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Pilsova A, Pilsova Z, Klusackova B, Zelenkova N, Chmelikova E, Postlerova P, Sedmikova M. Hydrogen sulfide and its role in female reproduction. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1378435. [PMID: 38933705 PMCID: PMC11202402 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1378435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a gaseous signaling molecule produced in the body by three enzymes: cystathionine-β-synthase (CBS), cystathionine-γ-lyase (CSE) and 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase (3-MST). H2S is crucial in various physiological processes associated with female mammalian reproduction. These include estrus cycle, oocyte maturation, oocyte aging, ovulation, embryo transport and early embryo development, the development of the placenta and fetal membranes, pregnancy, and the initiation of labor. Despite the confirmed presence of H2S-producing enzymes in all female reproductive tissues, as described in this review, the exact mechanisms of H2S action in these tissues remain in most cases unclear. Therefore, this review aims to summarize the knowledge about the presence and effects of H2S in these tissues and outline possible signaling pathways that mediate these effects. Understanding these pathways may lead to the development of new therapeutic strategies in the field of women's health and perinatal medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Pilsova
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food, and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czechia
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2
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Shi X, Li H, Guo F, Li D, Xu F. Novel ray of hope for diabetic wound healing: Hydrogen sulfide and its releasing agents. J Adv Res 2024; 58:105-115. [PMID: 37245638 PMCID: PMC10982866 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2023.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a long-term metabolic disease accompanied by difficulties in wound healing placing a severe financial and physical burden on patients. As one of the important signal transduction molecules, both endogenous and exogenous hydrogen sulfide (H2S) was found to promote diabetic wound healing in recent studies. H2S at physiological concentrations can not only promote cell migration and adhesion functions, but also resist inflammation, oxidative stress and inappropriate remodeling of the extracellular matrix. AIM OF REVIEW The purpose of this review is to summarize current research on the function of H2S in diabetic wound healing at all stages, and propose future directions. KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW In this review, first, the various factors affecting wound healing under diabetic pathological conditions and the in vivo H2S generation pathway are briefly introduced. Second, how H2S may improve diabetic wound healing is categorized and described. Finally, we discuss the relevant H2S donors and new dosage forms, analyze and reveal the characteristics of many typical H2S donors, which may provide new ideas for the development of H2S-released agents to improve diabetic wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Shi
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Haonan Li
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, and School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Fengrui Guo
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, and School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Dahong Li
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, and School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China.
| | - Fanxing Xu
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China.
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3
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Almammadov T, Dirak M, Saymaz A, Acari A, Kolemen S. A hydrogen sulfide and tyrosinase responsive dual-locked fluorophore for selective imaging of melanoma cells. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:9972-9975. [PMID: 37503543 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc02676k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
A resorufin-based dual-locked fluorescent probe (RHT) was introduced to image melanoma cells selectively. RHT was shown to function as an AND molecular logic gate as it emitted a signal only in the presence of both hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and tyrosinase (Tyr), which are known to be overexpressed in melanoma cells. In vitro cell culture studies revealed that RHT can be activated with endogenous H2S and Tyr and allows selective imaging of B16-F10 cancer cells under confocal microscopy. RHT marks the first ever example of a fluorescent probe that is sequentially activated by H2S and Tyr.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toghrul Almammadov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, Zurich 8057, Switzerland.
- Department of Chemistry, Koç University, Rumelifeneri Yolu, Istanbul 34450, Turkey.
| | - Musa Dirak
- Department of Chemistry, Koç University, Rumelifeneri Yolu, Istanbul 34450, Turkey.
| | - Ayca Saymaz
- Department of Chemistry, Koç University, Rumelifeneri Yolu, Istanbul 34450, Turkey.
| | - Alperen Acari
- Koç University Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Istanbul 34450, Turkey
| | - Safacan Kolemen
- Department of Chemistry, Koç University, Rumelifeneri Yolu, Istanbul 34450, Turkey.
- Koç University Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Istanbul 34450, Turkey
- Surface Science and Technology Center (KUYTAM), Koç University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
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4
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Lazado CC, Voldvik V, Timmerhaus G, Andersen Ø. Fast and slow releasing sulphide donors engender distinct transcriptomic alterations in Atlantic salmon hepatocytes. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2023; 260:106574. [PMID: 37244121 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2023.106574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen sulphide (H2S) is a naturally occurring compound generated either endogenously or exogenously and serves both as a gaseous signalling molecule and an environmental toxicant. Though it has been extensively investigated in mammalian systems, the biological function of H2S in teleost fish is poorly identified. Here we demonstrate how exogenous H2S regulates cellular and molecular processes in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) using a primary hepatocyte culture as a model. We employed two forms of sulphide donors: the fast-releasing salt form, sodium hydrosulphide (NaHS) and the slow-releasing organic analogue, morpholin-4-ium 4-methoxyphenyl(morpholino) phosphinodithioate (GYY4137). Hepatocytes were exposed to either a low (LD, 20 µg/L) or high (HD, 100 µg/L) dose of the sulphide donors for 24 hrs, and the expression of key sulphide detoxification and antioxidant defence genes were quantified by qPCR. The key sulphide detoxification genes sulfite oxidase 1 (soux) and the sulfide: quinone oxidoreductase 1 and 2 (sqor) paralogs in salmon showed pronounced expression in the liver and likewise responsive to the sulphide donors in the hepatocyte culture. These genes were ubiquitously expressed in different organs of salmon as well. HD-GYY4137 upregulated the expression of antioxidant defence genes, particularly glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase and catalase, in the hepatocyte culture. To explore the influence of exposure duration, hepatocytes were exposed to the sulphide donors (i.e., LD versus HD) either transient (1h) or prolonged (24h). Prolonged but not transient exposure significantly reduced hepatocyte viability, and the effects were not dependent on concentration or form. The proliferative potential of the hepatocytes was only affected by prolonged NaHS exposure, and the impact was not concentration dependent. Microarray analysis revealed that GYY4137 caused more substantial transcriptomic changes than NaHS. Moreover, transcriptomic alterations were more marked following prolonged exposure. Genes involved in mitochondrial metabolism were downregulated by the sulphide donors, primarily in NaHS-exposed cells. Both sulphide donors influenced the immune functions of hepatocytes: genes involved in lymphocyte-mediated response were affected by NaHS, whereas inflammatory response was targeted by GYY4137. In summary, the two sulphide donors impacted the cellular and molecular processes of teleost hepatocytes, offering new insights into the mechanisms underlying H2S interactions in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo C Lazado
- Nofima, The Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, Ås 1433, Norway.
