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Zhang S, Zhang X, Xiong Z, Li K, Gao Y, Bu Y, Zheng N, Zhao S, Wang J. Effect of red clover isoflavones on hormone, immune, inflammatory, and plasma biochemistry in lactating dairy cows. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2024; 16:306-312. [PMID: 38371476 PMCID: PMC10869575 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2023.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
This study was to conducted to investigate the effect of red clover isoflavones on the health indicated by immune status and blood biochemistry in dairy cows. Sixty-eight healthy Holstein lactating cows were randomly divided into four treatments (n = 17 per treatment) from 5 blocks according to milk yield using a randomized complete block design. No initial differences in parity (2.13 ± 1.21), days in milk (165 ± 21 d), and milk yield (33.93 ± 3.81 kg/d) between groups. Cows were fed the basal diet supplemented with 0, 2, 4, or 8 g/kg red clover extract (RCE) in diet (dry matter based). Feeding, refusal feed weights, and milk yield were recorded three consecutive days in weeks 0, 4, 8, and 12. Blood was collected from the tail vein of the cows on the last day of weeks 4, 8 and 12, 1 h after the morning feeding, and analyzed for hormones, immunoglobulins, inflammatory markers, and markers of liver and kidney activities. The dry matter intake was significantly decreased by 3.7% in the 8 g/kg group (P < 0.05). The fat-corrected milk yield was significantly higher in both of the 2 and 4 g/kg groups (P < 0.01). Plasma estradiol and prolactin showed a quadratic effect with increasing RCE levels, with the highest in the 4 g/kg group (P < 0.05). Plasma tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-1β levels decreased linearly with increasing dietary RCE levels. Plasma IL-18 levels showed a quadratic effect with increasing dietary RCE levels, with significantly lower levels in both of the 2 and 4 g/kg groups (P < 0.05). Plasma immunoglobulin A and D-lactic acid levels showed a quadratic effect with increasing dietary RCE levels, with significantly higher level in the 4 g/kg group (P < 0.05). The liver function and kidney activity makers were similar (P > 0.05). These results recommend the supplementation of RCE at a level from 2 to 4 g/kg DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiqi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiaoyin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhanbo Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Kexin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ying Bu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Nan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shengguo Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jiaqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
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Liu H, Huang Y, Yang J, Xu X, Dai Q, Zhang Y, Zhao L, Zhang M, Zhang J, Liu T, Zhong L. Involvement of estrogen receptor activation in kaempferol-3-O-glucoside's protection against aging-related cognition impairment and microglial inflammation. Exp Cell Res 2023; 433:113849. [PMID: 37926343 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2023.113849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Estrogens have been demonstrated to inhibit age-related cognitive decline via binding to estrogen receptors (ERs). As a natural flavonoid component of Cuscuta Chinensis Lam., Kaempferol-3-O-glucoside (K-3-G) not only possesses anti-neuroinflammatory potential but also functions as an agonist for ERα and ERβ. This study aimed to determine whether K-3-G improved cognition during the aging process, with an emphasis on its effect on microglial inflammation. In vivo, K-3-G (5 or 10 mg/kg/day) was orally given to the senescence-accelerated mouse prone 8 (SAMP8) mice from six to eight-month old. In addition to mitigating the memory and learning deficits of SAMP8 mice, K-3-G upregulated the expression of ERα and ERβ in their hippocampal CA1 region, with the higher dose being more effective. Less Iba-1+ microglial cells presented in SAMP8 mice treated with K-3-G. The formation of NLR Family Pyrin Domain Containing 3 (NLRP3) complex, production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress-related markers, as well as expression of pro-apoptotic proteins were reduced by K-3-G. In vitro, BV2 microglial cells exposed to oligomeric amyloid beta (Aβ)1-42 were treated with 100 μM K-3-G. K-3-G showed similar anti-inflammatory effects on BV2 cells as in vivo. K-3-G-induced alterations were partly diminished by fulvestrant, an ER antagonist. Moreover, dual-luciferase reporter system demonstrated that K-3-G induced ER expression by activating the transcription of estrogen-response elements (EREs). Collectively, these findings demonstrate that K-3-G may be a novel therapeutic agent for senescence-related cognitive impairment by inhibiting microglial inflammation through its action on ERs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Liu
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yang Huang
- Graduate School, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xuejiao Xu
- Department of Internal Classic of Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Qiaomei Dai
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yuwei Zhang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Li Zhao
- Graduate School, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Mengdi Zhang
- Graduate School, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Graduate School, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Tonghui Liu
- Graduate School, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Lili Zhong
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China.
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Joshi H, Gupta DS, Abjani NK, Kaur G, Mohan CD, Kaur J, Aggarwal D, Rani I, Ramniwas S, Abdulabbas HS, Gupta M, Tuli HS. Genistein: a promising modulator of apoptosis and survival signaling in cancer. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2023; 396:2893-2910. [PMID: 37300702 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-023-02550-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Genistein, a commonly occurring isoflavone, has recently gained popularity owing to its ever-expanding spectrum of pharmacological benefits. In addition to health benefits such as improved bone health and reduced postmenopausal complications owing to its phytoestrogen properties, it has been widely evaluated for its anti-cancer potential. Several studies have established the potential for its usage in the management of breast, lung, and prostate cancers, and its usage has significantly evolved from early applications in traditional systems of medicine. This review offers an insight into its current status of usage, the chemistry, and pharmacokinetics of the molecule, an exploration of its apoptotic mechanisms in cancer management, and opportunities for synergism to improve therapeutic outcomes. In addition to this, the authors have presented an overview of recent clinical trials, to offer an understanding of contemporary studies and explore prospects for a greater number of focused trials, moving forward. Advancements in the application of nanotechnology as a strategy to improve safety and efficacy have also been highlighted, with a brief discussion of results from safety and toxicology studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemant Joshi
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Dhruv Sanjay Gupta
- Department of Pharmacology, Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS, V. L. Mehta Road, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai, 400056, India
| | - Nosheen Kamruddin Abjani
- Department of Pharmacology, Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS, V. L. Mehta Road, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai, 400056, India
| | - Ginpreet Kaur
- Department of Pharmacology, Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS, V. L. Mehta Road, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai, 400056, India
| | | | - Jagjit Kaur
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052, Australia
| | - Diwakar Aggarwal
- Department of Biotechnology, Maharishi Markandeshwar Engineering College, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to Be University), Mullana, Ambala, 133207, India
| | - Isha Rani
- Department of Biochemistry, Maharishi Markandeshwar College of Medical Sciences and Research (MMCMSR), Sadopur, 134007, Ambala, India
| | - Seema Ramniwas
- University Centre for Research and Development, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Mohali, 140413, India
| | - Hadi Sajid Abdulabbas
- Continuous Education Department, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Al-Ameed, Karbala, 56001, Iraq
| | - Madhu Gupta
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, New Delhi, 110017, India
| | - Hardeep Singh Tuli
- Department of Biotechnology, Maharishi Markandeshwar Engineering College, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to Be University), Mullana, Ambala, 133207, India.
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Luo Z, Xu Y, Qiu L, Lv S, Zeng C, Tan A, Ou D, Song X, Yang J. Optimization of ultrasound-assisted extraction based on response surface methodology using HPLC-DAD for the analysis of red clover ( Trifolium pretense L.) isoflavones and its anti-inflammatory activities on LPS-induced 3D4/2 cell. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1279178. [PMID: 37854095 PMCID: PMC10580807 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1279178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Trifolium pratense L. has anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, cardiovascular disease prevention, and estrogen-like effects. The existing method for the assay of effective components is commonly based on a spectrophotometer, which could not meet the requirement of quality control. Furthermore, although there have been many studies on the anti-inflammation effect of red clover, a few have been reported on the regulatory effect of red clover isoflavones (RCI) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory response in porcine alveolar macrophages (3D4/2 cells), and its mechanism of action is still unclear. Methods The main components of RCI including daidzein, genistein, and biochanin A were accurately quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detection (HPLC-DAD) after optimizing the extraction process through response surface methodology. The anti-inflammatory potential of RCI was carried out by detecting the level of inflammatory cytokines and mRNA expression of related genes. Furthermore, its anti-inflammatory mechanism was explored by investigating two signaling pathways (NF-κB and MAPK). Results The optimal extraction conditions of RCI were as follows: the concentration of ethanol is 86% and the solid-liquid ratio is 1:29, with the herb particle size of 40 mesh sieve. Under the optimal conditions, the total extraction of target components of RCI was 2,641.469 μg/g. The RCI could significantly suppress the production and expression of many pro-inflammatory cytokines. The results of the Western blot revealed that RCI dramatically reduced the expression of p65, p-p65, IκB-α, p38, and p-p38. These results are associated with the suppression of the signal pathway of p38 MAPK, and on the contrary, activating the NF-κB pathway. Collectively, our data demonstrated that RCI reversed the transcription of inflammatory factors and inhibited the expression of p65, p-p65, IκB-α, and p38, indicating that RCI had excellent anti-inflammatory properties through disturbing the activation of p38 MAPK and NF-κB pathways. Conclusion The extraction conditions of RCI were optimized by HPLC-DAD combined with response surface methodology, which will contribute to the quality control of RCI. RCI had anti-inflammatory effects on the LPS-induced 3D4/2 cells. Its mechanism is to control the activation of NF-κB and p38 MAPK pathways, thereby reducing the expression of inflammatory-related genes and suppressing the release of cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengqin Luo
- Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Yidan Xu
- Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Longxin Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnology in Fujian Province, Longyan University, Longyan, Fujian, China
| | - Shiming Lv
- Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Cheng Zeng
- Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Aijuan Tan
- College of Life Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Deyuan Ou
- Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Xuqin Song
- Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Jian Yang
- Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
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Sahoo DK, Heilmann RM, Paital B, Patel A, Yadav VK, Wong D, Jergens AE. Oxidative stress, hormones, and effects of natural antioxidants on intestinal inflammation in inflammatory bowel disease. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1217165. [PMID: 37701897 PMCID: PMC10493311 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1217165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic, relapsing gastrointestinal (GI) disorder characterized by intestinal inflammation. The etiology of IBD is multifactorial and results from a complex interplay between mucosal immunity, environmental factors, and host genetics. Future therapeutics for GI disorders, including IBD, that are driven by oxidative stress require a greater understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms mediated by reactive oxygen species (ROS). In the GI tract, oxidative stressors include infections and pro-inflammatory responses, which boost ROS generation by promoting the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) represent two important signaling pathways in intestinal immune cells that regulate numerous physiological processes, including anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. Natural antioxidant compounds exhibit ROS scavenging and increase antioxidant defense capacity to inhibit pro-oxidative enzymes, which may be useful in IBD treatment. In this review, we discuss various polyphenolic substances (such as resveratrol, curcumin, quercetin, green tea flavonoids, caffeic acid phenethyl ester, luteolin, xanthohumol, genistein, alpinetin, proanthocyanidins, anthocyanins, silymarin), phenolic compounds including thymol, alkaloids such as berberine, storage polysaccharides such as tamarind xyloglucan, and other phytochemicals represented by isothiocyanate sulforaphane and food/spices (such as ginger, flaxseed oil), as well as antioxidant hormones like melatonin that target cellular signaling pathways to reduce intestinal inflammation occurring with IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipak Kumar Sahoo
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Romy M. Heilmann
- Department for Small Animals, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, SN, Germany
| | - Biswaranjan Paital
- Redox Regulation Laboratory, Department of Zoology, College of Basic Science and Humanities, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Ashish Patel
- Department of Life Sciences, Hemchandracharya North Gujarat University, Patan, Gujarat, India
| | - Virendra Kumar Yadav
- Department of Life Sciences, Hemchandracharya North Gujarat University, Patan, Gujarat, India
| | - David Wong
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Albert E. Jergens
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
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Ri MH, Xing Y, Zuo HX, Li MY, Jin HL, Ma J, Jin X. Regulatory mechanisms of natural compounds from traditional Chinese herbal medicines on the microglial response in ischemic stroke. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 116:154889. [PMID: 37262999 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.154889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Development of clinically effective neuroprotective agents for stroke therapy is still a challenging task. Microglia play a critical role in brain injury and recovery after ischemic stroke. Traditional Chinese herbal medicines (TCHMs) are based on a unique therapeutic principle, have various formulas, and have long been widely used to treat stroke. Therefore, the active compounds in TCHMs and their underlying mechanisms of action are attracting increasing attention in the field of stroke drug development. PURPOSE To summarize the regulatory mechanisms of TCHM-derived natural compounds on the microglial response in animal models of ischemic stroke. METHODS We searched studies published until 10 April 2023 in the Web of Science, PubMed, and ScienceDirect using the following keywords: natural compounds, natural products or phytochemicals, traditional Chinese Medicine or Chinese herbal medicine, microglia, and ischemic stroke. This review was prepared according to PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Item for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis) guidelines. RESULTS Natural compounds derived from TCHMs can attenuate the M1 phenotype of microglia, which is involved in the detrimental inflammatory response, via inhibition of NF-κB, MAPKs, JAK/STAT, Notch, TLR4, P2X7R, CX3CR1, IL-17RA, the NLRP3 inflammasome, and pro-oxidant enzymes. Additionally, the neuroprotective response of microglia with the M2 phenotype can be enhanced by activating Nrf2/HO-1, PI3K/AKT, AMPK, PPARγ, SIRT1, CB2R, TREM2, nAChR, and IL-33/ST2. Several clinical trials showed that TCHM-derived natural compounds that regulate microglial responses have significant and safe therapeutic effects, but further well-designed clinical studies are needed. CONCLUSIONS Further research regarding the direct targets and potential pleiotropic or synergistic effects of natural compounds would provide a more reasonable approach for regulation of the microglial response with the possibility of successful stroke drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myong Hak Ri
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Molecular Medicine Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, Jilin Province, China; Faculty of Life Science, Kim Il Sung University, Pyongyang, Democratic People's Republic of Korea
| | - Yue Xing
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Molecular Medicine Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, Jilin Province, China
| | - Hong Xiang Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Molecular Medicine Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, Jilin Province, China
| | - Ming Yue Li
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Molecular Medicine Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, Jilin Province, China
| | - Hong Lan Jin
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Molecular Medicine Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, Jilin Province, China
| | - Juan Ma
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Molecular Medicine Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, Jilin Province, China.
