1
|
Li YT, Liu DH, Luo Y, Abbas Khan M, Mahmood Alam S, Liu YZ. Transcriptome analysis reveals the key network of axillary bud outgrowth modulated by topping in citrus. Gene 2024; 926:148623. [PMID: 38821328 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2024.148623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
Topping, an important tree shaping and pruning technique, can promote the outgrowth of citrus axillary buds. However, the underlying molecular mechanism is still unclear. In this study, spring shoots of Citrus reticulata 'Huagan No.2' were topped and transcriptome was compared between axillary buds of topped and untopped shoots at 6 and 11 days after topping (DAT). 1944 and 2394 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were found at 6 and 11 DAT, respectively. KEGG analysis revealed that many DEGs were related to starch and sucrose metabolism, signal transduction of auxin, cytokinin and abscisic acid. Specially, transcript levels of auxin synthesis, transport, and signaling-related genes (SAURs and ARF5), cytokinin signal transduction related genes (CRE1, AHP and Type-A ARRs), ABA signal responsive genes (PYL and ABF) were up-regulated by topping; while transcript levels of auxin receptor TIR1, auxin responsive genes AUX/IAAs, ABA signal transduction related gene PP2Cs and synthesis related genes NCED3 were down-regulated. On the other hand, the contents of sucrose and fructose in axillary buds of topped shoots were significantly higher than those in untopped shoots; transcript levels of 16 genes related to sucrose synthase, hexokinase, sucrose phosphate synthase, endoglucanase and glucosidase, were up-regulated in axillary buds after topping. In addition, transcript levels of genes related to trehalose 6-phosphate metabolism and glycolysis/tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, as well to some transcription factors including Pkinase, Pkinase_Tyr, Kinesin, AP2/ERF, P450, MYB, NAC and Cyclin_c, significantly responded to topping. Taken together, the present results suggested that topping promoted citrus axillary bud outgrowth through comprehensively regulating plant hormone and carbohydrate metabolism, as well as signal transduction. These results deepened our understanding of citrus axillary bud outgrowth by topping and laid a foundation for further research on the molecular mechanisms of citrus axillary bud outgrowth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Ting Li
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops / College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Dong-Hai Liu
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops / College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Yin Luo
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops / College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Muhammad Abbas Khan
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops / College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Shariq Mahmood Alam
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops / College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Yong-Zhong Liu
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops / College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Al-Qassab AA, Zakaria MR, Yunus R, Salleh MAM, Mokhtar MN. Investigating process parameters to enhance (hemi)cellulolytic enzymes activity produced by Trichoderma reesei RUT-C30 using deoiled oil palm mesocarp fiber in solid-state fermentation. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 276:134030. [PMID: 39038578 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.134030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
This study investigates the synthesis of (hemi)cellulolytic enzymes, including endoglucanase (CMCase), xylanase, and β-glucosidase, employing Trichoderma reesei RUT-C30 and deoiled oil palm mesocarp fiber (OPMF) through solid-state fermentation (SSF). The objective was to determine the optimal process conditions for achieving high enzyme activities through a one-factor-at-a-time approach. The study primarily focused on the impact of the solid-to-liquid ratio, incubation period, initial pH, and temperature on enzyme activity. The effects of OPMF pretreatment, particularly deoiling and fortification, were explored. This approach significantly improved enzyme activity levels compared to the initial conditions, with CMCase increasing by 111.6 %, xylanase by 665.2 %, and β-Glucosidase by 1678.1 %. Xylanase and β-glucosidase activities, peaking at 1346.75 and 9.89 IU per gram dry substrate (GDS), respectively, under optimized conditions (1:4 ratio, pH 7.5, 20 °C, 9-day incubation). With lower moisture levels, CMCase reached its maximum activity of 227.84 IU/GDS. The study highlights how important it is for agro-industrial byproducts to support environmentally sustainable practices in the palm oil industry. It also emphasizes how differently each enzyme reacts to changes in process parameters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Abdulkareem Al-Qassab
- Department of Process and Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Laboratory of Processing and Product Development, Institute of Plantation Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Rafein Zakaria
- Laboratory of Processing and Product Development, Institute of Plantation Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Robiah Yunus
