of →4)-β-Galp-(1→. TEM further revealed that POL-1 was non-branched single chains, while POL-2 was entangled microstructure with side chains. Moreover, POL-2 significantly promoted macrophage phagocytosis as well as the secretion of NO and cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6) through activating NF-κB signaling pathway, thus demonstrating potential immunomodulatory activity. These findings suggested that purslane may be exploited as a potential adjuvant and dietary supplement with immunostimulatory purpose.

Structural characterization of an inulin neoseries-type fructan from Ophiopogonis Radix and the therapeutic effect on liver fibrosis in vivo

Ophiopogonis Radix is a well-known Traditional Chinese Medicine and functional food that is rich in polysaccharides and has fructan as a characteristic component. In this study, an inulin neoseries-type fructan designated as OJP-W2 was obtained and characterized from Ophiopogonis Radix, and its potential therapeutic effect on liver fibrosis in vivo were investigated. Structural studies revealed that OJP-W2 had a molecular weight of 5.76 kDa and was composed of glucose and fructose with a molar ratio of 1.00:30.87. Further analysis revealed OJP-W2 has a predominantly lineal (1-2)-linked β-D-fructosyl units linked to the glucose moiety of the sucrose molecule with (2-6)-linked β-D-fructosyl side chains. Pharmacological studies revealed that OJP-W2 exerted a marked hepatoprotective effect against liver fibrosis, the mechanism of action was involved in regulating collagen deposition (α-SMA, COL1A1 and liver Hyp contents) and TGF-β/Smads signaling pathway, alleviating liver inflammation (IL-1β, IL-6, CCL5 and F4/80) and MAPK signaling pathway, and inhibiting hepatic apoptosis (Bax, Bcl-2, ATF4 and Caspase 3). These data provide evidence for expanding Ophiopogonis Radix-acquired fructan types and advancing our understanding of the specific role of inulin neoseries-type fructan in liver fibrosis therapy.

Identification of carbohydrate in Polygonatum kingianum Coll. et Hemsl and inhibiting oxidative stress

The specific structure of Polygonatum kingianum Coll. et Hemsl polysaccharide (PKP) has been rarely reported. In this study, an inulin-type fructan PKP-1, was extracted and purified from Polygonatum kingianum Coll. et Hemsl, and its structural characteristics and antioxidants activity were evaluated. The molecular weights of PKP-1 was determined to be 4.802 kDa. Monosaccharide composition analysis evidenced that PKP-1 was composed of galactose, glucose and fructose in a molar ratio of 0.8 %:7.2 %:92.0 %. Glycosidic linkage and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) analysis revealed that PKP-1 exhibited a primary sugar residue linkage of →1-β-d-Fruf-2→2,6-β-d-Fruf-1→, where β-d-Fruf-2→ acts as the side chain and links to the C-6 position of →2,6-β-d-Fruf-1→. In vitro antioxidant activity assays demonstrated that PKP-1 enhanced the mitigation of hepatic oxidative stress in HepG2 cells induced by free fatty acids. This effect was marked by increased enzymatic activities of superoxidase dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), along with elevated glutathione (GSH) levels. These findings indicate that PKP-1 could be used as a potential natural antioxidant.

Structural characteristics of steamed Polygonatum cyrtonema polysaccharide and its bioactivity on colitis via improving the intestinal barrier and modifying the gut microbiota

Steamed Polygonatum cyrtonema has been commonly used clinically for its gaining effect, whose main active ingredient is a polysaccharide. A water-soluble polysaccharide named PSP-W-1 was isolated from steamed Polygonatum cyrtonema. PSP-W-1 was characterized as a galactan having a backbone consisting predominately of 1,4-β-linked Galp branched at the C-6 position by T-β-linked Galp with a molecular weight of 14.4 kDa. PSP-W-1 could inhibit the overproduction of inflammatory factors and inflammatory mediators (iNOS, IL-6, COX-2) in dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis mice. Oral administration of PSP-W-1 dramatically alleviated colonic pathological damage, repaired the intestinal barrier (occludin and ZO-1) and regulated the intestinal microbiota by increasing the abundance of norank_f_Muribaculaceae, Lactobacillus and norank_f_norank_o_Clostridia UCG-014, while decreasing the abundance of Bacteroides and Escherichia-Shigella to alleviate colitis symptoms. Overall, our findings suggest that PSP-W-1 might be a therapeutic option for both the prevention and treatment of colitis.

The agavins (Agave carbohydrates) story

Fructans, are carbohydrates defined as fructose-based polymers with countable degree of polymerization (DP) ranging so far from DP3 to DP60. There are different types of fructans depending on their molecular arrangement. They are categorized as linear inulins and levans, neoseries of inulin and levan, branched graminans, and highly branched neofructans, so called agavins (Agave carbohydrates). It is worth to note that agavins are the most recently described type of fructans and they are also the most complex ones. The complexity of these carbohydrates is correlated to their various isomers and degree of polymerization range, which is correlated to their multifunctional application in industry and human health. Here, we narrate the story of the agavins' discovery. This included their chemical characterization, their benefits, biotechnological applications, and drawbacks over human health. Finally, a perspective of the study of agavins and their interactions with other metabolites through metabolomics is proposed.