| | - Vibeke Voldvik
- Nofima, The Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, Ås 1433, Norway
| | - Gerrit Timmerhaus
- Nofima, The Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, Ås 1433, Norway
| | - Øivind Andersen
- Nofima, The Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, Ås 1433, Norway
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5
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Alsaeedi A, Welham S, Rose P, Zhu YZ. The Impact of Drugs on Hydrogen Sulfide Homeostasis in Mammals. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12040908. [PMID: 37107283 PMCID: PMC10135325 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12040908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammalian cells and tissues have the capacity to generate hydrogen sulfide gas (H2S) via catabolic routes involving cysteine metabolism. H2S acts on cell signaling cascades that are necessary in many biochemical and physiological roles important in the heart, brain, liver, kidney, urogenital tract, and cardiovascular and immune systems of mammals. Diminished levels of this molecule are observed in several pathophysiological conditions including heart disease, diabetes, obesity, and immune function. Interestingly, in the last two decades, it has become apparent that some commonly prescribed pharmacological drugs can impact the expression and activities of enzymes responsible for hydrogen sulfide production in cells and tissues. Therefore, the current review provides an overview of the studies that catalogue key drugs and their impact on hydrogen sulfide production in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asrar Alsaeedi
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Simon Welham
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Peter Rose
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Yi-Zhun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
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Wang L, Zhang C, Shi K, Chen S, Shao J, Huang X, Wang M, Wang Y, Song Q. Hydrogen Sulfide Enhances Browning Repression and Quality Maintenance in Fresh-Cut Peaches via Modulating Phenolic and Amino Acids Metabolisms. Foods 2023; 12:foods12061158. [PMID: 36981085 PMCID: PMC10048349 DOI: 10.3390/foods12061158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Effects of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) on the browning and quality maintenance of fresh-cut peach fruit were studied. The results showed that H2S treatment repressed the development of surface browning, suppressed the increase in respiration rate and weight loss, and delayed the decline of firmness while soluble solids content (SSC) and microbial growth were unaffected during storage. H2S treatment maintained higher contents of phenolic compounds, especially neo-chlorogenic acid, catechin, and quercetin, and delayed the degradation of phenolic compounds by enhancing the activities of phenolic biosynthesis-related enzymes and inhibiting the oxidative activities of polyphenol oxidase (PPO) in comparison with control. Moreover, H2S stimulated the accumulation of amino acids and their derivatives including proline, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and polyamines (PAs) via enhancing biosynthesis and repressing degradation compared to control. These results suggested that H2S treatment enhanced the accumulation of phenolic, amino acids, and their derivatives by modulating phenolic and amino acids metabolisms, which contributed to the higher antioxidant activity and membrane integrity maintenance, ultimately repressing browning development and maintaining the quality. Therefore, the current study speculated that H2S might be a promising approach for browning inhibition and quality maintenance in fresh-cut peach fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- Anhui Agricultural Products Processing Engineering Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Product Fine Processing and Resource Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Tea and Food Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 210036, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- Anhui Agricultural Products Processing Engineering Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Product Fine Processing and Resource Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Tea and Food Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 210036, China
| | - Kaili Shi
- Anhui Agricultural Products Processing Engineering Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Product Fine Processing and Resource Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Tea and Food Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 210036, China
| | - Shouchao Chen
- Anhui Agricultural Products Processing Engineering Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Product Fine Processing and Resource Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Tea and Food Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 210036, China
| | - Jiawei Shao
- Anhui Agricultural Products Processing Engineering Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Product Fine Processing and Resource Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Tea and Food Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 210036, China
| | - Xingli Huang
- Anhui Agricultural Products Processing Engineering Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Product Fine Processing and Resource Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Tea and Food Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 210036, China
| | - Mingliang Wang
- Anhui Agricultural Products Processing Engineering Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Product Fine Processing and Resource Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Tea and Food Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 210036, China
| | - Yanyan Wang
- Anhui Agricultural Products Processing Engineering Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Product Fine Processing and Resource Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Tea and Food Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 210036, China
| | - Qingyuan Song
- Anhui Agricultural Products Processing Engineering Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Product Fine Processing and Resource Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Tea and Food Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 210036, China
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Vazquez DR, Munoz Forti K, Figueroa Rosado MM, Gutierrez Mirabal PI, Suarez-Martinez E, Castro-Rosario ME. Effect of CaS Nanostructures in the Proliferation of Human Breast Cancer and Benign Cells In Vitro. APPLIED SCIENCES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:10494. [PMID: 37124318 PMCID: PMC10137321 DOI: 10.3390/app122010494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