- Laboratory of Processing and Product Development, Institute of Plantation Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohamad Amran Mohd Salleh
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Noriznan Mokhtar
- Department of Process and Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Laboratory of Processing and Product Development, Institute of Plantation Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Liu G, Chen Q, Gou M, Bi J. The potential of glucosidase and glucose oxidase for aroma improvement in concentrated peach puree based on volatilomics and metabolomics. Food Chem 2024; 450:139375. [PMID: 38653052 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Cooked off-flavor was produced during the processing of concentrated peach puree (CPP), which led to aroma deterioration. Enzymatic treatment was beneficial in eliminating off-flavors and improving the aroma quality. Herein, the efficacy of glycosidase (AR2000), glucose oxidation (GOD), and their combination on the inhibition of off-flavors and aroma enhancement were evaluated. Compared with CPP, contents of benzaldehyde, benzyl alcohol, nonanal, and linalool increased by 198%, 1222%, 781%, and 71% after AR2000 treatment via the metabolisms of shikimate, glucose, linoleic acid, and linolenic acid, leading to the strengthening of floral and grassy. Due to the removal of 1-octen-3-one via linolenic acid metabolism, cooked off-flavor could be significantly weakened by GOD. Furthermore, Furthermore, the combination of AR2000 and GOD could not only inhibit the production of 1-octen-3-one to weaken the cooked note but also enhance grassy and floral attributes via the increase of aldehydes and alcohols.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gege Liu
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)/ Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 100193 Beijing, China
| | - Qinqin Chen
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)/ Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 100193 Beijing, China.
| | - Min Gou
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)/ Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 100193 Beijing, China
| | - Jinfeng Bi
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)/ Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 100193 Beijing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Xu L, Liu H, Wang X, Li Q, Xu S, Sun C, Suo H. Encapsulation of Immobilized β-Glucosidase with Calcium Metal-Organic Frameworks for Enhanced Stability in Hydrolysis of Cellobiose. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024. [PMID: 39159299 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.4c02436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/21/2024]
Abstract
β-Glucosidase (β-G) holds promising applications in various fields, such as biomass energy, food, pharmaceuticals, and environmental protection, yet its industrial application is still limited by issues of stability and recycling. Herein, we first immobilized β-G onto the surface of magnetic chitosan nanoparticles (MCS/β-G) through adsorption methods. Subsequently, utilizing the metal-organic framework (MOF), CaBDC, which possesses good stability under acidic conditions, we encapsulated MCS/β-G. The resulting biocatalyst (MCS/β-G@CaBDC) exhibited excellent activity and recyclability. MCS/β-G@CaBDC can convert 91.5% of cellobiose to glucose in 60 min and maintained 81.9% activity after 10 cycles. The apparent Km value of MCS/β-G@CaBDC was 0.148 mM, lower than free β-G (0.166 mM) and MCS/β-G (0.173 mM). The CaBDC layer increased the mass transfer resistance of the reaction but also triggered structural rearrangement of β-G during the encapsulation process. This resulted in the β-sheet content rising to 68.4%, which, in turn, contributed to enhancing the rigidity of β-G. Moreover, the saturated magnetic strength of this biocatalyst could reach 37.3 emu/g, facilitating its magnetic recovery. The biocatalyst prepared in this study exhibits promising application prospects, and the immobilization method can provide valuable insights into the field of enzyme immobilization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lili Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Macromolecule Drugs and Large-Scale Manufacturing, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252059, People's Republic of China
| | - Huanruo Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Macromolecule Drugs and Large-Scale Manufacturing, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252059, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohan Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Macromolecule Drugs and Large-Scale Manufacturing, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252059, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Li
- State Key Laboratory for Macromolecule Drugs and Large-Scale Manufacturing, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252059, People's Republic of China
| | - Suli Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Macromolecule Drugs and Large-Scale Manufacturing, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252059, People's Republic of China
| | - Caizheng Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Macromolecule Drugs and Large-Scale Manufacturing, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252059, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongbo Suo