A Novel Water-Soluble Polysaccharide from Daylily (Hemerocallis citrina Baroni): Isolation, Structure Analysis, and Probiotics Adhesion Promotion Effect

The daylily (Hemerocallis citrina Baroni) flower is a traditional raw food material that is rich in a variety of nutrients. In particular, the content of polysaccharides in daylily is abundant and has been widely used as a functional component in food, cosmetics, medicine, and other industries. However, studies on the structure-effective relationship of daylily flower polysaccharides are still lacking. In view of this, daylily flower polysaccharides were isolated and purified, and their physical and chemical properties, structure, antioxidant activity, and adhesion-promoting effect on probiotics were evaluated. The results showed that a novel water-soluble polysaccharide (DPW) with an average molecular weight (Mw) of 2.224 kDa could be successfully isolated using column chromatography. Monosaccharide composition analysis showed that DPW only comprised glucose and fructose, with a molar ratio of 0.242:0.758. Through methylation and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis, it was inferred that DPW belonged to the fructans group with a structure of α-D-Glcp-1→2-β-D-Fruf-1→(2-β-D-Fruf-1)n→. Antioxidant analysis showed that DPW showed strong 2-Phenyl-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-Oxide (PTIO-scavenging activity with IC50 of 1.54 mg/mL. DPW of 1.25 to 5 mg/mL could significantly increase the adhesion rate of Lactobacillus acidophilu, Lactobacillus casei, Bifidobacterium adolescentis, and Lactobacillus plantarum on Caco-2 cells. Considering the above results, the present study provides a theoretical basis and practical support for the development and application of daylily polysaccharides as a functional active ingredient.

Structural characterization and in vitro fermentation properties of polysaccharides from Polygonatum cyrtonema

Polysaccharides, the major active ingredient and quality control indicator of Polygomatum cyrtonema are in need of elucidation for its in vitro fermentation characteristics. This study aimed to investigate the structural characteristics of the homogeneous Polygomatum cyrtonema polysaccharide (PCP-80 %) and its effects on human intestinal bacteria and short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) production during the in vitro fermentation. The results revealed that PCP-80 % was yielded in 10.44 % and the molecular weight was identified to be 4.1 kDa. PCP-80 % exhibited a smooth, porous, irregular sheet structure and provided good thermal stability. The analysis of Gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer (GC-MS) suggested that PCP-80 % contained six glycosidic bonds, with 2,1-linked-Fruf residues accounted for a largest proportion. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) provided additional evidence that the partial structure of PCP-80 % probably consists of →1)-β-D-Fruf-(2 → as the main chain, accompanied by side chains dominated by →6)-β-D-Fruf-(2→. Besides, PCP-80 % promoted the production of SCFAs and increased the relative abundance of beneficial bacteria such as Megamonas, Bifidobacterium and Phascolarctobacterium during in vitro colonic fermentation, which changed the composition of the intestinal microbiota. These findings indicated that Polygomatum cyrtonema polysaccharides were able to modulate the structure and composition of the intestinal bacteria flora and had potential probiotic properties.

An inulin-type fructan isolated from Serratula chinensis alleviated the dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis in mice through regulation of intestinal barrier and gut microbiota

Herein, we aimed to explore the polysaccharide material basis of Serratula chinensis and establish its beneficial effects against colitis. A neutral polysaccharide (SCP) was extracted from S. chinensis in high yield using hot water. The molecular weights were calculated by HPSEC as Mw = 2928 Da, Mn = 2634 Da, and Mw/Mn = 1.11. FT-IR and 1D/2D-NMR spectroscopic analyses confirmed that SCP was an inulin-type fructan with α-D-Glcp-(1 → [1)-β-D-Fruf-(2]17) linkages. Treatment with SCP (200 or 400 mg/kg) alleviated dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced mouse colitis symptoms, including the loss of body weight, increase of disease activity index score, and shortening of colon length. Histopathological and immunofluorescence assessments revealed that SCP could reduce pathological damage to the colon, restore the number of goblet cells, increase the content of glycoproteins in goblet cells and mucins in crypts, and enhance the expression of tight junction proteins ZO-1 and occludin. In addition, metagenomic sequencing revealed that SCP could improve the dysbiosis of gut microbiomes and act on multiple microbial functions. Moreover, SCP treatment increased the content of colonic acetic acid and butanoic acid. Collectively, these results indicated that SCP could alleviate the DSS-induced colitis in mice through regulation of intestinal barrier and gut microbiota.