| | - Xuejun Jin
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Molecular Medicine Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, Jilin Province, China.
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Nisar A, Jagtap S, Vyavahare S, Deshpande M, Harsulkar A, Ranjekar P, Prakash O. Phytochemicals in the treatment of inflammation-associated diseases: the journey from preclinical trials to clinical practice. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1177050. [PMID: 37229273 PMCID: PMC10203425 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1177050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Advances in biomedical research have demonstrated that inflammation and its related diseases are the greatest threat to public health. Inflammatory action is the pathological response of the body towards the external stimuli such as infections, environmental factors, and autoimmune conditions to reduce tissue damage and improve patient comfort. However, when detrimental signal-transduction pathways are activated and inflammatory mediators are released over an extended period of time, the inflammatory process continues and a mild but persistent pro-inflammatory state may develop. Numerous degenerative disorders and chronic health issues including arthritis, diabetes, obesity, cancer, and cardiovascular diseases, among others, are associated with the emergence of a low-grade inflammatory state. Though, anti-inflammatory steroidal, as well as non-steroidal drugs, are extensively used against different inflammatory conditions, they show undesirable side effects upon long-term exposure, at times, leading to life-threatening consequences. Thus, drugs targeting chronic inflammation need to be developed to achieve better therapeutic management without or with a fewer side effects. Plants have been well known for their medicinal use for thousands of years due to their pharmacologically active phytochemicals belonging to diverse chemical classes with a number of these demonstrating potent anti-inflammatory activity. Some typical examples include colchicine (alkaloid), escin (triterpenoid saponin), capsaicin (methoxy phenol), bicyclol (lignan), borneol (monoterpene), and quercetin (flavonoid). These phytochemicals often act via regulating molecular mechanisms that synergize the anti-inflammatory pathways such as increased production of anti-inflammatory cytokines or interfere with the inflammatory pathways such as to reduce the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and other modulators to improve the underlying pathological condition. This review describes the anti-inflammatory properties of a number of biologically active compounds derived from medicinal plants, and their mechanisms of pharmacological intervention to alleviate inflammation-associated diseases. The emphasis is given to information on anti-inflammatory phytochemicals that have been evaluated at the preclinical and clinical levels. Recent trends and gaps in the development of phytochemical-based anti-inflammatory drugs have also been included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akib Nisar
- Biochemical Sciences Division, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of IT and Biotechnology, Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed to be University, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Suresh Jagtap
- Herbal Medicine, Interactive Research School for Health Affairs, Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed to be University, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Suresh Vyavahare
- Shatayu Ayurved and Research Centre, Solapur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Manasi Deshpande
- Department of Dravyagun Vigyan, College of Ayurved, Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed to be University, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Abhay Harsulkar
- Herbal Medicine, Interactive Research School for Health Affairs, Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed to be University, Pune, Maharashtra, India
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Poona College of Pharmacy, Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed to be University, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | | | - Om Prakash
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
- Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
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Fujikawa R, Tsuda M. The Functions and Phenotypes of Microglia in Alzheimer's Disease. Cells 2023; 12:cells12081207. [PMID: 37190116 DOI: 10.3390/cells12081207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent neurodegenerative disease worldwide, but therapeutic strategies to slow down AD pathology and symptoms have not yet been successful. While attention has been focused on neurodegeneration in AD pathogenesis, recent decades have provided evidence of the importance of microglia, and resident immune cells in the central nervous system. In addition, new technologies, including single-cell RNA sequencing, have revealed heterogeneous cell states of microglia in AD. In this review, we systematically summarize the microglial response to amyloid-β and tau tangles, and the risk factor genes expressed in microglia. Furthermore, we discuss the characteristics of protective microglia that appear during AD pathology and the relationship between AD and microglia-induced inflammation during chronic pain. Understanding the diverse roles of microglia will help identify new therapeutic strategies for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Risako Fujikawa
- Department of Molecular and System Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Makoto Tsuda
- Department of Molecular and System Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
- Kyushu University Institute for Advanced Study, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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9
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Nutrigenomics: An inimitable interaction amid genomics, nutrition and health. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2022.103196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Kusumah J, Gonzalez de Mejia E. Impact of soybean bioactive compounds as response to diet-induced chronic inflammation: A systematic review. Food Res Int 2022; 162:111928. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Siriviriyakul P, Sriko J, Somanawat K, Chayanupatkul M, Klaikeaw N, Werawatganon D. Genistein attenuated oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis in L-arginine induced acute pancreatitis in mice. BMC Complement Med Ther 2022; 22:208. [PMID: 35927726 PMCID: PMC9351145 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-022-03689-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim Acute pancreatitis is a common and potentially serious condition. However, a specific treatment for this condition is still lacking. Genistein, with its anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, could possibly be used to tackle the underlying pathophysiology of acute pancreatitis. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of genistein on oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis in acute pancreatitis induced by L-arginine in mice. Methods Twenty-four male ICR mice were equally divided into 4 groups: Control (Con); Acute pancreatitis (AP) group: Two doses of i.p. 350 mg/100 g body weight (BW) of L-arginine were administered 1 h apart; AP and low-dose genistein (LG) group: mice were given i.p. injection of 10 mg/kg genistein 2 h prior to L-arginine injection followed by once-daily dosing for 3 days; and AP and high-dose genistein (HG) group: mice were given 100 mg/kg genistein with the similar protocol as the LG group. Pancreatic tissue was evaluated for histopathological changes and acinar cell apoptosis, malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, immunohistochemical staining for myeloperoxidase (MPO), nuclear factor-kappa beta (NF-kB), and 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE). Serum levels of amylase (AMY), c-reactive protein (CRP), and interleukin (IL)-6 were measured. Results Significant increases in the degree of acinar cell apoptosis, pancreatic MDA, serum IL-6 and amylase, MPO, NF-kB and 4-HNE positivity were observed in the AP group. All these parameters declined after low- and high-dose genistein treatment. Severe pancreatic inflammation, edema, and acinar cell necrosis were observed in the AP group. Significant improvement of histopathological changes was seen in both low- and high-dose genistein groups. There were no significant differences in any parameters between low and high doses of genistein. Conclusion Genistein could attenuate the severity of histopathological changes in acute pancreatitis through its anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic properties. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12906-022-03689-9.
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Xiao S, Zhong N, Yang Q, Li A, Tong W, Zhang Y, Yao G, Wang S, Liu J, Liu Z. Aucubin promoted neuron functional recovery by suppressing inflammation and neuronal apoptosis in a spinal cord injury model. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 111:109163. [PMID: 35994851 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spinal cord injury (SCI) can cause severe motor impairment. Post-SCI treatment has focused primarily on secondary injury, with neuroinflammation and neuronal apoptosis as the primary therapeutic targets. Aucubin (Au), a Chinese herbal medicine, exerts anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects. The therapeutic effects of Aucubin in SCI have not been reported. METHODS In this study, we carried out an in vivo SCI model and a series of in vitro experiments to explore the therapeutic effect of Aucubin. Western Blotting and immunofluorescence were used to study the effect of Aucubin on microglial polarization and neuronal apoptosis and its underlying mechanism. RESULTS We found that Aucubin can promote axonal regeneration by reducing neuroinflammation and neuronal apoptosis, which is beneficial to motor recovery after spinal cord injury in rats. Our further in vitro experiments showed that Aucubin can activate the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/myeloid differentiation protein-88 (MyD88)/IκBα/nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway to reduce neuroinflammation and reverse mitochondrial dysfunction to reduce neuronal apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS In summary, these results suggest that Aucubin may ameliorate secondary injury after SCI by reducing neuroinflammation and neuronal apoptosis. Therefore, Au may be a promising post-SCI therapeutic drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shining Xiao
- Medical Innovation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China; Institute of Spine and Spinal Cord, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China; The First Clinical Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Nanshan Zhong
- Medical Innovation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China; Institute of Spine and Spinal Cord, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China; The First Clinical Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Quanming Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo 315000, China
| | - Anan Li
- Medical Innovation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China; Institute of Spine and Spinal Cord, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China; The First Clinical Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Weilai Tong
- Medical Innovation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China; Institute of Spine and Spinal Cord, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China; The First Clinical Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Medical Innovation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China; Institute of Spine and Spinal Cord, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China; The First Clinical Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Geliang Yao
- Medical Innovation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China; Institute of Spine and Spinal Cord, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China; The First Clinical Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Shijiang Wang
- Medical Innovation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China; Institute of Spine and Spinal Cord, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China; The First Clinical Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Jiaming Liu
- Medical Innovation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China; Institute of Spine and Spinal Cord, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China.
| | - Zhili Liu
- Medical Innovation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China; Institute of Spine and Spinal Cord, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China.