- State Key Laboratory for Macromolecule Drugs and Large-Scale Manufacturing, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252059, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Feng C, Wu Y, Cai Z, Song Z, Shim YY, Reaney MJT, Wang Y, Zhang N. A comparative study on flaxseed lignan biotransformation through resting cell catalysis and microbial fermentation by β-glucosidase production Lactiplantibacillus plantarum. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2024; 104:5869-5881. [PMID: 38407005 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.13412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Flax lignan has attracted much attention because of its potential bioactivities. However, the bioavailability of secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG), the main lignan in flaxseed, depends on the bioconversion by the colon bacteria. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) with β-glucosidase activity has found wide application in preparing bioactive aglycone. RESULTS LAB strains with good β-glucosidase activity were isolated from fermented tofu. Their bioconversion of flax lignan extract was investigated by resting cell catalysis and microbial fermentation, and the metabolism of SDG by Lactiplantibacillus plantarum C5 following fermentation was characterized by widely targeted metabolomics. Five L. plantarum strains producing β-glucosidase with broad substrate specificity were isolated and identified, and they all can transform SDG into secoisolariciresinol (SECO). L. plantarum C5 resting cell reached a maximum SDG conversion of 49.19 ± 3.75%, and SECO generation of 21.49 ± 1.32% (0.215 ± 0.013 mm) at an SDG substrate concentration of 1 mM and 0.477 ± 0.003 mm SECO was produced at 4 mm within 24 h. Although sixteen flax lignan metabolites were identified following the fermentation of SDG extract by L. plantarum C5, among them, four were produced following the fermentation: SECO, demethyl-SECO, demethyl-dehydroxy-SECO and isolariciresinol. Moreover, seven lignans increased significantly. CONCLUSION Fermentation significantly increased the profile and level of flax lignan metabolites, and the resting cell catalysis benefits from higher bioconversion efficiency and more straightforward product separation. Resting cell catalysis and microbial fermentation of flax lignan extract by the isolated β-glucosidase production L. plantarum could be potentially applied in preparing flax lignan ingredients and fermented flaxseed. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chengcheng Feng
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Joint International Research Centre of Oilseed Biorefinery, Nutrition and Safety, Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - You Wu
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Joint International Research Centre of Oilseed Biorefinery, Nutrition and Safety, Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zizhe Cai
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Joint International Research Centre of Oilseed Biorefinery, Nutrition and Safety, Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ziliang Song
- Guangdong Joint International Research Centre of Oilseed Biorefinery, Nutrition and Safety, Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Youn Young Shim
- Guangdong Joint International Research Centre of Oilseed Biorefinery, Nutrition and Safety, Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Martin J T Reaney
- Guangdong Joint International Research Centre of Oilseed Biorefinery, Nutrition and Safety, Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Yong Wang
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Joint International Research Centre of Oilseed Biorefinery, Nutrition and Safety, Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Joint International Research Centre of Oilseed Biorefinery, Nutrition and Safety, Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Li X, Kuchinski LM, Park A, Murphy GS, Soto KC, Schuster BS. Enzyme purification and sustained enzyme activity for pharmaceutical biocatalysis by fusion with phase-separating intrinsically disordered protein. Biotechnol Bioeng 2024. [PMID: 38951956 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
In recent decades, biocatalysis has emerged as an important alternative to chemical catalysis in pharmaceutical manufacturing. Biocatalysis is attractive because enzymatic cascades can synthesize complex molecules with incredible selectivity, yield, and in an environmentally benign manner. Enzymes for pharmaceutical biocatalysis are typically used in their unpurified state, since it is time-consuming and cost-prohibitive to purify enzymes using conventional chromatographic processes at scale. However, impurities present in crude enzyme preparations can consume substrate, generate unwanted byproducts, as well as make the isolation of desired products more cumbersome. Hence, a facile, nonchromatographic purification method would greatly benefit pharmaceutical biocatalysis. To address this issue, here we have captured enzymes into membraneless compartments by fusing enzymes with an intrinsically disordered protein region, the RGG domain from LAF-1. The RGG domain can undergo liquid-liquid phase separation, forming liquid condensates triggered by changes in