Research on the Impact of Deep Eutectic Solvent and Hot-Water Extraction Methods on the Structure of Polygonatum sibiricum Polysaccharides

Deep eutectic solvent (DES) and hot-water extraction (HWE) methods were utilized to extract polysaccharides from Polygonatum sibiricum, referred to as DPsP and WPsP, respectively. The extracted polysaccharides were purified using the Superdex-200 dextran gel purification system, resulting in three components for each type of polysaccharide. The structures of these components were characterized. The molecular weight analysis revealed that DPsP components had slightly larger molecular weights compared with WPsP, with DPsP-A showing a slightly higher dispersity index and broader molecular weight distribution. The main monosaccharide components of both DPsP and WPsP were mannose and glucose, while DPsP exhibited a slightly greater variety of sugar components compared with WPsP. FTIR analysis demonstrated characteristic polysaccharide absorption peaks in all six PSP components, with a predominance of acidic pyranose sugars. NMR analysis revealed the presence of pyranose sugars, including rhamnose and sugar aldehyde acids, in both DPsP-B and WPsP-A. DPsP-B primarily exhibited β-type glycosidic linkages, while WPsP-A predominantly displayed α-type glycosidic linkages, with a smaller fraction being β-type. These findings indicated differences in monosaccharide composition and structure between PSPs extracted using different methods. Overall, this study provided experimental evidence for future research on the structure-function relationship of PSPs.

Plant fructans: Recent advances in metabolism, evolution aspects and applications for human health

Fructans, fructose polymers, are one of the three major reserve carbohydrate in plants. The nutritional and therapeutic benefits of natural fructans in plants have attracted increasing interest by consumers and food industry. In the course of evolution, many plants have developed the ability of regulating plant fructans metabolism to produce fructans with different structures and chain lengths, which are strongly correlated with their survival in harsh environments. Exploring these evolution-related genes in fructans biosynthesis and de novo domestication of fructans-rich plants based on genome editing is a viable and promising approach to improve human dietary quality and reduce the risk of chronic disease. These advances will greatly facilitate breeding and production of tailor-made fructans as a healthy food ingredient from wild plants such as huangjing (Polygonatum cyrtonema). The purpose of this review is to broaden our knowledge on plant fructans biosynthesis, evolution and benefits to human health.

Recent progress in plant-derived polysaccharides with prebiotic potential for intestinal health by targeting gut microbiota: a review

Natural products of plant origin are of high interest and widely used, especially in the food industry, due to their low toxicity and wide range of bioactive properties. Compared to other plant components, the safety of polysaccharides has been generally recognized. As dietary fibers, plant-derived polysaccharides are mostly degraded in the intestine by polysaccharide-degrading enzymes secreted by gut microbiota, and have potential prebiotic activity in both non-disease and disease states, which should not be overlooked, especially in terms of their involvement in the treatment of intestinal diseases and the promotion of intestinal health. This review elucidates the regulatory effects of plant-derived polysaccharides on gut microbiota and summarizes the mechanisms involved in targeting gut microbiota for the treatment of intestinal diseases. Further, the structure-activity relationships between different structural types of plant-derived polysaccharides and the occurrence of their prebiotic activity are further explored. Finally, the practical applications of plant-derived polysaccharides in food production and food packaging are summarized and discussed, providing important references for expanding the application of plant-derived polysaccharides in the food industry or developing functional dietary supplements.

Bioactive compounds from Polygonatum genus as anti-diabetic agents with future perspectives

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the most serious health problems worldwide. Species in the genus Polygonatum are traditional food and medicinal plants, which play an important role in controlling blood glucose. In this reveiw, we systematically summarized the traditional and modern applications of the genus Polygonatum in DM, focused on the material bases of polysaccharides, flavonoids and saponins. We highlighted their mechanisms of action in preventing obese diabetes, improving insulin resistance, promoting insulin secretion, regulating intestinal microecology, inhibiting advanced glycation end products (AGEs) accumulation, suppressing carbohydrate digestion and obsorption and modulating gluconeogenesis. Based on the safety and efficacy of this 'medicinal food' and its utility in the prevention and treatment of diabetes, we proposed a research and development program that includs diet design (supplementary food), medical nutrition therapy and new drugs, which could provide new pathways for the use of natural plants in prevention and treatment of DM.

Green Technologies for Persimmon By-Products Revalorisation as Sustainable Sources of Dietary Fibre and Antioxidants for Functional Beverages Development

The use of green technologies such as ultrasound and natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) for revalorisation of food and agricultural by-products represents a sustainable way to tackle waste and promote a healthier environment while delivering much-needed functional food ingredients for an increasingly unhealthy population. The processing of persimmon (Diospyros kaki Thunb.) generates large amounts of by-products rich in fibre-bound bioactive phytochemicals. This paper assessed the extractability of bioactive compounds through NADES and the functional properties of the persimmon polysaccharide-rich by-products to evaluate their suitability to be used as functional ingredients in commercial beverages. Although higher amounts of carotenoids and polyphenols were extracted after eutectic treatment vs. conventional extraction (p < 0.05), the fibre-bound bioactives remained abundant (p < 0.001) in the resulting persimmon pulp by-product (PPBP) and persimmon pulp dietary fibre (PPDF), showing also a strong antioxidant activity (DPPH^•, ABTS^•+ assays) and an improved digestibility and fibre fermentability. The main structural components of PPBP and PPDF are cellulose, hemicellulose and pectin. PPDF-added dairy-based drink showed more than 50% of preference over the control among panellists and similar acceptability scores to the commercial ones. Persimmon pulp by-products represent sustainable source of dietary fibre and bioactives and are suitable candidates to develop functional ingredients for food industry applications.

Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua Polysaccharide Alleviates Fatigue by Modulating Osteocalcin-Mediated Crosstalk between Bones and Muscles

Osteocalcin was reported to regulate muscle energy metabolism, thus fighting fatigue during exercise. The current work aimed to investigate the anti-fatigue effect and the underlying mechanism of a homogeneous polysaccharide (PCPY-1) from Polgonatum cyrtonema after structure characterization. In the exhaustive swimming mouse model and the co-culture system of BMSCs/C2C12 cells, PCPY-1 significantly stimulated BMSC differentiation into osteoblasts as determined by ALP activity, matrix mineralization, and the protein expressions of osteogenic markers BMP-2, phosphor-Smad1, RUNX2, and osteocalcin. Meanwhile, PCPY-1 remarkably enhanced myoblast energy metabolism by upregulating osteocalcin release and GPRC6A protein expression; the phosphorylation levels of CREB and HSL; the mRNA levels of GLUT4, CD36, FATP1, and CPT1B; and ATP production in vitro and in vivo. Accordingly, PCPY-1 exhibited good anti-fatigue capacity in mice as confirmed by fatigue-related indicators. Our findings indicated PCPY-1 could enhance osteocalcin-mediated communication between bones and muscles, which was conducive to muscle energy metabolism and ATP generation, thus alleviating fatigue in exhausted swimming mice.

Structural characterization and anti-inflammatory activity of a novel polysaccharide PKP2-1 from Polygonatum kingianum

Introduction

This study aimed to investigate the structure characterization and antiinflammatory activity of a novel polysaccharide, PKP2-1, from the rhizomes of Polygonatum kingianum Coll. and Hemsl.

Methods

We isolated a novel polysaccharide, PKP2-1, from the rhizomes of Polygonatum kingianum Coll. and Hemsl. for the first time, which was then successively purified through hot-water extraction, 80% alcohol precipitation, anion exchange and gel permeation chromatography. The in vitro anti-inflammatory activity of PKP2-1 in MH7A cells was assessed using a CCK-8 kit assay.

Results

Monosaccharide composition assay revealed that PKP2-1 was mainly composed of glucose, galactose, mannose, and glucuronic acid at an approximate molar ratio of 6:2:2:1. It had a molecular weight of approximately 17.34 kDa. Structural investigation revealed that the backbone of PKP2-1 consisted of (→2, 3)-α-D-Galp(4→, →2)-α-D-Manp(3→, →2)-β-D-Glcp(4→) and α-D-Glcp(3→) residues with side chains (→2)-β-D-Glcp(4→, →1)-α-D-Galp(4→) and α-D-Glcp(3→) branches located at O-3 position of (→2, 3)-α-D-Galp(4→). The in vitro anti-inflammatory activity of PKP2-1 in MH7A cells revealed that PKP2-1 could reduce the expression of IL-11β and IL-6, increase the expression of IL-10 and induce apoptosis of synovial fibroblasts.

Conclusion

The PKP2-1 could inhibit MH7A cell growth and potentially be exploited as an anti-inflammatory agent.

Review on the genus Polygonatum polysaccharides: Extraction, purification, structural characteristics and bioactivities

The genus Polygonatum is gaining increasing attention from nutrition experts as well as health-conscious consumers because of its excellent performance in providing nutrients. Among these plants, Polygonatum sibiricum and Polygonatum odoratum have been selected for inclusion in China's Medicinal Food Directory due to their high safety profile. Polysaccharides are considered the main functional component and one of the main active ingredients of the plant. In addition, polysaccharides from genus Polygonatum have a variety of nutritional, biological and health-promoting properties, such as immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, cardiovascular protective, neuroprotective, antitumor, antidiabetic, antiosteoporosis, and hepatoprotective properties. This paper reviews the origin, extraction, purification, structural characteristics, biological activity, safety, toxicological evaluation, and structure-activity relationship of polysaccharides from the genus Polygonatum. Ultimately, we hope that this work can provide a more useful reference for understanding the polysaccharide structure and developing of new functional foods from polysaccharides of the genus Polygonatum.

A Novel Method for the Pre-Column Derivatization of Saccharides from Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua. by Integrating Lambert-Beer Law and Response Surface Methodology

Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) safety and effectiveness can be ensured by establishing a suitable quality assessment system. This work aims to develop a pre-column derivatization HPLC method for Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua. quality control. In this study, 1-(4'-cyanophenyl)-3-methyl-5-pyrazolone (CPMP) was synthesized and reacted with monosaccharides derived from P. cyrtonema polysaccharides (PCPs), followed by HPLC separation. According to the Lambert-Beer law, CPMP has the highest molar extinction coefficient of all synthetic chemosensors. A satisfactory separation effect was obtained under a detection wavelength of 278 nm using a carbon-8 column and gradient elution over 14 min, with a flow rate of 1 mL per minute. Glucose (Glc), galactose (Gal), and mannose (Man) make up the majority of the monosaccharide components in PCPs, and their molar ratios are 1.73:0.58:1. The confirmed HPLC method has outstanding precision and accuracy, establishing a quality control method for PCPs. Additionally, the CPMP showed a visual improvement from colorless to orange after the detection of reducing sugars, allowing for further visual analysis.