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Santhiravel S, Bekhit AEDA, Mendis E, Jacobs JL, Dunshea FR, Rajapakse N, Ponnampalam EN. The Impact of Plant Phytochemicals on the Gut Microbiota of Humans for a Balanced Life. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158124. [PMID: 35897699 PMCID: PMC9332059 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract of humans is a complex microbial ecosystem known as gut microbiota. The microbiota is involved in several critical physiological processes such as digestion, absorption, and related physiological functions and plays a crucial role in determining the host’s health. The habitual consumption of specific dietary components can impact beyond their nutritional benefits, altering gut microbiota diversity and function and could manipulate health. Phytochemicals are non-nutrient biologically active plant components that can modify the composition of gut microflora through selective stimulation of proliferation or inhibition of certain microbial communities in the intestine. Plants secrete these components, and they accumulate in the cell wall and cell sap compartments (body) for their development and survival. These compounds have low bioavailability and long time-retention in the intestine due to their poor absorption, resulting in beneficial impacts on gut microbiota population. Feeding diets containing phytochemicals to humans and animals may offer a path to improve the gut microbiome resulting in improved performance and/or health and wellbeing. This review discusses the effects of phytochemicals on the modulation of the gut microbiota environment and the resultant benefits to humans; however, the effect of phytochemicals on the gut microbiota of animals is also covered, in brief.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarusha Santhiravel
- Postgraduate Institute of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya 20400, Sri Lanka
- Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Alaa El-Din A Bekhit
- Department of Food Sciences, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Eresha Mendis
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya 20400, Sri Lanka
| | - Joe L Jacobs
- Animal Production Sciences, Agriculture Victoria Research, Department of Jobs, Precincts and Regions, Ellinbank, VIC 3821, Australia
- Centre for Agricultural Innovation, School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Frank R Dunshea
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Niranjan Rajapakse
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya 20400, Sri Lanka
| | - Eric N Ponnampalam
- Animal Production Sciences, Agriculture Victoria Research, Department of Jobs, Precincts and Regions, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
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The protective effect of hypericin on postpartum depression rat model by inhibiting the NLRP3 inflammasome activation and regulating glucocorticoid metabolism. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 105:108560. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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15
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Biswas M, Das A, Basu S. Flavonoids: The Innocuous Agents Offering Protection Against Alzheimer's Disease Through Modulation Of Proinflammatory And Apoptotic Pathways. Curr Top Med Chem 2022; 22:769-789. [PMID: 35352661 DOI: 10.2174/1568026622666220330011645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Beginning from mild cognitive impairment in patients suffering from Alzheimer's disease (AD), dementia sets in with the progress of the disease. The pathological changes in the brain begin fifteen to twenty years before AD related dementia develops. Presence of senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles are considered the hallmarks of AD brain. Chronic inflammation resulting from the disruption of equilibrium between anti-inflammatory and pro-inflammatory signalling emerges as another important feature of AD and also other neurodegenerative diseases. Substantial studies demonstrate that this sustained immune response in the brain is associated with neuronal loss, along with facilitation and aggravation of Aβ and NFT pathologies. Although it is well accepted that neuroinflammation and oxidative stress have both detrimental and beneficial influences on the brain tissues, the involvement of microglia and astrocytes in the onset and progress of the neurodegenerative process in AD is becoming increasingly recognized. The cause of neuronal loss, although, is known to be apoptosis, the mechanism of promotion of neuronal death remains undisclosed. OBJECTIVE Controlling the activation of the resident immune cells and/or the excessive production of pro-inflammatory and pro-oxidant factors could be effective as therapeutics. Among the phytonutrients, the neuroprotective role of flavonoids is beyond doubt. This review is an exploration of literature on the role of flavonoids in these aspects. CONCLUSION Flavonoids are not only effective in ameliorating the adverse consequences of oxidative stress but also impede the development of late onset Alzheimer's disease by modulating affected signalling pathways and boosting signalling crosstalk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moumita Biswas
- Department of Microbiology, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, University of Calcutta, Kolkata 7000019, West Bengal, India
| | - Aritrajoy Das
- Department of Microbiology, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, University of Calcutta, Kolkata 7000019, West Bengal, India
| | - Soumalee Basu
- Department of Microbiology, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, University of Calcutta, Kolkata 7000019, West Bengal, India
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Medrano-Jiménez E, Meza-Sosa KF, Urbán-Aragón JA, Secundino I, Pedraza-Alva G, Pérez-Martínez L. Microglial activation in Alzheimer's disease: The role of flavonoids and microRNAs. J Leukoc Biol 2022; 112:47-77. [PMID: 35293018 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3mr1021-531r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of senile dementia and is characterized by progressive cognitive impairment and neuronal degeneration. Microglial activation is an important pathologic hallmark of AD. During disease progression, microglial cells switch from an alternative or anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective profile (M2) to a classic or proinflammatory and neurotoxic profile (M1). Phenotypically, M1 microglia is characterized by the activation of inflammatory signaling pathways that cause increased expression of proinflammatory genes, including those coding for cytokines and chemokines. This microglia-mediated neuroinflammation contributes to neuronal cell death. Recent studies in microglial cells have shown that a group of plant-derived compounds, known as flavonoids, possess anti-inflammatory properties and therefore exert a neuroprotective effect through regulating microglia activation. Here, we discuss how flavonoids can promote the switch from an inflammatory M1 phenotype to an anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype in microglia and how this represents a valuable opportunity for the development of novel therapeutic strategies to blunt neuroinflammation and boost neuronal recovery in AD. We also review how certain flavonoids can inhibit neuroinflammation through their action on the expression of microglia-specific microRNAs (miRNAs), which also constitute a key therapeutic approach in different neuropathologies involving an inflammatory component, including AD. Finally, we propose novel targets of microglia-specific miRNAs that may be considered for AD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Medrano-Jiménez
- Laboratorio de Neuroinmunobiología, Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Karla F Meza-Sosa
- Laboratorio de Neuroinmunobiología, Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - José A Urbán-Aragón
- Laboratorio de Neuroinmunobiología, Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Ismael Secundino
- Universidad De La Salle Bajío, Facultad de Odontología y Escuela de Veterinaria, León-Guanajuato, México
| | - Gustavo Pedraza-Alva
- Laboratorio de Neuroinmunobiología, Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Leonor Pérez-Martínez
- Laboratorio de Neuroinmunobiología, Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
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17
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G MS, Swetha M, Keerthana CK, Rayginia TP, Anto RJ. Cancer Chemoprevention: A Strategic Approach Using Phytochemicals. Front Pharmacol 2022; 12:809308. [PMID: 35095521 PMCID: PMC8793885 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.809308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer chemoprevention approaches are aimed at preventing, delaying, or suppressing tumor incidence using synthetic or natural bioactive agents. Mechanistically, chemopreventive agents also aid in mitigating cancer development, either by impeding DNA damage or by blocking the division of premalignant cells with DNA damage. Several pre-clinical studies have substantiated the benefits of using various dietary components as chemopreventives in cancer therapy. The incessant rise in the number of cancer cases globally is an issue of major concern. The excessive toxicity and chemoresistance associated with conventional chemotherapies decrease the success rates of the existent chemotherapeutic regimen, which warrants the need for an efficient and safer alternative therapeutic approach. In this scenario, chemopreventive agents have been proven to be successful in protecting the high-risk populations from cancer, which further validates chemoprevention strategy as rational and promising. Clinical studies have shown the effectiveness of this approach in managing cancers of different origins. Phytochemicals, which constitute an appreciable proportion of currently used chemotherapeutic drugs, have been tested for their chemopreventive efficacy. This review primarily aims to highlight the efficacy of phytochemicals, currently being investigated globally as chemopreventives. The clinical relevance of chemoprevention, with special emphasis on the phytochemicals, curcumin, resveratrol, tryptanthrin, kaempferol, gingerol, emodin, quercetin genistein and epigallocatechingallate, which are potential candidates due to their ability to regulate multiple survival pathways without inducing toxicity, forms the crux of this review. The majority of these phytochemicals are polyphenols and flavanoids. We have analyzed how the key molecular targets of these chemopreventives potentially counteract the key drivers of chemoresistance, causing minimum toxicity to the body. An overview of the underlying mechanism of action of these phytochemicals in regulating the key players of cancer progression and tumor suppression is discussed in this review. A summary of the clinical trials on the important phytochemicals that emerge as chemopreventives is also incorporated. We elaborate on the pre-clinical and clinical observations, pharmacokinetics, mechanism of action, and molecular targets of some of these natural products. To summarize, the scope of this review comprises of the current status, limitations, and future directions of cancer chemoprevention, emphasizing the potency of phytochemicals as effective chemopreventives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohan Shankar G
- Division of Cancer Research, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, India.,Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Mundanattu Swetha
- Division of Cancer Research, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - C K Keerthana
- Division of Cancer Research, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - Tennyson P Rayginia
- Division of Cancer Research, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - Ruby John Anto
- Division of Cancer Research, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, India
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18
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Goh YX, Jalil J, Lam KW, Husain K, Premakumar CM. Genistein: A Review on its Anti-Inflammatory Properties. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:820969. [PMID: 35140617 PMCID: PMC8818956 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.820969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, non-resolving inflammation is becoming a major trigger in various diseases as it plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, asthma, cancer, obesity, inflammatory bowel disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, neurodegenerative disease, multiple sclerosis, and rheumatoid arthritis. However, prolonged use of anti-inflammatory drugs is usually accompanied with undesirable effects and hence more patients tend to seek for natural compounds as alternative medicine. Considering the fact above, there is an urgency to discover and develop potential novel, safe and efficacious natural compounds as drug candidates for future anti-inflammatory therapy. Genistein belongs to the flavonoid family, in the subgroup of isoflavones. It is a phytoestrogen that is mainly derived from legumes. It is a naturally occurring chemical constituent with a similar chemical structure to mammalian estrogens. It is claimed to exert many beneficial effects on health, such as protection against osteoporosis, reduction in the risk of cardiovascular disease, alleviation of postmenopausal symptoms and anticancer properties. In the past, numerous in vitro and in vivo studies have been conducted to investigate the anti-inflammatory potential of genistein. Henceforth, this review aims to summarize the anti-inflammatory properties of genistein linking with the signaling pathways and mediators that are involved in the inflammatory response as well as its toxicity profile. The current outcomes are analysed to highlight the prospect as a lead compound for drug discovery. Data was collected using PubMed, ScienceDirect, SpringerLink and Scopus databases. Results showed that genistein possessed strong anti-inflammatory activities through inhibition of various signaling pathways such as nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB), prostaglandins (PGs), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), proinflammatory cytokines and reactive oxygen species (ROS). A comprehensive assessment of the mechanism of action in anti-inflammatory effects of genistein is included. However, evidence for the pharmacological effects is still lacking. Further studies using various animal models to assess pharmacological effects such as toxicity, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and bioavailability studies are required before clinical studies can be conducted. This review will highlight the potential use of genistein as a lead compound for future drug development as an anti-inflammatory agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Xian Goh
- Centre for Drug and Herbal Development, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Juriyati Jalil
- Centre for Drug and Herbal Development, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kok Wai Lam
- Centre for Drug and Herbal Development, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Khairana Husain
- Centre for Drug and Herbal Development, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Chandini Menon Premakumar
- Centre for Quality Management of Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Li R, Zhou Y, Zhang S, Li J, Zheng Y, Fan X. The natural (poly)phenols as modulators of microglia polarization via TLR4/NF-κB pathway exert anti-inflammatory activity in ischemic stroke. Eur J Pharmacol 2022; 914:174660. [PMID: 34863710 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidences suggest that inflammation plays a key role in the pathogenesis of stroke, a devastating disease second only to cardiac ischemia as a cause of death worldwide. Microglia are the first non-neuronal cells on the scene during the innate immune response to acute ischemic stroke. Microglia respond to acute brain injury by activating and developing classic M1-like (pro-inflammatory) or alternative M2-like (anti-inflammatory) phenotypes. M1 microglia produce pro-inflammatory cytokines to exacerbate neural death, astrocyte apoptosis, and blood brain barrier (BBB) disruption, while M2 microglia play the opposite role. NF-κB, a central regulator of the inflammatory response, was responsible for microglia M1 and M2 polarization. NF-κB p65 and p50 form a heterodimer to initiate a pro-inflammatory cytokine response, which enhances M1 activation and impair M2 response of microglia. TLR4, expressed on the surface of microglia, plays an important role in activating NF-κB, ultimately causing the M1 response of microglia. Therefore, modulation of microglial phenotypes via TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway may be a promising therapeutic approach for ischemic stroke. Dietary (poly)phenols are present in various foods, which have shown promising protective effects on ischemic stroke. In vivo studies strongly suggest that many (poly)phenols have a pronounced impact on ischemic stroke, as demonstrated by lower neuroinflammation. Thus, this review focuses on the anti-inflammatory properties of dietary (poly)phenols and discusses their effects on the polarization of microglia through modulating TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway in the ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoqi Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Yuan Zhou
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Shanshan Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Jieying Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Yingyi Zheng
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Xiang Fan
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China; Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Translational Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China.