temperature or salt concentration. By centrifuging these liquid condensates, we have successfully purified enzyme-RGG fusions, resulting in significantly enhanced purity compared to cell lysate. Furthermore, we performed enzymatic reactions utilizing purified fusion proteins to assay enzyme activity. Results from the enzyme assays indicate that enzyme-RGG fusions purified by the centrifugation method retain enzymatic activity, with greatly reduced background activity compared to crude enzyme preparations. Our work focused on three different enzymes-a kinase, a phosphorylase, and an ATP-dependent ligase. The kinase and phosphorylase are components of the biocatalytic cascade for manufacturing molnupiravir, and we demonstrated facile co-purification of these two enzymes by co-phase separation. To conclude, enzyme capture by RGG tagging promises to overcome difficulties in bioseparations and biocatalysis for pharmaceutical synthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Li
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Liam M Kuchinski
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Augene Park
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Grant S Murphy
- Department of Process Research and Development, Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Karla Camacho Soto
- Department of Process Research and Development, Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Benjamin S Schuster
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Du T, Wang Y, Xie H, Liang D, Gao S. Fragmentation Patterns of Phenolic C-Glycosides in Mass Spectrometry Analysis. Molecules 2024; 29:2953. [PMID: 38998905 PMCID: PMC11243344 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29132953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many phenolic C-glycosides possess nutritional benefits and pharmacological efficacies. However, the MS/MS fragmentation pattern of phenolic C-glycosides analysis is understudied. This paper aims to determine the MS/MS fragmentation patterns of phenolic C-glycosides. METHOD Ten compounds with different sugar moieties, aglycones, and substitutes were analyzed to determine the impact of these structural features on MS/MS fragmentation using UPLC-QTOF-MS analysis. RESULTS The results showed that water loss followed by RDA reaction and alpha cleavage in the C-C bonded sugar moieties are the major fragmentation pathways. Additionally, the sugar cleavage was not affected by the skeleton and the substitute of the aglycones. These results suggested that the fragmentation patterns of phenolic C-glycosides differ from those in the O-glycosides, where the O-C glycosidic bond is the most cleavage-liable bond in MS/MS analysis. CONCLUSIONS These MS/MS fragmentation patterns can be used for the identification of C-glycosides from dietary components and herbal medicine as well as developing robust methods using MRM methods to quantify C-glycosides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ting Du
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Texas Southern University, 3100 Cleburne Street, Houston, TX 77004, USA
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Texas Southern University, 3100 Cleburne Street, Houston, TX 77004, USA
| | - Huan Xie
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Texas Southern University, 3100 Cleburne Street, Houston, TX 77004, USA
| | - Dong Liang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Texas Southern University, 3100 Cleburne Street, Houston, TX 77004, USA
| | - Song Gao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Texas Southern University, 3100 Cleburne Street, Houston, TX 77004, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
da Silva Almeida LE, de Assis SA. Application of Immobilized β-Glucosidase from Candida boidinii in the Hydrolysis of Delignified Sugarcane Bagasse. Indian J Microbiol 2024; 64:650-670. [PMID: 39010988 PMCID: PMC11246346 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-024-01223-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Candida boidinii is a methylotrophic yeast with wide geographical distribution. In the present study, the microorganism was isolated from the Bahian semiarid and the enzymatic extract containing β-glucosidase was obtained through submerged fermentation. Response surface methodology was employed to optimize of fermentation medium. The higher production of β-glucosidase was obtained after 71 h of fermentation in an optimized medium composed of 3.35% glucose, 1.78% yeast extract and 1% peptone. The optimum pH and temperature of enzymatic activity were 6.8 (citrate-phosphate buffer) and 71.7 °C, respectively. Salts tested (10 mM) CaCl2, Na2SO4 and ZnSO4 promotes the increase of 91%, 45% and 80% of activity, respectively. The enzyme retained 64% ± 2.3 of its initial activity after 1 h heating at 90 °C. The production of reducing sugars was 95.94% after 24 h of hydrolysis and, with the addition of metal ions, this value increased more than 2 times. Among the supports analyzed for immobilization, chitosan showed higher residual activity during reuse. The immobilized enzyme showed higher activity at 60 °C with pH 6 and preserved almost 100% of the initial activity after 30 min at 70 °C.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Emanuelle da Silva Almeida
- Enzymology and Fermentation Technology Laboratory, Health Department, State University of Feira de Santana, Transnordestina Ave., km 0, BR 116, Feira de Santana, Bahia 44036-900 Brazil