We report on the effect of naked CaS nanostructures on the proliferation of carcinoma cancer cells and normal fibroblasts in vitro. The CaS nanostructures were prepared via the microwave-mediated decomposition of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) in the presence of calcium acetate Ca ( CH 3 CO 2 ) 2 . Light scattering measurements revealed that dispersions contain CaS nanostructures in the size range of a few Å to about 1 nanometer, and are formed when DMSO is decomposed in the presence of Ca ( CH 3 CO 2 ) 2 . Theoretical calculations at the DFT/B3LYP/DGDZVP level of theory on ( C a S ) n clusters ( n = 1 , 2 , 3 , and 4) are consistent with clusters in this size range. The absorption spectra of the CaS nanostructures are dominated by strong bands in the UV, as well as weaker absorption bands in the visible. We found that a single dose of CaS nanoclusters smaller than 0.8 nm in diameter does not affect the survival and growth rate of normal fibroblasts and inhibits the proliferation rate of carcinoma cells in vitro. Larger CaS nanostructures, approximately (1.1 ± 0.2) nm in diameter, have a similar effect on carcinoma cell proliferation and survival rate. The CaS nanoclusters have little effect on the normal fibroblast cell cycle. Human carcinoma cells treated with CaS nanocluster dispersion exhibited a decreased ability to properly enter the cell cycle, marked by a decrease in cell concentration in the G0/G1 phase in the first 24 h and an increase in cells held in the SubG1 and G0/G1 phases up to 72 h post-treatment. Apoptosis and necrotic channels were found to play significant roles in the death of human carcinoma exposed to the CaS nanoclusters. In contrast, any effect on normal fibroblasts appeared to be short-lived and non-detrimental. The interaction of CaS with several functional groups was further investigated using theoretical calculations. CaS is predicted to interact with thiol ( R-SH ), hydroxide ( R - OH ), amino ( R - NH 2 ), carboxylic acid ( R - COOH ), ammonium ( R-NH 3 + ), and carboxylate ( R-COO - ) functional groups. None of these interactions are predicted to result in the dissociation of CaS. Thermodynamic considerations, on the other hand, are consistent with the dissociation of CaS into Ca 2 + ions and H 2 S in acidic media, both of which are known to cause apoptosis or cell death. Passive uptake and extracellular pH values of carcinoma cells are proposed to result in the observed selectivity of CaS to inhibit cancer cell proliferation with no significant effect on normal fibroblast cells. The results encourage further research with other cell lines in vitro as well as in vivo to translate this nanotechnology into clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Rivera Vazquez
- School of Biological and Physical Sciences, Northwestern State University, Natchitoches, LA 71457, USA
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Puerto Rico at Mayaguez, Mayaguez 00680, Puerto Rico, USA
| | - Kevin Munoz Forti
- Department of Biology, The University of Puerto Rico at Ponce, Ponce 00716, Puerto Rico, USA
| | | | - Pura I. Gutierrez Mirabal
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Puerto Rico at Mayaguez, Mayaguez 00680, Puerto Rico, USA
| | - Edu Suarez-Martinez
- Department of Biology, The University of Puerto Rico at Ponce, Ponce 00716, Puerto Rico, USA
| | - Miguel E. Castro-Rosario
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Puerto Rico at Mayaguez, Mayaguez 00680, Puerto Rico, USA
- Correspondence:
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8
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Carbon monoxide in cell signaling and potential therapeutics. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 204:115231. [PMID: 35988734 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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9
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Pacitti D, Scotton CJ, Kumar V, Khan H, Wark PAB, Torregrossa R, Hansbro PM, Whiteman M. Gasping for Sulfide: A Critical Appraisal of Hydrogen Sulfide in Lung Disease and Accelerated Aging. Antioxid Redox Signal 2021; 35:551-579. [PMID: 33736455 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2021.0039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a gaseous signaling molecule involved in a plethora of physiological and pathological processes. It is primarily synthesized by cystathionine-β-synthase, cystathionine-γ-lyase, and 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase as a metabolite of the transsulfuration pathway. H2S has been shown to exert beneficial roles in lung disease acting as an anti-inflammatory and antiviral and to ameliorate cell metabolism and protect from oxidative stress. H2S interacts with transcription factors, ion channels, and a multitude of proteins via post-translational modifications through S-persulfidation ("sulfhydration"). Perturbation of endogenous H2S synthesis and/or levels have been implicated in the development of accelerated lung aging and diseases, including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and fibrosis. Furthermore, evidence indicates that persulfidation is decreased with aging. Here, we review the use of H2S as a biomarker of lung pathologies and discuss the potential of using H2S-generating molecules and synthesis inhibitors to treat respiratory diseases. Furthermore, we provide a critical appraisal of methods of detection used to quantify H2S concentration in biological samples and discuss the challenges of characterizing physiological and pathological levels. Considerations and caveats of using H2S delivery molecules, the choice of generating molecules, and concentrations are also reviewed. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 35, 551-579.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Pacitti
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Chris J Scotton
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Vinod Kumar
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs and Hunter Medical Research Institute, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Haroon Khan
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs and Hunter Medical Research Institute, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Peter A B Wark
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs and Hunter Medical Research Institute, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Roberta Torregrossa
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs and Hunter Medical Research Institute, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Philip M Hansbro
- Faculty of Science, Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Matthew Whiteman
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
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Mir JM, Maurya RC, Khan MW. NO, CO and H2S based pharmaceuticals in the mission of vision (eye health): a comprehensive review. REV INORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/revic-2021-0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
A set of well defined signaling molecules responsible for normal functioning of human physiology including nitric oxide along with carbon monoxide and hydrogen sulphide are referred as “gasotransmitters”. Due to their involvement in almost every system of a human body, the care of highly sensitive organs using these molecules as drugs represents highly fascinating area of research. In connection with these interesting aspects, the applied aspects of these gaseous molecules in maintaining healthy eye and vision have been targeted in this review. Several examples of eye-droppers including NORMs like latanoprost and nipradiol, CORMs like CORM-3 and CORM-A1, and Hydrogen sulfide releasing system like GYY4137 have been discussed in this context. Therefore the relation of these trio-gasotransmitters with the ophthalmic homeostasis on one hand, and de-infecting role on the other hand has been mainly highlighted. Some molecular systems capable of mimicking gasotransmitter action have also been introduced in connection with the titled theme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Mohammad Mir
- Coordination, Bioinorganic and Computational Chemistry Laboratory, Department of P.G. Studies and Research in Chemistry and Pharmacy , Rani Durgavati University , Jabalpur , M.P. , India
- Department of Chemistry , Islamic University of Science and Technology , Awantipora , J&K 192122 , India
| | - Ram Charitra Maurya
- Coordination, Bioinorganic and Computational Chemistry Laboratory, Department of P.G. Studies and Research in Chemistry and Pharmacy , Rani Durgavati University , Jabalpur , M.P. , India
| | - Mohd Washid Khan
- Coordination, Bioinorganic and Computational Chemistry Laboratory, Department of P.G. Studies and Research in Chemistry and Pharmacy , Rani Durgavati University , Jabalpur , M.P. , India