Integrating Transcriptomics and Hormones Dynamics Reveal Seed Germination and Emergence Process in Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua

Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua is a traditional Chinese herb propagated using rhizomes, and excessive demand for seedlings and quality deterioration caused by rhizome propagation has highlighted that seed propagation may be an ideal solution to address these issues. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in P. cyrtonema Hua seed germination and emergence stages are not well understood. Therefore, in the present study, we performed transcriptomics combined with hormone dynamics during different seed germination stages, and 54,178 unigenes with an average length of 1390.38 bp (N50 = 1847 bp) were generated. Significant transcriptomic changes were related to plant hormone signal transduction and the starch and carbohydrate pathways. Genes related to ABA(abscisic acid), IAA(Indole acetic acid), and JA(Jasmonic acid) signaling, were downregulated, whereas genes related to ethylene, BR(brassinolide), CTK(Cytokinin), and SA(salicylic acid) biosynthesis and signaling were activated during the germination process. Interestingly, GA biosynthesis- and signaling-related genes were induced during the germination stage but decreased in the emergence stage. In addition, seed germination significantly upregulated the expression of genes associated with starch and sucrose metabolism. Notably, raffinose biosynthesis-related genes were induced, especially during the emergence stage. In total, 1171 transcription factor (TF) genes were found to be differentially expressed. Our results provide new insights into the mechanisms underlying P. cyrtonema Hua seed germination and emergence processes and further research for molecular breeding.

Preparation, Structural Characterisation, and Bioactivities of Fructans: A Review

Polysaccharides are important components of higher plants and have attracted increasing attention due to their many nutraceutical benefits in humans. Fructans, heterogeneous fructose polymers that serve as storage carbohydrates in various plants, represent one of the most important types of natural polysaccharides. Fructans have various physiological and therapeutic effects, which are beneficial to health, and have the ability to prevent or treat various diseases, allowing their wide use in the food, nutraceutical, and pharmaceutical industries. This article reviews the occurrence, metabolism, preparation, characterisation, analysis, and bioactivity of fructans. Further, their molecular weight, monosaccharide composition, linkages, and structural determination are described. Taken together, this review provides a theoretical foundation for further research into the structure-function relationships of fructans, as well as valuable new information and directions for further research and application of fructans in functional foods.

Health-Promoting Activities and Associated Mechanisms of Polygonati Rhizoma Polysaccharides

Polygonati Rhizoma, a typical homology of medicine and food, possesses remarkable anti-fatigue, anti-aging, metabolic regulatory, immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, anti-diabetes, and anti-cancer effects. Among bioactive phytochemicals in Polygonati Rhizoma, polysaccharides play important roles in the health-promoting activities through the mechanisms mentioned above and potential synergistic effects with other bioactives. In this review, we briefly introduce the updated biosynthesis of polysaccharides, the purification method, the structure characterization, and food applications, and discuss in detail the biological activities of Polygonati Rhizoma polysaccharides and associated mechanisms, aiming at broadening the usage of Polygonati Rhizoma as functional food and medicine.

Polysaccharides from steam-processed Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua protect against d-galactose-induced oxidative damage in mice by activation of Nrf2/HO-1 signaling

BACKGROUND

Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua is cultivated for its edible and medical value. The steam-processed rhizome of P. cyrtonema is the main form for daily consumption and it has been used traditionally in tonics for treating various age-related disorders. The aim of our study was to compare the physicochemical properties and antioxidant activity of polysaccharides respectively extracted from crude P. Cyrtonema (PCPC), and steam-processed P. cyrtonema (PCPS), and to explore a possible underlying antioxidant mechanism.

RESULTS

The PCPC with a molecular weight of 4.35 × 10³  Da mainly consisted of fructose and trace amounts of glucose, whereas PCPS with 4.24 × 10⁴  Da was composed of fructose, arabinose, glucose, xylose, mannose, galacturonic acid and glucuronic acid. The PCPC had a triple-helical conformation whereas PCPS was a random coil. Both exhibited free radicals- scavenging activity in vitro. In a mouse model of oxidative damage, PCPC or PCPS treatment significantly reversed histopathological alterations, reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation and the reduction of antioxidant enzyme activity. They both also promoted Nrf2 nuclear transport by decreasing Keap-1 expression and increasing HO-1 expression. Both in vitro and in vivo, PCPS exhibited more potent antioxidant activity than PCPC.

CONCLUSION

Overall, the results suggest that PCPS has a stronger effect on the prevention of oxidative damage by activating Nrf2/HO-1 antioxidant signaling. This study demonstrates the role of steam-processed P. cyrtonema rhizome and provides valuable perspective for PCPS as a functional agent. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.