| | - Sandra Aparecida de Assis
- Enzymology and Fermentation Technology Laboratory, Health Department, State University of Feira de Santana, Transnordestina Ave., km 0, BR 116, Feira de Santana, Bahia 44036-900 Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Magwaza B, Amobonye A, Pillai S. Microbial β-glucosidases: Recent advances and applications. Biochimie 2024; 225:49-67. [PMID: 38734124 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2024.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
The global β-glucosidase market is currently estimated at ∼400 million USD, and it is expected to double in the next six years; a trend that is mainly ascribed to the demand for the enzyme for biofuel processing. Microbial β-glucosidase, particularly, has thus garnered significant attention due to its ease of production, catalytic efficiency, and versatility, which have all facilitated its biotechnological potential across different industries. Hence, there are continued efforts to screen, produce, purify, characterize and evaluate the industrial applicability of β-glucosidase from actinomycetes, bacteria, fungi, and yeasts. With this rising demand for β-glucosidase, various cost-effective and efficient approaches are being explored to discover, redesign, and enhance their production and functional properties. Thus, this present review provides an up-to-date overview of advancements in the utilization of microbial β-glucosidases as "Emerging Green Tools" in 21st-century industries. In this regard, focus was placed on the use of recombinant technology, protein engineering, and immobilization techniques targeted at improving the industrial applicability of the enzyme. Furthermore, insights were given into the recent progress made in conventional β-glucosidase production, their industrial applications, as well as the current commercial status-with a focus on the patents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Buka Magwaza
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Durban University of Technology, P. O. Box 1334, Durban, 4000, South Africa.
| | - Ayodeji Amobonye
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Durban University of Technology, P. O. Box 1334, Durban, 4000, South Africa.
| | - Santhosh Pillai
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Durban University of Technology, P. O. Box 1334, Durban, 4000, South Africa.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Li Y, Jiang Y, Cao D, Dang B, Yang X, Fan S, Shen Y, Li G, Liu B. Creating a zero amylose barley with high soluble sugar content by genome editing. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 114:50. [PMID: 38656412 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-024-01445-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Amylose biosynthesis is strictly associated with granule-bound starch synthase I (GBSSI) encoded by the Waxy gene. Mutagenesis of single bases in the Waxy gene, which induced by CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing, caused absence of intact GBSSI protein in grain of the edited line. The amylose and amylopectin contents of waxy mutants were zero and 31.73%, while those in the wild type were 33.50% and 39.00%, respectively. The absence of GBSSI protein led to increase in soluble sugar content to 37.30% compared with only 10.0% in the wild type. Sucrose and β-glucan, were 39.16% and 35.40% higher in waxy mutants than in the wild type, respectively. Transcriptome analysis identified differences between the wild type and waxy mutants that could partly explain the reduction in amylose and amylopectin contents and the increase in soluble sugar, sucrose and β-glucan contents. This waxy flour, which showed lower final viscosity and setback, and higher breakdown, could provide more option for food processing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yun Li
- Qinghai Province Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, 810008, China
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, 810008, China
| | - Yanyan Jiang
- Qinghai Province Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, 810008, China
- Qinghai academy of Agriculture and Forestry Science, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, 810016, China
| | - Dong Cao
- Qinghai Province Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, 810008, China
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, 810008, China
| | - Bin Dang
- Qinghai Tibetan Plateau Key Laboratory of Agric-Product Processing, Qinghai Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Xining, 810016, China
| | - Xijuan Yang
- Qinghai Tibetan Plateau Key Laboratory of Agric-Product Processing, Qinghai Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Xining, 810016, China
| | - Shiting Fan
- Qinghai Province Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, 810008, China
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, 810008, China
| | - Yuhu Shen
- Qinghai Province Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, 810008, China
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, 810008, China
| | - Genying Li
- Crop Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, 250100, China
| | - Baolong Liu
- Qinghai Province Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, 810008, China.
