1
|
Guo X, Zhang M, Li Y, Ding Z, Liu M, Li W, Peng Y, Zheng J. CYP3A4-Mediated Metabolic Activation and Cytotoxicity of Chlortoluron. Chem Res Toxicol 2024; 37:1104-1112. [PMID: 38885202 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.3c00351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Chlortoluron (CTU) is an herbicide extensively used in agricultural settings for crop cultivation. Its presence in water has been identified as a pollutant detrimental to aquatic species. The objective of the present study was to explore the metabolic activation and hepatotoxicity of CTU. Through human and rat liver microsomal incubations supplemented with CTU, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH), and either glutathione or N-acetyl cysteine, a benzylic alcohol metabolite (M1) was discerned, alongside a phenol metabolite (M2), a glutathione conjugate (M3), and an N-acetyl cysteine conjugate (M4). In rats exposed to CTU, biliary M3 and urinary M4 were detected in their bile and urine, respectively. The generation of M1 was detected in the presence of NADPH. The observation of M3 and M4 suggests the formation of an iminoquinone methide intermediate arising from the oxidation of M1. CYP3A4 was found to be the principal enzyme catalyzing the metabolic activation of CTU. Furthermore, CTU exhibited cytotoxic properties in cultured rat primary hepatocytes in a concentration-dependent pattern. Concomitant treatment of hepatocytes with ketoconazole mitigated their susceptibility to the cytotoxic effects of CTU.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Guo
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P. R. China
| | - Mingyu Zhang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P. R. China
| | - Ya Li
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P. R. China
| | - Zifang Ding
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P. R. China
| | - Minglu Liu
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P. R. China
| | - Weiwei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P. R. China
| | - Ying Peng
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P. R. China
| | - Jiang Zheng
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution, Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Alsibaee AM, Aljohar HI, Attwa MW, Abdelhameed AS, Kadi AA. Ion Trap LC/MS reveals the generation of reactive intermediates in acalabrutinib metabolism: phase I metabolic profiling and bioactivation pathways elucidation. RSC Adv 2024; 14:16170-16193. [PMID: 38769961 PMCID: PMC11103460 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra01201a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Acalabrutinib (CALQUENCE; ACB) is a Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitor (BTKI) used to treat mantle cell lymphoma, small lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL), and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). On 21 November 2019, ACB was approved by the U.S. FDA for the use as a single therapy for the treatment of CLL/SLL. In silico studies were first done to propose vulnerable sites of metabolism and reactivity pathways by StarDrop software and Xenosite online software; respectively. ACB metabolites and stable adducts were characterized in vitro from rat liver microsomes (RLMs) using Ion Trap LC/MS. Generation of reactive intermediates (RIs) in the in vitro metabolism of ACB was investigated using glutathione, potassium cyanide, and methoxylamine as trapping nucleophiles for the RIs including iminopyridinone, iminium, and aldehyde, respectively, to form stable adducts that can be identified and characterized by Ion Trap LC/MS. Five phase I metabolites, seven 6-iminopyridin-3(6H)-one and five aldehyde RIs of ACB were identified. Based on literature reviews, the generation of RIs of ACB, and the subsequent drug-induced organ toxicity (DIOT) reactions may provide an explanation of ACB ADRs. Additional drug discovery investigations can be performed to facilitate the creation of novel medications with improved safety characteristics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aishah M Alsibaee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University Riyadh Saudi Arabia
| | - Haya I Aljohar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University Riyadh Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed W Attwa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University Riyadh Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali S Abdelhameed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University Riyadh Saudi Arabia
| | - Adnan A Kadi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University Riyadh Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Alsibaee AM, Aljohar HI, Attwa MW, Abdelhameed AS, Kadi AA. Investigation of Fenebrutinib Metabolism and Bioactivation Using MS 3 Methodology in Ion Trap LC/MS. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28104225. [PMID: 37241965 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28104225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Fenebrutinib is an orally available Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitor. It is currently in multiple phase III clinical trials for the management of B-cell tumors and autoimmune disorders. Elementary in-silico studies were first performed to predict susceptible sites of metabolism and structural alerts for toxicities by StarDrop WhichP450™ module and DEREK software; respectively. Fenebrutinib metabolites and adducts were characterized in-vitro in rat liver microsomes (RLM) using MS3 method in Ion Trap LC-MS/MS. Formation of reactive and unstable intermediates was explored using potassium cyanide (KCN), glutathione (GSH) and methoxylamine as trapping nucleophiles to capture the transient and unstable iminium, 6-iminopyridin-3(6H)-one and aldehyde intermediates, respectively, to generate a stable adducts that can be investigated and analyzed using mass spectrometry. Ten phase I metabolites, four cyanide adducts, five GSH adducts and six methoxylamine adducts of fenebrutinib were identified. The proposed metabolic reactions involved in formation of these metabolites are hydroxylation, oxidation of primary alcohol to aldehyde, n-oxidation, and n-dealkylation. The mechanism of reactive intermediate formation of fenebrutinib can provide a justification of the cause of its adverse effects. Formation of iminium, iminoquinone and aldehyde intermediates of fenebrutinib was characterized. N-dealkylation followed by hydroxylation of the piperazine ring is proposed to cause the bioactivation to iminium intermediates captured by cyanide. Oxidation of the hydroxymethyl group on the pyridine moiety is proposed to cause the generation of reactive aldehyde intermediates captures by methoxylamine. N-dealkylation and hydroxylation of the pyridine ring is proposed to cause formation of iminoquinone reactive intermediates captured by glutathione. FBB and several phase I metabolites are bioactivated to fifteen reactive intermediates which might be the cause of adverse effects. In the future, drug discovery experiments utilizing this information could be performed, permitting the synthesis of new drugs with better safety profile. Overall, in silico software and in vitro metabolic incubation experiments were able to characterize the FBB metabolites and reactive intermediates using the multistep fragmentation capability of ion trap mass spectrometry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aishah M Alsibaee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Haya I Aljohar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed W Attwa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali S Abdelhameed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Adnan A Kadi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Shi J, Zhao M, Li K, Zhao Y, Li W, Peng Y, Zheng J. Metabolic Activation and Cytotoxicity of Fungicide Carbendazim Mediated by CYP1A2. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:4092-4101. [PMID: 35316061 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c08144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Carbendazim (CBZ) is a broad-spectrum fungicide widely used in many nations for foliar spray as well as seed and soil treatment. The resulting contamination and environmental pollution have been drawing public attention. In particular, CBZ was reported to cause liver damage in rats and zebrafish, and the mechanisms of its toxicity have not been clarified. The purposes of this study were to investigate the metabolic activation of CBZ and to determine a possible role of the reactive metabolites in CBZ-induced liver injury reported. One oxidative metabolite (M1), one glutathione conjugate (M2), and one N-acetyl cysteine conjugate (M3) were detected in human and rat liver microsomal incubations fortified with glutathione or N-acetyl cysteine after exposure to CBZ. CYP1A2 was the major enzyme responsible for the metabolic activation of CBZ. Biliary M2 and urinary M3 were detected in rats treated with CBZ. CBZ-derived protein adduction was found in cultured rat primary hepatocytes treated with CBZ. The increase of administration concentration intensified not only the cytotoxicity but also protein adduction induced by CBZ, suggesting a correlation of the cytotoxicity with the observed protein modification. The findings facilitate the understanding of the mechanisms of toxic action of CBZ.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junzu Shi
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P. R. China
| | - Min Zhao
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P. R. China
| | - Kaixuan Li
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P. R. China
| | - Yanjia Zhao
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P. R. China
| | - Wei Li
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P. R. China
| | - Ying Peng
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P. R. China
| | - Jiang Zheng
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution, Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Al-Shakliah NS, Kadi AA, Aljohar HI, AlRabiah H, Attwa MW. Profiling of in vivo, in vitro and reactive zorifertinib metabolites using liquid chromatography ion trap mass spectrometry. RSC Adv 2022; 12:20991-21003. [PMID: 35919181 PMCID: PMC9301632 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra02848d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Zorifertinib (AZD-3759; ZFB) is a potent, novel, oral, small molecule used for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). ZFB is Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) inhibitor that is characterized by good permeability of the blood–brain barrier for (NSCLC) patients with EGFR mutations. The present research reports the profiling of in vitro, in vivo and reactive metabolites of ZFB. Prediction of vulnerable metabolic sites and reactivity pathways (cyanide and GSH) of ZFB were performed by WhichP450™ module (StarDrop software package) and XenoSite reactivity model (XenoSite Web Predictor-Home), respectively. ZFB in vitro metabolites were done by incubation with isolated perfused rat liver hepatocytes and rat liver microsomes (RLMs). Extraction of ZFB and its related metabolites from the incubation matrix was done by protein precipitation. In vivo metabolism was performed by giving ZFB (10 mg kg−1) through oral gavage to Sprague Dawley rats that were housed in metabolic cages. Urine was collected at specific time intervals (0, 6, 12, 18, 24, 48, 72, 96 and 120 h) from ZFB dosing. The collected urine samples were filtered then stored at −70 °C. N-Methyl piperazine ring of ZFB undergoes phase I metabolism forming iminium intermediates that were stabilized using potassium cyanide as a trapping agent. Incubation of ZFB with RLMs were performed in the presence of 1.0 mM KCN and 1.0 mM glutathione to check reactive intermediates as it is may be responsible for toxicities associated with ZFB usage. For in vitro metabolites there were six in vitro phase I metabolites, three in vitro phase II metabolites, seven reactive intermediates (four GSH conjugates and three cyano adducts) of ZFB were detected by LC-IT-MS. For in vivo metabolites there were six in vivo phase I and three in vivo phase II metabolites of ZFB were detected by LC-IT-MS. In vitro and in vivo phase I metabolic pathways were N-demethylation, O-demethylation, hydroxylation, reduction, defluorination and dechlorination. In vivo phase II metabolic reaction was direct sulphate and glucuronic acid conjugation with ZFB. Six in vitro phase I metabolites, three in vitro phase II metabolites, seven reactive intermediates (four GSH conjugates and three cyano adducts), six in vivo phase I and three in vivo phase II metabolites of ZFB were detected by LC-IT-MS.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nasser S. Al-Shakliah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Adnan A. Kadi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Haya I. Aljohar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Haitham AlRabiah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed W. Attwa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Chai L, Zhang H, Song R, Yang H, Yu H, Paneth P, Kepp KP, Akamatsu M, Ji L. Precision Biotransformation of Emerging Pollutants by Human Cytochrome P450 Using Computational-Experimental Synergy: A Case Study of Tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) Phosphate. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:14037-14050. [PMID: 34663070 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c03036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Precision biotransformation is an envisioned strategy offering detailed insights into biotransformation pathways in real environmental settings using experimentally guided high-accuracy quantum chemistry. Emerging pollutants, whose metabolites are easily overlooked but may cause idiosyncratic toxicity, are important targets of such a strategy. We demonstrate here that complex metabolic reactions of tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCIPP) catalyzed by human CYP450 enzymes can be mapped via a three-step synergy strategy: (i) screening the possible metabolites via high-throughout (moderate-accuracy) computations; (ii) analyzing the proposed metabolites in vitro by human liver microsomes and recombinant human CYP450 enzymes; and (iii) rationalizing the experimental data via precise mechanisms using high-level targeted computations. Through the bilateral dialogues from qualitative to semi-quantitative to quantitative levels, we show how TDCIPP metabolism especially by CYP3A4 generates bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BDCIPP) as an O-dealkylation metabolite and bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) 3-chloro-1-hydroxy-2-propyl phosphate (alcoholβ-dehalogen) as a dehalogenation/reduction metabolite via the initial rate-determining H-abstraction from αC- and βC-positions. The relative yield ratio [dehalogenation/reduction]/[O-dealkylation] is derived from the relative barriers of H-abstraction at the βC- and αC-positions by CYP3A4, estimated as 0.002 to 0.23, viz., an in vitro measured ratio of 0.04. Importantly, alcoholβ-dehalogen formation points to a new mechanism involving successive oxidation and reduction functions of CYP450, with its precursor aldehydeβ-dehalogen being a key intermediate detected by trapping assays and rationalized by computations. We conclude that the proposed three-step synergy strategy may meet the increasing challenge of elucidating biotransformation mechanisms of substantial synthesized organic compounds in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lihong Chai
- School of Environment Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Daxue Road 1, Xuzhou 221116, China
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Huanni Zhang
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Runqian Song
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Haohan Yang
- School of Environment Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Daxue Road 1, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Haiying Yu
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Piotr Paneth
- Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Zeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Kasper P Kepp
- DTU Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Building 206, Kgs. Lyngby DK-2800, Denmark
| | - Miki Akamatsu
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Li Ji
- School of Environment Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Daxue Road 1, Xuzhou 221116, China
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Osman HM, Tuncbilek M. Entrectinib: A new Selective Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor Approved for the Treatment of Pediatric and Adult Patients with NTRK Fusion-positive, Recurrent or Advanced Solid Tumors. Curr Med Chem 2021; 29:2602-2616. [PMID: 34521321 DOI: 10.2174/0929867328666210914121324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Entrectinib is a highly potent ATP-competitive and selective inhibitor of tyrosine kinases - Trk A B C, ALK, and ROS1. It was developed by Roche and initially approved in Japan in 2019 for the treatment of pediatric and adult patients with NTRK fusion-positive, recurrent, or advanced solid tumors. In August 2019, entrectinib received accelerated approval by the U.S FDA for this indication. It is also the first FDA-approved drug designed to target both NTRK and ROS1. OBJECTIVE We aim to summarize recent studies related to the synthesis, mechanism of action, and clinical trials of the newly approved selective tyrosine kinase inhibitor entrectinib. METHOD We conduct a literature review of the research studies on the new highly-potent small-molecule entrectinib. CONCLUSION Entrectinib, based on three clinical studies (ALKA, STARTRK-1, and STARTRK-2), was well tolerated, with a manageable safety profile. It induced clinically meaningful responses in recurrent or advanced solid tumors associated with NTRK fusion-positive or ROS1+ NSCLC. It demonstrated substantial efficacy in patients with CNS metastases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hind M Osman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, 06100 Ankara. Turkey
| | - Meral Tuncbilek
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, 06100 Ankara. Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Al-Shakliah NS, Attwa MW, AlRabiah H, Kadi AA. Identification and characterization of in vitro, in vivo, and reactive metabolites of tandutinib using liquid chromatography ion trap mass spectrometry. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2021; 13:399-410. [PMID: 33410830 DOI: 10.1039/d0ay02106g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Tandutinib (TND) is a novel, oral small molecule designed for treating acute myeloid leukemia (AML) by inhibiting type III receptor tyrosine kinases. This study reports the use of in silico, in vivo, and in vitro methods to investigate the metabolism and possible metabolic bioactivation of TND. First, in silico metabolism of TND was assessed using the WhichP450™ module of the StarDrop® software to determine labile sites of metabolism in the TND chemical structure. Second, the XenoSite reactivity model, a web-based metabolism prediction software, was used to determine probable bioactive centers. Based on the in silico outcomes, a list of predicted metabolites and reactive intermediates were prepared. Third, in vitro and in vivo experiments were performed. In vitro TND metabolites were generated through incubation of TND with rat liver microsomes (RLMs). Another incubation of TND with RLMs was separately performed in the presence of GSH and KCN to check for the generation of reactive intermediates (soft and hard electrophiles). In vitro phase II metabolism was assessed by incubation of TND with isolated perfused rat hepatocytes. In vivo metabolism was investigated by oral gavage of TND (37 mg kg-1) in Sprague Dawley rats. Five in vitro phase I metabolites, one in vitro phase II and five reactive iminium intermediates (cyano adducts), six in vivo phase I, and one in vivo phase II metabolites of TND were characterized. The in vitro and in vivo metabolic pathways involved were O-dealkylation, α-hydroxylation, α-carbonyl formation, reduction, glucuronide, and sulfate conjugation. No GSH conjugate or its catabolic products were detected either in vitro or in vivo. Two cyclic tertiary rings of TND (piperazine and piperidine) were metabolically bioactivated to generate reactive iminium intermediates forming cyano adducts with KCN. The formed reactive intermediates may be the reason behind TND toxicity. In silico toxicological studies were performed for TND and its related (in vitro and in vivo) metabolites were evaluated using the DEREK software tool.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nasser S Al-Shakliah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abdelhameed AS, Attwa MW, Kadi AA. Characterization of Stable and Reactive Metabolites of the Anticancer Drug, Ensartinib, in Human Liver Microsomes Using LC-MS/MS: An in silico and Practical Bioactivation Approach. Drug Des Devel Ther 2020; 14:5259-5273. [PMID: 33299299 PMCID: PMC7721118 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s274018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ensartinib (ESB) is a novel anaplastic lymphoma kinase inhibitor (ALK) with additional activity against Abelson murine leukemia (ABL), met proto-oncogene (MET), receptor tyrosine kinase (AXL), and v-ros UR2 sarcoma virus oncogene homolog 1 (ROS1) and is considered a safer alternative for other ALK inhibitors. ESB chemical structure contains a dichloro-fluorophenyl ring and cyclic tertiary amine rings (piperazine) that can be bioactivated generating reactive intermediates. METHODS In vitro metabolic study of ESB with human liver microsomes (HLMs) was performed and the hypothesis of generating reactive intermediates during metabolism was tested utilizing trapping agents to capture and stabilize reactive intermediates to facilitate their LC-MS/MS detection. Reduced glutathione (GSH) and potassium cyanide (KCN) were utilized as trapping agents for quinone methide and iminium intermediates, respectively. RESULTS Four in vitro ESB phase I metabolites were characterized. Three reactive intermediates including one epoxide and one iminium intermediates were characterized. ESB bioactivation is proposed to occur through unexpected metabolic pathways. The piperazine ring was bioactivated through iminium ions intermediates generation, while the dichloro-phenyl group was bioactivated through a special mechanism that was revealed by LC-MS/MS. CONCLUSION These findings lay the foundations for additional work on ESB toxicity. Substituents to the bioactive centers (piperazine ring), either for blocking or isosteric replacement, would likely block or interrupt hydroxylation reaction that will end the bioactivation sequence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ali S Abdelhameed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed W Attwa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Adnan A Kadi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Schleiff MA, Flynn NR, Payakachat S, Schleiff BM, Pinson AO, Province DW, Swamidass SJ, Boysen G, Miller GP. Significance of Multiple Bioactivation Pathways for Meclofenamate as Revealed through Modeling and Reaction Kinetics. Drug Metab Dispos 2020; 49:133-141. [PMID: 33239334 PMCID: PMC7841419 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.120.000254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Meclofenamate is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug used in the treatment of mild-to-moderate pain yet poses a rare risk of hepatotoxicity through an unknown mechanism. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) bioactivation is a common molecular initiating event for hepatotoxicity. Thus, we hypothesized a similar mechanism for meclofenamate and leveraged computational and experimental approaches to identify and characterize its bioactivation. Analyses employing our XenoNet model indicated possible pathways to meclofenamate bioactivation into 19 reactive metabolites subsequently trapped into glutathione adducts. We describe the first reported bioactivation kinetics for meclofenamate and relative importance of those pathways using human liver microsomes. The findings validated only four of the many bioactivation pathways predicted by modeling. For experimental studies, dansyl glutathione was a critical trap for reactive quinone metabolites and provided a way to characterize adduct structures by mass spectrometry and quantitate yields during reactions. Of the four quinone adducts, we were able to characterize structures for three of them. Based on kinetics, the most efficient bioactivation pathway led to the monohydroxy para-quinone-imine followed by the dechloro-ortho-quinone-imine. Two very inefficient pathways led to the dihydroxy ortho-quinone and a likely multiply adducted quinone. When taken together, bioactivation pathways for meclofenamate accounted for approximately 13% of total metabolism. In sum, XenoNet facilitated prediction of reactive metabolite structures, whereas quantitative experimental studies provided a tractable approach to validate actual bioactivation pathways for meclofenamate. Our results provide a foundation for assessing reactive metabolite load more accurately for future comparative studies with other NSAIDs and drugs in general.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mary Alexandra Schleiff
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (M.A.S, G.P.M.) and Environmental and Occupational Health (G.B.), University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arizona (M.A.S.); Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri (N.R.F., S.J.S.); Department of Chemistry, Hendrix College, Conway, Arizona (S.P.); and Independent Researcher (B.M.S.) and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry (A.O.P., D.W.P.), Harding University, Searcy, Arkansas
| | - Noah R Flynn
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (M.A.S, G.P.M.) and Environmental and Occupational Health (G.B.), University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arizona (M.A.S.); Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri (N.R.F., S.J.S.); Department of Chemistry, Hendrix College, Conway, Arizona (S.P.); and Independent Researcher (B.M.S.) and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry (A.O.P., D.W.P.), Harding University, Searcy, Arkansas
| | - Sasin Payakachat
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (M.A.S, G.P.M.) and Environmental and Occupational Health (G.B.), University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arizona (M.A.S.); Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri (N.R.F., S.J.S.); Department of Chemistry, Hendrix College, Conway, Arizona (S.P.); and Independent Researcher (B.M.S.) and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry (A.O.P., D.W.P.), Harding University, Searcy, Arkansas