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20
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Chen H, Zhong J, Li J, Zeng Z, Yu Q, Yan C. PTP70-2, a novel polysaccharide from Polygala tenuifolia, prevents neuroinflammation and protects neurons by suppressing the TLR4-mediated MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 194:546-555. [PMID: 34801584 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.11.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PTP70-2, a novel polysaccharide isolated from Polygala tenuifolia in our previous publication, exhibits potential anti-inflammatory effects. Here, we investigate the mechanisms underlying these effects and the neuroprotective activity of PTP70-2 in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-damaged BV2 microglial cells and neuroinflammation-injured primary cortical neurons. The results suggest that PTP70-2 dramatically reduces the LPS-stimulated inflammatory cytokines overexpression, as well as down-regulates the levels of TLR4-, MyD88-, and NF-κB-related proteins. The effect of PTP70-2 in down-regulation of proinflammatory cytokines and downstream proteins implicated in MyD88 and NF-κB signaling is related to the TLR4 pathway. Furthermore, this effect is enhanced by the co-incubation of BV2 cells with PTP70-2 and TAK242, a TLR4 inhibitor, before exposure to LPS. Importantly, PTP70-2 prevents neuroinflammation-induced neurotoxicity by mitigating ROS overproduction and MMP dissipation. Overall, the PTP70-2's anti-neuroinflammation and neuroprotection are involved to the modulation of the TLR4-mediated MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyun Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jing Zhong
- Clinical Pharmacy of The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Clinical Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jianxuan Li
- School of Clinical Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zhiwei Zeng
- School of Clinical Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Qian Yu
- Clinical Pharmacy of The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Clinical Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Chunyan Yan
- Clinical Pharmacy of The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Clinical Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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Rahmawati L, Park SH, Kim DS, Lee HP, Aziz N, Lee CY, Kim SA, Jang SG, Kim DS, Cho JY. Anti-Inflammatory Activities of the Ethanol Extract of Prasiola japonica, an Edible Freshwater Green Algae, and Its Various Solvent Fractions in LPS-Induced Macrophages and Carrageenan-Induced Paw Edema via the AP-1 Pathway. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 27:molecules27010194. [PMID: 35011425 PMCID: PMC8746635 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27010194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Prasiola japonica possesses several biological activities. However, reports on the anti-inflammatory activities and molecular mechanisms of its different solvent fractions remain limited. In this study, we investigated the potential anti-inflammatory activities of P. japonica ethanol extract (Pj-EE) and four solvent fractions of Pj-EE made with hexane (Pj-EE-HF), chloroform (Pj-EE-CF), butanol (Pj-EE-BF), or water (Pj-EE-WF) in both in vitro (LPS-induced macrophage-like RAW264.7 cells) and in vivo (carrageenan-induced acute paw edema mouse models) experiments. The most active solvent fraction was selected for further analysis. Various in vitro and in vivo assessments, including nitric oxide (NO), cytokines, luciferase assays, real-time polymerase chain reactions, and immunoblotting analyses were performed to evaluate the underlying mechanisms. In addition, the phytochemical constituents were characterized by Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. In in vitro studies, the highest inhibition of NO production was observed in Pj-EE-CF. Further examination revealed that Pj-EE-CF decreased the expression of inflammation-related cytokines in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells and suppressed subsequent AP-1-luciferase activity by inhibition of phosphorylation events in the AP-1 signaling pathway. Pj-EE-CF treatment also demonstrated the strongest reduction in thickness and volume of carrageenan-induced paw edema, while Pj-EE-BF showed the lowest activity. Furthermore, Pj-EE-CF also reduced gene expression and cytokines production in tissue lysates of carrageenan-induced paw edema. These findings support and validate the evidence that Pj-EE, and especially Pj-EE-CF, could be a good natural source for an anti-inflammatory agent that targets the AP1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laily Rahmawati
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea; (L.R.); (D.S.K.); (H.P.L.); (N.A.); (C.Y.L.); (S.A.K.)
| | - Sang Hee Park
- Department of Biocosmetics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea;
| | - Dong Seon Kim
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea; (L.R.); (D.S.K.); (H.P.L.); (N.A.); (C.Y.L.); (S.A.K.)
| | - Hwa Pyoung Lee
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea; (L.R.); (D.S.K.); (H.P.L.); (N.A.); (C.Y.L.); (S.A.K.)
| | - Nur Aziz
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea; (L.R.); (D.S.K.); (H.P.L.); (N.A.); (C.Y.L.); (S.A.K.)
| | - Chae Young Lee
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea; (L.R.); (D.S.K.); (H.P.L.); (N.A.); (C.Y.L.); (S.A.K.)
| | - Seung A Kim
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea; (L.R.); (D.S.K.); (H.P.L.); (N.A.); (C.Y.L.); (S.A.K.)
| | - Seok Gu Jang
- Research and Business Foundation, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea;
| | - Dong Sam Kim
- Research and Business Foundation, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea;
- Correspondence: (D.S.K.); (J.Y.C.); Tel.: +82-33-570-4427 (D.S.K.); +82-31-290-7876 (J.Y.C.)
| | - Jae Youl Cho
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea; (L.R.); (D.S.K.); (H.P.L.); (N.A.); (C.Y.L.); (S.A.K.)
- Correspondence: (D.S.K.); (J.Y.C.); Tel.: +82-33-570-4427 (D.S.K.); +82-31-290-7876 (J.Y.C.)
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Quincozes-Santos A, Santos CL, de Souza Almeida RR, da Silva A, Thomaz NK, Costa NLF, Weber FB, Schmitz I, Medeiros LS, Medeiros L, Dotto BS, Dias FRP, Sovrani V, Bobermin LD. Gliotoxicity and Glioprotection: the Dual Role of Glial Cells. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:6577-6592. [PMID: 34581988 PMCID: PMC8477366 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02574-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Glial cells (astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and microglia) are critical for the central nervous system (CNS) in both physiological and pathological conditions. With this in mind, several studies have indicated that glial cells play key roles in the development and progression of CNS diseases. In this sense, gliotoxicity can be referred as the cellular, molecular, and neurochemical changes that can mediate toxic effects or ultimately lead to impairment of the ability of glial cells to protect neurons and/or other glial cells. On the other hand, glioprotection is associated with specific responses of glial cells, by which they can protect themselves as well as neurons, resulting in an overall improvement of the CNS functioning. In addition, gliotoxic events, including metabolic stresses, inflammation, excitotoxicity, and oxidative stress, as well as their related mechanisms, are strongly associated with the pathogenesis of neurological, psychiatric and infectious diseases. However, glioprotective molecules can prevent or improve these glial dysfunctions, representing glial cells-targeting therapies. Therefore, this review will provide a brief summary of types and functions of glial cells and point out cellular and molecular mechanisms associated with gliotoxicity and glioprotection, potential glioprotective molecules and their mechanisms, as well as gliotherapy. In summary, we expect to address the relevance of gliotoxicity and glioprotection in the CNS homeostasis and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Quincozes-Santos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Neurociências, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Camila Leite Santos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Rômulo Rodrigo de Souza Almeida
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Amanda da Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Natalie K Thomaz
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Naithan Ludian Fernandes Costa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Neurociências, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Becker Weber
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Izaviany Schmitz
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Lara Scopel Medeiros
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Lívia Medeiros
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Bethina Segabinazzi Dotto
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Filipe Renato Pereira Dias
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Sovrani
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Larissa Daniele Bobermin
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Zamani-Garmsiri F, Emamgholipour S, Rahmani Fard S, Ghasempour G, Jahangard Ahvazi R, Meshkani R. Polyphenols: Potential anti-inflammatory agents for treatment of metabolic disorders. Phytother Res 2021; 36:415-432. [PMID: 34825416 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Ample evidence highlights the potential benefits of polyphenols in health status especially in obesity-related metabolic disorders such as insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases. Mechanistically, due to the key role of "Metainflammation" in the pathomechanism of metabolic disorders, recently much focus has been placed on the properties of polyphenols in obesity-related morbidities. This narrative review summarizes the current knowledge on the role of polyphenols, including genistein, chlorogenic acid, ellagic acid, caffeic acid, and silymarin in inflammatory responses pertinent to metabolic disorders and discusses the implications of this evidence for future directions. This review provides evidence that the aforementioned polyphenols benefit health status in metabolic disorders via direct and indirect regulation of a variety of target proteins involved in inflammatory signaling pathways. However, due to limitations of the in vitro and in vivo studies and also the lack of long-term human clinical trials studies, further high-quality investigations are required to firmly establish the clinical efficacy of the polyphenols for the prevention and management of metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahimeh Zamani-Garmsiri
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Solaleh Emamgholipour
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Soheil Rahmani Fard
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Institute of immunology and infectious Disease, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ghasem Ghasempour
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Roya Jahangard Ahvazi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Meshkani
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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24
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Du ZR, Gu Y, Xie XM, Zhang M, Jiang GY, Chen WF. GPER and IGF-1R mediate the anti-inflammatory effect of genistein against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced nigrostriatal injury in rats. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2021; 214:105989. [PMID: 34478828 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2021.105989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation plays an important role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). Genistein is an estrogen-like phytoestrogen that can exert biological effects via the crosstalk of estrogen receptor and insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R). The present study aimed to evaluate the involvement of G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) and IGF-1R in the anti-inflammatory effects of genistein against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced nigrostriatal injury in ovariectomized rats. Our results showed that genistein treatment could ameliorate the apomorphine-induced rotational behavior in LPS-induced inflammatory PD rat model. Genistein attenuated LPS-induced decrease of the contents of dopamine (DA) and its metabolites in striatum as well as the loss of tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive (TH-IR) neurons in the substantia nigra (SN) of the lesioned side, which could be blocked by GPER antagonist G15 or IGF-1R antagonist JB1. Meanwhile, G15 or JB1 could attenuate the anti-inflammatory effects of genistein in LPS-induced microglial activation and production of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin 1β (IL-1β), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). Moreover, genistein could inhibit the LPS-induced phosphorylation of p38, JNK, ERK and IκB in the lesioned side of SN and these effects could also be blocked by G15 or JB1. Taken together, our data provide the first evidence that genistein can inhibit the increase of microglia and protect dopaminergic neurons at least in part via GPER and IGF-1R signaling pathways in ovariectomized PD rat model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Rui Du
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China; Laboratory of Sports of Human Science, Ludong University, Yantai, 264000, China
| | - Yu Gu
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Xiao-Man Xie
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Mei Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Guo-Yi Jiang
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Wen-Fang Chen
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China.