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, 810008, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Nam KH. Structural analysis of Tris binding in β-glucosidases. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2024; 700:149608. [PMID: 38306932 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2024.149608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
β-glucosidases (Bgls) are glycosyl hydrolases that catalyze the conversion of cellobiose or glucosyl-polysaccharide into glucose. Bgls are widely used in industry to produce bioethanol, wine and juice, and feed. Tris (tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane) is an organic compound that can inhibit the hydrolase activity of some Bgls, but the inhibition state and selectivity have not been fully elucidated. Here, three crystal structures of Thermoanaerobacterium saccharolyticum Bgl complexed with the Tris molecule were determined at 1.55-1.95 Å. The configuration of Tris binding to TsaBgl remained consistent across three crystal structures, and the amino acids interacting with the Tris molecule were conserved across Bgl enzymes. The positions O1 and O3 atoms of Tris exhibit the same binding moiety as the hydroxyl group of the glucose molecule. Tris molecules are stably positioned at the glycone site and coordinate with surrounding water molecules. The Tris-binding configuration of TsaBgl is similar to that of HjeBgl, HgaBgl, ManBgl, and KflBgl, but the arrangement of the water molecule coordinating Tris at the aglycone site differs. Meanwhile, both the arrangement of Tris and the water molecules in ubBgl, NkoBgl, and SfrBgl differ from those in TsaBgl. The binding configuration and affinity of the Tris molecule for Bgl may be affected by the residues on the aglycone and gatekeeper regions. This result will extend our knowledge of the inhibitory effect of Tris molecules on TsaBgl.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ki Hyun Nam
- College of General Education, Kookmin University, Seoul, 20707, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Yao Q, Xu J, Tang N, Chen W, Gu Q, Li H. Screening, cloning, immobilization and application prospects of a novel β-glucosidase from the soil metagenome. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 244:117676. [PMID: 37996002 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
The soil environment for straw return is a rich and valuable library containing many microorganisms and proteins. In this study, we aimed to screen a high-quality β-glucosidase (BGL) from the soil metagenomic library and to overcome the limitation of the low extraction rate of resveratrol in Polygonum cuspidatum. This includes the construction of a soil metagenomic library, screening of BGL, bioinformatics analysis, cloning, expression, immobilization, enzymatic property analysis, and application for the transformation of polydatin. The results showed that the soil metagenomic library of straw return was successfully constructed, and a novel BGL was screened. The identified 1356 bp long BGL belonged to the glycoside hydrolase 1 (GH1) family and was named Bgl1356. After successful cloning and expression of Bgl1356, it was immobilized using chitosan. The optimum temperature of immobilized Bgl1356 was 50 °C, and the pH was 5. It exhibited good tolerance for various metal ions (CO2+, Ni2+, Cu2+, Mn2+, Na2+, Ca2+, and Ag+) and organic solvents (DMSO, Triton-X-10, and ethanol). Enzymatic kinetics assays showed that Bgl1356 had good affinity for the substrate, and the specific enzyme activity was 234.03 U/mg. The conversion rate of polydatin by immobilized Bgl1356 was 95.70 ± 1.08%, facilitating the production of high amounts of resveratrol. Thus, this paper reports a novel temperature-, organic solvent-, and metal ion-tolerant BGL that has good application prospects in the pharmaceutical industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Yao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Bioactive Drug Research, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Jin Xu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Bioactive Drug Research, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Nan Tang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Weiji Chen
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Quliang Gu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - He Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Bioactive Drug Research, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Vasios AG, Skonta A, Patila M, Stamatis H. Biocatalytic Performance of β-Glucosidase Immobilized on 3D-Printed Single- and Multi-Channel Polylactic Acid Microreactors. MICROMACHINES 2024; 15:288. [PMID: 38399016 PMCID: PMC10893134 DOI: 10.3390/mi15020288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Microfluidic devices have attracted much attention in the current day owing to the unique advantages they provide. However, their application for industrial use is limited due to manufacturing limitations and high cost. Moreover, the scaling-up process of the microreactor has proven to be difficult. Three-dimensional (3D) printing technology is a promising solution for the above obstacles due to its ability to fabricate complex structures quickly and at a relatively low cost. Hence, combining the advantages of the microscale with 3D printing technology could enhance the applicability of microfluidic devices in the industrial sector. In the present work, a 3D-printed single-channel immobilized enzyme microreactor with a volume capacity of 30 μL was designed and created in one step via the fused deposition modeling (FDM) printing technique, using polylactic acid (PLA) as the printing material. The microreactor underwent surface modification with chitosan, and β-glucosidase from Thermotoga maritima was covalently immobilized. The immobilized biocatalyst retained almost 100% of its initial activity after incubation at different temperatures, while it could be effectively reused for up to 10 successful reaction cycles. Moreover, a multi-channel parallel microreactor incorporating 36 channels was developed, resulting in a significant increase in enzymatic productivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Haralambos Stamatis
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Department of Biological Applications and Technologies, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece; (A.-G.V.); (A.S.); (M.P.)
