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Golebiowska GJ, Bonar E, Emami K, Wędzony M. Cold-modulated small proteins abundance in winter triticale (x Triticosecale, Wittm.) seedlings tolerant to the pink snow mould (Microdochium nivale, Samuels and Hallett) infection. Acta Biochim Pol 2019; 66:343-350. [PMID: 31509370 DOI: 10.18388/abp.2019_2804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Two winter triticale (x Triticosecale Wittmack) model cultivars: Hewo (tolerant to pink snow mould) and Magnat (sensitive) were used to test the effect of cold-hardening (4 weeks at 4°C) on soluble ≤50 kDa protein profiles of the seedling leaves. The presence and abundance of individual proteins were analysed via two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) and Surface-Enhanced Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-of-Flight (SELDI-TOF). Up to now, no proteomics analysis of triticale response to hardening has been performed. Thus, the present paper is the first in the series describing the obtained results. In our experiments, the exposure to the low temperature-induced only quantitative changes in the leaves of both cultivars, causing either an increase or decrease of 4-50 kDa protein abundance. Among proteins which were cold-accumulated in cv. Hewo's leaves, we identified two thioredoxin peroxidases (chloroplastic thiol-specific antioxidant proteins) as well as mitochondrial- β-ATP synthase subunit and ADP-binding resistance protein. On the contrary, in hardened seedlings of this genotype, we observed the decreased level of chloroplastic RuBisCO small subunit PW9 and epidermal peroxidase 10. Simultaneous SELDI-TOF analysis revealed several low mass proteins better represented in cold-hardened plants of tolerant genotype in comparison to the sensitive one and the impact of both genotype and temperature on their level. Based on those results, we suggest that indicated proteins might be potential candidates for molecular markers of cold-induced snow mould resistance of winter triticale and their role is worth to be investigated in the further inoculation experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Julia Golebiowska
- Pedagogical University of Cracow, Institute of Biology, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Kraków, Poland
| | - Emilia Bonar
- Jagiellonian University, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Kraków, Poland
| | - Kaveh Emami
- University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, School of Biology, Institute for Research on Environment and Sustainability, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Maria Wędzony
- Pedagogical University of Cracow, Institute of Biology, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Kraków, Poland
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Liao HX, Zheng CJ, Huang GL, Mei RQ, Nong XH, Shao TM, Chen GY, Wang CY. Bioactive Polyketide Derivatives from the Mangrove-Derived Fungus Daldinia eschscholtzii HJ004. J Nat Prod 2019; 82:2211-2219. [PMID: 31373815 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.9b00241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Five new tetralones, daldiniones A-E (1-5), three new chromones, 7-hydroxy-5-methoxy-2,3-dimethylchromone (9), 5-methoxy-2-propylchromone (10), and 7-ethyl-8-hydroxy-6-methoxy-2,3-dimethylchromone (11), and two new lactones, helicascolides D and E (16 and 17), together with nine known metabolites (6-8, 12-15, and 18-19) were isolated from the mangrove-derived fungus Daldinia eschscholtzii HJ004. The structures and absolute configurations of the new compounds were determined by analyzing MS and NMR data and utilizing GIAO based 13C NMR chemical shift calculations and quantum chemical electronic circular dichroism (ECD) calculations. Compounds 9, 13, and 18 showed inhibitory activities against α-glucosidase with IC50 values of 13, 15, and 16 μM, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Xia Liao
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicinal Resource Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Hainan Normal University , Haikou , Hainan 571158 , People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicinal Plant Chemistry of Hainan Province , Haikou , Hainan 571158 , People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, the Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy , Ocean University of China , Qingdao 266003 , People's Republic of China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources Chemistry and Biotechnology, College of Chemistry and Food Science , Yulin Normal University , Yulin , Guangxi 537000 , People's Republic of China
| | - Cai-Juan Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicinal Resource Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Hainan Normal University , Haikou , Hainan 571158 , People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicinal Plant Chemistry of Hainan Province , Haikou , Hainan 571158 , People's Republic of China
| | - Guo-Lei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicinal Resource Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Hainan Normal University , Haikou , Hainan 571158 , People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicinal Plant Chemistry of Hainan Province , Haikou , Hainan 571158 , People's Republic of China
| | - Rong-Qing Mei
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicinal Resource Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Hainan Normal University , Haikou , Hainan 571158 , People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicinal Plant Chemistry of Hainan Province , Haikou , Hainan 571158 , People's Republic of China
| | - Xu-Hua Nong
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicinal Resource Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Hainan Normal University , Haikou , Hainan 571158 , People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicinal Plant Chemistry of Hainan Province , Haikou , Hainan 571158 , People's Republic of China
| | - Tai-Ming Shao
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicinal Resource Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Hainan Normal University , Haikou , Hainan 571158 , People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicinal Plant Chemistry of Hainan Province , Haikou , Hainan 571158 , People's Republic of China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources Chemistry and Biotechnology, College of Chemistry and Food Science , Yulin Normal University , Yulin , Guangxi 537000 , People's Republic of China
| | - Guang-Ying Chen
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicinal Resource Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Hainan Normal University , Haikou , Hainan 571158 , People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicinal Plant Chemistry of Hainan Province , Haikou , Hainan 571158 , People's Republic of China
| | - Chang-Yun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, the Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy , Ocean University of China , Qingdao 266003 , People's Republic of China
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Tanney JB, Renaud JB, Miller JD, McMullin DR. New 1,3-benzodioxin-4-ones from Synnemapestaloides ericacearum sp. nov., a biosynthetic link to remarkable compounds within the Xylariales. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0198321. [PMID: 29949590 PMCID: PMC6021072 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Surveys of foliar endophytes from the Acadian forest region over the past three decades have identified numerous phylogenetically diverse fungi producing natural products toxic to forest pests and diseases. The life histories of some conifer endophytes can be restricted to plant foliage or may include saprotrophic phases on other plants tissues or even alternate hosts. Considering the potentially broad host preferences of conifer endophytes we explored fungi isolated from understory species and their metabolites as part of an ongoing investigation of fungal biodiversity from the Acadian forest. We report a hitherto unidentified Xylariomycetidae species isolated from symptomatic Labrador tea (Rhododendron groenlandicum) leaves and mountain laurel (Kalmia latifolia) collected in coastal southern New Brunswick, Canada. Morphological and phylogenetic evidence demonstrated the unknown species was a novel Synnemapestaloides (Sporocadaceae) species, described here as Syn. ericacearum. A preliminary screening assay indicated that the culture filtrate extract of the new species was potently antifungal towards the biotrophic pathogen Microbotryum violaceum, warranting an investigation of its natural products. Two natural products possessing a rare 1,3-benzodioxin-4-one scaffold, synnemadoxins A-B (1-2), and their postulated precursor, synnemadiacid A (3), were characterized as new structures and assessed for antimicrobial activity. All isolated compounds elicited in vitro inhibitory antifungal activity towards M. violaceum at 2.3 μg mL-1 and moderate antibiotic activity. Further, the characterization of synnemadoxins A-B provided a perspective on the biosynthesis of some related 1,3-benzodioxin-4-ones produced by other fungi within the Xylariales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joey B. Tanney