| | - Benjamin Mark Schleiff
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (M.A.S, G.P.M.) and Environmental and Occupational Health (G.B.), University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arizona (M.A.S.); Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri (N.R.F., S.J.S.); Department of Chemistry, Hendrix College, Conway, Arizona (S.P.); and Independent Researcher (B.M.S.) and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry (A.O.P., D.W.P.), Harding University, Searcy, Arkansas
| | - Anna O Pinson
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (M.A.S, G.P.M.) and Environmental and Occupational Health (G.B.), University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arizona (M.A.S.); Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri (N.R.F., S.J.S.); Department of Chemistry, Hendrix College, Conway, Arizona (S.P.); and Independent Researcher (B.M.S.) and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry (A.O.P., D.W.P.), Harding University, Searcy, Arkansas
| | - Dennis W Province
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (M.A.S, G.P.M.) and Environmental and Occupational Health (G.B.), University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arizona (M.A.S.); Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri (N.R.F., S.J.S.); Department of Chemistry, Hendrix College, Conway, Arizona (S.P.); and Independent Researcher (B.M.S.) and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry (A.O.P., D.W.P.), Harding University, Searcy, Arkansas
| | - S Joshua Swamidass
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (M.A.S, G.P.M.) and Environmental and Occupational Health (G.B.), University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arizona (M.A.S.); Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri (N.R.F., S.J.S.); Department of Chemistry, Hendrix College, Conway, Arizona (S.P.); and Independent Researcher (B.M.S.) and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry (A.O.P., D.W.P.), Harding University, Searcy, Arkansas
| | - Gunnar Boysen
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (M.A.S, G.P.M.) and Environmental and Occupational Health (G.B.), University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arizona (M.A.S.); Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri (N.R.F., S.J.S.); Department of Chemistry, Hendrix College, Conway, Arizona (S.P.); and Independent Researcher (B.M.S.) and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry (A.O.P., D.W.P.), Harding University, Searcy, Arkansas
| | - Grover P Miller
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (M.A.S, G.P.M.) and Environmental and Occupational Health (G.B.), University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arizona (M.A.S.); Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri (N.R.F., S.J.S.); Department of Chemistry, Hendrix College, Conway, Arizona (S.P.); and Independent Researcher (B.M.S.) and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry (A.O.P., D.W.P.), Harding University, Searcy, Arkansas
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Mehta L, Grover P, Naved T, Mukherjee D. Metabolite Detection and Profiling Using Analytical Methods. CURR PHARM ANAL 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1573412915666190906142536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
To develop effective and safe drugs and to take them to the market in short period of time is
the mission of pharmaceutical research companies. A selection of few of the lead compounds are done
for the evaluation of safety and their ADMET (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicology)
properties are tested in in-vitro (test systems), in-vivo (living organisms) and in-silico (computational
methods). From initial stages to final stages of modern drug discovery processes, the vital tool
for detecting and characterizing metabolites is MS (Mass spectrometry) hyphenated with other techniques.
The methods used for generation of metabolites are in vitro techniques and cell lines (containing
expressing drug metabolizing enzymes and heterologous genes). The use of HPLC-MS/UPLC-MS
and high resolution MS, enables the in depth metabolite detection and profiling studies and it may also
be likely to identify and characterize the site and types of biotransformation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Parul Grover
- KIET School of Pharmacy, KIET Institute, Ghaziabad, India
| | - Tanveer Naved
- Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University, Noida, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abdelhameed AS, Attwa MW, Kadi AA. Identification of Iminium Intermediates Generation in the Metabolism of Tepotinib Using LC-MS/MS: In Silico and Practical Approaches to Bioactivation Pathway Elucidation. Molecules 2020; 25:E5004. [PMID: 33126762 PMCID: PMC7663698 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25215004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tepotinib (Tepmetko™, Merck) is a potent inhibitor of c-Met (mesenchymal-epithelial transition factor). In March 2020, tepotinib (TEP) was approved for use in Japan for the treatment of patients who suffered from non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC) harboring an MET exon 14 skipping alteration and have progressed after platinum-based therapy. Practical and in silico experiments were used to screen for the metabolic profile and reactive intermediates of TEP. Knowing the bioactive center and structural alerts in the TEP structure helped in making targeted modifications to improve its safety. First, the prediction of metabolism vulnerable sites and reactivity metabolic pathways was performed using the StarDrop WhichP450™ module and the online Xenosite reactivity predictor tool, respectively. Subsequently, in silico data were used as a guide for the in vitro practical work. Second, in vitro phase I metabolites of TEP were generated from human liver microsome (HLM) incubations. Testing for the generation of unstable reactive intermediates was performed using potassium cyanide as a capturing agent forming stable cyano adduct that can be characterized and identified using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Third, in silico toxicity assessment of TEP metabolites was performed, and structural modification was proposed to decrease their side effects and to validate the proposed bioactivation pathway using the DEREK software. Four TEP phase I metabolites and four cyano adducts were characterized. The reactive intermediate generation mechanism of TEP may provide an explanation of its adverse reactions. The piperidine ring is considered a structural alert for toxicity as proposed by the DEREK software and a Xenosite reactivity model, which was confirmed by practical experiments. Steric hindrance or isosteric replacement at α-carbon of the piperidine ring stop the bioactivation sequence that was confirmed using the DEREK software. More drug discovery studies can be performed using this perception permitting the design of new drugs with an increased safety profile. To our knowledge, this is the first study for the identification of in vitro phase I metabolites and reactive intermediates in addition to toxicological properties of the metabolites for TEP that will be helpful for the evaluation of TEP side effects and drug-drug interactions in TEP-treated patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ali S. Abdelhameed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (M.W.A.); (A.A.K.)
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Alhoshani A, Alanazi FE, Alotaibi MR, Attwa MW, Kadi AA, Aldhfyan A, Akhtar S, Hourani S, Agouni A, Zeidan A, Korashy HM. EGFR Inhibitor Gefitinib Induces Cardiotoxicity through the Modulation of Cardiac PTEN/Akt/FoxO3a Pathway and Reactive Metabolites Formation: In Vivo and in Vitro Rat Studies. Chem Res Toxicol 2020; 33:1719-1728. [PMID: 32370496 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.0c00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Gefitinib (GEF) is a selective inhibitor of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) used to treat non-small cell lung cancer. Yet, few cases of cardiotoxicity have been reported. However, the role of the PTEN/Akt/FoxO3a pathway, which mediates GEF anticancer activity, in GEF cardiotoxicity remains unclear. For this purpose, in vitro H9c2 cells and in vivo rat cardiomyocytes were utilized as study models. Treatment of H9c2 cells and Sprague-Dawley rats with GEF significantly induced the expression of hypertrophic and apoptotic markers at mRNA and protein levels with an increased plasma level of troponin. This was accompanied by induction of autophagy and mitochondrial dysfunction in H9c2 cells. Inhibition of cardiac EGFR activity and Akt cellular content of in vitro and in vivo rat cardiomyocytes by GEF increased PTEN and FoxO3a gene expression and cellular content. Importantly, treatment of H9c2 cells with PI3K/Akt inhibitor increased PTEN and FoxO3a mRNA expression associated with potentiation of GEF cardiotoxicity. In addition, by using LC-MS/MS, we showed that GEF is metabolized in the rat heart microsomes into one cyanide- and two methoxylamine-adduct reactive metabolites, where their formation was entirely blocked by CYP1A1 inhibitor, α-naphthoflavone. The current study concludes that GEF induces cardiotoxicity through modulating the expression and function of the cardiac PTEN/AKT/FoxO3a pathway and the formation of CYP1A1-mediated reactive metabolites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Alhoshani
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fawaz E Alanazi
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.,Security Forces Hospital Program, P.O. Box 3643, Riyadh 11481, Saudi Arabia
| | - Moureq R Alotaibi
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed W Attwa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.,Students' University Hospital, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Adnan A Kadi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Aldhfyan
- Stem Cell & Tissue Re-Engineering, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sabah Akhtar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, QU Health, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Shireen Hourani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, QU Health, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Abdelali Agouni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, QU Health, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Asad Zeidan
- College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Hesham M Korashy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, QU Health, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Ousji O, Ohlund L, Sleno L. Comprehensive In Vitro Metabolism Study of Bisphenol A Using Liquid Chromatography-High Resolution Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Chem Res Toxicol 2020; 33:1468-1477. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.0c00042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ons Ousji
- Chemistry Department, Université du Québec à Montréal, P.O. Box 8888, Downtown Station, Montréal, H3C 3P8 Québec, Canada
| | - Leanne Ohlund
- Chemistry Department, Université du Québec à Montréal, P.O. Box 8888, Downtown Station, Montréal, H3C 3P8 Québec, Canada
| | - Lekha Sleno
- Chemistry Department, Université du Québec à Montréal, P.O. Box 8888, Downtown Station, Montréal, H3C 3P8 Québec, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Alsubi TA, Attwa MW, Bakheit AH, Darwish HW, Abuelizz HA, Kadi AA. In silico and in vitro metabolism of ribociclib: a mass spectrometric approach to bioactivation pathway elucidation and metabolite profiling. RSC Adv 2020; 10:22668-22683. [PMID: 35514564 PMCID: PMC9054585 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra01624a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ribociclib (RBC, Kisqali®) is a highly selective CDK4/6 inhibitor that has been approved for breast cancer therapy. Initially, prediction of susceptible sites of metabolism and reactivity pathways were performed by the StarDrop WhichP450™ module and the Xenosite web predictor tool, respectively. Later, in vitro metabolites and adducts of RBC were characterized from rat liver microsomes using LC-MS/MS. Subsequently, in silico data was used as a guide for the in vitro work. Finally, in silico toxicity assessment of RBC metabolites was carried out using DEREK software and structural modification was proposed to reduce their side effects and to validate the bioactivation pathway theory using the StarDrop DEREK module. In vitro phase I metabolic profiling of RBC was performed utilizing rat liver microsomes (RLMs). Generation of reactive metabolites was investigated using potassium cyanide (KCN) as a trapping nucleophile for the transient and reactive iminium intermediates to form a stable cyano adduct that can be identified and characterized using mass spectrometry. Nine phase I metabolites and one cyano adduct of RBC were characterized. The proposed metabolic pathways involved in generation of these metabolites are hydroxylation, oxidation and reduction. The reactive intermediate generation mechanism of RBC may provide an explanation of its adverse reactions. Aryl piperazine is considered a structural alert for toxicity as proposed by the DEREK report. We propose that the generation of only one reactive metabolite of RBC in a very small concentration is due to the decreased reactivity of the piperazine ring compared to previous reports of similar drugs. Docking analysis was performed for RBC and its proposed derivatives at the active site of the human CDK6 enzyme. Methyl-RBC exhibited the best ADMET and docking analysis and fewer side effects compared to RBC and fluoro-RBC. Further drug discovery studies can be conducted taking into account this concept allowing the development of new drugs with enhanced safety profiles that were confirmed by using StarDrop software. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first literature report of RBCin vitro metabolic profiling and structural characterization and toxicological properties of the generated metabolites. Nine phase I metabolites and one product of KCN trapping of RBC were characterized. Aryl piperazine is considered a structural alert for toxicity as proposed by the DEREK report. Methyl-RBC exhibited less toxicity and more binding affinity to CDK6.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thamer A. Alsubi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- College of Pharmacy