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Erkanli ME, El-Halabi K, Kim JR. Exploring the diversity of β-glucosidase: Classification, catalytic mechanism, molecular characteristics, kinetic models, and applications. Enzyme Microb Technol 2024; 173:110363. [PMID: 38041879 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2023.110363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023]
Abstract
High-value chemicals and energy-related products can be produced from biomass. Biorefinery technology offers a sustainable and cost-effective method for this high-value conversion. β-glucosidase is one of the key enzymes in biorefinery processes, catalyzing the production of glucose from aryl-glycosides and cello-oligosaccharides via the hydrolysis of β-glycosidic bonds. Although β-glucosidase plays a critical catalytic role in the utilization of cellulosic biomass, its efficacy is often limited by substrate or product inhibitions, low thermostability, and/or insufficient catalytic activity. To provide a detailed overview of β-glucosidases and their benefits in certain desired applications, we collected and summarized extensive information from literature and public databases, covering β-glucosidases in different glycosidase hydrolase families and biological kingdoms. These β-glucosidases show differences in amino acid sequence, which are translated into varying degrees of the molecular properties critical in enzymatic applications. This review describes studies on the diversity of β-glucosidases related to the classification, catalytic mechanisms, key molecular characteristics, kinetics models, and applications, and highlights several β-glucosidases displaying high stability, activity, and resistance to glucose inhibition suitable for desired biotechnological applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Emre Erkanli
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, New York University, 6 MetroTech Center, Brooklyn, NY 11201, United States
| | - Khalid El-Halabi
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, New York University, 6 MetroTech Center, Brooklyn, NY 11201, United States
| | - Jin Ryoun Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, New York University, 6 MetroTech Center, Brooklyn, NY 11201, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Lewandowska K, Sionkowska A, Kurzawa M. Physical Properties and Release Profiles of Chitosan Mixture Films Containing Salicin, Glycerin and Hyaluronic Acid. Molecules 2023; 28:7827. [PMID: 38067555 PMCID: PMC10708376 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28237827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Chitosan (CS) has gained considerable attention due to its distinctive properties and its broad spectrum of potential applications, spanning cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and biomedical uses. In this study, we characterized thin films comprising chitosan mixtures containing salicin (SAL) and glycerin (GLY), both with and without hyaluronic acid (HA) as active ingredients. Characterization was achieved through release studies of SAL, infrared spectroscopy, microscopy techniques (AFM and SEM), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). CS/GLY/SAL and CS/GLY/SAL/HA mixture films were fabricated using the solvent evaporation technique. We probed interactions between the components in the chitosan mixtures via infrared analysis. The concentration of released salicin was monitored at various time intervals in a phosphate buffer (PBS) at pH 5.5 using HPLC. The linear regression analysis for the calibration graph showed a good linear relationship (R2 = 0.9996) in the working concentration range of 5-205 mg/dm3. Notably, the release of SAL reached its peak after 20 min. Furthermore, the introduction of HA caused changes in the films' morphology, but their roughness remained largely unchanged. The results obtained were compared, indicating that the release of SAL in the CS mixture films is sufficient for diverse applications, including wound-healing materials and cosmetic beauty masks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Lewandowska
- Department of Biomaterials and Cosmetic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Gagarin 7 Street, 87-100 Torun, Poland;
| | - Alina Sionkowska
- Department of Biomaterials and Cosmetic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Gagarin 7 Street, 87-100 Torun, Poland;
| | - Marzanna Kurzawa
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Gagarin 7 Street, 87-100 Torun, Poland;
| |
Collapse
|