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Justin B. Renaud
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - J. David Miller
- Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - David R. McMullin
- Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Elias LM, Fortkamp D, Sartori SB, Ferreira MC, Gomes LH, Azevedo JL, Montoya QV, Rodrigues A, Ferreira AG, Lira SP. The potential of compounds isolated from Xylaria spp. as antifungal agents against anthracnose. Braz J Microbiol 2018; 49:840-847. [PMID: 29631892 PMCID: PMC6175768 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjm.2018.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthracnose is a crop disease usually caused by fungi in the genus Colletotrichum or Gloeosporium. These are considered one of the main pathogens, causing significant economic losses, such as in peppers and guarana. The current forms of control include the use of resistant cultivars, sanitary pruning and fungicides. However, even with the use of some methods of controlling these cultures, the crops are not free of anthracnose. Additionally, excessive application of fungicides increases the resistance of pathogens to agrochemicals and cause harm to human health and the environment. In order to find natural antifungal agents against guarana anthracnose, endophytic fungi were isolated from Amazon guarana. The compounds piliformic acid and cytochalasin D were isolated by chromatographic techniques from two Xylaria spp., guided by assays with Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. The isolated compounds were identified by spectrometric techniques, as NMR and mass spectrometry. This is the first report that piliformic acid and cytochalasin D have antifungal activity against C. gloeosporioides with MIC 2.92 and 2.46 μmol mL−1 respectively. Captan and difenoconazole were included as positive controls (MIC 16.63 and 0.02 μmol mL−1, respectively). Thus, Xylaria species presented a biotechnological potential and production of different active compounds which might be promising against anthracnose disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana M Elias
- Universidade de São Paulo, Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", Departamento de Ciências Exatas, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Diana Fortkamp
- Universidade de São Paulo, Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", Departamento de Ciências Exatas, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Sérgio B Sartori
- Universidade de São Paulo, Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", Departamento de Ciências Exatas, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Marília C Ferreira
- Universidade de São Paulo, Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", Departamento de Ciências Exatas, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Luiz H Gomes
- Universidade de São Paulo, Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", Departamento de Ciências Exatas, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - João L Azevedo
- Universidade de São Paulo, Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", Departamento de Genética, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Quimi V Montoya
- Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", Instituto de Biociências, Departamento de Bioquímica e Microbiologia, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil
| | - André Rodrigues
- Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", Instituto de Biociências, Departamento de Bioquímica e Microbiologia, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil
| | - Antonio G Ferreira
- Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Departamento de Química, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Simone P Lira
- Universidade de São Paulo, Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", Departamento de Ciências Exatas, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil.
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Adnan M, Patel M, Reddy MN, Alshammari E. Formulation, evaluation and bioactive potential of Xylaria primorskensis terpenoid nanoparticles from its major compound xylaranic acid. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1740. [PMID: 29379181 PMCID: PMC5789059 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20237-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, fungi have been shown to produce a plethora of new bioactive secondary metabolites of interest, as new lead structures for medicinal and other pharmacological applications. The present investigation was carried out to study the pharmacological properties of a potent and major bioactive compound: xylaranic acid, which was obtained from Xylaria primorskensis (X. primorskensis) terpenoids in terms of antibacterial activity, antioxidant potential against DPPH & H2O2 radicals and anticancer activity against human lung cancer cells. Due to terpenoid nature, low water solubility and wretched bioavailability, its pharmacological use is limited. To overcome these drawbacks, a novel xylaranic acid silver nanoparticle system (AgNPs) is developed. In addition to improving its solubility and bioavailability, other advantageous pharmacological properties has been evaluated. Furthermore, enhanced anticancer activity of xylaranic acid and its AgNPs due to induced apoptosis were also confirmed by determining the expression levels of apoptosis regulatory genes p53, bcl-2 and caspase-3 via qRT PCR method. This is the first study developing the novel xylaranic acid silver nanoparticle system and enlightening its therapeutic significance with its improved physico-chemical properties and augmented bioactive potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Adnan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Ha'il, Ha'il, P.O. Box 2440, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mitesh Patel
- Department of Biosciences, Bapalal Vaidhya Botanical Research Centre, Veer Narmad South Gujarat University, Surat, Gujarat, India
| | - Mandadi Narsimha Reddy
- Department of Biosciences, Bapalal Vaidhya Botanical Research Centre, Veer Narmad South Gujarat University, Surat, Gujarat, India
| | - Eyad Alshammari
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Ha'il, Ha'il, P.O. Box 2440, Saudi Arabia
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Xu WF, Hou XM, Yao FH, Zheng N, Li J, Wang CY, Yang RY, Shao CL. Xylapeptide A, an Antibacterial Cyclopentapeptide with an Uncommon L-Pipecolinic Acid Moiety from the Associated Fungus Xylaria sp. (GDG-102). Sci Rep 2017; 7:6937. [PMID: 28761094 PMCID: PMC5537251 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07331-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Two new cyclopentapeptides, xylapeptide A (1) with an uncommon L-pipecolinic acid moiety, and xylapeptide B (2) having a common L-proline residue were identified from an associated fungus Xylaria sp. isolated from the Chinese medicinal plant Sophora tonkinensis. Their planar structures were elucidated by a comprehensive analysis of NMR and MS spectroscopic spectra. The absolute configurations were determined by Marfey's method and single-crystal X-ray diffraction (Cu Kα) analysis. Xylapeptide A (1) is the first example of cyclopentapeptide with L-Pip of terrestrial origin and showed strong antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis and B. cereus with MIC value of 12.5 μg/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Feng Xu
- State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541004, The People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, The Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, The People's Republic of China
| | - Xue-Mei Hou
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, The Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, The People's Republic of China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266200, The People's Republic of China
| | - Fei-Hua Yao
- State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541004, The People's Republic of China
| | - Na Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541004, The People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541004, The People's Republic of China
| | - Chang-Yun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, The Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, The People's Republic of China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266200, The People's Republic of China
| | - Rui-Yun Yang
- State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541004, The People's Republic of China.