- King Saud University
- Riyadh
- Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed W. Attwa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- College of Pharmacy
- King Saud University
- Riyadh
- Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed H. Bakheit
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- College of Pharmacy
- King Saud University
- Riyadh
- Saudi Arabia
| | - Hany W. Darwish
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- College of Pharmacy
- King Saud University
- Riyadh
- Saudi Arabia
| | - Hatem A. Abuelizz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- College of Pharmacy
- King Saud University
- Riyadh
- Saudi Arabia
| | - Adnan A. Kadi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- College of Pharmacy
- King Saud University
- Riyadh
- Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Attwa MW, Kadi AA, Abdelhameed AS. Phase I metabolic profiling and unexpected reactive metabolites in human liver microsome incubations of X-376 using LC-MS/MS: bioactivation pathway elucidation and in silico toxicity studies of its metabolites. RSC Adv 2020; 10:5412-5427. [PMID: 35498318 PMCID: PMC9049494 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra09115g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolites of X-376 were characterized by LC-MS/MS. Pyridazine ring and dichloro-phenyl groups were bioactivated by novel pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed W. Attwa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- College of Pharmacy
- King Saud University
- Riyadh 11451
- Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Adnan A. Kadi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- College of Pharmacy
- King Saud University
- Riyadh 11451
- Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali S. Abdelhameed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- College of Pharmacy
- King Saud University
- Riyadh 11451
- Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Al-Shakliah NS, Attwa MW, Kadi AA, AlRabiah H. Identification and characterization of in silico, in vivo, in vitro, and reactive metabolites of infigratinib using LC-ITMS: bioactivation pathway elucidation and in silico toxicity studies of its metabolites. RSC Adv 2020; 10:16231-16244. [PMID: 35498820 PMCID: PMC9052791 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra10871h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Infigratinib (INF) is a novel, small molecule that is orally administered to inhibit human fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs), which are a family of receptor tyrosine kinases that may be upregulated in different tumor cell types. On 6 January 2020, the FDA granted fast track designation to INF for first-line treatment of cholangiocarcinoma. Prediction of susceptible sites of metabolism and reactivity pathways (cyanide and GSH) for INF was performed by the Xenosite web predictor tool. Then, we report the characterization and identification of in vitro, in vivo, and reactive intermediates of INF using liquid chromatography ion trap mass spectrometry (LC-ITMS). Finally, an in silico toxicity assessment of INF metabolites was carried out using the StarDrop DEREK module showing structural alerts. Rat liver microsomes (RLMs) and isolated perfused rat liver hepatocytes were incubated with INF in vitro and the generated metabolites were collected by protein precipitation. In vivo metabolism was evaluated by time-course urine sampling from Sprague-Dawley rats administered a single INF oral dose. A similar volume of acetonitrile was added to each collected urine sample and both organic and aqueous layers were analyzed by LC-ITMS to detect in vivo INF metabolites. N-Ethyl piperazine rings and benzene at part A of the INF structure are metabolized to form iminium and 1,4-benzoquinone, respectively, which are very reactive toward nucleophilic macromolecules. Incubation of INF with RLMs in the presence of 1.0 mM KCN and 1.0 mM glutathione was used to evaluate reactive metabolites potentially responsible for toxicities associated with INF. There were seven in vitro phase I metabolites, three in vitro phase II metabolites, three cyano adducts, and three GSH conjugate metabolites of INF detected by LC-ITMS. In vivo INF metabolites identified included four in vivo phase I and three in vivo phase II metabolites. In vitro and in vivo phase I metabolic pathways included N-dealkylation, N-demethylation, O-demethylation, hydroxylation, and dechlorination, while the in vivo phase II metabolic reaction was a direct conjugation of INF with glucuronic acid and sulphate. An in silico web designer tool was utilized to guide laboratory work for infigratinib metabolism. Sixteen metabolites of infigratinib and seven reactive intermediates (three iminium ions and four 1,4 benzoquinones) were characterized using LC-ITMS.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nasser S. Al-Shakliah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- College of Pharmacy
- King Saud University
- Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
| | - Mohamed W. Attwa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- College of Pharmacy
- King Saud University
- Saudi Arabia
- Students' University Hospital
| | - Adnan A. Kadi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- College of Pharmacy
- King Saud University
- Saudi Arabia
| | - Haitham AlRabiah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- College of Pharmacy
- King Saud University
- Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Attwa MW, Kadi AA, Abdelhameed AS. Detection and characterization of olmutinib reactive metabolites by LC-MS/MS: Elucidation of bioactivation pathways. J Sep Sci 2019; 43:708-718. [PMID: 31788977 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201900818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Olmutinib (Olita™) is an orally bioavailable third generation epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Olmutinib was approved in South Korea in May 2016 for the treatment of patients suffering from locally advanced or metastatic epidermal growth factor receptor T790M mutation-positive non-small cell lung cancer. Reactive olmutinib intermediates may be responsible for the severe side effects associated with the treatment. However, literature review revealed no previous reports on the structural identification of reactive olmutinib metabolites. In this work, the formation of reactive olmutinib metabolites in rat liver microsomes was investigated. Methoxylamine, glutathione, and potassium cyanide were used as capturing agents for aldehyde, iminoquinones, and iminium intermediates, respectively. The stable complexes formed were identified using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The major phase I metabolic pathway observed in vitro was hydroxylation of the piperazine ring. Seven potential reactive intermediates were characterized, including three iminium ions, three iminoquinones, and one aldehyde. Based on the findings, various bioactivation pathways were postulated. Hence, identifying the reactive intermediates of olmutinib that may be the cause of severe side effects can provide new insights, leading to improved treatments for patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed W Attwa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Students' University Hospital, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Adnan A Kadi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali S Abdelhameed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Chu S, Letcher RJ. In vitro metabolic activation of triphenyl phosphate leading to the formation of glutathione conjugates by rat liver microsomes. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 237:124474. [PMID: 31377596 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigated the metabolism of the flame retardant and plasticizer chemical, triphenyl phosphate (TPHP), in a rat liver microsome-based in vitro assay with glutathione (GSH) in order to elucidate metabolic pathways leading to formation of conjugates. A highly sensitive and efficient method was developed for the detection and characterization of GSH reactive metabolites using LC-Q-TOF-MS/MS both in the negative and positive electrospray ionization modes. Seven GSH conjugates formed as a result of microsomal incubation, which were identified as S-conjugates based on MS/MS spectra, and confirmed by subsequent time-dependent incubation assays. With the exception of hydrolysis reactions leading to formation of a diester metabolite, diphenyl phosphate (DPHP), the results demonstrated that Phase I epoxidation on phenyl ring of TPHP leading to mono- and di-hydroxylated TPHP metabolites, which can further conjugate with GSH. Depending on hydroxylated TPHP formation, an o-hydroquinone intermediate formed in vitro via Phase I metabolism, and the o-benzoquinone form reacted with GSH and also formed GSH conjugates. The present study showed that via hydroxylated TPHP Phase I formation that GSH conjugates are important Phase II metabolites for TPHP metabolism in vitro. Some GSH conjugates may be valuable candidate biomarkers for monitoring TPHP exposure in biota.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaogang Chu
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Wildlife and Landscape Science Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0H3, Canada
| | - Robert J Letcher
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Wildlife and Landscape Science Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0H3, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Abdelhameed AS, Attwa MW, Kadi AA. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry metabolic profiling of nazartinib reveals the formation of unexpected reactive metabolites. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2019; 6:190852. [PMID: 31598253 PMCID: PMC6731747 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.190852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Nazartinib (EGF816, NZB) is a promising third-generation human epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor. This novel irreversible mutant-selective EGFR inhibitor targets EGFR containing both the resistance mutation (T790M) and the activating mutations (L858R and Del19), while it does not affect wild-type EGFR. However, the metabolic pathway and bioactivation mechanisms of NZB are still unexplored. Thus, using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, we screened for products of NZB metabolism formed in vitro by human liver microsomal preparations and investigated the formation of reactive intermediates using potassium cyanide as a nucleophile trap. Unexpectedly, the azepane ring was not bioactivated. Instead, the carbon atom between the aliphatic linear tertiary amine and electron-withdrawing system (butenoyl amide group) was bioactivated, generating iminium intermediates as reactive species. Six NZB phase I metabolites, formed by hydroxylation, oxidation and N-demethylation, were characterized. Moreover, two reactive iminium ions were characterized and their corresponding bioactivation mechanisms were proposed. Based on our results, we speculate that bioactivation of NZB can be blocked by small sterically hindering groups, isosteric replacement or a spacer. This approach might reduce the toxicity of NZB by avoiding the generation of reactive species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ali S. Abdelhameed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, PO Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed W. Attwa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, PO Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Students’ University Hospital, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Adnan A. Kadi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, PO Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Abdelhameed AS, Attwa MW, Kadi AA. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry metabolic profiling of nazartinib reveals the formation of unexpected reactive metabolites. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2019. [PMID: 31598253 DOI: 10.5061/dryad.j5m8h10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Nazartinib (EGF816, NZB) is a promising third-generation human epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor. This novel irreversible mutant-selective EGFR inhibitor targets EGFR containing both the resistance mutation (T790M) and the activating mutations (L858R and Del19), while it does not affect wild-type EGFR. However, the metabolic pathway and bioactivation mechanisms of NZB are still unexplored. Thus, using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, we screened for products of NZB metabolism formed in vitro by human liver microsomal preparations and investigated the formation of reactive intermediates using potassium cyanide as a nucleophile trap. Unexpectedly, the azepane ring was not bioactivated. Instead, the carbon atom between the aliphatic linear tertiary amine and electron-withdrawing system (butenoyl amide group) was bioactivated, generating iminium intermediates as reactive species. Six NZB phase I metabolites, formed by hydroxylation, oxidation and N-demethylation, were characterized. Moreover, two reactive iminium ions were characterized and their corresponding bioactivation mechanisms were proposed. Based on our results, we speculate that bioactivation of NZB can be blocked by small sterically hindering groups, isosteric replacement or a spacer. This approach might reduce the toxicity of NZB by avoiding the generation of reactive species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ali S Abdelhameed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, PO Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed W Attwa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, PO Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Students' University Hospital, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Adnan A Kadi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, PO Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Attwa MW, Kadi AA, Darwish HW. Belizatinib: Novel reactive intermediates and bioactivation pathways characterized by LC-MS/MS. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2019; 171:132-147. [PMID: 30999224 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2019.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Belizatinib (BZB; TSR-011) is a next-generation anaplastic lymphoma kinase inhibitor that also inhibits tropomyosin-related kinases A/B/C. In this in-vitro study, we examined the formation of reactive metabolites from BZB using rat liver microsomes or human liver microsomes in the presence of a trapping agent (potassium cyanide) to generate iminium reactive intermediates. Identification of the in vitro BZB metabolites indicated that the major in-vitro metabolic reaction involved hydroxylation of the piperidine moiety. We identified eight in-vitro phase I metabolites and three iminium reactive intermediates, suggesting two possible BZB-bioactivation pathways. We propose that the tertiary nitrogen in the piperidine ring activates the attached benzyl carbon in addition to the two α carbons inside the ring. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the structural identification of reactive metabolites derived from BZB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed W Attwa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; Students' University Hospital, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt.
| | - Adnan A Kadi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hany W Darwish
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini St., Cairo 11562, Egypt.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Attwa MW, Kadi AA, AlRabiah H, Darwish HW. Reactive intermediates in naquotinib metabolism identified by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry: phase I metabolic profiling. RSC Adv 2019; 9:10211-10225. [PMID: 35520926 PMCID: PMC9062305 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra00224c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are very efficient for the treatment of EGFR-mutated lung cancer and show improved therapeutic efficacy. However, treatment with both first- and second-generation TKIs results in acquired resistance and is related to various toxicities; the EGFR T790M mutation has been associated with this resistance. Naquotinib (ASP8273, NQT) is a novel third-generation epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor that has been shown to be more potent than osimertinib in the management of L858R plus T790M mutations. However, its bioactivation may occur and promote the formation of reactive electrophiles that are toxic. We hypothesize that these reactive intermediates are potentially involved in the side effects of NQT. Reactive metabolites are often formed by phase I metabolic reactions and cannot be characterized directly as they are transient in nature. Using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), we screened for in vitro metabolites of NQT formed during incubation with human liver microsomes and evaluated the generation of reactive electrophiles using capturing agents, such as methoxyamine and potassium cyanide, as nucleophiles that form stable adducts for identification by LC-MS/MS. Eight NQT phase I metabolites were found that had been formed by N-demethylation, oxidation, hydroxylation, and reduction. In addition, three reactive electrophiles, two aldehydes, and one iminium ion were identified, and the corresponding bioactivation mechanisms were proposed. The reported side effects of NQT may be related to the generation of reactive metabolites. Based on a literature review, this may be the first study of in vitro phase I metabolites, detailed structural characterizations, and NQT reactive intermediates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed W Attwa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University P. O. Box 2457 Riyadh 11451 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia +966 1146 76 220 +966 1146 77343
- Students' University Hospital, Mansoura University Mansoura 35516 Egypt
| | - Adnan A Kadi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University P. O. Box 2457 Riyadh 11451 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia +966 1146 76 220 +966 1146 77343
| | - Haitham AlRabiah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University P. O. Box 2457 Riyadh 11451 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia +966 1146 76 220 +966 1146 77343
| | - Hany W Darwish
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University P. O. Box 2457 Riyadh 11451 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia +966 1146 76 220 +966 1146 77343
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University Kasr El-Aini St. Cairo 11562 Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Dictamnine-induced hepatotoxicity in mice: the role of metabolic activation of furan. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2019; 364:68-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2018.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 12/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
|
25
|
Kadi AA, Darwish HW, Abuelizz HA, Alsubi TA, Attwa MW. Identification of reactive intermediate formation and bioactivation pathways in Abemaciclib metabolism by LC-MS/MS: in vitro metabolic investigation. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2019; 6:181714. [PMID: 30800400 PMCID: PMC6366225 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.181714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Abemaciclib (Verzenio®) is approved as a tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) for breast cancer treatment. In this study, in vitro phase I metabolic profiling of Abemaciclib (ABC) was done using rat liver microsomes (RLMs). We checked the formation of reactive intermediates in ABC metabolism using RLMs in the presence of potassium cyanide (KCN) that was used as a capturing agent for iminium reactive intermediates forming a stable complex that can be characterized by LC-MS/MS. Nine in vitro phase I metabolites and three cyano adducts were identified. The metabolic reactions involved in the formation of these metabolites and adducts are reduction, oxidation, hydroxylation and cyanide addition. The bioactivation pathway was also proposed. Knowing the electrodeficient bioactive centre in ABC structure helped in making targeted modifications to improve its safety and retain its efficacy. Blocking or isosteric replacement of α-carbon to the tertiary nitrogen atoms of piperazine ring can aid in reducing toxic side effects of ABC. No previous articles were found about in vitro metabolic profiling for ABC or structural identification of the formed reactive metabolites for ABC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adnan A. Kadi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, PO Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hany W. Darwish
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, PO Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini Street, Cairo 11562, Egypt
| | - Hatem A. Abuelizz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, PO Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Thamer A. Alsubi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, PO Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed W. Attwa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, PO Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Attwa MW, Kadi AA. Sapitinib: reactive intermediates and bioactivation pathways characterized by LC-MS/MS. RSC Adv 2019; 9:32995-33006. [PMID: 35529145 PMCID: PMC9073192 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra03926k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Sapitinib is a competitive ATP inhibitor of EGFR and receptor tyrosine-protein kinase (erbB-2). Two cyano and one oxime adducts, and six in vitro metabolites of sapitinib were identified using LC-MS/MS. The bioactivation pathways were characterized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed W. Attwa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- College of Pharmacy
- King Saud University
- Saudi Arabia
- Students' University Hospital
| | - Adnan A. Kadi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- College of Pharmacy
- King Saud University
- Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
AlRabiah H, Kadi AA, Attwa M, Abdelhameed AS, Mostafa GAE. Reactive intermediates in copanlisib metabolism identified by LC-MS/MS: phase I metabolic profiling. RSC Adv 2019; 9:6409-6418. [PMID: 35517257 PMCID: PMC9060959 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra10322d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Copanlisib (CNB; Aliqopa™) is a novel, intravenous phosphoinositide 3-kinase inhibitor used to treat various solid and hematological malignancies. CNB was recently approved by the U.S. FDA to treat adults that relapsed after two preceding systemic therapies. Using LC-MS/MS, we screened for the in vitro metabolites of CNB formed in human liver microsomes (HLMs) and probed for the generation of reactive electrophiles using methoxyamine and potassium cyanide as nucleophiles to capture reactive electrophiles by forming stable adducts that are suitable for identification by LC-MS/MS. Seven CNB phase I metabolites generated by oxidation, hydroxylation, oxidative dealkylation, reduction, and N-oxidation were identified. In addition, four reactive electrophiles, 2 aldehydes and 2 iminium ions, were identified, and a prediction of the corresponding bioactivation mechanism is presented. The formation of reactive metabolites may be associated with the side effects reported for CNB. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the detailed structural characterization of reactive intermediates generated in CNB metabolism. Copanlisib (CNB; Aliqopa™) is a novel, intravenous phosphoinositide 3-kinase inhibitor used to treat various solid and hematological malignancies.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haitham AlRabiah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- College of Pharmacy
- King Saud University
- Riyadh
- Saudi Arabia
| | - Adnan A. Kadi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- College of Pharmacy
- King Saud University
- Riyadh
- Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed W. Attwa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- College of Pharmacy
- King Saud University
- Riyadh
- Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali S. Abdelhameed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- College of Pharmacy
- King Saud University
- Riyadh
- Saudi Arabia
| | - Gamal A. E. Mostafa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- College of Pharmacy
- King Saud University
- Riyadh
- Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Attwa MW, Kadi AA, Abdelhameed AS. Reactive intermediates and bioactivation pathways characterization of avitinib by LC-MS/MS: In vitro metabolic investigation. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 164:659-667. [PMID: 30472584 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Avitinib (AC0010) is a third generation inhibitor of the EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor) that was permitted parallel phase I clinical trials in the US and in 2014. It is estimated to enter in market within two years. In the current study, eight in vitro metabolites were detected and their chemical structures were postulated. The main in vitro phase-I metabolic reaction was N-oxidation in piperazine moiety. The generation of reactive metabolites in avitinib metabolism was investigated using rat liver microsomes while adding capturing agents, viz potassium cyanide for reactive iminium intermediates, GSH for iminoquinones and methoxylamine for aldehyde forming stable adducts which are identifiable by LC-MS/MS. Ten reactive intermediates (four iminoquinones, three iminium and three aldehydes) were characterized. The three capturing agents used resulted in proposing four different bioactivation pathways. Upon literature examination, no former articles were found for avitinib metabolism including the produced reactive metabolites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed W Attwa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457 Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Adnan A Kadi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457 Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali S Abdelhameed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457 Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Attwa M, Kadi AA, Abdelhameed AS. Characterization of reactive intermediates formation in dacomitinib metabolism and bioactivation pathways elucidation by LC-MS/MS: in vitro phase I metabolic investigation. RSC Adv 2018; 8:38733-38744. [PMID: 35558335 PMCID: PMC9090608 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra06709k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Dacomitinib (DCB) is a second generation irreversible tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) that is claimed to overcome the disadvantages of the resistance developed by the first line epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) TKIs. In the current study, metabolites of phase I for DCB were systematically explored. DCB reactive metabolites were also investigated in rat liver microsomes in presence of potassium cyanide or methoxylamine that were employed as capturing agents for iminium reactive intermediates and aldehyde, respectively, to form stable complexes which can be detected by LC-MS/MS. As a result, four in vitro phase I metabolites were observed with major pathway of piperidine ring hydroxylation. Additionally, two potentially reactive intermediates, one aldehyde and one iminium ions were characterized. Two different pathways of bioactivation were ultimately proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed W. Attwa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud UniversityP. O. Box 2457 Riyadh11451Saudi Arabia+966 1146 76 220+966 1146 70237
| | - Adnan A. Kadi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud UniversityP. O. Box 2457 Riyadh11451Saudi Arabia+966 1146 76 220+966 1146 70237
| | - Ali S. Abdelhameed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud UniversityP. O. Box 2457 Riyadh11451Saudi Arabia+966 1146 76 220+966 1146 70237
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Attwa MW, Kadi AA, Darwish HW, Amer SM, Al-shakliah NS. Identification and characterization of in vivo, in vitro and reactive metabolites of vandetanib using LC-ESI-MS/MS. Chem Cent J 2018; 12:99. [PMID: 30251155 PMCID: PMC6768145 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-018-0467-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Vandetanib (Caprelsa tablets, VNT) is an orally inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2. The current research reports the characterization and identification of in vitro, in vivo and reactive intermediates of VNT. In vitro metabolites of VNT were performed by incubation with rat liver microsomes (RLMs). Extraction of vandetanib and its in vitro metabolites from the incubation mixtures were done by protein precipitation. In vivo metabolism was done by giving one oral dose of vandetanib (30.8 mg/kg) to Sprague Dawley rats in metabolic cages by using oral gavage. Urine was gathered then filtered at certain time intervals (0, 6, 12, 18, 24, 48, 72, 96 and 120 h) from vandetanib dosing. A similar volume of ACN was added to each collected urine sample. Both layers (organic and aqueous) were injected into liquid chromatography electro spray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) to detect in vivo vandetanib metabolites. N-methyl piperidine ring of vandetanib is considered a cyclic tertiary amine that undergoes metabolism forming iminium intermediates that are very reactive toward nucleophilic macromolecules. Incubation of vandetanib with RLMs in the presence of 1.0 mM KCN was made to check reactive metabolites as it is usually responsible for noticeable idiosyncratic toxicities including phototoxicity and QT interval prolongation. Four in vivo phase I, one in vivo phase II metabolites, six in vitro phase I metabolites and four cyano conjugates of vandetanib were detected by LC-MS/MS. In vitro and in vivo phase I metabolic reactions were N-oxide formation, N-demethylation, α-carbonyl formation and α-hydroxylation. In vivo phase II metabolic reaction was direct conjugation of vandetanib with glucuronic acid. All metabolic reactions occurred in N-methyl piperidine of vandetanib which causes toxicity and instability of vandetanib.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed W. Attwa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh, 11451 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini St, Cairo, 11562 Egypt
| | - Adnan A. Kadi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh, 11451 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Hany W. Darwish
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh, 11451 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini St, Cairo, 11562 Egypt
| | - Sawsan M. Amer
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini St, Cairo, 11562 Egypt
| | - Nasser S. Al-shakliah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh, 11451 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Attwa MW, Kadi AA, Alrabiah H, Darwish HW. LC-MS/MS reveals the formation of iminium and quinone methide reactive intermediates in entrectinib metabolism: In vivo and in vitro metabolic investigation. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 160:19-30. [PMID: 30055343 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Entrectinib (RXDX-101) is orally available inhibitor of the tyrosine kinases including tropomyosin receptor kinases (Trk) A-C, C-ros oncogene 1 (ROS1) and anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK), with potential antineoplastic activity. Entrectinib (ENB) granted breakthrough designation by FDA for NTRK + Solid tumors. In vitro metabolism of ENB generates quinone methide and iminium reactive intermediates that were captured by potassium cyanide and GSH, respectively forming stable conjugates that were characterized by LC-MS/MS. Seven in vitro ENB metabolites were identified through four metabolic reactions including hydroxylation, N-dealkylation, N-oxidation and reduction. Furthermore, four reactive intermediates including two quinone methide and two iminium ions were detected and the bioactivation mechanisms were supposed. In vivo metabolism of ENB was done by giving single oral dose (35.2 mg/kg) to Sprague Dawley rats. In vivo metabolism generates five phase I metabolites similar to in vitro metabolism except no metabolic reactions were identified on indazole ring. One phase II metabolite was characterized in in vivo metabolism of ENB resulted from glucuronidation of hydroxyl metabolite of ENB. Reporting these data for ENB is very crucial in the development stage. Reviewing literatures revealed the absence of previous articles have been done for the ENB in vitro or in vivo metabolism study or structural characterization of the formed reactive intermediates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed W Attwa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Adnan A Kadi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Haitham Alrabiah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hany W Darwish
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini St., Cairo 11562, Egypt.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Attwa MW, Kadi AA, Darwish HW, Alrabiah H. LC-MS/MS reveals the formation of reactive ortho-quinone and iminium intermediates in saracatinib metabolism: Phase I metabolic profiling. Clin Chim Acta 2018; 482:84-94. [PMID: 29614307 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2018.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Saracatinib (AZD-0530) is a drug under clinical trials that developed by AstraZeneca. It is considered a dual kinase inhibitor, with selective actions as a Src inhibitor and a Bcr-Abl tyrosine-kinase inhibitor. Saracatinib chemical structure contains N-methyl piperazine group and 1,3 benzodioxole group. N-methyl piperazine group that can be bioactivated to form iminium intermediates which can be captured by KCN. 1,3-Benzodioxole group can be bioactivated to form ortho-quinone intermediate that can be conjugated with GSH. The formed conjugates are stable and can be identified using LC-MS/MS. In our current work, we are trying to give insight into the reasons that may be responsible for saracatinib side effects. Using LC-MS/MS, in vitro metabolic pathways were investigated for saracatinib in rat liver microsomes. Ten saracatinib phase I metabolites were characterized and the metabolic pathways were found to be hydroxylation, oxidation, reduction, dealkylation, N-oxidation and ether cleavage. Also, four potential reactive intermediates (three cyanide adducts and one GSH conjugate) were identified and the bioactivation mechanisms were explained. The existence of these four reactive metabolites may be the main reason for observed saracatinib side effects in clinical trials. Literature review showed no previous articles have been proposed the detailed structural identification of the formed reactive metabolites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed W Attwa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Adnan A Kadi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Hany W Darwish
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini St, Cairo 11562, Egypt
| | - Haitham Alrabiah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Kadi AA, Attwa M, Darwish HW. LC-ESI-MS/MS reveals the formation of reactive intermediates in brigatinib metabolism: elucidation of bioactivation pathways. RSC Adv 2018; 8:1182-1190. [PMID: 35540908 PMCID: PMC9077137 DOI: 10.1039/c7ra10533a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Four phase I BGB metabolites and three cyano adducts for BGB were detected using LC-MS/MS. The piperidine ring was found to be responsible for BGB bioactivation and the bioactivation pathways are proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adnan A. Kadi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- College of Pharmacy
- King Saud University
- Riyadh
- Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed W. Attwa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- College of Pharmacy
- King Saud University
- Riyadh
- Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Hany W. Darwish
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- College of Pharmacy
- King Saud University
- Riyadh
- Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Zhuo X, Wang YZ, Yeung KS, Zhu J, Huang XS, Parcella KE, Eastman KJ, Kadow JF, Meanwell NA, Shu YZ, Johnson BM. Bioactivation of cyclopropyl rings by P450: an observation encountered during the optimisation of a series of hepatitis C virus NS5B inhibitors. Xenobiotica 2017; 48:1215-1226. [PMID: 29182424 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2017.1409915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
1. Due to its unique C-C and C-H bonding properties, conformational preferences and relative hydrophilicity, the cyclopropyl ring has been used as a synthetic building block in drug discovery to modulate potency and drug-like properties. During an effort to discover inhibitors of the hepatitis C virus non-structural protein 5B with improved potency and genotype-coverage profiles, the use of a pyrimidinylcyclopropylbenzamide moiety linked to a C6-substituted benzofuran or azabenzofuran core scaffold was explored in an effort to balance antiviral potency and metabolic stability. 2. In vitro metabolism studies of two compounds from this C6-substituted series revealed an NADPH-dependent bioactivation pathway leading to the formation of multiple glutathione (GSH) conjugates. Analysis of these conjugates by LC-MS and NMR demonstrated that the cyclopropyl group was the site of bioactivation. Based on the putative structures and molecular weights of the cyclopropyl-GSH conjugates, a multi-step mechanism was proposed to explain the formation of these metabolites by P450. This mechanism involves hydrogen atom abstraction to form a cyclopropyl radical, followed by a ring opening rearrangement and reaction with GSH. 3. These findings provided important information to the medicinal chemistry team which responded by replacing the cyclopropyl ring with a gem-dimethyl group. Subsequent compounds bearing this feature were shown to avert the bioactivation pathways in question.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoliang Zhuo
- a Departments of Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimisation , Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development , Wallingford , CT , USA and
| | - Ying-Zi Wang
- a Departments of Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimisation , Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development , Wallingford , CT , USA and