Structural elucidation and anti-nonalcoholic fatty liver disease activity of Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua polysaccharide

The chemical structure and pharmacological activity of Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua polysaccharides have garnered significant attention in recent years. In this study, a homogeneous polysaccharide, PCP1, was extracted from P. cyrtonema Hua rhizomes and purified. Monosaccharide composition analysis showed that PCP1 is primarily composed of fructose, glucose, and mannose. Chemical structure analysis showed that the main chain of PCP1 is composed mainly of →1)-β-D-Fruf-(2→ and →1,6)-β-D-Fruf-(2→, with small amounts of →6)-α-D-Glcp-(1→, →4)-β-D-Manp-(1→, and β-D-Glcp-(1→. The side chain is β-D-Fruf-(2→ linked at C-6 of →1,6)-β-D-Fruf-(2→. In vivo experiments showed that PCP1 mitigates liver pathological damage, improves abnormal lipid metabolism and oxidative stress, promotes the production of short-chain fatty acids, and balances the composition of the intestinal microbiota in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) mice. Thus, PCP1 can be used as a natural ingredient in functional foods for the treatment of NAFLD.

Advances in Polygonatum sibiricum polysaccharides: Extraction, purification, structure, biosynthesis, and bioactivity

Polygonatum sibiricum has been used as food and medicine for thousands of years, and P. sibiricum polysaccharides (PSPs) have become the hot research spot due to their various health-promoting functions. Numerous studies have shown that PSPs possess huge potential in the application of functional food and medicine fields. However, the research status and features of the preparation process, molecular structure, and bioactivities of PSPs are unclear. Therefore, this review makes a comprehensive summary and proposes new insights and guidelines for the extraction, purification, structural features, biosynthesis, and multiple bioactivities of PSPs. Notably, it is concluded that PSPs mainly contain several types of polysaccharides, including fructan, pectin, galactomannan, glucomannans, arabinogalactan, and galactan, and multiple bioactivates, including osteogenic activity, anti-obesity, anti-diabetes, anti-depression, antioxidant, antiglycation, and protective effect against neurotoxicity and gut microbiota regulating activity. This review contributes to the structure-function study and resource utilization of P. sibiricum and its polysaccharides in food fields.

New insights into immunomodulatory properties of lactic acid bacteria fermented herbal medicines

The COVID-19 pandemic has brought more attention to the immune system, the body’s defense against infectious diseases. The immunomodulatory ability of traditional herbal medicine has been confirmed through clinical trial research, and has obvious advantages over prescription drugs due to its high number of potential targets and low toxicity. The active compounds of herbal drugs primarily include polysaccharides, saponins, flavonoids, and phenolics and can be modified to produce new active compounds after lactic acid bacteria (LAB) fermentation. LAB, primary source of probiotics, can produce additional immunomodulatory metabolites such as exopolysaccharides, short-chain fatty acids, and bacteriocins. Moreover, several compounds from herbal medicines can promote the growth and production of LAB-based immune active metabolites. Thus, LAB-mediated fermentation of herbal medicines has become a novel strategy for regulating human immune responses. The current review discusses the immunomodulatory properties and active compounds of LAB fermented herbal drugs, the interaction between LAB and herbal medicines, and changes in immunoregulatory components that occur during fermentation. This study also discusses the mechanisms by which LAB-fermented herbal medicines regulate the immune response, including activation of the innate or adaptive immune system and the maintenance of intestinal immune homeostasis.

Revealing the mechanisms of the bioactive ingredients accumulation in Polygonatum cyrtonema by multiomics analyses

Polygonatum cyrtonema is a medicinal and edible herb rich in polysaccharides, steroidal saponins, and flavonoids that has been widely used as a food, vegetable, and medicine over the years. Although previous studies have preliminarily explored the metabolic and transcriptional regulatory mechanisms of the main secondary metabolites in P. cyrtonema, the complex mechanism of microRNA (miRNA)-mediated posttranscriptional regulation remains unclear. Metabolome analysis showed that iso-ophiopogonanone B, (25S)-pratioside D1, disporopsin, and isodiosgenin-Glc-Glc, which are associated with intermediates in the flavonoids and saponins pathways, were significantly upregulated in the stem and leaf compared with the rhizome, and most saccharides, including arabinose, cellobiose, maltotetraose, and panose, showed the opposite trend, suggesting that they may contribute to the formation and accumulation of the main active ingredients in P. cyrtonema. We found that 4-hydroxymandelonitrile have a relatively good inhibitory effect on α-glucosidase, indicating that it may play a role in hypoglycemic functions. Transcriptome and weighted gene coexpression network analysis (WGCNA) were combined to reveal several candidate genes involved in the accumulation of polysaccharides, saponins, and flavonoids, including PcSQLE, PcCYP71A1, PcSUS, PcFK, and PcMYB102. Integrated analyses of miRNAs and messengerRNAs (mRNAs) showed that novel_miR14, novel_miR49, novel_miR75, and aof_miR164 were negatively correlated with alpha-linolenic acid metabolism and the mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway, including PcAOS, PcSPLA2, PcFRK1, and PcDELLA, indicating that these miRNAs may coordinately regulate the biosynthesis of other secondary metabolites in P. cyrtonema. These findings will facilitate in-depth research on the functions of these miRNAs and mRNAs related to the main active substances for pathological and biological regulation, which will be beneficial to provide theoretical guidance for the molecular breeding of P. cyrtonema.