| | - Chang-Lun Shao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, The Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, The People's Republic of China.
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266200, The People's Republic of China.
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Amasya AF, Narisawa K, Watanabe M. Analysis of sclerotia-associated fungal communities in cool-temperate forest soils in north Japan. Microbes Environ 2015; 30:113-6. [PMID: 25740175 PMCID: PMC4356458 DOI: 10.1264/jsme2.me14135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We herein investigated sclerotia that were obtained from cool-temperate forests in Mt. Chokai and Mt. Iwaki in north Japan and tentatively identified as the resting bodies of Cenococcum geophilum. The profiles of sclerotia-associated fungal communities were obtained through T-RFLP combined with clone library techniques. Our results showed that sclerotia in Mt. Chokai and Mt. Iwaki were predominated by Arthrinium arundinis and Inonotus sp., respectively. The results of the present study suggested that these sclerotia-associated species were responsible for the formation of sclerotia or sclerotia were originally formed by C. geophilum, but were subsequently occupied by these species after C. geophilum germinated or failed to survive due to competition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anzilni F. Amasya
- Department of Geography, Tokyo Metropolitan UniversityHachioji-shi, Tokyo 192–0397Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Narisawa
- Department of Bioresource Science, College of Agriculture, Ibaraki UniversityAmi-machi, Ibaraki 300–0393Japan
| | - Makiko Watanabe
- Department of Geography, Tokyo Metropolitan UniversityHachioji-shi, Tokyo 192–0397Japan
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Zhang Q, Xiao J, Sun QQ, Qin JC, Pescitelli G, Gao JM. Characterization of cytochalasins from the endophytic Xylaria sp. and their biological functions. J Agric Food Chem 2014; 62:10962-9. [PMID: 25350301 DOI: 10.1021/jf503846z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Bioassay-guided fractionation of the fermentation extract of Xylaria sp. XC-16, an endophyte from Toona sinensis led to the isolation of two new cytochalasans cytochalasin Z27, 1, and cytochalasin Z28, 2, along with three known compounds seco-cytochalasin E, 3, and cytochalasin Z18, 4, and cytochalasin E, 5. The structures of 1 and 2 were elucidated by spectroscopic and electronic circular dichroism methods. Compound 5 was shown to be potently cytotoxic against brine shrimp (LC50 = 2.79 μM), comparable to that of the positive agent toosendanin (LC50 = 4.03 μM), and also exhibited potential phytotoxic effects on Lactuca sativa and Raphanus sativus L. seedlings, which are higher than that of the positive control glyphosate. Additionally, the fungicidal effect of 2 against the phytopathogen Gibberella saubinetti was better than that of hymexazol. This is the first report of the three types of cytochalasins present in genus Xylaria. A structure-phytotoxicity activity relationship is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zhang
- College of Science, Northwest A&F University , Yangling 712100, Shaanxi P. R. China
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Wu B, Wu X, Sun M, Li M. Two novel tyrosinase inhibitory sesquiterpenes induced by CuCl2 from a marine-derived fungus Pestalotiopsis sp. Z233. Mar Drugs 2013; 11:2713-21. [PMID: 23917067 PMCID: PMC3766860 DOI: 10.3390/md11082713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Revised: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Two new sesquiterpenes, 1β,5α,6α,14-tetraacetoxy-9α-benzoyloxy-7β H-eudesman-2β,11-diol (1) and 4α,5α-diacetoxy-9α-benzoyloxy-7βH-eudesman-1β,2β,11, 14-tetraol (2), were produced as stress metabolites in the cultured mycelia of Pestalotiopsis sp. Z233 isolated from the algae Sargassum horneri in response to abiotic stress elicitation by CuCl2. Their structures were established by spectroscopic means. New compounds 1 and 2 showed tyrosinase inhibitory activities with IC50 value of 14.8 µM and 22.3 µM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wu
- Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- GEOMAR Helmholtz-Zentrum für Ozeanforschung Kiel, Kiel 24105, Germany; E-Mail:
| | - Xiaodan Wu
- Center of Analysis and Measurement, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; E-Mail:
| | - Min Sun
- GEOMAR Helmholtz-Zentrum für Ozeanforschung Kiel, Kiel 24105, Germany; E-Mail:
| | - Minhui Li
- Pharmacy Department, Baotou Medical College, Baotou 014060, China
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10
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Wei MY, Li D, Shao CL, Deng DS, Wang CY. (±)-Pestalachloride D, an antibacterial racemate of chlorinated benzophenone derivative from a soft coral-derived fungus Pestalotiopsis sp. Mar Drugs 2013; 11:1050-60. [PMID: 23538869 PMCID: PMC3705387 DOI: 10.3390/md11041050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2013] [Revised: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
A new antibacterial chlorinated benzophenone derivative, (±)-pestalachloride D (1), along with a related analog, (±)-pestalachloride C (2), was recently isolated from the marine-derived fungus Pestalotiopsis sp. isolated from a soft coral Sarcophyton sp. collected from Yongxing Island in the South China Sea. Both chiral HPLC analysis and single-crystal X-ray data indicated that 1 is a racemic mixture. Interestingly, 1 did not exhibit any effect in the zebrafish embryo teratogenicity assay, while 2 led to abnormal growth. The potential impact on zebrafish embryo growth is discussed based on their crystal structures. The main difference of crystal structures between 1 and 2 is that the six-member non-aromatic ring (O4, C10, C9, C8, C2′, and C3′) in 1 exhibits a distorted chair conformation, while 2 shows a distorted boat conformation. Moreover, compounds 1 and 2 both exhibited moderate antibacterial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Yan Wei
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; E-Mails: (M.-Y.W.); (D.L.)