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25
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Rahmawati L, Aziz N, Oh J, Hong YH, Woo BY, Hong YD, Manilack P, Souladeth P, Jung JH, Lee WS, Jeon MJ, Kim T, Hossain MA, Yum J, Kim JH, Cho JY. Cissus subtetragona Planch. Ameliorates Inflammatory Responses in LPS-induced Macrophages, HCl/EtOH-induced Gastritis, and LPS-induced Lung Injury via Attenuation of Src and TAK1. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26196073. [PMID: 34641616 PMCID: PMC8512965 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26196073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Several Cissus species have been used and reported to possess medicinal benefits. However, the anti-inflammatory mechanisms of Cissus subtetragona have not been described. In this study, we examined the potential anti-inflammatory effects of C. subtetragona ethanol extract (Cs-EE) in vitro and in vivo, and investigated its molecular mechanism as well as its flavonoid content. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced macrophage-like RAW264.7 cells and primary macrophages as well as LPS-induced acute lung injury (ALI) and HCl/EtOH-induced acute gastritis mouse models were utilized. Luciferase assays, immunoblotting analyses, overexpression strategies, and cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA) were performed to identify the molecular mechanisms and targets of Cs-EE. Cs-EE concentration-dependently reduced the secretion of NO and PGE2, inhibited the expression of inflammation-related cytokines in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells, and decreased NF-κB- and AP-1-luciferase activity. Subsequently, we determined that Cs-EE decreased the phosphorylation events of NF-κB and AP-1 pathways. Cs-EE treatment also significantly ameliorated the inflammatory symptoms of HCl/EtOH-induced acute gastritis and LPS-induced ALI mouse models. Overexpression of HA-Src and HA-TAK1 along with CETSA experiments validated that inhibited inflammatory responses are the outcome of attenuation of Src and TAK1 activation. Taken together, these findings suggest that Cs-EE could be utilized as an anti-inflammatory remedy especially targeting against gastritis and acute lung injury by attenuating the activities of Src and TAK1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laily Rahmawati
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea; (L.R.); (N.A.); (J.O.); (Y.H.H.)
| | - Nur Aziz
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea; (L.R.); (N.A.); (J.O.); (Y.H.H.)
| | - Jieun Oh
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea; (L.R.); (N.A.); (J.O.); (Y.H.H.)
| | - Yo Han Hong
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea; (L.R.); (N.A.); (J.O.); (Y.H.H.)
| | - Byoung Young Woo
- AmorePacific R&D Center, Yongin 17074, Korea; (B.Y.W.); (Y.D.H.)
| | - Yong Deog Hong
- AmorePacific R&D Center, Yongin 17074, Korea; (B.Y.W.); (Y.D.H.)
| | - Philaxay Manilack
- Department of Forestry, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Vientiane P.O. Box 811, Laos;
| | - Phetlasy Souladeth
- Department of Forest Management, Faculty of Forest Science, National University of Laos, Vientiane P.O. Box 7322, Laos;
| | - Ji Hwa Jung
- Division of Zoology, Honam National Institute of Biological Resources, Mokpo 58762, Korea;
| | - Woo Shin Lee
- Department of Forest Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea;
| | - Mi Jeong Jeon
- Animal Resources Division, National Institute of Biological Resources, Incheon 22689, Korea; (M.J.J.); (T.K.); (J.Y.)
| | - Taewoo Kim
- Animal Resources Division, National Institute of Biological Resources, Incheon 22689, Korea; (M.J.J.); (T.K.); (J.Y.)
| | - Mohammad Amjad Hossain
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Korea;
| | - Jinwhoa Yum
- Animal Resources Division, National Institute of Biological Resources, Incheon 22689, Korea; (M.J.J.); (T.K.); (J.Y.)
| | - Jong-Hoon Kim
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Korea;
- Correspondence: (J.-H.K.); (J.Y.C.); Tel.: +82-63-270-2563 (J.-H.K.); +82-31-290-7876 (J.Y.C.)
| | - Jae Youl Cho
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea; (L.R.); (N.A.); (J.O.); (Y.H.H.)
- Correspondence: (J.-H.K.); (J.Y.C.); Tel.: +82-63-270-2563 (J.-H.K.); +82-31-290-7876 (J.Y.C.)
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26
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Mengheres G, Rice CR, Olajide OA, Hemming K. Synthesis of novel isoflavone/benzo-δ-sultam hybrids as potential anti-inflammatory drugs. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2021; 34:127761. [PMID: 33359607 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2020.127761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
A small series of novel isoflavone/benzo-δ-sultam hybrids was synthesised and evaluated as potential anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective drugs in LPS-activated BV2 microglia. The benzo-δ-sultam core was constructed in a two-step reaction by coupling 2-halobenzenesulfonamide derivatives with terminal alkynes, followed by a 6-endo-dig cyclisation. The synthesised compounds, including precursors and hybrids, were tested for their ability to inhibit NO and TNF-α production in LPS-stimulated BV2 microglial cells, and the results are promising. The most potent hybrid reduces the NO production to 41%, and the TNF-α to 34% at 20 µM final concentration in the well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Mengheres
- Department of Chemical Sciences, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, United Kingdom.
| | - Craig R Rice
- Department of Chemical Sciences, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, United Kingdom
| | - Olumayokun A Olajide
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, United Kingdom
| | - Karl Hemming
- Department of Chemical Sciences, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, United Kingdom.
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27
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Mandić MR, Oalđe MM, Lunić TM, Sabovljević AD, Sabovljević MS, Gašić UM, Duletić-Laušević SN, Božić BD, Božić Nedeljković BD. Chemical characterization and in vitro immunomodulatory effects of different extracts of moss Hedwigia ciliata (Hedw.) P. Beauv. from the Vršačke Planine Mts., Serbia. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0246810. [PMID: 33571277 PMCID: PMC7877662 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Bioactive compounds from natural sources are of great importance because of their potential pharmacological activity and tremendous structural diversity. In this study, the chemical composition of different moss extracts of Hedwigia ciliata P. Beauv. have been examined, as well as their antioxidant, antineurodegenerative/anti-neuroinflammatory, antidiabetic, and antiproliferative potential. The extracts were prepared by Soxhlet extractor using solvents of different polarity. Chemical characterization of the extracts revealed the presence of phenolics and flavonoid compounds, together with triterpenoids as secondary metabolites of high biological activity. Significant antioxidant properties of all the extracts were exhibited using the β-carotene assay. The highest activities were found for water:ethanol extract (with the highest inhibition rate of 96%), but also significant inhibition was measured for ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts (80% and 70%, respectively). Confirmation of biocompatibility of investigated moss extracts has been performed using normal human fibroblast cell line, MRC-5. The H. ciliata extracts exhibited significant antiproliferative activity (~ 50%) against the MDA-MB-231 (human breast adenocarcinoma cell line), which has not previously been reported elsewhere. The Griess assay confirmed the potential anti-neuroinflammatory activity of the extracts, as significant effects in reducing NO production by LPS-stimulated BV2 (normal murine microglia cell line) was observed. This data is in line with noted antineurodegenerative potential measured by the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (with the highest inhibition rate of 60% for ethyl acetate extract) and tyrosinase (with the highest inhibition rate of 70% for ethanol extract). Additionally, the H. ciliata extracts exhibited significant antidiabetic effect mediated by α-glucosidase inhibition (with the highest inhibition rate of 80% for ethyl acetate extract). The obtained data suggest the presence of immunomodulatory effects of the moss extracts in vitro, which allows the design of new experiments aimed at detecting and characterizing bioactive compounds of the extracts and additionally elucidate detailed mechanisms of their effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija R. Mandić
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Physiology and Biochemistry “Ivan Djaja”, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Mariana M. Oalđe
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Botany and Botanical Garden "Jevremovac", University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Tanja M. Lunić
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Physiology and Biochemistry “Ivan Djaja”, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Aneta D. Sabovljević
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Botany and Botanical Garden "Jevremovac", University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marko S. Sabovljević
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Botany and Botanical Garden "Jevremovac", University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Uroš M. Gašić
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute for Biological Research “Sinisa Stankovic”, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Sonja N. Duletić-Laušević
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Botany and Botanical Garden "Jevremovac", University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Bojan Dj. Božić
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Physiology and Biochemistry “Ivan Djaja”, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
- * E-mail: (BB); (BBN)
| | - Biljana Dj. Božić Nedeljković
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Physiology and Biochemistry “Ivan Djaja”, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
- * E-mail: (BB); (BBN)
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28
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Atho'illah MF, Safitri YD, Nur'aini FD, Widyarti S, Tsuboi H, Rifa'i M. Elicited soybean extract attenuates proinflammatory cytokines expression by modulating TLR3/TLR4 activation in high-fat, high-fructose diet mice. J Ayurveda Integr Med 2021; 12:43-51. [PMID: 33531194 PMCID: PMC8039419 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaim.2021.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The high-fat, high-fructose diet (HFFD) provokes overnutrition and inflammation directly, mainly through Toll-like receptors (TLRs). Soybean (Glycine max L.) contains isoflavone that can be transformed into glyceollin by microbial and physical stimuli. Glyceollin possesses many beneficial effects on health. OBJECTIVE This study evaluates the beneficial effect of soybean extract elicited by Saccharomyces cerevisiae and light (ESE) on dendritic cells (DCs) profile and naïve T cells in HFFD mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS Female Balb/C mice were fed with HFFD for 24 weeks then orally administered with simvastatin 2.8 mg/kg BW or ESE 78, 104, and 130 mg/kg BW at the last four weeks. The expression of splenic CD11c+TLR3+, CD11c+TLR4+, NFκB+, CD11c+IL-17+, CD11c+TNF-α+, CD4+CD62L+, and CD8+CD62L+ subsets was measured by flow cytometry. The molecular docking has been measured using Pyrx 0.8, displayed in PyMol and Biovia Discovery Studio. RESULT HFFD significantly increased CD11c+TLR3+, CD11c+TLR4+, NFκB+, CD11c+IL-17+, CD11c+TNF-α+ expression and decreased CD4+CD62L+ and CD8+CD62L+ (p < 0.05) compared to normal diet (ND) groups. ESE reduced CD11c+TLR3+, CD11c+TLR4+, thereby decreasing NFκB+, as well as decreased the CD11c+IL-17+, CD11c+TNF-α+, and restores CD4+CD62L+ and CD8+CD62L+ subsets in HFFD mice. Glyceollin II exhibited the best binding affinity with an average energy of -7.3 kcal/mol to TLR3 and -7.9 kcal/mol to TLR4. CONCLUSION The bioactive compound in ESE act synergistically to modulate TLR3/TLR4 activation, reduced NFκB, IL-17, and TNF-α, and restores naïve T cells expression in HFFD mice. ESE was a favorable candidate to mitigate chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mochammad Fitri Atho'illah
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Brawijaya University, 65145, Malang, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Yunita Diyah Safitri
- Medical Laboratory Technology Program, Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Kesehatan Karya Putra Bangsa, 66291, Tulungagung, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Farida Dewi Nur'aini
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Brawijaya University, 65145, Malang, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Sri Widyarti
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Brawijaya University, 65145, Malang, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Hideo Tsuboi
- Department of Immunology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showaku, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Muhaimin Rifa'i
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Brawijaya University, 65145, Malang, East Java, Indonesia; Center of Biosystem Study, LPPM of Brawijaya University, 65145, Malang, East Java, Indonesia.