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Fornal M, Lekki J, Królczyk J, Wizner B, Grodzicki T. Association of sulfur content in erythrocytes with cardiovascular parameters and blood pressure. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 2021; 79:279-292. [PMID: 34057138 DOI: 10.3233/ch-211117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The study aims at assessing the relationship between blood pressure, heart geometry parameters, and the erythrocyte content of sulfur, potassium, chlorine and phosphorus, in a group of patients with laboratory systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP, DBP) below 140 or 90 mm Hg, respectively, who were otherwise healthy and untreated. METHODS The study group consisted of 42 adults recruited in a primary care setting. The individuals were healthy, not undergoing any therapy and free from smoking. For each individual, data were obtained on: average 24-hour SBP and DBP, left ventricle geometry, complete blood count, lipids profile, fibrinogen, hs-CRP and the erythrocyte concentration of sulfur (S), potassium (K), chlorine (Cl) and phosphorus (P). RESULTS Multivariate regression analysis showed statistically significant relationships of diastolic posterior wall thickness (PWTd) and relative wall thickness (RWT) with the concentration ratio of sulfur and potassium (S/K) in erythrocytes: PWTd and RWT increase as the S/K ratio increases. Also, SBP was found to be positively correlated with the S/K ratio. CONCLUSIONS The increase in sulfur content in RBCs could be an indicator of the downregulation of nitric oxide (NO) erythrocyte bioavailability exerted by endogenously produced hydrogen sulfide (H2S), and, in consequence, a marker of the development of hypertension and/or adverse changes in heart geometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Fornal
- Department of Internal Medicine and Gerontology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Janusz Lekki
- Institute of Nuclear Physics PAN, Krakow, Poland
| | - Jarosław Królczyk
- Department of Internal Medicine and Gerontology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Barbara Wizner
- Department of Internal Medicine and Gerontology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Tomasz Grodzicki
- Department of Internal Medicine and Gerontology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
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12
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Comas F, Moreno-Navarrete JM. The Impact of H 2S on Obesity-Associated Metabolic Disturbances. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10050633. [PMID: 33919190 PMCID: PMC8143163 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10050633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last several decades, hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has gained attention as a new signaling molecule, with extensive physiological and pathophysiological roles in human disorders affecting vascular biology, immune functions, cellular survival, metabolism, longevity, development, and stress resistance. Apart from its known functions in oxidative stress and inflammation, new evidence has emerged revealing that H2S carries out physiological functions by targeting proteins, enzymes, and transcription factors through a post-translational modification known as persulfidation. This review article provides a critical overview of the current state of the literature addressing the role of H2S in obesity-associated metabolic disturbances, with particular emphasis on its mechanisms of action in obesity, diabetes, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferran Comas
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica de Girona (IdIBGi), CIBEROBN (CB06/03/010) and Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 17007 Girona, Spain;
| | - José María Moreno-Navarrete
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica de Girona (IdIBGi), CIBEROBN (CB06/03/010) and Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 17007 Girona, Spain;
- Department of Medical Sciences, Universitat de Girona, 17003 Girona, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +(34)-872-98-70-87
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13
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Piragine E, Calderone V. Pharmacological modulation of the hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S) system by dietary H 2 S-donors: A novel promising strategy in the prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Phytother Res 2020; 35:1817-1846. [PMID: 33118671 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) represents the most common age-related metabolic disorder, and its management is becoming both a health and economic issue worldwide. Moreover, chronic hyperglycemia represents one of the main risk factors for cardiovascular complications. In the last years, the emerging evidence about the role of the endogenous gasotransmitter hydrogen sulfide (H2 S) in the pathogenesis and progression of T2DM led to increasing interest in the pharmacological modulation of endogenous "H2 S-system". Indeed, H2 S directly contributes to the homeostatic maintenance of blood glucose levels; moreover, it improves impaired angiogenesis and endothelial dysfunction under hyperglycemic conditions. Moreover, H2 S promotes significant antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic effects, thus preventing hyperglycemia-induced vascular damage, diabetic nephropathy, and cardiomyopathy. Therefore, H2 S-releasing molecules represent a promising strategy in both clinical management of T2DM and prevention of macro- and micro-vascular complications associated to hyperglycemia. Recently, growing attention has been focused on dietary organosulfur compounds. Among them, garlic polysulfides and isothiocyanates deriving from Brassicaceae have been recognized as H2 S-donors of great pharmacological and nutraceutical interest. Therefore, a better understanding of the therapeutic potential of naturally occurring H2 S-donors may pave the way to a more rational use of these nutraceuticals in the modulation of H2 S homeostasis in T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vincenzo Calderone
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,Interdepartmental Research Center Nutrafood "Nutraceuticals and Food for Health", University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,Interdepartmental Research Centre of Ageing Biology and Pathology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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14
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Intelligent H2S release coating for regulating vascular remodeling. Bioact Mater 2020; 6:1040-1050. [PMID: 33102945 PMCID: PMC7567040 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2020.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronary atherosclerotic lesions exhibit a low-pH chronic inflammatory response. Due to insufficient drug release control, drug-eluting stent intervention can lead to delayed endothelialization, advanced thrombosis, and unprecise treatment. In this study, hyaluronic acid and chitosan were used to prepare pH-responsive self-assembling films. The hydrogen sulfide (H2S) releasing aspirin derivative ACS14 was used as drug in the film. The film regulates the release of the drug adjusted to the microenvironment of the lesion, and the drug balances the vascular function by releasing the regulating gas H2S, which comparably to NO promotes the self-healing capacity of blood vessels. Drug releasing profiles of the films at different pH, and other biological effects on blood vessels were evaluated through blood compatibility, cellular, and implantation experiments. This novel method of self-assembled films which H2S in an amount, which is adjusted to the condition of the lesion provides a new concept for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. PH-responsive self-assembling films were used to intelligently release the drugs at atherosclerotic lesions. As a gaseous signaling molecule, H2S donor ACS14 was loaded into the films used in the field of cardiovascular disease treatment. H2S can help to regulate vascular remodeling and balance the vascular function.