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Dan Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; E-Mails: (M.-Y.W.); (D.L.)
| | - Chang-Lun Shao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; E-Mails: (M.-Y.W.); (D.L.)
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: (C.-L.S.); (C.-Y.W.); Tel./Fax: +86-532-8203-1503 (C.-L.S.); +86-532-8203-1536 (C.-Y.W.)
| | - Dong-Sheng Deng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang 471022, China; E-Mail:
| | - Chang-Yun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; E-Mails: (M.-Y.W.); (D.L.)
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: (C.-L.S.); (C.-Y.W.); Tel./Fax: +86-532-8203-1503 (C.-L.S.); +86-532-8203-1536 (C.-Y.W.)
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11
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Song Y, Wang J, Huang H, Ma L, Wang J, Gu Y, Liu L, Lin Y. Four eremophilane sesquiterpenes from the mangrove endophytic fungus Xylaria sp. BL321. Mar Drugs 2012; 10:340-348. [PMID: 22412805 PMCID: PMC3297001 DOI: 10.3390/md10020340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2011] [Revised: 01/17/2012] [Accepted: 01/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Three new eremophilane sesquiterpenes (1–3) were isolated from the mangrove endophytic fungus Xylaria sp. BL321 together with 07H239-A (4), a known analogue of the new compounds. The structures of these compounds were elucidated by analysis of their MS, 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic data. Compound 4 showed activation activity on α-glucosidase at 0.15 μM (146%), and then, 4 gradually produced inhibitory activity on α-glucosidase with increasing concentration, and the IC50 value is 6.54 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongxiang Song
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, 135 Xingang West Road, Guangzhou 510275, China; (Y.S.); (J.W.); (H.H.); (L.M.)
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Bio-resources Sustainable Utilization, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, RNAM Center for Marine Microbiology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Rd., Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Jiajian Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, 135 Xingang West Road, Guangzhou 510275, China; (Y.S.); (J.W.); (H.H.); (L.M.)
| | - Hongbo Huang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, 135 Xingang West Road, Guangzhou 510275, China; (Y.S.); (J.W.); (H.H.); (L.M.)
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Bio-resources Sustainable Utilization, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, RNAM Center for Marine Microbiology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Rd., Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Lin Ma
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, 135 Xingang West Road, Guangzhou 510275, China; (Y.S.); (J.W.); (H.H.); (L.M.)
| | - Jun Wang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Functional Molecules in Oceanic Microorganism (Sun Yat-Sen University), Bureau of Education of Guangdong, Guangzhou, 510275, China;
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Yucheng Gu
- Syngenta Jealott’s Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell, Berkshire, RG42 6EY, UK;
| | - Lan Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, 135 Xingang West Road, Guangzhou 510275, China; (Y.S.); (J.W.); (H.H.); (L.M.)
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Functional Molecules in Oceanic Microorganism (Sun Yat-Sen University), Bureau of Education of Guangdong, Guangzhou, 510275, China;
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; (L.L.); (Y.L.); Tel./Fax: +86-20-8403-9623
| | - Yongcheng Lin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, 135 Xingang West Road, Guangzhou 510275, China; (Y.S.); (J.W.); (H.H.); (L.M.)
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Functional Molecules in Oceanic Microorganism (Sun Yat-Sen University), Bureau of Education of Guangdong, Guangzhou, 510275, China;
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; (L.L.); (Y.L.); Tel./Fax: +86-20-8403-9623
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12
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Della Rocca G, Eyre CA, Danti R, Garbelotto M. Sequence and simple-sequence repeat analyses of the fungal pathogen Seiridium cardinale indicate California is the most likely source of the cypress canker epidemic for the Mediterranean region. Phytopathology 2011; 101:1408-1417. [PMID: 21879790 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-05-11-0144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Seiridium cardinale is the pathogenic fungus of unknown origin responsible for a world pandemic known as cypress canker affecting several species of Cupressaceae in both the Northern and Southern Hemisphere. In this study, a comparative genetic analysis of worldwide populations was performed using sequence analysis of a portion of the ?-tubulin locus and seven polymorphic simple-sequence repeat (SSR) loci on 96 isolates. Sequence analysis identified two distinct ?-tubulin alleles, both present in California. Only one of the two alleles was detected in the Mediterranean basin, while two isolates from the Southern Hemisphere were characterized by the presence of the allele absent from the Mediterranean. SSRs identified a total of 46 multilocus genotypes (MGs): genotypic diversity was always higher in the California population, and calculations of the index of association (I(A)) determined the presence of linkage disequilibrium associated with the absence of sexual reproduction only in the Mediterranean population but not in California. In 50 instances, the same MG was found at great geographic distances, implying a role played by humans in spreading the disease. Network analysis performed on SSR data identified three clusters of MGs: California, Morocco, and the rest of the Mediterranean. Both the Morocco and the Mediterranean clusters were linked to the California cluster. Coalescent analysis identified insignificant migration between California and Italy, as expected in the presence of a single introduction event, and very high migration from Italy into Greece, as expected of an outbreak still in exponential growth phase and starting from an Italian source.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Della Rocca
- Fondazione Edmund Mach-Istituto Agrario di san Michele all'Adige, san Michelle all'Adige, Italy
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13
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Fu SB, Yang JS, Cui JL, Meng QF, Feng X, Sun DA. Multihydroxylation of ursolic acid by Pestalotiopsis microspora isolated from the medicinal plant Huperzia serrata. Fitoterapia 2011; 82:1057-61. [PMID: 21767617 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2011.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2011] [Revised: 06/22/2011] [Accepted: 06/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The structural modification of ursolic acid by an endophytic fungus Pestalotiopsis microspora, isolated from medicinal plant Huperzia serrata was reported for the first time. The structure diversity was very important for the SAR study of ursolic acid and its derivatives. Incubation of ursolic acid 1 with P. microspora afforded four metabolites: 3-oxo-15α, 30-dihydroxy-urs-12-en-28-oic acid (2), 3β, 15α-dihydroxy-urs-12-en-28-oic acid (3), 3β, 15α, 30- trihydroxy-urs-12-en-28-oic acid (4) and 3,4-seco-ursan-4,30-dihydroxy-12-en-3,28-dioic acid (5). All products were new compounds and their structures elucidation was mainly based on the spectroscopic data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-bin Fu