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Zhong J, Qiu X, Yu Q, Chen H, Yan C. A novel polysaccharide from Acorus tatarinowii protects against LPS-induced neuroinflammation and neurotoxicity by inhibiting TLR4-mediated MyD88/NF-κB and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 163:464-475. [PMID: 32621930 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.06.266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Our previous study has indicated that a crude polysaccharide derived from Acorus tatarinowii, AT50, remarkably improves learning and memory in scopolamine-induced amnesic mice and prevents the release of inflammatory mediators. To further explore the bioactive constituents of AT50, a novel polysaccharide (ATP50-3) was purified, and its anti-neuroinflammatory effects and underlying mechanisms were investigated. ATP50-3 significantly reduced abnormal elevation of inflammatory mediators in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced proinflammatory BV2 cells in vitro and inhibited the activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB). Moreover, ATP50-3 down-regulated LPS-induced protein levels of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), myeloid differentiation primary response protein (MyD88), p-PI3K (phosphoinositide 3-kinase), and p-Akt (protein kinase B). Further experiments demonstrated that TAK242 (a TLR4 inhibitor) and LY294002 (a PI3K inhibitor) remarkably augmented ATP50-3's down-regulation on LPS-induced proinflammatory mediators. Importantly, ATP50-3 provided neuroprotection against neuroinflammation-induced neurotoxicity in primary cortical and hippocampal neurons by mitigating overproduction of reactive oxygen species and damage to the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). Taken together, our findings suggest that ATP50-3 exerts anti-neuroinflammatory and neuroprotective effects through modulation of TLR4-mediated MyD88/NF-κB and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhong
- Center for Clinical Precision Medication, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Clinical Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xian Qiu
- Center for Clinical Precision Medication, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Qian Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Haiyun Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Chunyan Yan
- Center for Clinical Precision Medication, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Clinical Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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Exercise and/or Genistein Treatment Impact Gut Microbiota and Inflammation after 12 Weeks on a High-Fat, High-Sugar Diet in C57BL/6 Mice. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12113410. [PMID: 33172007 PMCID: PMC7694625 DOI: 10.3390/nu12113410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Genistein (Gen) and exercise (Exe) have been postulated as potential strategies to ameliorate obesity, inflammation, and gut microbiota (GM) with promising results. However, the impact of the combination of both Exe and Gen is yet to be investigated. We aimed to analyze the impacts of Exe, Gen, and their combined effects on GM and inflammation in mice after a 12-week high-fat, high-sugar diet (HFD). Eighty-three C57BL/6 mice were randomized to control, HFD, HFD + Exe, HFD + Gen, or HFD + Exe + Gen. The V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene was analyzed with Illumina MiSeq. Serum samples were used to analyze interleukin (Il)-6 and Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha (TNF-alpha). The HFD + Exe and HFD + Exe + Gen treatments resulted in significantly greater microbial richness compared to HFD. All the treatments had a significantly different impact on the GM community structure. Ruminococcus was significantly more abundant after the HFD + Exe + Gen treatment when compared to all the other HFD groups. Exe + Gen resulted in serum Il-6 concentrations similar to that of controls. TNF-alpha concentrations did not differ by treatment. Overall, Exe had a positive impact on microbial richness, and Ruminococcus might be the driving bacteria for the GM structure differences. Exe + Gen may be an effective treatment for preventing HFD-induced inflammation.
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Polysialic acid and Siglec-E orchestrate negative feedback regulation of microglia activation. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 78:1637-1653. [PMID: 32725371 PMCID: PMC7904730 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03601-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Polysialic acid (polySia) emerges as a novel regulator of microglia activity. We recently identified polysialylated proteins in the Golgi compartment of murine microglia that are released in response to inflammatory stimulation. Since exogenously added polySia is able to attenuate the inflammatory response, we proposed that the release of polysialylated proteins constitutes a mechanism for negative feedback regulation of microglia activation. Here, we demonstrate that translocation of polySia from the Golgi to the cell surface can be induced by calcium depletion of the Golgi compartment and that polysialylated proteins are continuously released for at least 24 h after the onset of inflammatory stimulation. The latter was unexpected, because polySia signals detected by immunocytochemistry are rapidly depleted. However, it indicates that the amount of released polySia is much higher than anticipated based on immunostaining. This may be crucial for microglial responses during traumatic brain injury (TBI), as we detected polySia signals in activated microglia around a stab wound in the adult mouse brain. In BV2 microglia, the putative polySia receptor Siglec-E is internalized during lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced activation and in response to polySia exposure, indicating interaction. Correspondingly, CRISPR/Cas9-mediated Siglec-E knockout prevents inhibition of pro inflammatory activation by exogenously added polySia and leads to a strong increase of the LPS response. A comparable increase of LPS-induced activation has been observed in microglia with abolished polySia synthesis. Together, these results indicate that the release of the microglia-intrinsic polySia pool, as implicated in TBI, inhibits the inflammatory response by acting as a trans-activating ligand of Siglec-E.
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Walker C, Ghazisaeidi S, Collet B, Boisvert A, Culty M. In utero exposure to low doses of genistein and di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) alters innate immune cells in neonatal and adult rat testes. Andrology 2020; 8:943-964. [PMID: 32533902 DOI: 10.1111/andr.12840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although humans are exposed to mixtures of endocrine disruptor chemicals, few studies have examined their toxicity on male reproduction. We previously found that fetal exposure to a mixture of the phytoestrogen genistein (GEN) and the plasticizer di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) altered gene expression in adult rat testes. OBJECTIVES Our goal was to investigate the effects of fetal exposure to GEN-DEHP mixtures at two doses relevant to humans on testicular function and transcriptome in neonatal and adult rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Pregnant SD rats were gavaged with vehicle, GEN or DEHP, alone or mixed at 0.1 and 10 mg/kg/day, from gestation day 14 to birth. Fertility, steroid levels, and testis morphology were examined in neonatal and adult rats. Testicular transcriptomes were examined by gene array and functional pathway analyses. Cell-specific genes/proteins were determined by quantitative real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS GEN-DEHP mixtures increased the rates of infertility and abnormal testes in adult rats. Gene array analysis identified more genes exclusively altered by the mixtures than individual compounds. Altered top canonical pathways included urogenital/reproductive developmental and inflammatory processes. GEN-DEHP mixtures increased innate immune cells and macrophages markers at both doses and ages, more strongly and consistently than DEHP or GEN alone. Genes exclusively increased by the mixture in adult testis related to innate immune cells and macrophages included Kitlg, Rps6ka3 (Rsk2), Nr3c1, Nqo1, Lif, Fyn, Ptprj (Dep-1), Gpr116, Pfn2, and Ptgr1. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION These findings demonstrate that GEN-DEHP mixtures at doses relevant to human induce adverse testicular phenotypes, concurrent with age-dependent and non-monotonic changes in testicular transcriptomes. The involvement of innate immune cells such as macrophages suggests immediate and delayed inflammatory responses which may contribute to testicular dysfunction. Moreover, these effects are complex and likely involve multiple interactions between immune and non-immune testicular cell types that will entail further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casandra Walker
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Shahrzad Ghazisaeidi
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Berenice Collet
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Annie Boisvert
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Martine Culty
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Gholampour F, Mohammadi Z, Karimi Z, Owji SM. Protective effect of genistein in a rat model of ischemic acute kidney injury. Gene 2020; 753:144789. [PMID: 32442578 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2020.144789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study determined the possible anti-inflammatory and antioxidant renal protective effect of genistein, a soy isoflavone, against kidney damage and functional disorders following renal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) in male rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS The animals were dedicated to five groups (n = 7 per group): Sham, Sham + Geni (genistein, 15 mg/kg in 1 ml 1% DMSO, i.p.), Sham + DMSO (1 ml 1% DMSO, i.p.), I/R (bilateral renal ischemia for 45 min followed by 24 h reperfusion), I/R + Geni (genistein, 15 mg/kg). 24-h urine samples, blood and tissue samples of the kidney were collected at the end of 24 h reperfusion period. RESULTS Compared to sham, sham + Geni and sham + DMSO groups, IR injury (IRI) ended in kidney dysfunction (decreased creatinine clearance, and increased fractional excretion of sodium), increased levels of malondialdehyde, decreased activities of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, gluthatione peroxidase, and catalase), increased gene expression levels of TLR4 (Toll-like receptor 4) and TNF-α (tumor necrosis factor-alpha), as well as histological damages in kidney tissue. Genistein administration decreased all the changes. Therefore, genistein apparently protects the kidney against IRI by mitigating both oxidative stress and inflammation. The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of genistein probably exert important roles in improving functional disorders and offer renal protection against IRI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zahra Mohammadi
- Department of Biology, School of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Zeinab Karimi
- Shiraz Nephro-Urology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Owji
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Sun W, Li H, Gu J. Up-regulation of microRNA-574 attenuates lipopolysaccharide- or cecal ligation and puncture-induced sepsis associated with acute lung injury. Cell Biochem Funct 2020; 38:847-858. [PMID: 32090367 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Acute lung injury (ALI) is the most vulnerable organ in sepsis, however, its underlying mechanism remains unclear. Cell viability and apoptosis were detected by cell counting kit-8 and flow cytometry. The expressions of miR-574, Complement 3 (C3), glucose regulatory protein 78 (GRP78), C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) and Caspase-12 were determined using quantitative real time (qRT)-PCR and Western blot. Histopathology of mice was stained by haematoxylin and eosin staining. The levels of tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin (IL)-1β were determined using ELISA. The expression of miR-574 was positively correlated with cell viability in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated cells. Cell viability was improved and apoptosis was inhibited by mimics. Meanwhile, the levels of GRP78, CHOP and Caspase-12 were suppressed by mimics and agomir in LPS-treated human bronchial epithelial (HBE) cells and cecal ligation and puncture (CLP)-treated mice. In vivo, lung tissue damages were ameliorated by agomir, which also decreased the levels of neutrophils, macrophages and albumin. C3 was a target gene of miR-574 and could be decreased by mimics. SiC3 enhanced cell viability and inhibited apoptosis, however, it suppressed the mRNA levels of GRP78, CHOP and Caspase-12. Up-regulation of miR-574 attenuated sepsis-induced lung injury may be by promoting C3 down-regulation and reducing sepsis-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS). SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY: Clinically, the mortality rate of ALI induced by sepsis remains at a high level, thus, clarifying the mechanism of induction of ALI through pathogen infection will provide a new target for clinical treatment of ALI. In this study, up-regulation of miR-574 attenuated sepsis-induced lung injury may be by promoting C3 down-regulation and reducing sepsis-induced ERS. Our study provides a deeper understanding of sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Sun
- Clinic and Research Center of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Key Lab of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong Li
- Clinic and Research Center of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Key Lab of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jin Gu
- Clinic and Research Center of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Key Lab of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Suppressive Effects of GSS on Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Endothelial Cell Injury and ALI via TNF- α and IL-6. Mediators Inflamm 2019; 2019:4251394. [PMID: 32082076 PMCID: PMC7012263 DOI: 10.1155/2019/4251394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 09/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Under septic conditions, LPS induced lung vascular endothelial cell (EC) injury, and the release of inflammatory mediator launches and aggravates acute lung injury (ALI). There are no effective therapeutic options for ALI. Genistein-3'-sodium sulfonate (GSS) is a derivative of native soy isoflavone, which exhibits neuroprotective effects via its antiapoptosis property. However, whether GSS protect against sepsis-induced EC injury and release of inflammatory mediators has not been determined. In this study, we found that GSS not only downregulated the levels of TNF-α and IL-6 in the lung and serum of mice in vivo but also inhibited the expression and secretion of TNF-α and IL-6 in ECs. Importantly, we also found that GSS blocked LPS-induced TNF-α and IL-6 expression in ECs via the Myd88/NF-κB signaling pathway. Taken together, our results demonstrated that GSS might be a promising candidate for sepsis-induced ALI via its regulating effects on inflammatory response in lung ECs.