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15
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Zhang Y, Wang G, Kong Y, Xu H, Xiao B, Liu Y, Zhou H. A comparative analysis of the essential oils from two species of garlic seedlings cultivated in China: chemical profile and anticoagulant potential. Food Funct 2020; 11:6020-6027. [PMID: 32697212 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo00845a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Garlic seedlings (GS) and blanched garlic seedlings (BGS) are two kinds of common garlic-derived vegetables in China, but little information is available on their bioactive constituents. In this work, chemical profiles and anticoagulant activities of essential oils from GS (EOGS) and BGS (EOBGS) were disclosed and compared for the first time. Sixteen and fourteen volatile compounds were identified in EOGS and EOBGS by GC-MS analysis, and both of them were rich in sulfur-containing compounds, particularly diallyl sulfides accounting for 74.77% and 85.87%, respectively. EOGS and EOBGS exerted anticoagulant activities via intrinsic, extrinsic, and common coagulation pathways as well as by lowering the content of fibrinogen; EOGS exceeded EOBGS in the activation of intrinsic and extrinsic coagulation pathways, while EOBGS outperformed EOGS on the activation of the common coagulation pathway, which was even superior to that of heparin at the same dose. Herein, the results of the present investigation will give a strong clue that EOGS and EOBGS are more likely to lead to a promising way to vegetable-based anticoagulants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhang
- School of Biology and Food Engineering, Changshu Institute of Technology, Changshu 215500, China.
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16
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Marutani E, Ichinose F. Emerging pharmacological tools to control hydrogen sulfide signaling in critical illness. Intensive Care Med Exp 2020; 8:5. [PMID: 32006269 PMCID: PMC6994583 DOI: 10.1186/s40635-020-0296-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has long been known as a toxic environmental hazard. Discovery of physiological roles of H2S as a neurotransmitter by Kimura and colleagues triggered an intensive research in the biological roles of H2S in the past decades. Manipulation of H2S levels by inhibiting H2S synthesis or administration of H2S-releasing molecules revealed beneficial as well as harmful effects of H2S. As a result, it is now established that H2S levels are tightly controlled and too much or too little H2S levels cause harm. Nonetheless, translation of sulfide-based therapy to clinical practice has been stymied due to the very low therapeutic index of sulfide and the incomplete understanding of endogenous sulfide metabolism. One potential strategy to circumvent this problem is to use a safe and stable sulfide metabolite that may mediate effects of H2S. Alternatively, endogenous sulfide levels may be controlled using specific sulfide scavengers. In this review article, the role of endogenous H2S production and catabolism will be briefly reviewed followed by an introduction of thiosulfate and H2S scavengers as novel pharmacological tools to control H2S-dependent signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eizo Marutani
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
| | - Fumito Ichinose
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
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17
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Kim DS, Anantharam P, Padhi P, Thedens DR, Li G, Gilbreath E, Rumbeiha WK. Transcriptomic profile analysis of brain inferior colliculus following acute hydrogen sulfide exposure. Toxicology 2020; 430:152345. [PMID: 31843631 PMCID: PMC8324331 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2019.152345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a gaseous molecule found naturally in the environment, and as an industrial byproduct, and is known to cause acute death and induces long-term neurological disorders following acute high dose exposures. Currently, there is no drug approved for treatment of acute H2S-induced neurotoxicity and/or neurological sequelae. Lack of a deep understanding of pathogenesis of H2S-induced neurotoxicity has delayed the development of appropriate therapeutic drugs that target H2S-induced neuropathology. RNA sequencing analysis was performed to elucidate the cellular and molecular mechanisms of H2S-induced neurodegeneration, and to identify key molecular elements and pathways that contribute to H2S-induced neurotoxicity. C57BL/6J mice were exposed by whole body inhalation to 700 ppm of H2S for either one day, two consecutive days or 4 consecutive days. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan analyses showed H2S exposure induced lesions in the inferior colliculus (IC) and thalamus (TH). This mechanistic study focused on the IC. RNA Sequencing analysis revealed that mice exposed once, twice, or 4 times had 283, 193 and 296 differentially expressed genes (DEG), respectively (q-value < 0.05, fold-change> 1.5). Hydrogen sulfide exposure modulated multiple biological pathways including unfolded protein response, neurotransmitters, oxidative stress, hypoxia, calcium signaling, and inflammatory response in the IC. Hydrogen sulfide exposure activated PI3K/Akt and MAPK signaling pathways. Pro-inflammatory cytokines were shown to be potential initiators of the modulated signaling pathways following H2S exposure. Furthermore, microglia were shown to release IL-18 and astrocytes released both IL-1β and IL-18 in response to H2S. This transcriptomic analysis data revealed complex signaling pathways involved in H2S-induced neurotoxicity and may provide important associated mechanistic insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Suk Kim
- VDPAM, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Poojya Anantharam
- VDPAM, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Piyush Padhi
- VDPAM, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Daniel R Thedens
- Radiology, School of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Ganwu Li
- VDPAM, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Ebony Gilbreath
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Tuskegee University, United States
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18
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The Effect of Hydrogen Sulfide on Different Parameters of Human Plasma in the Presence or Absence of Exogenous Reactive Oxygen Species. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:antiox8120610. [PMID: 31816883 PMCID: PMC6943528 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8120610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The main aim of the study is to examine the effect of sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS), an H2S donor, on the oxidative stress in human plasma in vitro. It also examined the effects of very high concentrations of exogenous hydrogen sulfide on the hemostatic parameters (coagulation and fibrinolytic activity) of human plasma. Plasma was incubated for 5-30 min with different concentrations of NaHS from 0.01 to 10 mM. Following this, lipid peroxidation was measured as a thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) concentration and the oxidation of amino acid residues in proteins was measured by determining the amounts of thiol groups and carbonyl groups. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and the hydroxyl radical generating oxidation system (Fe/H2O2) were used as oxidative stress inducers. Hemostatic factors, such as the maximum velocity of clot formation, fibrin lysis half-time, the activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), thrombin time (TT), and international normalized ratio (INR), were estimated. Changes in lipid peroxidation, carbonyl group formation, and thiol group oxidation were detected at high concentrations of H2S (0.1-10 mM), and these results indicate that NaHS (as the precursor of H2S) may have pro-oxidative effects in human plasma in vitro. Moreover, considering the data presented in this study, we suggest that the oxidative stress stimulated by NaHS (at high concentrations: 1-10 mM) is not involved in changes of the hemostatic activity of plasma.