- Institute of Medical Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
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14
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Noble R, Dobrovin-Pennington A, Pietravalle S, Weekes R, Henry CM. Indicator organisms for assessing sanitization during composting of plant wastes. Waste Manag 2011; 31:1711-1719. [PMID: 21546235 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2011.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2010] [Revised: 03/29/2011] [Accepted: 04/04/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The potential for using plant pathogens and seeds as indicator organisms for assessing sanitization of plant wastes during composting was tested in bench-scale flask and large-scale systems. Plasmodiophora brassicae was unsuitable due to high temperature tolerance in dry to moist composts, and detection of viable inoculum post-composting using bioassay plants not corresponding with that using TaqMan® PCR, possibly due to preservation of nucleic acids at elevated temperatures. Several other plant pathogens (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Microdochium nivale, Phytophthora cinnamomi and Phytophthora nicotianae) were unsuitable due their low temperature tolerance. Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cepae and f.sp. radicis-lycopersici chlamydospores and tomato seeds were suitable indicators due to their moderate temperature tolerance and ease of viability testing post-composting. Abutilon seeds were more tolerant than tomato seeds of compost temperatures ≥52°C but more prone to degradation at lower temperatures and therefore less suitable as indicators. Relationships between compost temperature during exposures of 2-10 days and subsequent viability of the above chlamydospores or seeds enabled the sanitizing effect of composting processes to be predicted within 2-6 days. Plant waste type (woody or vegetable) had a small but significant effect on the relationship for tomato seeds but not for F. oxysporum chlamydospores.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Noble
- Warwick HRI, University of Warwick, Wellesbourne, Warwick CV35 9EF, UK.
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15
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Tomsheck AR, Strobel GA, Booth E, Geary B, Spakowicz D, Knighton B, Floerchinger C, Sears J, Liarzi O, Ezra D. Hypoxylon sp., an endophyte of Persea indica, producing 1,8-cineole and other bioactive volatiles with fuel potential. Microb Ecol 2010; 60:903-14. [PMID: 20953951 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-010-9759-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2010] [Accepted: 09/28/2010] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
An endophytic fungus of Persea indica was identified, on the basis of its anamorphic stage, as Nodulosporium sp. by SEM. Partial sequence analysis of ITS rDNA revealed the identity of the teleomorphic stage of the fungus as Hypoxylon sp. It produces an impressive spectrum of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), most notably 1,8-cineole, 1-methyl-1,4-cyclohexadiene, and tentatively identified (+)-.alpha.-methylene-.alpha.-fenchocamphorone, among many others, most of which are unidentified. Six-day-old cultures of Hypoxylon sp. displayed maximal VOC-antimicrobial activity against Botrytis cinerea, Phytophthora cinnamomi, Cercospora beticola, and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum suggesting that the VOCs may play some role in the biology of the fungus and its survival in its host plant. Media containing starch- or sugar-related substrates best supported VOC production by the fungus. Direct on-line quantification of VOCs was measured by proton transfer mass spectrometry covering a continuous range with optimum VOC production occurred at 6 days at 145 ppmv with a rate of production of 7.65 ppmv/h. This report unequivocally demonstrates that 1,8-cineole (a monoterpene) is produced by a microorganism, which represents a novel and important source of this compound. This monoterpene is an octane derivative and has potential use as a fuel additive as do the other VOCs of this organism. Thus, fungal sourcing of this compound and other VOCs as produced by Hypoxylon sp. greatly expands their potential applications in medicine, industry, and energy production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela R Tomsheck
- Department of Plant Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
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16
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Strobel GA, Kluck K, Hess WM, Sears J, Ezra D, Vargas PN. Muscodor albus E-6, an endophyte of Guazuma ulmifolia making volatile antibiotics: isolation, characterization and experimental establishment in the host plant. Microbiology (Reading) 2007; 153:2613-2620. [PMID: 17660425 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.2007/008912-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscodor albus is an endophytic fungus, represented by a number of isolates from tropical tree and vine species in several of the world's rainforests, that produces volatile organic compounds (VOCs) with antibiotic activity. A new isolate, E-6, of this organism, with unusual biochemical and biological properties, has been obtained from the branches of a mature Guazuma ulmifolia (Sterculiaceae) tree growing in a dry tropical forest in SW Ecuador. This unique organism produces many VOCs not previously observed in other M. albus isolates, including butanoic acid, 2-methyl-; butanoic acid, 3-methyl-; 2-butenal, 2-methyl-; butanoic acid, 3-methylbutyl ester; 3-buten-1-ol, 3-methyl; guaiol; 1-octene, 3-ethyl-; formamide, N-(1-methylpropyl); and certain azulene and naphthalene derivatives. Some compounds usually seen in other M. albus isolates also appeared in the VOCs of isolate E-6, including caryophyllene; phenylethyl alcohol; acetic acid, 2-phenylethyl ester; bulnesene; and various propanoic acid, 2-methyl- derivatives. The biological activity of the VOCs of E-6 appears different from the original isolate of this fungus, CZ-620, since a Gram-positive bacterium was killed, and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Rhizoctonia solani were not. Scanning electron micrographs of the mycelium of isolate E-6 showed substantial intertwining of the hyphal strands. These strands seemed to be held together by an extracellular matrix accounting for the strong mat-like nature of the mycelium, which easily lifts off the agar surface upon transfer, unlike any other isolate of this fungus. The ITS-5.8S rDNA partial sequence data showed 99 % similarity to the original M. albus strain CZ-620. For the first time, successful establishment of M. albus into its natural host, followed by recovery of the fungus, was accomplished in seedlings of G. ulmifolia. Overall, isolates of M. albus, including E-6, have chemical, biological and structural characteristics that make them potentially useful in medicine, agricultural and industrial applications.