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Le B, Ngoc APT, Yang SH. Synbiotic fermented soymilk with Weissella cibaria FB069 and xylooligosaccharides prevents proliferation in human colon cancer cells. J Appl Microbiol 2019; 128:1486-1496. [PMID: 31834648 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
AIM Studies on the anticancer effects of synbiotic fermented soymilk are rare. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of synbiotic fermented soymilk supplemented with xylooligosaccharides and inoculated with Weissella cibaria FB069 (FSMXW) in the proliferation of colon cancer cell and compare it with the effect of soymilk inoculated with Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG). METHODS AND RESULTS Both FB069 and LGG were able to grow in soy-based products and rapidly reduce their pH as a result of fermentation. The addition of XOS significantly enhanced the acidification rate, viscosity and total cell concentration in fermented soymilk inoculated with W. cibaria FB069. However, the same effect was not observed following inoculation with LGG. Moreover, the synbiotic FSMXW showed higher dextran, folate, GABA and aglycone content. FSMXW inhibited the proliferation of Caco-2 and HCT116 cell lines, by reducing the transcription of MD2, TLR4, MyD88, and NF-κb. CONCLUSIONS The synbiotic soymilk containing XOS and W. cibaria FB069 increase nutrient and functional compounds through fermentation process. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Our finding suggests that W. cibaria and XOS can be potentially employed in developing functional foods and health-related products.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Le
- Department of Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, Chonnam, Republic of Korea
| | - A P T Ngoc
- Department of Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, Chonnam, Republic of Korea
| | - S H Yang
- Department of Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, Chonnam, Republic of Korea
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Tuli HS, Tuorkey MJ, Thakral F, Sak K, Kumar M, Sharma AK, Sharma U, Jain A, Aggarwal V, Bishayee A. Molecular Mechanisms of Action of Genistein in Cancer: Recent Advances. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:1336. [PMID: 31866857 PMCID: PMC6910185 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Genistein is one among the several other known isoflavones that is found in different soybeans and soy products. The chemical name of genistein is 4′,5,7-trihydroxyisoflavone. Genistein has drawn attention of scientific community because of its potential beneficial effects on human grave diseases, such as cancer. Mechanistic insight of genistein reveals its potential for apoptotic induction, cell cycle arrest, as well as antiangiogenic, antimetastatic, and anti-inflammatory effects. Objective: The purpose of this review is to unravel and analyze various molecular mechanisms of genistein in diverse cancer models. Data sources: English language literature was searched using various databases, such as PubMed, ScienceDirect, EBOSCOhost, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library. Key words used in various combinations included genistein, cancer, anticancer, molecular mechanisms prevention, treatment, in vivo, in vitro, and clinical studies. Study selection: Study selection was carried out strictly in accordance with the statement of Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses. Data extraction: Four authors independently carried out the extraction of articles. Data synthesis: One hundred one papers were found suitable for use in this review. Conclusion: This review covers various molecular interactions of genistein with various cellular targets in cancer models. It will help the scientific community understand genistein and cancer biology and will provoke them to design novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hardeep Singh Tuli
- Department of Biotechnology, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana-Ambala, India
| | - Muobarak Jaber Tuorkey
- Division of Physiology, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
| | - Falak Thakral
- Department of Biotechnology, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana-Ambala, India
| | | | - Manoj Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Maharishi Markandeshwar University, Sadopur, India
| | - Anil Kumar Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana-Ambala, India
| | - Uttam Sharma
- Department of Animal Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
| | - Aklank Jain
- Department of Animal Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
| | - Vaishali Aggarwal
- Department of Histopathology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Anupam Bishayee
- Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Bradenton, FL, United States
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Sadeghalvad M, Mohammadi-Motlagh HR, Karaji AG, Mostafaie A. In vivo anti-inflammatory efficacy of the combined Bowman-Birk trypsin inhibitor and genistein isoflavone, two biological compounds from soybean. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2019; 33:e22406. [PMID: 31593353 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Revised: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Soybean Bowman-Birk protease inhibitor (BBI) and genistein, two biological compounds from soybean, are well-known for their anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer activities. The aim of this study was designing a BBI-genistein conjugate and then investigating its protective effect on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation in BALB/c mice, compared with the effects of combination of BBI and genistein. BBI was purified from soybean and the BBI-genistein conjugate was synthesized. The BALB/c mice were intraperitoneally treated 2 hours before LPS induction. Our results showed that treatment with the combination of BBI and genistein greatly led to more reduced serum levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interferon (IFN)-γ compared with the treatments of BBI alone, the BBI-genistein conjugate, and genistein alone, respectively. Moreover, the expression of TNF-α and IFN-γ in the splenocytes was significantly downregulated along with improving host survival against the LPS-induced lethal endotoxemia in the same way. Our data support a new combined therapy using BBI and genistein, as natural anti-inflammatory agents, to develop a new drug for inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Sadeghalvad
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | | | - Ali Gorgin Karaji
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Ali Mostafaie
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
- Medical Biology Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
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Yi L, Chang M, Zhao Q, Zhou Z, Huang X, Guo F, Huan J. Genistein-3'-sodium sulphonate protects against lipopolysaccharide-induced lung vascular endothelial cell apoptosis and acute lung injury via BCL-2 signalling. J Cell Mol Med 2019; 24:1022-1035. [PMID: 31756053 PMCID: PMC6933390 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Under septic conditions, Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced apoptosis of lung vascular endothelial cells (ECs) triggers and aggravates acute lung injury (ALI), which so far has no effective therapeutic options. Genistein‐3′‐sodium sulphonate (GSS) is a derivative of native soy isoflavone, which has neuro‐protective effects through its anti‐apoptotic property. However, whether GSS protects against sepsis‐induced lung vascular endothelial cell apoptosis and ALI has not been determined. In this study, we found that LPS‐induced Myd88/NF‐κB/BCL‐2 signalling pathway activation and subsequent EC apoptosis were effectively down‐regulated by GSS in vitro. Furthermore, GSS not only reversed the sepsis‐induced BCL‐2 changes in expression in mouse lungs but also blocked sepsis‐associated lung vascular barrier disruption and ALI in vivo. Taken together, our results demonstrated that GSS might be a promising candidate for sepsis‐induced ALI via its regulating effects on Myd88/NF‐κB/BCL‐2 signalling in lung ECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yi
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, School of Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengling Chang
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, School of Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Quanming Zhao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zengding Zhou
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, School of Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoqin Huang
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, School of Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Guo
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingning Huan
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, School of Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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Falcão HG, Silva MBR, de Camargo AC, Shahidi F, Franchin M, Rosalen PL, Alencar SM, Kurozawa LE, Ida EI. Optimizing the potential bioactivity of isoflavones from soybeans via ultrasound pretreatment: Antioxidant potential and NF-κB activation. J Food Biochem 2019; 43:e13018. [PMID: 31441957 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Soybean consumption has been associated with health benefits. However, the effect of ultrasound (US) soybean pretreatment in terms of potential health benefits has not been investigated so far. Accordingly, the total phenolic content (TPC) and the total aglycone content (TAC) were optimized using the Box-Behnken design. Contrasting samples regarding isoflavones aglycones and TPCs were screened for their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potentials using RAW 264.7 macrophages. US pretreated soybeans (55°C, 15 min, and 24 W/cm2 ) showed greater TPC and TAC compared to the control and this translated to higher antiradical activity and reduction of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) activation. The concentration of genistein in treated soybeans increased by 95%. Furthermore, US pretreated soybeans rendered phenolic extracts that reduced the NF-κB activation by 86%. Therefore, this contribution demonstrates the beneficial effects of US pretreatment of soybeans, which provides a better feedstock for the functional food industry. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Soybeans can be consumed as such or used as a feedstock to produce soy yogurt, fermented soymilk, tofu, and protein concentrate, among others. The greatest bioavailability of isoflavones compared to other flavonoids has recently been highlighted, and this has been explained by the relatively moderate lipophilicity of isoflavones as aglycones. The present contribution supports the use of US pretreatment of soybeans to obtain a feedstock with improved contents of isoflavones as aglycones. We have confirmed that phenolic extracts obtained from the US pretreated samples showed higher bioactivity as radical scavengers and by reducing the activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) in a cell model, which is mediated by oxidative species. The clinical importance of NF-κB activation is derived mainly from its role in inflammatory responses. Therefore, our investigation may have a practical application in the procurement of soybean products and/or ingredients with improved functional properties related to their health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Adriano Costa de Camargo
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Londrina State University, Londrina, Brazil
- Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Fereidoon Shahidi
- Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Marcelo Franchin
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Pedro Luiz Rosalen
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Severino Matias Alencar
- Department of Agri-Food Industry, Food & Nutrition, "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Louise Emy Kurozawa
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Elza Iouko Ida
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Londrina State University, Londrina, Brazil
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41
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Zhou XY, Liu J, Xu ZP, Fu Q, Wang PQ, Zhang H. Dexmedetomidine inhibits the lipopolysaccharide-stimulated inflammatory response in microglia through the pathway involving TLR4 and NF-κB. Kaohsiung J Med Sci 2019; 35:750-756. [PMID: 31419076 DOI: 10.1002/kjm2.12112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the effects of dexmedetomidine (DEX) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced neuroinflammation in BV2 microglia. BV2 microglial cells were treated with various concentrations of DEX (0, 1, 10, and 100 ng/mL) for 1 hour, and then incubated in the presence or absence of 0.1 μg/mL LPS for 24 hours. Cell viability was assessed by Cell Counting Kit-8 assays. The expression levels of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The expressions of TLR4 and NF-кB were detected by western blotting. Moreover, BV2 microglial cells were transfected with small interfering RNA (siRNA) specific for TLR4 (si-TLR4 group) or negative control siRNA (si-NC group) for 24 hours, followed by exposing to 0.1 μg/mL LPS for 24 hours. TLR4, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α expressions were detected by quantitative real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). There were no significant differences in cell viability with the different treatments. Compared with the control group, LPS markedly increased the release of IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β, TLR4, and NF-κB, but these increases were significantly attenuated by pretreatment with 10 or 100 ng/mL DEX in a dose-dependent relationship, but not with 1 ng/mL DEX. Gene expression levels of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α were obviously upregulated in si-NC group and si-TLR4 group when cells were exposed to 0.1 μg/mL LPS for 24 hours. Meanwhile, si-TLR4 group had significantly lower IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α expressions than si-NC group. The anti-inflammatory effects of DEX on LPS-induced BV2 microglia may be mediated through pathway involving TLR4 and NF-κB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Yue Zhou
- School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Anesthesia and Operation Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhi-Peng Xu
- Anesthesia and Operation Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Qiang Fu
- Anesthesia and Operation Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Pei-Qi Wang
- Anesthesia and Operation Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Anesthesia and Operation Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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Gildawie KR, Galli RL, Shukitt-Hale B, Carey AN. Protective Effects of Foods Containing Flavonoids on Age-Related Cognitive Decline. Curr Nutr Rep 2019; 7:39-48. [PMID: 29892789 DOI: 10.1007/s13668-018-0227-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Evidence suggests that flavonoids, polyphenolic compounds found in many plant-derived foods, such as berries, may allay cognitive impairment. We review recent research exploring the protective effects of flavonoids on age-related cognitive decline and neurodegenerative disorders in humans and animals. We also address the mechanisms by which flavonoids may exert their effects and promising avenues of future research. RECENT FINDINGS Flavonoids have been found to decrease neuroinflammation, reduce oxidative stress, and mediate neuroplasticity in animal models of neurodegeneration and aging. Injecting flavonoids encased in metal nanoparticles may further enhance the efficacy of flavonoids. Animal studies also demonstrate that flavonoid supplementation may alleviate neurodegenerative cognitive and memory impairments. Limited human studies, however, demonstrate the need for further clinical research investigating flavonoids. Flavonoid supplementation, as well as dietary modification to include whole foods high in flavonoids, may provide therapeutic potential for aging individuals experiencing cognitive deficits resulting from neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsea R Gildawie
- Department of Psychology, Simmons College, 300 The Fenway, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rachel L Galli
- Department of Psychology, Simmons College, 300 The Fenway, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | | | - Amanda N Carey
- Department of Psychology, Simmons College, 300 The Fenway, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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Ahmad A, Ali T, Rehman SU, Kim MO. Phytomedicine-Based Potent Antioxidant, Fisetin Protects CNS-Insult LPS-Induced Oxidative Stress-Mediated Neurodegeneration and Memory Impairment. J Clin Med 2019; 8:E850. [PMID: 31207963 PMCID: PMC6616651 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8060850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytomedicine based natural flavonoids have potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective activities against neurodegenerative diseases. The aim of the present study is to investigate the potent neuroprotective and antioxidant potential effects of fisetin (natural flavonoid) against central nervous system (CNS)-insult, lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS), neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration, and synaptic/memory deficits in adult mice. The mice were injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) with LPS (250 μg/kg/day for 1 week) and a fisetin dosage regimen (20 mg/kg/day i.p. for 2 weeks, 1 week pre-treated to LPS and 1 week co-treated with LPS). Behavioral tests, and biochemical and immunofluorescence assays were applied. Our results revealed that fisetin markedly abrogated the LPS-induced elevated ROS/oxidative stress and activated phosphorylated c-JUN N-terminal Kinase (p-JNK) in the adult mouse hippocampus. Fisetin significantly alleviated LPS-induced activated gliosis. Moreover, fisetin treatment inhibited LPS-induced activation of the inflammatory Toll-like Receptors (TLR4)/cluster of differentiation 14 (CD14)/phospho-nuclear factor kappa (NF-κB) signaling and attenuated other inflammatory mediators (tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1 β (IL1-β), and cyclooxygenase (COX-2). Furthermore, immunoblotting and immunohistochemical results revealed that fisetin significantly reversed LPS-induced apoptotic neurodegeneration. Fisetin improved the hippocampal-dependent synaptic and memory functions in LPS-treated adult mice. In summary, our results strongly recommend that fisetin, a natural potent antioxidant, and neuroprotective phytomedicine, represents a promising, valuable, and therapeutic candidate for the prevention and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashfaq Ahmad
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK 21), College of Natural Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea.
| | - Tahir Ali
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK 21), College of Natural Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea.
| | - Shafiq Ur Rehman
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK 21), College of Natural Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea.
| | - Myeong Ok Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK 21), College of Natural Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea.