| | - Kap-Sun Yeung
- b Discovery Chemistry and Molecular Technologies , Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development , Wallingford , CT , USA
| | - Juliang Zhu
- b Discovery Chemistry and Molecular Technologies , Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development , Wallingford , CT , USA
| | - Xiaohua Stella Huang
- a Departments of Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimisation , Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development , Wallingford , CT , USA and
| | - Kyle E Parcella
- b Discovery Chemistry and Molecular Technologies , Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development , Wallingford , CT , USA
| | - Kyle J Eastman
- b Discovery Chemistry and Molecular Technologies , Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development , Wallingford , CT , USA
| | - John F Kadow
- b Discovery Chemistry and Molecular Technologies , Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development , Wallingford , CT , USA
| | - Nicholas A Meanwell
- b Discovery Chemistry and Molecular Technologies , Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development , Wallingford , CT , USA
| | - Yue-Zhong Shu
- a Departments of Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimisation , Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development , Wallingford , CT , USA and
| | - Benjamin M Johnson
- a Departments of Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimisation , Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development , Wallingford , CT , USA and
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Vrana M, Whittington D, Nautiyal V, Prasad B. Database of Optimized Proteomic Quantitative Methods for Human Drug Disposition-Related Proteins for Applications in Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling. CPT-PHARMACOMETRICS & SYSTEMS PHARMACOLOGY 2017; 6:267-276. [PMID: 28074615 PMCID: PMC5397556 DOI: 10.1002/psp4.12170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Revised: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to create an open access repository of validated liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS) multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) methods for quantifying 284 important proteins associated with drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). Various in silico and experimental approaches were used to select surrogate peptides and optimize instrument parameters for LC‐MS/MS quantification of the selected proteins. The final methods were uploaded to an online public database (QPrOmics; www.qpromics.uw.edu/qpromics/assay/), which provides essential information for facile method development in triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (MS) instruments. To validate the utility of the methods, the differential tissue expression of 107 key ADME proteins was characterized in the tryptic digests of the pooled subcellular fractions of human liver, kidneys, intestines, and lungs. These methods and the data are critical for development of physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models to predict xenobiotic disposition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Vrana
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - D Whittington
- Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - V Nautiyal
- Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, India
| | - B Prasad
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Hsu JY, Shih CL, Liao PC. Exposure Marker Discovery of Phthalates Using Mass Spectrometry. Mass Spectrom (Tokyo) 2017; 6:S0062. [PMID: 28573083 PMCID: PMC5448334 DOI: 10.5702/massspectrometry.s0062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Phthalates are chemicals widely used in industry and the consequences on human health caused by exposure to these agents are of significant interest currently. The urinary metabolites of phthalates can be measured and used as exposure markers for the assessment of the actual internal contamination of phthalates coming from different sources and absorbed by various ways. The purpose of this paper is to review the markers for exposure and risk assessment of phthalates such as di-methyl phthalate (DMP), di-ethyl phthalate (DEP), di-butyl phthalate (DBP), benzylbutyl phthalate (BBP), di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP), di-(2-propylheptyl)phthalate (DPHP), di-iso-nonyl phthalate (DINP), di-n-octyl phthalate (DnOP) and di-iso-decyl phthalate (DIDP), and introduction of the analytical approach of three metabolomics data processing approaches that can be used for chemical exposure marker discovery in urine with high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jen-Yi Hsu
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University
| | - Chia-Lung Shih
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University
| | - Pao-Chi Liao
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Molecular Networking As a Drug Discovery, Drug Metabolism, and Precision Medicine Strategy. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2017; 38:143-154. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2016.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
38
|
Kadi AA, Amer S, Darwish HW, Attwa MW. LC-MS/MS reveals the formation of aldehydes and iminium reactive intermediates in foretinib metabolism: phase I metabolic profiling. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra06341e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Using LC-MS/MS, six phase I foretinib metabolites in addition to four potential reactive metabolites, two aldehydes and two iminium ions, were detected and the bioactivation pathways were proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adnan A. Kadi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- College of Pharmacy
- King Saud University
- Riyadh
- Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Sawsan M. Amer
- Analytical Chemistry Department
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- Cairo University
- Cairo 11562
- Egypt
| | - Hany W. Darwish
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- College of Pharmacy
- King Saud University
- Riyadh
- Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed W. Attwa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- College of Pharmacy
- King Saud University
- Riyadh
- Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
An integrated approach for profiling oxidative metabolites and glutathione adducts using liquid chromatography coupled with ultraviolet detection and triple quadrupole-linear ion trap mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 129:482-491. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.07.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Revised: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
40
|
Masaki Y, Shimizu Y, Yoshioka T, Feng F, Zhao S, Higashino K, Numata Y, Kuge Y. Imaging Mass Spectrometry Revealed the Accumulation Characteristics of the 2-Nitroimidazole-Based Agent "Pimonidazole" in Hypoxia. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161639. [PMID: 27580239 PMCID: PMC5007049 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia, or low oxygen concentration, is a key factor promoting tumor progression and angiogenesis and resistance of cancer to radiotherapy and chemotherapy. 2-Nitroimidazole-based agents have been widely used in pathological and nuclear medicine examinations to detect hypoxic regions in tumors; in particular, pimonidazole is used for histochemical staining of hypoxic regions. It is considered to accumulate in hypoxic cells via covalent binding with macromolecules or by forming reductive metabolites after reduction of its nitro group. However, the detailed mechanism of its accumulation remains unknown. In this study, we investigated the accumulation mechanism of pimonidazole in hypoxic tumor tissues in a mouse model by mass spectrometric analyses including imaging mass spectrometry (IMS). Pimonidazole and its reductive metabolites were observed in the tumor tissues. However, their locations in the tumor sections were not similar to the positively stained areas in pimonidazole-immunohistochemistry, an area considered hypoxic. The glutathione conjugate of reduced pimonidazole, a low-molecular-weight metabolite of pimonidazole, was found in tumor tissues by LC-MS analysis, and our IMS study determined that the intratumor localization of the glutathione conjugate was consistent with the area positively immunostained for pimonidazole. We also found complementary localization of the glutathione conjugate and reduced glutathione (GSH), implying that formation of the glutathione conjugate occurred in the tumor tissue. These results suggest that in hypoxic tumor cells, pimonidazole is reduced at its nitro group, followed by conjugation with GSH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Masaki
- Shionogi Innovation Center for Drug Discovery, Discovery Research Laboratory for Innovative Frontier Medicines, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yoichi Shimizu
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Central Institute of Isotope Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Takeshi Yoshioka
- Shionogi Innovation Center for Drug Discovery, Discovery Research Laboratory for Innovative Frontier Medicines, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Sapporo, Japan
| | - Fei Feng
- Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Songji Zhao
- Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kenichi Higashino
- Shionogi Innovation Center for Drug Discovery, Discovery Research Laboratory for Innovative Frontier Medicines, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yoshito Numata
- Shionogi Innovation Center for Drug Discovery, Discovery Research Laboratory for Innovative Frontier Medicines, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yuji Kuge
- Central Institute of Isotope Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Wu C, Zhang H, Wang C, Qin H, Zhu M, Zhang J. An Integrated Approach for Studying Exposure, Metabolism, and Disposition of Multiple Component Herbal Medicines Using High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry and Multiple Data Processing Tools. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 44:800-8. [PMID: 27013399 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.115.068189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A typical prescription of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) contains up to a few hundred prototype components. Studying their absorption, metabolism, distribution, and elimination (ADME) presents great challenges. The objective of this study was to develop a practical approach for investigating ADME of individual prototypes in TCM. An active fraction of Xiao-Xu-Ming decoction (AF-XXMD) as a model TCM prescription was orally administered to rats. AF-XXMD-related components in plasma, urine, bile, and feces were detected using high-resolution mass spectrometry and background subtraction, an untargeted data-mining tool. Components were then structurally characterized on the basis of MS(n) spectral data. Connection of detected AF-XXMD metabolites to their precursor species, either prototypes or upstream metabolites, were determined on the basis of mass spectral similarity and the matching of biotransformation reactions. As a result, 247 AF-XXMD-related components were detected and structurally characterized in rats, 134 of which were metabolites. Among 198 AF-XXMD prototypes dosed, 65 were fully or partially absorbed and 13 prototypes and 34 metabolites were found in the circulation. Glucuronidation, isomerization, and deglycosylation followed by biliary and urinary excretions and direct elimination of prototypes via kidney and liver were the major clearance pathways of AF-XXMD prototypes. As an example, the ADME profile of H56, the single major AF-XXMD component in rat plasma, was elucidated on the basis of profiles of H56-related components in plasma and excreta. The results demonstrate that the new analytical approach is a useful tool for rapid and comprehensive detection and characterization of TCM components in biologic matrix in a TCM ADME study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caisheng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China (C.Wu., C.Wa., H.Q., J.Z.); Department of Biotransformation, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey (H.Z., M.Z.)
| | - Haiying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China (C.Wu., C.Wa., H.Q., J.Z.); Department of Biotransformation, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey (H.Z., M.Z.)
| | - Caihong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China (C.Wu., C.Wa., H.Q., J.Z.); Department of Biotransformation, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey (H.Z., M.Z.)
| | - Hailin Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China (C.Wu., C.Wa., H.Q., J.Z.); Department of Biotransformation, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey (H.Z., M.Z.)
| | - Mingshe Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China (C.Wu., C.Wa., H.Q., J.Z.); Department of Biotransformation, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey (H.Z., M.Z.)
| | - Jinlan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China (C.Wu., C.Wa., H.Q., J.Z.); Department of Biotransformation, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey (H.Z., M.Z.)