The structures of two glucomannans from Bletilla formosana and their protective effect on inflammation via inhibiting NF-κB pathway

Bletilla formosana is a traditional Chinese herbal medicine and is widely consumed as foods and medicines in China. However, the chemical structure and bioactivity of its polysaccharides remain unknown. Herein, two new polysaccharides, BFP60 and BFP80, with molecular weights of 3.99 kDa and 10.07 kDa, respectively, were isolated and purified from dried tuber of B. formosana. Structural analysis suggested that BFP60 and BFP80 may have backbone consisted of →4)-β-d-Man-(1→,→4)-β-d-Glc-(1→,→4)-2-O-acetyl-β-d-Man-(1→, and →4)-3-O-acetyl-β-d-Man-(1→. Inflammation assay in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells showed that the productions of NO and pro-inflammatory cytokines including IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, and IFN-γ were significantly reduced, and the expression of iNOS, COX-2, and target proteins in the NF-κB pathway were suppressed after BFP60 and BFP80 pretreatment. These findings indicated that this novel polysaccharide had significant inflammatory protective effects in vitro.

Detailed Structural Analysis of the Immunoregulatory Polysaccharides from the Mycobacterium Bovis BCG

Bacillus Calmette-Guérin polysaccharide and nucleic acid (BCG-PSN), extracted from Mycobacterium bovis, is an immunoregulatory medicine commonly used in clinic. However, the structural characteristics and potential pharmacological efficacy of the polysaccharides from BCG-PSN remain unclear. Herein, two polysaccharides (BCG-1 and BCG-2) were purified and their structures were characterized. Monosaccharide composition analysis combined with methylation analysis and NMR data indicated that BCG-1 and BCG-2 were an α-D-(1→4)-mannan with (1→2)-linked branches, and an α-D-(1→4)-glucan with (1→6)-linked branches, respectively. Herein, the mannan from BCG-PSN was first reported. Bioactivity assays showed that BCG-1 and BCG-2 dose-dependently and potently increased the production of inflammatory mediators (NO, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, and IL-10), as well as their mRNA expressions in RAW264.7 cells; both have similar or stronger effects compared with BCG-PSN injection. These data suggest that BCG-1 and BCG-2 are very likely the active ingredients of BCG-PSN.

Variation in characterization and probiotic activities of polysaccharides from litchi pulp fermented for different times

This study investigated the chemical structures and probiotic potential of different polysaccharides (LPs) extracted from the litchi pulp that fermented with Lactobacillus fermentum for different times (i.e., 0–72 h corresponding to LP-0 through LP-72, respectively). Fermentation times affected the yields, total sugar contents, uronic acid contents, molecular weights, and monosaccharide compositions of LPs. The LPs yields and uronic acid contents exhibited irregular trends in association with fermentation time, while total sugar contents decreased, and the molecular weights increased. Particularly, LP-6 contained the highest extraction yields (2.67%), lowest uronic acid contents, and smallest average Mw (104 kDa) (p < 0.05). Moreover, analysis of the monosaccharide composition in the fermented LPs indicated that the proportions of glucose decreased, while arabinose and galacturonic acid proportions increased relative to unfermented LP-0. Further, LP-6 demonstrated the highest growth for Bifidobacterium compared to LP-0, while the other fermentation time led to comparable or worse probiotic promoting activities. These results suggest that lactic acid bacteria fermentation alters the physicochemical properties of litchi polysaccharides, such that suitable fermentation time can enhance their probiotic activities.

Prebiotic Properties of Exopolysaccharides from Lactobacillus helveticus LZ-R-5 and L. pentosus LZ-R-17 Evaluated by In Vitro Simulated Digestion and Fermentation

The in vitro digestion and fermentation behaviors of Lactobacillus helveticus LZ-R-5- and L. pentosus LZ-R-17-sourced exopolysaccharides (LHEPS and LPEPS) were investigated by stimulated batch-culture fermentation system. The results illustrated that LHEPS was resistant to simulated saliva and gastrointestinal (GSI) digestion, whereas LPEPS generated a few monosaccharides after digestion without significant influence on its main structure. Additionally, LHEPS and LPEPS could be consumed by the human gut microbiota and presented stronger bifidogenic effect comparing to α-glucan and β-glucan, as they promote the proliferation of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium in cultures and exhibited high values of selectivity index (13.88 and 11.78, respectively). Furthermore, LPEPS achieved higher contents of lactic acid and acetic acid (35.74 mM and 45.91 mM, respectively) than LHEPS (35.20 mM and 44.65 mM, respectively) during fermentation for 48 h, thus also resulting in a larger amount of total SCFAs (110.86 mM). These results have clearly indicated the potential prebiotic property of EPS fractions from L. helveticus LZ-R-5 and L. pentosus LZ-R-17, which could be further developed as new functional food prebiotics to beneficially improve human gut health.