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Ozdal ZD, Sahmetlioglu E, Narin I, Cumaoglu A. Synthesis of gold and silver nanoparticles using flavonoid quercetin and their effects on lipopolysaccharide induced inflammatory response in microglial cells. 3 Biotech 2019; 9:212. [PMID: 31114736 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-019-1739-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Quercetin is a plant origin phytochemical with several pharmaceutical activities such as antioxidant, immunomodulatory, and anti-inflammatory effects. However, consumption of quercetin is limited due to its low aqueous solubility and poor bioavailability. The aim of the present study was to synthesize silver and gold nanoparticles of quercetin with a view to improve its aqueous phase solubility and investigate the effects on LPS-induced neuroinflammation in BV-2 microglial cells. The average size of silver and gold-quercetin nanoparticles was 53 and 27 nm, respectively. Absorption peaks in the UV-Vis spectra were observed at 555 and 405 nm for gold and silver-quercetin nanoparticles, respectively. The particle size and mapping of silver and gold-quercetin nanoparticles were also determined using a STEM detector. The inflammatory stimulation of the BV-2 cells with LPS caused an elevated release of proinflammatory prostaglandin, E2, nitric oxide (NO), upregulated cyclooxygenase-2, inducible NO synthase mRNA, and protein levels, which were markedly inhibited by the pretreatment with gold-quercetin nanoparticles (highly soluble in water) without causing any cytotoxic effects. The findings of the present study suggest that the potential of gold-quercetin nanoparticles are much better than quercetin and that gold-quercetin nanoparticles might provide protection against inflammatory neurodegenerative disease via suppression of acute microglial activation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ertugrul Sahmetlioglu
- 2Nanotechnology Research Center, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
- Safiye Çıkrıkçıoğlu Vocational School, Kayseri University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Ibrahim Narin
- 4Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Cumaoglu
- 5Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
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de Camargo AC, Favero BT, Morzelle MC, Franchin M, Alvarez-Parrilla E, de la Rosa LA, Geraldi MV, Maróstica Júnior MR, Shahidi F, Schwember AR. Is Chickpea a Potential Substitute for Soybean? Phenolic Bioactives and Potential Health Benefits. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E2644. [PMID: 31146372 PMCID: PMC6600242 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20112644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Revised: 05/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Legume seeds are rich sources of protein, fiber, and minerals. In addition, their phenolic compounds as secondary metabolites render health benefits beyond basic nutrition. Lowering apolipoprotein B secretion from HepG2 cells and decreasing the level of low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol oxidation are mechanisms related to the prevention of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Likewise, low-level chronic inflammation and related disorders of the immune system are clinical predictors of cardiovascular pathology. Furthermore, DNA-damage signaling and repair are crucial pathways to the etiology of human cancers. Along CVD and cancer, the prevalence of obesity and diabetes is constantly increasing. Screening the ability of polyphenols in inactivating digestive enzymes is a good option in pre-clinical studies. In addition, in vivo studies support the role of polyphenols in the prevention and/or management of diabetes and obesity. Soybean, a well-recognized source of phenolic isoflavones, exerts health benefits by decreasing oxidative stress and inflammation related to the above-mentioned chronic ailments. Similar to soybeans, chickpeas are good sources of nutrients and phenolic compounds, especially isoflavones. This review summarizes the potential of chickpea as a substitute for soybean in terms of health beneficial outcomes. Therefore, this contribution may guide the industry in manufacturing functional foods and/or ingredients by using an undervalued feedstock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriano Costa de Camargo
- Departamento de Ciencias Vegetales, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 306-22, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Bruno Trevenzoli Favero
- University of Copenhagen, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, 2630 Taastrup, Denmark.
| | - Maressa Caldeira Morzelle
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Nutrition, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Fernando Correa Avenue, P.O. box 2367, Cuiabá, MT 78060-900, Brazil.
| | - Marcelo Franchin
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, SP 13414-903, Brazil.
| | - Emilio Alvarez-Parrilla
- Department of Chemical Biological Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez, Anillo Envolvente del Pronaf y Estocolmo, s/n, Cd, Juárez, Chihuahua 32310, México.
| | - Laura A de la Rosa
- Department of Chemical Biological Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez, Anillo Envolvente del Pronaf y Estocolmo, s/n, Cd, Juárez, Chihuahua 32310, México.
| | - Marina Vilar Geraldi
- Department of Food and Nutrition, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Campinas, SP 13083-862, Brazil.
| | | | - Fereidoon Shahidi
- Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1B 3X9, Canada.
| | - Andrés R Schwember
- Departamento de Ciencias Vegetales, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 306-22, Santiago, Chile.
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Anti-inflammatory activity of elicited soybean ( Glycine max) extract on Balb/C mice ( Mus musculus) with high-fat and -fructose diet. Cent Eur J Immunol 2019; 44:7-14. [PMID: 31114431 PMCID: PMC6526585 DOI: 10.5114/ceji.2019.84010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity causes adipocyte hypertrophy, which leads to cell death. Consequently, macrophages and lymphocytes infiltrate into the adipose tissue and elevate pro-inflammatory cytokine production through TLR activation. This study aimed to determine the efficacy of soybean extract, which was elicited by Saccharomyces cerevisiae and light, as an anti-inflammatory agent in mice with a high-fat and -fructose diet (HFFD). The elicited soybean extract (ESE) was administered orally to mice for four weeks after being given an HFFD for 20 weeks. Three different doses were used: (1) low-dose (78 mg/kg BW); (2) normal dose (104 mg/kg BW); and (3) high dose (130 mg/kg BW). HFFD mice model treated with simvastatin 2.8 mg/kg BW considered as drug control. After 24 weeks, the lymphocytes were isolated and the relative number of CD4+TLR3+ T, CD4+TLR4+ T, CD4+TNF-α+ T, and CD4+IFN-γ+ T cells were analysed using flow cytometry. The results showed that the HFFD mouse model had an increased number of CD4+TLR3+ T, CD4+TLR4+ T, CD4+TNF-α+ T, and CD4+IFN-γ+ T cells. ESE administration decreased the relative number of CD4+TLR3+ T, CD4+TLR4+ T, CD4+TNF-α+ T, and CD4+IFN-γ+ T cells. The normal dose of ESE is the most effective dose in suppressing inflammation compared to positive controls. ESE 104 mg/kg BW can be considered as an alternative herbal medicine that may suppress inflammation in HFFD mice.
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Luan F, Li M, Han K, Ma Q, Wang J, Qiu Y, Yu L, He X, Liu D, Lv H. Phenylethanoid glycosides of Phlomis younghusbandii Mukerjee ameliorate acute hypobaric hypoxia-induced brain impairment in rats. Mol Immunol 2019; 108:81-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2019.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Chen CY, Kao CL, Liu CM. The Cancer Prevention, Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Oxidation of Bioactive Phytochemicals Targeting the TLR4 Signaling Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19092729. [PMID: 30213077 PMCID: PMC6164406 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a well-known family of pattern recognition receptors that play an important role in a host immune system. TLR triggering leads to the induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, driving the activation of both innate and adaptive immunity. Recently, an increasing number studies have shown the link between TLRs and cancer. Among them, the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling pathway is associated with inflammatory response and cancer progression. Dietary phytochemicals are potential modulators of immunological status with various pharmacological properties including anti-cancer, anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory. Curcumin, 6-gingerol, 6-shogaol, 1-dehydro-10-gingerdione, epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), luteolin, quercetin, resveratrol, caffeic acid phenethyl ester, xanthohumol, genistein, berberine, and sulforaphane can inhibit TLR4 activation. The aim of the present review is to describe the role of the TLR4 signaling pathway between inflammatory response and cancer progression. We further introduce bioactive phytochemicals with potential anti-inflammation and chemoprevention by inhibiting TLR activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Yi Chen
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Fooyin University, Ta-Liao District, Kaohsiung 83102, Taiwan.
| | - Chiu-Li Kao
- Department of Nursing, Tzu Hui Institute of Technology, Pingtung County 92641, Taiwan.
| | - Chi-Ming Liu
- School of Medicine, Yichun University, Yuanzhou District, Yichun 336000, China.
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Wu PS, Ding HY, Yen JH, Chen SF, Lee KH, Wu MJ. Anti-inflammatory Activity of 8-Hydroxydaidzein in LPS-Stimulated BV2 Microglial Cells via Activation of Nrf2-Antioxidant and Attenuation of Akt/NF-κB-Inflammatory Signaling Pathways, as Well As Inhibition of COX-2 Activity. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:5790-5801. [PMID: 29790749 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b00437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
It was demonstrated that isoflavones can cross the blood-brain barrier, making them desirable candidate agents for the prevention of neurological symptoms. 8-Hydroxydaidzein (8-OHD, 4',7,8-trihydoxyisoflavone) is an isoflavone found only in fermented soy food. Current results showed that 8-OHD inhibited LPS-stimulated production of nitric oxide (NO) and proinflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-6, by inhibiting gene expression in BV2 microglial cells. Moreover, 8-OHD markedly quenched reactive oxygen species (ROS) and activated NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) so as to upregulate expression of Phase II enzymes, including heme oxygenase (HO)-1, NAD(P)H quinone dehydrogenase 1 (NQO1), and the modifier subunit of glutamate cysteine ligase (GCLM). 8-OHD also suppressed LPS-stimulated phosphorylation of Akt and NF-κB-p65. The anti-inflammatory activity of 8-OHD was attenuated by the HO-1 inhibitor zinc protoporphyrin (Znpp) but augmented by the PI3K/Akt inhibitor LY294002. 8-OHD also diminished LPS-induced prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production without affecting cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 expression. In vitro assay shows that 8-OHD displayed mixed-type inhibition of COX-2 with an IC50 of 8.9 ± 1.2 μM. These data suggest that the anti-inflammatory activity of 8-OHD may be associated with the activation of Nrf2/HO-1 and attenuation of Akt/NF-κB signaling pathways as well as inhibition of COX-2 enzyme activity. In conclusion, 8-OHD, a potent Nrf2 activator, Akt/NF-κB activation suppressor, and COX-2 enzyme inhibitor, may have health-promoting effects for mitigating microglia activation and preventing neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jui-Hung Yen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics , Tzu Chi University , Hualien 970 , Taiwan
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Chen Y, Xu HS, Guo TL. Modulation of cytokine/chemokine production in human macrophages by bisphenol A: A comparison to analogues and interactions with genistein. J Immunotoxicol 2018; 15:96-103. [DOI: 10.1080/1547691x.2018.1476629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yingjia Chen
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Diagnostic Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Hannah Shibo Xu
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Diagnostic Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Tai L. Guo
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Diagnostic Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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