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MESH Headings
- Anti-Bacterial Agents/biosynthesis
- Ascomycota/drug effects
- Bacillus subtilis/drug effects
- DNA, Fungal/chemistry
- DNA, Fungal/genetics
- DNA, Ribosomal Spacer/genetics
- Ecuador
- Escherichia coli/drug effects
- Genes, rRNA
- Hyphae/ultrastructure
- Malvaceae/microbiology
- Microscopy, Electron, Scanning
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Phylogeny
- RNA, Fungal/genetics
- RNA, Ribosomal, 5.8S/genetics
- Rhizoctonia/drug effects
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Trees
- Xylariales/chemistry
- Xylariales/growth & development
- Xylariales/isolation & purification
- Xylariales/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary A Strobel
- Department of Plant Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | - Katreena Kluck
- Department of Plant Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | - Wilford M Hess
- Department of Plant and Animal Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Joe Sears
- Center for Lab Services/RJ Lee Group, 2710 North 20th Ave, Pasco, WA 99301, USA
| | - David Ezra
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, The Volcani Center, ARO, PO Box 6, Bet-Dagan 50250, Israel
| | - Percy N Vargas
- Universidad Nacional San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Peru Escuela Post Grado, Facultad de Biologia, Andes Amazon Guianas Herbario Vargas (CUZ), Peru
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17
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Abstract
Ambrosia fungi live associated with beetles (Scolytidae and Platypodidae) in host trees and act as a food source for the insects. The symbiotic relation is important to the colonizing strategies of host trees by beetles. Ambrosia fungi are dimorphic: they grow as ambrosial form and as mycelium. The fungi are highly specialized, adapted to a specific beetle and to the biotope where they both live. In addition other fungi have been found such as tree pathogenic fungi that may play a role in insects host colonization success. Saprophytic fungi are also present in insects galleries. These may decompose cellulose and/or be antagonistic to other less beneficial fungi. This paper summarizes the importance of ambrosia fungi and the interaction with insects and hosts. The possibility of the transport of pathogenic fungi by Platypus cylindrus to cork oak thus contributing for its decline is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Henriques
- Estação Florestal Nacional Quinta do Marques, 2780-159 Oeiras, Portugal.
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18
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Luchi N, Capretti P, Vettraino AM, Vannini A, Pinzani P, Pazzagli M. Early detection of Biscogniauxia nummularia in symptomless European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) by TaqMan quantitative real-time PCR. Lett Appl Microbiol 2006; 43:33-8. [PMID: 16834718 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2006.01920.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To develop a quantitative real-time PCR (Rt PCR) assay for the early detection of Biscogniauxia nummularia, a xylariaceous fungus that causes strip-canker and wood decay on European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.). METHODS AND RESULTS The molecular assay was based on TaqMan chemistry using species-specific primers and a fluorogenic probe designed on the ITS1 sequence of rRNA gene clusters. The specificity of the oligonucleotides and the probe were tested using the DNA of B. nummularia isolates from different geographic areas, of phylogenetically related species, and of some fungi commonly colonizing European beech bark and wood. A total of 31 symptomless and symptomatic shoots of European beech were collected from three forest sites in the Apennine Mountains of Italy. The percentage of positive detections of B. nummularia with the TaqMan assay was 78.6%, compared with only 14.3% of positive isolations on growth media for two sites. CONCLUSIONS In shoots, the quantitative Rt PCR assay detected down to 8.0-fg fungal DNA per microgram of total DNA extracted. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The assay developed in quantitative Rt PCR, by using TaqMan chemistry, revealed a rapid and sensitive method useful for the early detection of B. nummularia in symptomless European beech twigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Luchi
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Agrarie, Sezione di Patologia vegetale, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Piazzale delle Cascine, 28 I-50144 Florence, Italy
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19
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Abstract
Xylaria arenicola, X. brasiliensis, X. escharoidea, X. furcata, X. nigripes, X. piperiformis and X. rhizomorpha represent ancient names of fungi known to inhabit abandoned termite nests. We attempt to redescribe them and to reduce the confusion among them. Xylaria tanganyikaensis and X. readeri, species that might be associated with termite nests, are described. We describe a new variety, X. furcata var. hirsuta, and discuss an unnamed fungus that probably represents a new species. Photographs and a key are presented to aid the identification of these taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack D Rogers
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-6430, USA
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20
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Abstract
Six xylariaceous fungi, including two Hypoxylon taxa and four Nemania taxa, are described as new. They were collected from either Costa Rica or Taiwan. Two of the Nemania species--N. flavitextura and N. primolutea--were cultured and typical Geniculosporium anamorphs were produced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ming Ju
- Institute of Botany, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan.
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21
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Abstract
We have found a novel fungal genus that produces extremely bioactive volatile organic compounds (VOCs). This fungal isolate was initially discovered as an endophyte in Cinnamomum zeylanicum in a botanical garden in Honduras. This endophytic fungus, Muscodor albus, produces a mixture of VOCs that are lethal to a wide variety of plant and human pathogenic fungi and bacteria. It is also effective against nematodes and certain insects. The mixture of VOCs has been analyzed using GC/MS and consists primarily of various alcohols, acids, esters, ketones, and lipids. Final verification of the identity of the VOCs was carried out by using artificial mixtures of the putatively identified compounds and showing that the artificial mixture possessed the identical retention times and mass spectral qualities as those of the fungal derived substances. Artificial mixtures of the VOCs nicely mimicked the biological effects of the fungal VOCs when tested against a wide range of fungal and bacterial pathogens. Potential applications for "mycofumigation" by M. albus are currently being investigated and include uses for treating various plant parts, and human wastes. Another promising option includes its use to replace methyl bromide fumigation as a means to control soil-borne plant diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary Strobel
- Department of Plant Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA.