Synthesis of naphthalimide-type chemsensor and its application in quality evaluation for polygonatum sibiricum Red

The premise and key of ensuring the safety and effectiveness of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is to construct appropriate quality evaluation system of TCM. This study aimed to establish a pre-column derivatization HPLC method for achieving the quality control of Polygonatum sibiricum by reacting synthesized 4-hydrazino-1,8-naphthalimide (HAN) with diverse monosaccharides from the hydrolytic product of P. sibiricum polysaccharides (PSPs), followed by HPLC separation. The HAN was synthesized based on a CuI-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction in water, and then employed as a novel chemosensor that reacts with reducing sugars. Good separation was achieved at a detection wavelength of 448 nm using an ZORBAX SB-C8 column under a gradient elution at a flow rate of 0.5 ml/min within 12 min. The monosaccharide compositions of PSP mainly include two hexoses [glucose (Glc), galactose (Gal)] and two hexuronic acids [glucuronic acid (GlcA) and galacturonic acid (GalA)], and the molar ratio of Glc, Gal, GlcA and GalA is 16.67:52.94:10.58:19.81. The verified HPLC method, possessing excellent precision and good accuracy, successfully achieved rapid qualitative and quantitative determination for PSP. Additionally, the HAN displayed fluorescence enhancement through “push–pull” mode, and fluorescence decreased through “pull–pull” mode after binding to monosaccharides, which is a potential for fluorescence determination of different monosaccharides.

Structural Characterization of a Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua Tuber Polysaccharide and Its Contribution to Moisture Retention and Moisture-Proofing of Porous Carbohydrate Material

Porous carbohydrate materials such as tobacco shreds readily absorb moisture and become damp during processing, storage, and consumption (smoking). Traditional humectants have the ability of moisture retention but moisture-proofing is poor. Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua polysaccharide (PCP 85−1−1) was separated by fractional precipitation and was purified by anion exchange and gel permeation chromatography. The average molecular weight (Mw) of PCP 85−1−1 was 2.88 × 10³ Da. The monosaccharide composition implied that PCP 85−1−1 consisted of fucose, glucose, and fructose, and the molar ratio was 22.73:33.63:43.65. When 2% PCP 85−1−1 was added to tobacco shreds, the ability of moisture retention and moisture-proofing were significantly enhanced. The moisture retention index (MRI) and moisture-proofing index (MPI) increased from 1.95 and 1.67 to 2.11 and 2.14, respectively. Additionally, the effects of PCP 85−1−1 on the aroma and taste of tobacco shreds were evaluated by electronic tongue and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). These results indicated that PCP 85−1−1 had the characteristics of preventing water absorption under high relative humidity and moisturizing under dry conditions. The problem that traditional humectants are poorly moisture-proof was solved. PCP 85−1−1 can be utilized as a natural humectant on porous carbohydrates, which provides a reference for its development and utilization.

NF-κB and AMPK-Nrf2 pathways support the protective effect of polysaccharides from Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua in lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

The raw and honey-processed P. cyrtonema recorded in ancient classics of Chinese medicine as having the effect of moisturizing the lungs and relieving coughs, and it has also been proved to have therapeutic effects on lung diseases in modern research. Polysaccharides are the main components with biological activities in raw and honey-processed P. cyrtonema, but there is no research for their lung-protective effect.

AIM OF STUDY

This study aimed to investigate the protective effect and the possible mechanism of polysaccharides from raw and honey-processed P. cyrtonema in LPS-induced acute lung injury in mice.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Polysaccharides, PCP and HPCP, were respectively separated and extracted from raw and honey-processed P. cyrtonema, and the molecular weight, monosaccharide composition and other basic chemical characteristics were analyzed by HPGCP, HPLC, FI-IR, and NMR. The model of ALI mice was established by intratracheal instillation of LPS. Moreover, the protective effects of PCP and HPCP for ALI mice were evaluated by detecting the wet-to-dry ratio and histopathology in the lungs, the content of inflammatory factors TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β in BLAF, and the content of MPO and SOD in lung tissue. In addition, the lung-protective mechanism of PCP and HPCP was explored by detecting the levels of some proteins and mRNA related to inflammation and oxidative stress pathways.

RESULTS

PCP and HPCP with molecular weights of 8.842 × 10³ and 5.521 × 10³Da were mainly composed of three monosaccharides. Moreover, it is found that fructose and galactose were mainly β-D, and glucose was α-D. Both PCP and HPCP could significantly improve lung injury, reduce the level of inflammatory factors in BALF and the level of MPO in lung tissue, and increase the level of SOD. In addition, PCR and WB indicated that PCP and HPCP at least inhibited pulmonary inflammation through the NF-κB pathway, and reduced the occurrence of pulmonary oxidative stress through the AMPK-Nrf2 pathway.

CONCLUSIONS

Polysaccharides from raw and honey-processed P. cyrtonema had a protective effect in LPS-induced lung injury in mice. This effect may be related to the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of PCP and HPCP in the lungs through the NF-κB pathway and AMPK-Nrf2 pathway. And HPCP seems to perform more than PCP.