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Miao J, Sun W, Huang J, Liu X, Li S, Han X, Tong L, Sun G. Characterization of metabolites in rats after intravenous administration of salvianolic acid for injection by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Biomed Chromatogr 2016; 30:1487-97. [PMID: 26910272 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2015] [Revised: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
It is an essential requirement to clarify the metabolites of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) injections, which contain numerous ingredients, to assess their safe and effective use in clinic. Salvianolic acid for injection (SAFI), made from hydrophilic phenolic acids in Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge, has been widely used for the treatment of cerebrovascular diseases, but information on its metabolites in vivo is still lacking. In the present study, we aimed to holistically characterize the metabolites of the main active ingredients in rat plasma, bile, urine and feces following intravenous administration of SAFI. An ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC/Q-TOF-MS) method was developed. Combining information on retention behaviors, multistage mass spectra and literature data, a total of eight prototypes and 52 metabolites were tentatively characterized. Metabolites originated from rosmarinic acid and salvianolic acid B comprised the majority of identified compounds. Meanwhile, four metabolites derived from salvianolic acid D and five from salvianolic acid B are reported for the first time. This study revealed that methylation, sulfation and glucuronidation were the major metabolic pathways of phenolic acids in SAFI in vivo. Furthermore, the developed UPLC/Q-TOF-MS method could also benefit the metabolic investigation of extracts and preparations in TCM with hydrophilic ingredients. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingzhuo Miao
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Wanyang Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingyi Huang
- Tasly R&D Institute, Tianjin Tasly Holding Group Co., Ltd., Tianjin, 300402, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaolin Liu
- Tasly R&D Institute, Tianjin Tasly Holding Group Co., Ltd., Tianjin, 300402, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuming Li
- Tasly R&D Institute, Tianjin Tasly Holding Group Co., Ltd., Tianjin, 300402, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoping Han
- Qinghai Provincial Institute for Food and Drug Control, Xining, 810016, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Tong
- Tasly R&D Institute, Tianjin Tasly Holding Group Co., Ltd., Tianjin, 300402, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoxiang Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Wang H, Zhang W, Wang X. Elucidation of a CGP7930 in vitro metabolite by liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2016; 30:491-496. [PMID: 26777679 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 11/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE γ-Aminobutyric acid-B (GABAB ) receptors are widely expressed in the nervous system and have been implicated as targets for various neurological and psychiatric disorders. CGP7930 is a positive allosteric modulator of GABAB receptors. It has been demonstrated to reduce drug self-administration and has gained increased research as a potential psychotropic treatment. METHODS An in vitro metabolic system with liver microsomes of SD rats has been conducted and evaluated by probe drugs. The predominant in vitro metabolite of CGP7930 was identified and elucidated using liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (LC/ESI-QTOF-MS/MS). Its structure was determined by comparing the characteristic ions of CGP7930 and those of the metabolite, based on the accurate mass measurement by MS and the fragmentation pattern obtained by MS/MS. RESULTS We found that the main metabolic pathway of CGP7930 was via a monohydroxylation reaction and the hydroxylation site located at the terminal butyl-carbon. The collision-induced dissociation (CID) fragmentation of the hydroxylated metabolite underwent McLafferty rearrangement and α-cleavage. CONCLUSIONS This work provides an understanding of the in vitro metabolism of CGP7930, which is helpful for the further study of the development of potential drug candidates targeting GABAB receptors, for the treatment of depression. The work also demonstrates that the LC/ESI-QTOF-MS/MS method has the advantage of possibly determining the structures of drug metabolites without the use of standards.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haidong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Science of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission and Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, P.R. China
| | - Wenxiang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Science of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission and Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, P.R. China
| | - Xian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Science of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission and Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Kadi AA, Darwish HW, Attwa MW, Amer SM. Detection and characterization of ponatinib reactive metabolites by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry and elucidation of bioactivation pathways. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra09985h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This study involved the identification and characterization of ponatinib by LC-MS/MS. Additionally ponatinib reactive metabolites were also investigated using KCN as a trapping agent, showing the formation of four reactive cyano adducts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adnan A. Kadi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- College of Pharmacy
- King Saud University
- Riyadh
- Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Hany W. Darwish
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- College of Pharmacy
- King Saud University
- Riyadh
- Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed W. Attwa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- College of Pharmacy
- King Saud University
- Riyadh
- Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Sawsan M. Amer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- College of Pharmacy
- King Saud University
- Riyadh
- Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Masaki Y, Shimizu Y, Yoshioka T, Tanaka Y, Nishijima KI, Zhao S, Higashino K, Sakamoto S, Numata Y, Yamaguchi Y, Tamaki N, Kuge Y. The accumulation mechanism of the hypoxia imaging probe "FMISO" by imaging mass spectrometry: possible involvement of low-molecular metabolites. Sci Rep 2015; 5:16802. [PMID: 26582591 PMCID: PMC4652161 DOI: 10.1038/srep16802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
18F-fluoromisonidazole (FMISO) has been widely used as a hypoxia imaging probe for diagnostic positron emission tomography (PET). FMISO is believed to accumulate in hypoxic cells via covalent binding with macromolecules after reduction of its nitro group. However, its detailed accumulation mechanism remains unknown. Therefore, we investigated the chemical forms of FMISO and their distributions in tumours using imaging mass spectrometry (IMS), which visualises spatial distribution of chemical compositions based on molecular masses in tissue sections. Our radiochemical analysis revealed that most of the radioactivity in tumours existed as low-molecular-weight compounds with unknown chemical formulas, unlike observations made with conventional views, suggesting that the radioactivity distribution primarily reflected that of these unknown substances. The IMS analysis indicated that FMISO and its reductive metabolites were nonspecifically distributed in the tumour in patterns not corresponding to the radioactivity distribution. Our IMS search found an unknown low-molecular-weight metabolite whose distribution pattern corresponded to that of both the radioactivity and the hypoxia marker pimonidazole. This metabolite was identified as the glutathione conjugate of amino-FMISO. We showed that the glutathione conjugate of amino-FMISO is involved in FMISO accumulation in hypoxic tumour tissues, in addition to the conventional mechanism of FMISO covalent binding to macromolecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Masaki
- Shionogi Innovation Center for Drug Discovery, Discovery Research Laboratory for Innovative Frontier Medicines, Shionogi &Co., Ltd., Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - Yoichi Shimizu
- Central Institute of Isotope Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan.,Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Takeshi Yoshioka
- Shionogi Innovation Center for Drug Discovery, Discovery Research Laboratory for Innovative Frontier Medicines, Shionogi &Co., Ltd., Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - Yukari Tanaka
- Shionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center, Research Laboratory for Development, Shionogi &Co., Ltd., Osaka 561-0825, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Nishijima
- Central Institute of Isotope Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan.,Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Songji Zhao
- Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Kenichi Higashino
- Shionogi Innovation Center for Drug Discovery, Discovery Research Laboratory for Innovative Frontier Medicines, Shionogi &Co., Ltd., Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - Shingo Sakamoto
- Shionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center, Research Laboratory for Development, Shionogi &Co., Ltd., Osaka 561-0825, Japan
| | - Yoshito Numata
- Shionogi Innovation Center for Drug Discovery, Discovery Research Laboratory for Innovative Frontier Medicines, Shionogi &Co., Ltd., Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Yamaguchi
- Shionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center, Research Laboratory for Development, Shionogi &Co., Ltd., Osaka 561-0825, Japan
| | - Nagara Tamaki
- Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Yuji Kuge
- Central Institute of Isotope Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan.,Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Ribeiro JA, Pereira CM, Silva F. Electrochemistry of the Interaction between Bioactive Drugs Daunorubicin and Dopamine and DNA at a Water/Oil Interface. Electrochim Acta 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2015.08.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
|
47
|
Analytical challenges for conducting rapid metabolism characterization for QIVIVE. Toxicology 2015; 332:20-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2013.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2012] [Revised: 08/05/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
48
|
Abstract
Drug metabolism can produce metabolites with physicochemical and pharmacological properties that differ substantially from those of the parent drug, and consequently has important implications for both drug safety and efficacy. To reduce the risk of costly clinical-stage attrition due to the metabolic characteristics of drug candidates, there is a need for efficient and reliable ways to predict drug metabolism in vitro, in silico and in vivo. In this Perspective, we provide an overview of the state of the art of experimental and computational approaches for investigating drug metabolism. We highlight the scope and limitations of these methods, and indicate strategies to harvest the synergies that result from combining measurement and prediction of drug metabolism.
Collapse
|
49
|
Huang K, Huang L, van Breemen RB. Detection of reactive metabolites using isotope-labeled glutathione trapping and simultaneous neutral loss and precursor ion scanning with ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography triple quadruple mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 2015; 87:3646-54. [PMID: 25774910 DOI: 10.1021/ac504737x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic activation of drugs to electrophilic species is responsible for over 60% of black box warnings and drug withdrawals from the market place in the United States. Reactive metabolite trapping using glutathione (GSH) and analysis using high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) or HPLC with high resolution mass spectrometry (mass defect filtering) have enabled screening for metabolic activation to become routine during drug development. However, current MS-based approaches cannot detect all GSH conjugates present in complex mixtures, especially those present in extracts of botanical dietary supplements. To overcome these limitations, a fast triple quadrupole mass spectrometer-based approach was developed that can detect positively and negatively charged GSH conjugates in a single analysis without the need for advanced knowledge of the elemental compositions of potential conjugates and while avoiding false positives. This approach utilized UHPLC instead of HPLC to shorten separation time and enhance sensitivity, incorporated stable-isotope labeled GSH to avoid false positives, and used fast polarity switching electrospray MS/MS to detect GSH conjugates that form positive and/or negative ions. The general new method was then used to test the licorice dietary supplement Glycyrrhiza glabra, which was found to form multiple GSH conjugates upon metabolic activation. Among the GSH conjugates found in the licorice assay were conjugates with isoliquiritigenin and glabridin, which is an irreversible inhibitor of cytochrome P450 enzymes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ke Huang
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois College of Pharmacy, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Lingyi Huang
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois College of Pharmacy, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Richard B van Breemen
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois College of Pharmacy, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Xing R, Zhou L, Xie L, Hao K, Rao T, Wang Q, Ye W, Fu H, Wang X, Wang G, Liang Y. Development of a systematic approach to rapid classification and identification of notoginsenosides and metabolites in rat feces based on liquid chromatography coupled triple time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 867:56-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.02.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
|