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19
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Rajendran S, Shen X, Glawe J, Kolluru GK, Kevil CG. Nitric Oxide and Hydrogen Sulfide Regulation of Ischemic Vascular Growth and Remodeling. Compr Physiol 2019; 9:1213-1247. [PMID: 31187898 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c180026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic vascular remodeling occurs in response to stenosis or arterial occlusion leading to a change in blood flow and tissue perfusion. Altered blood flow elicits a cascade of molecular and cellular physiological responses leading to vascular remodeling of the macro- and micro-circulation. Although cellular mechanisms of vascular remodeling such as arteriogenesis and angiogenesis have been studied, therapeutic approaches in these areas have had limited success due to the complexity and heterogeneous constellation of molecular signaling events regulating these processes. Understanding central molecular players of vascular remodeling should lead to a deeper understanding of this response and aid in the development of novel therapeutic strategies. Hydrogen sulfide (H2 S) and nitric oxide (NO) are gaseous signaling molecules that are critically involved in regulating fundamental biochemical and molecular responses necessary for vascular growth and remodeling. This review examines how NO and H2 S regulate pathophysiological mechanisms of angiogenesis and arteriogenesis, along with important chemical and experimental considerations revealed thus far. The importance of NO and H2 S bioavailability, their synthesis enzymes and cofactors, and genetic variations associated with cardiovascular risk factors suggest that they serve as pivotal regulators of vascular remodeling responses. © 2019 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 9:1213-1247, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xinggui Shen
- Departments of Pathology, LSU Health Sciences Center, Shreveport
| | - John Glawe
- Departments of Pathology, LSU Health Sciences Center, Shreveport
| | - Gopi K Kolluru
- Departments of Pathology, LSU Health Sciences Center, Shreveport
| | - Christopher G Kevil
- Departments of Pathology, LSU Health Sciences Center, Shreveport.,Departments of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, LSU Health Sciences Center, Shreveport.,Departments of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, LSU Health Sciences Center, Shreveport
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20
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Han Y, Shang Q, Yao J, Ji Y. Hydrogen sulfide: a gaseous signaling molecule modulates tissue homeostasis: implications in ophthalmic diseases. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:293. [PMID: 30926772 PMCID: PMC6441042 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1525-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) serves as a gasotransmitter in the regulation of organ development and maintenance of homeostasis in tissues. Its abnormal levels are associated with multiple human diseases, such as neurodegenerative disease, myocardial injury, and ophthalmic diseases. Excessive exposure to H2S could lead to cellular toxicity, orchestrate pathological process, and increase the risk of various diseases. Interestingly, under physiological status, H2S plays a critical role in maintaining cellular physiology and limiting damages to tissues. In mammalian species, the generation of H2S is catalyzed by cystathionine beta-synthase (CBS), cystathionine gamma-lyase (CSE), 3-mercapto-methylthio pyruvate aminotransferase (3MST) and cysteine aminotransferase (CAT). These enzymes are found inside the mammalian eyeballs at different locations. Their aberrant expression and the accumulation of substrates and intermediates can change the level of H2S by orders of magnitude, causing abnormal structures or functions in the eyes. Detailed investigations have demonstrated that H2S donors' administration could regulate intraocular pressure, protect retinal cells, inhibit oxidative stress and alleviate inflammation by modulating the function of intra or extracellular proteins in ocular tissues. Thus, several slow-releasing H2S donors have been shown to be promising drugs for treating multiple diseases. In this review, we discuss the biological function of H2S metabolism and its application in ophthalmic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyi Han
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Wuxi Second Hospital, Wuxi, China
| | - Qianwen Shang
- Institutes for Translational Medicine, Soochow University Medical College, Suzhou, China
| | - Jin Yao
- The Affiliated Eye Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
- The Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Yong Ji
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Medicine, Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
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21
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Misak A, Kurakova L, Goffa E, Brezova V, Grman M, Ondriasova E, Chovanec M, Ondrias K. Sulfide (Na₂S) and Polysulfide (Na₂S₂) Interacting with Doxycycline Produce/Scavenge Superoxide and Hydroxyl Radicals and Induce/Inhibit DNA Cleavage. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24061148. [PMID: 30909480 PMCID: PMC6470963 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24061148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Doxycycline (DOXY) is an antibiotic routinely prescribed in human and veterinary medicine for antibacterial treatment, but it has also numerous side effects that include oxidative stress, inflammation, cancer or hypoxia-induced injury. Endogenously produced hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) and polysulfides affect similar biological processes, in which reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a role. Herein, we have studied the interaction of DOXY with H₂S (Na₂S) or polysulfides (Na₂S₂, Na₂S₃ and Na₂S₄) to gain insights into the biological effects of intermediates/products that they generate. To achieve this, UV-VIS, EPR spectroscopy and plasmid DNA (pDNA) cleavage assay were employed. Na₂S or Na₂S₂ in a mixture with DOXY, depending on ratio, concentration and time, displayed bell-shape kinetics in terms of producing/scavenging superoxide and hydroxyl radicals and decomposing hydrogen peroxide. In contrast, the effects of individual compounds (except for Na₂S₂) were hardly observable. In addition, DOXY, as well as oxytetracycline and tetracycline, interacting with Na₂S or other studied polysulfides reduced the •cPTIO radical. Tetracyclines induced pDNA cleavage in the presence of Na₂S. Interestingly, they inhibited pDNA cleavage induced by other polysulfides. In conclusion, sulfide and polysulfides interacting with tetracyclines produce/scavenge free radicals, indicating a consequence for free radical biology under conditions of ROS production and tetracyclines administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Misak
- Institute of Clinical and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Center, University Science Park for Biomedicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 845 05 Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Lucia Kurakova
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University, 832 32 Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Eduard Goffa
- Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center, University Science Park for Biomedicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 845 05 Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Vlasta Brezova
- Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Marian Grman
- Institute of Clinical and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Center, University Science Park for Biomedicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 845 05 Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Elena Ondriasova
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University, 832 32 Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Miroslav Chovanec
- Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center, University Science Park for Biomedicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 845 05 Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Karol Ondrias
- Institute of Clinical and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Center, University Science Park for Biomedicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 845 05 Bratislava, Slovakia.
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22
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Kharma A, Misak A, Grman M, Brezova V, Kurakova L, Baráth P, Jacob C, Chovanec M, Ondrias K, Domínguez-Álvarez E. Release of reactive selenium species from phthalic selenoanhydride in the presence of hydrogen sulfide and glutathione with implications for cancer research. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj02245g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The last decade has witnessed a renewed interest in selenium (Se) as an element able to prevent a range of illnesses in humans, mainly through supplementation.
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23
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Kashfi K. The dichotomous role of H 2S in cancer cell biology? Déjà vu all over again. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 149:205-223. [PMID: 29397935 PMCID: PMC5866221 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) a gaseous free radical is one of the ten smallest molecules found in nature, while hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a gas that bears the pungent smell of rotten eggs. Both are toxic yet they are gasotransmitters of physiological relevance. There appears to be an uncanny resemblance between the general actions of these two gasotransmitters in health and disease. The role of NO and H2S in cancer has been quite perplexing, as both tumor promotion and inflammatory activities as well as anti-tumor and antiinflammatory properties have been described. These paradoxes have been explained for both gasotransmitters in terms of each having a dual or biphasic effect that is dependent on the local flux of each gas. In this review/commentary, I have discussed the major roles of NO and H2S in carcinogenesis, evaluating their dual nature, focusing on the enzymes that contribute to this paradox and evaluate the pros and cons of inhibiting or inducing each of these enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khosrow Kashfi
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, Sophie Davis School of Biomedical Education, City University of New York School of Medicine, NY, USA.
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24
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Misak A, Grman M, Bacova Z, Rezuchova I, Hudecova S, Ondriasova E, Krizanova O, Brezova V, Chovanec M, Ondrias K. Polysulfides and products of H 2S/S-nitrosoglutathione in comparison to H 2S, glutathione and antioxidant Trolox are potent scavengers of superoxide anion radical and produce hydroxyl radical by decomposition of H 2O 2. Nitric Oxide 2017; 76:136-151. [PMID: 28951200 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2017.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Exogenous and endogenously produced sulfide derivatives, such as H2S/HS-/S2-, polysulfides and products of the H2S/S-nitrosoglutathione interaction (S/GSNO), affect numerous biological processes in which superoxide anion (O2-) and hydroxyl (OH) radicals play an important role. Their cytoprotective-antioxidant and contrasting pro-oxidant-toxic effects have been reported. Therefore, the aim of our work was to contribute to resolving this apparent inconsistency by studying sulfide derivatives/free radical interactions and their consequent biological effects compared to the antioxidants glutathione (GSH) and Trolox. Using the electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spin trapping technique and O2-, we found that a polysulfide (Na2S4) and S/GSNO were potent scavengers of O2- and cPTIO radicals compared to H2S (Na2S), GSH and Trolox, and S/GSNO scavenged the DEPMPO-OH radical. As detected by the EPR spectra of DEPMPO-OH, the formation of OH in physiological solution by S/GSNO was suggested. All the studied sulfide derivatives, but not Trolox or GSH, had a bell-shaped potency to decompose H2O2 and produced OH in the following order: S/GSNO > Na2S4 ≥ Na2S > GSH = Trolox = 0, but they scavenged OH at higher concentrations. In studies of the biological consequences of these sulfide derivatives/H2O2 properties, we found the following: (i) S/GSNO alone and all sulfide derivatives in the presence of H2O2 cleaved plasmid DNA; (ii) S/GSNO interfered with viral replication and consequently decreased the infectivity of viruses; (iii) the sulfide derivatives induced apoptosis in A2780 cells but inhibited apoptosis induced by H2O2; and (iv) Na2S4 modulated intracellular calcium in A87MG cells, which depended on the order of Na2S4/H2O2 application. We suggest that the apparent inconsistency of the cytoprotective-antioxidant and contrasting pro-oxidant-toxic biological effects of sulfide derivatives results from their time- and concentration-dependent radical production/scavenging properties and their interactions with O2-, OH and H2O2. The results imply a direct involvement of sulfide derivatives in O2- and H2O2/OH free radical pathways modulating antioxidant/toxic biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Misak
- Institute of Clinical and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Marian Grman
- Institute of Clinical and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Zuzana Bacova
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Ingeborg Rezuchova
- Institute of Virology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Sona Hudecova
- Institute of Clinical and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Elena Ondriasova
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Olga Krizanova
- Institute of Clinical and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Vlasta Brezova
- Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Miroslav Chovanec
- Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Karol Ondrias
- Institute of Clinical and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
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25
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Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) is a gasomediator synthesized from L- and D-cysteine in various tissues. It is involved in a number of physiological and pathological processes. H(2)S exhibits antiatherosclerotic, vasodilator, and proangiogenic properties, and protects the kidney and heart from damage following ischemia/reperfusion injury. H(2)S donors may be natural or synthetic, and may be used for the safe treatment of a wide range of diseases. This review article summarizes the current state of knowledge of the therapeutic function of H(2)S.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Olas
- Department of General Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland.