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22
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Abstract
A new Rosellinia species, R. capetribulensis isolated from Calamus sp. in Australia is described. R. capetribulensis is characterized by perithecia immersed within a carbonaceous stroma surrounded by subiculum-like hyphae, asci with large, barrel-shaped amyloid apical apparatus and large dark brown spores. Morphologically, R. capetribulensis appears to be similar to R. bunodes, R. markhamiae and R. megalospora. To gain further insights into the phylogeny of this new taxon we analyzed the ITS-5.8S rDNA using maximum parsimony and likelihood methods. In addition, a morphological dataset also was analyzed phylogenetically to investigate possible affinities. ITS rDNA based phylogenies reveal that R. capetribulensis is closely related to other Rosellinia species showing closest affinity to R. arcuata, RL necatrix and R. pepo. However, analysis of R. capetribulensis forms an unsupported branch sister to these taxa. Results from the morphological matrix indicate a close morphological affinity to members of Rosellinia subgenus Rosellinia. Despite that ITS rDNA and morphological analyses present difficulties in constructing a proper phylogenetic framework among Rosellinia and allied genera, there is sufficient evidence to support the establishment of the new taxon in the genus Rosellinia. The morphological similarities and differences between R. capetribulensis and allied genera such as Astrocystis and Entoleuca are also briefly discussed.
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MESH Headings
- Australia
- Calamus/microbiology
- DNA, Fungal/chemistry
- DNA, Fungal/genetics
- DNA, Ribosomal/chemistry
- DNA, Ribosomal/genetics
- DNA, Ribosomal Spacer/chemistry
- DNA, Ribosomal Spacer/genetics
- Hyphae/cytology
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Photography
- Photomicrography
- Phylogeny
- RNA, Ribosomal, 5.8S/genetics
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
- Spores, Fungal/cytology
- Xylariales/classification
- Xylariales/cytology
- Xylariales/genetics
- Xylariales/isolation & purification
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Affiliation(s)
- J Bahl
- Centre for Research in Fungal Diversity, Department of Ecology & Biodiversity, The University of Hong Kong, PR China.
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23
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Liers C, Ullrich R, Steffen KT, Hatakka A, Hofrichter M. Mineralization of 14C-labelled synthetic lignin and extracellular enzyme activities of the wood-colonizing ascomycetes Xylaria hypoxylon and Xylaria polymorpha. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2005; 69:573-9. [PMID: 16021487 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-005-0010-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2005] [Revised: 04/21/2005] [Accepted: 04/23/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Two wood-dwelling ascomycetes, Xylaria hypoxylon and Xylaria polymorpha, were isolated from rotting beech wood. Lignin degradation was studied following the mineralization of a synthetic [formula: see text]-labelled lignin in solid and liquid media. Approximately 9% of the synthetic lignin was mineralized by X. polymorpha during the growth on beech wood meal, and the major fraction (65.5%) was polymerized into water- and dioxan-insoluble material. Both fungi produced laccase (up to 1,200 U l-1) in an agitated complex medium based on tomato juice; peroxidase activity (<80 U l-1) was only detected for X. polymorpha in soybean meal suspension. The enzymatic attack of X. polymorpha on beech wood resulted in the formation of three fractions of water-soluble lignocellulose fragments with molecular masses of 200, 30 (major fraction) and 3 kDa, as demonstrated by high-performance size exclusion chromatography. This fragment pattern differs considerably from that of the white-rot fungus Bjerkandera adusta, which preferentially released smaller lignocellulose fragments (0.8 kDa). The finding that X. polymorpha produced large lignocellulose fragments, along with the fact that high levels of hydrolytic enzymes (esterase 630 U l-1, xylanase 120 U l-1) were detected, indicates the cleavage of bonds between the lignin and hemicellulose moieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Liers
- Internationales Hochschulinstitut Zittau, Umweltbiotechnologie, Markt 23, 02763, Zittau, Germany.
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24
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Abstract
A study of saprobic fungi occurring on the fynbos of the Western Cape Province of South Africa yielded four unknown Anthostomella species. A. proteae from Protea nitida, A. cynaroides from P. cynaroides, A. leucospermi from Leucospermum oleifolium, and A. brabeji from Brabejum stellatifolium are described as new. New records for South Africa include A. conorum from Leucadendron sp., Protea magnifica and P. neriifolia, and A. clypeata from Ischyrolepis subverticellata, Cannomois virgata, Restio egregius, and R. cfr confusus. A dichotomous key to the Anthostomella species in South Africa is also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seonju Lee
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Stellenbosch, P. Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa.
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25
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Liu K, Chua H, Lo WH, Lawford H, Yu PHF. Sphaerotilus natans isolated from activated sludge and its production of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate). Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2002; 98-100:1061-73. [PMID: 12018230 DOI: 10.1385/abab:98-100:1-9:1061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Sphaerotilus natans is a sheathed bacterium existing in the activated sludge of wastewater treatment plants. It is one of the filamentous bacteria causing the bulking and foaming difficulties of activated sludge. Isolating the strain and culturing it in an axenic environment could not only provide the metabolic knowledge of the strains that would be useful in the development of wastewater treatment methods, but also could enable us to gain an understanding of the mechanism by which poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (poly[3-HB-co-3-HV]) is produced by this strain. This article reports the screening and isolation of the strain from the activated sludge using the Nile blue staining method together with Fourier transform infrared analysis. We investigated the ability of the selected strain to produce poly(3-HB-co-3-HV) copolymer using glucose and peptone, or by adding valeric acid or sodium propionate as precursor. Proper precursor feeding could dramatically enhance its 3HV content in the copolymer P(3HB-co-3HV). By controlling the different feeding times in fed-batch fermentation, different desired copolymers were obtained with 15, 40, and 70% 3HV mole fraction of the copolymer. Polymer properties were analyzed by gas chromatography, differential scanning calorimetry, thermo-gravimetry, and nuclear magnetic resonance analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Liu
- Open Laboratory of Chirotechnology of the Institute of Molecular Technology for Drug Discovery and Synthesis, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, China
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26
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Abstract
Spatial structure of both nuclear and mitochondrial RFLPs were studied in several populations of the chestnut blight fungus, Cryphonectria parasitica, using a variety of spatial autocorrelation tests designed to detect nonrandom patterns. Fungal individuals were sampled from cankers on infected chestnut trees, and the location of each tree was mapped. Single-locus nuclear RFLPs, nuclear fingerprints, and mitochondrial DNA haplotypes were determined for each individual. Individuals with the same DNA fingerprint genotypes occurred closer together than would be expected at random in four of the five plots, while mitochondrial DNA haplotypes were aggregated in all five plots. Genetic distances between individuals, expressed as one minus the proportion of shared restriction fragment size classes for fingerprints and mitochondrial haplotypes, were significantly correlated with Euclidean distances between individuals in four of the five populations, but these correlations were very weak (r < 0.18). The same DNA fingerprint and single-copy nuclear RFLP alleles occurred on the same trees or immediately neighbouring trees more often than would be expected at random. Most of the aggregation for all three genetic markers occurred among individuals within the same cluster of chestnut stems or on neighbouring trees. Lack of spatial autocorrelation in one population was probably due to sampling on a larger scale that was too coarse to detect any patterns. Significant aggregation of genotypes in C. parasitica is most likely caused by some degree of restricted dispersal within populations. The implications of restricted dispersal are discussed in relation to the breeding system and isolation by distance in populations of C. parasitica.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Milgroom
- Department of Plant Pathology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-5908, USA
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27
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Charter NW, Buck KW, Brasier CM. De-novo generation of mitochondrial DNA plasmids following cytoplasmic transmission of a degenerative disease in Ophiostoma novo-ulmi. Curr Genet 1993; 24:505-14. [PMID: 8299172 DOI: 10.1007/bf00351714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
A mitochondrial DNA plasmid was detected in an isolate of Ophiostoma novo-ulmi with a degenerative disease. The DNA plasmid was shown to be derived from the mitochondrial DNA and to map to a region corresponding to the large ribosomal RNA coding region. The DNA plasmid was not transmitted into sexual (ascospore) progeny, irrespective of whether the diseased isolate acted as the female or male parent. Transmission of the disease to healthy, plasmid-free, "recipient" isolates by hyphal anastomosis was not accompanied by transfer of mitochondrial DNA or DNA plasmid from the diseased "donor" isolate, but resulted in de-novo generation of different plasmids, derived from the recipient's mitochondrial DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- N W Charter
- Department of Biology, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London, UK
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28
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Shukla PK, Khan ZA, Lal B, Agrawal PK, Srivastava OP. Clinical and experimental keratitis caused by the Colletotrichum state of Glomerella cingulata and Acrophialophora fusispora. Sabouraudia 1983; 21:137-47. [PMID: 6683875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Two cases of mycotic keratitis caused by the Colletotrichum state of Glomerella cingulata and Acrophialophora fusispora are reported for the first time. Both the isolates produced experimental corneal lesions in rabbit eyes but A. fusispora was more pathogenic. The experimental infection was more severe, with both the fungi, in rabbits pretreated with cortisone as compared with untreated animals. In vitro A. fusispora was most sensitive to miconazole and tolciclate followed by clotrimazole, amphotericin B and lactones while clotrimazole exerted maximum inhibitory effect on Colletotrichum followed by miconazole, lactones, amphotericin B and arnebins. Arnebins and tolciclate were inactive respectively against A. fusispora and Colletotrichum. Of the 3 drugs tested in vivo, against A. fusispora keratitis in rabbit, amphotericin B showed better results than tolciclate and miconazole.
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29
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Destombes P, Mariat F, Rosati L, Segretain G. [Mycetoma in Somalia - results of a survey done from 1959 to 1964]. Acta Trop 1977; 34:355-73. [PMID: 23657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The Pasteur Institute studied 103 mycetoma patients in Somalia between 1959 and 1964. Grains were seen in 94 of them and this, added to cultural features, allowed the diagnosis of 60 pathogens as follows: 44 Madurella mycetomi, 1 Leptosphaeria senegalensis, 7 Pyrenochaeta romeroi (or Madurella grisea), 3 Allescheria boydii, 1 Fusarium sp., 3 Neotestudina (Zopfia) rosatii, and 1 unidentified; 34 were actinomycetes: 24 Streptomyces somaliensis, 4 Actinomadura madurae, 3 A. pelletieri and 3 Nocardia spp. The patients delayed too long in consulting their doctors and health education is vital if amputations are to be avoided. The geographical distribution is related to climate and fungal species. In central Somalia the association of M. mycetomi and S. somaliensis, organisms characteristic of desert conditions, was found; white grain mycetomata and those caused by Nocardia spp. occurred in more humid areas. The study revealed 2 new fungi. One, obtained in culture was called Neotestudina (Zopfia) rosatii. The 3 patients affected, lived in Mudugh (2 in El Bur). The other fungus was not identified. It also was recovered from El Bur and one with similar microscopic characters has been seen in Chad and also in "territoire français des Afars et des Issas". Both fungi are desert species.
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Abstract
Several species of wood veneer, including some in a green undried state, were buried in various soils, and at intervals the colonists were isolated and identified. In addition, veneers were deteriorated for different periods of time, sterilized, and then reburied in the same soil. Isolates were obtained before sterilization and compared with those found afterwards. In each case the colonization involved a small number of microfungi and, because similar species were repeatedly isolated, an absence of succession under laboratory conditions was indicated. Deteriorating cubes of weed were periodically assayed for their glucose content, pH of exudates, and the release of microbial cellulase and amylase. A lack of any consistent change in colonist activity, with respect to these factors, again indicated an absence of stages during decay. The colonization pattern was contrasted with successions described in previous studies and the simplest explanation was given for the differences found.
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