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26
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Ruginsk SG, Mecawi ADS, da Silva MP, Reis WL, Coletti R, de Lima JBM, Elias LLK, Antunes-Rodrigues J. Gaseous modulators in the control of the hypothalamic neurohypophyseal system. Physiology (Bethesda) 2015; 30:127-38. [PMID: 25729058 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00040.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO), carbon monoxide (CO), and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) are gaseous molecules produced by the brain. Within the hypothalamus, gaseous molecules have been highlighted as autocrine and paracrine factors regulating endocrine function. Therefore, in the present review, we briefly discuss the main findings linking NO, CO, and H2S to the control of body fluid homeostasis at the hypothalamic level, with particular emphasis on the regulation of neurohypophyseal system output.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Graciela Ruginsk
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil; and
| | - Andre de Souza Mecawi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil; and
| | - Melina Pires da Silva
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil; and
| | - Wagner Luis Reis
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil; and Physiology Department, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Ricardo Coletti
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil; and
| | | | - Lucila Leico Kagohara Elias
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil; and
| | - Jose Antunes-Rodrigues
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil; and
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Huang S, Li H, Ge J. A cardioprotective insight of the cystathionine γ-lyase/hydrogen sulfide pathway. IJC HEART & VASCULATURE 2015; 7:51-57. [PMID: 28785645 PMCID: PMC5497180 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcha.2015.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2014] [Revised: 11/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Traditionally, hydrogen sulfide (H2S) was simply considered as a toxic and foul smelling gas, but recently H2S been brought into the spot light of cardiovascular research and development. Since the 1990s, H2S has been mounting evidence of physiological properties such as immune modification, vascular relaxation, attenuation of oxidative stress, inflammatory mitigation, and angiogenesis. H2S has since been recognized as the third physiological gaseous signaling molecule, along with CO and NO [65,66]. H2S is produced endogenously through several key enzymes, including cystathionine β-lyase (CBE), cystathionine γ-lyase (CSE), and 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase (MST)/cysteine aminotransferase (CAT). These specific enzymes are expressed accordingly in various organ systems and CSE is the predominant H2S-producing enzyme in the cardiovascular system. The cystathionine γ-lyase (CSE)/H2S pathway has demonstrated various cardioprotective effects, including anti-atherosclerosis, anti-hypertension, pro-angiogenesis, and attenuation of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. CSE exhibits its anti-atherosclerotic effect through 3 mechanisms, namely reduction of chemotactic factor inter cellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and CX3CR1, inhibition of macrophage lipid uptake, and induction of smooth muscle cell apoptosis via MAPK pathway. The CSE/H2S pathway's anti-hypertensive properties are demonstrated via aortic vasodilation through several mechanisms, including the direct stimulation of KATP channels of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), induction of MAPK pathway, and reduction of homocysteine buildup. Also, CSE/H2S pathway plays an important role in angiogenesis, particularly in increased endothelial cell growth and migration, and in increased vascular network length. In myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injuries, CSE/H2S pathway has shown a clear cardioprotective effect by preserving mitochondria function, increasing antioxidant production, and decreasing infarction injury size. However, CSE/H2S pathway's role in inflammation mitigation is still clouded, due to both pro and anti-inflammatory results presented in the literature, depending on the concentration and form of H2S used in specific experiment models.
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Key Words
- Akt, protein kinase B
- Angiogenesis
- Atherosclerosis
- BCA, brachiocephalic artery
- CAM, chorioallantoic membrane
- CAT, cysteine aminotransferase
- CBS, cystathionine β-lyase
- CLP, cecal ligation and puncture
- CSE KO, CSE knock out
- CSE, cystathionine γ-lyase
- CTO, chronic total occlusion
- CX3CL1, chemokine (C-X3-C Motif) ligand 1
- CX3CR1, CX3C chemokine receptor 1
- Cystathionine γ-lyase
- EC, endothelial cell
- ERK, extracellular signal-regulated kinase
- GAPDH, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase
- GSH-Px, glutathione peroxidase
- GYY4137, morpholin-4-Ium-4-methoxyphenyl(morpholino) phosphinodithioate
- H2S, hydrogen sulfide
- HUVECs, human umbilical vein endothelial cells
- Hydrogen sulfide
- ICAM-1, inter cellular adhesion molecule-1
- IMT, intima–media complex thickness
- Ischemia–reperfusion injury
- LPS, lipopolysaccharide
- MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase
- MPO, myeloperoxidase
- MST, 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase
- NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells
- Nrf2, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2
- PAG, DL-propagylglycine
- PPAR-γ, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor
- PTPN1, protein tyrosine phosphatase, non-receptor type 1
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- S-diclofenac, 2-[(2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino]benzeneacetic acid 4-(3H-1,2-dithiole-3-thione-5-Yl)-phenyl ester
- SAH, S-adenosylhomocysteine
- SAM, S-adenosylmethionine
- SMCs, smooth muscle cells
- SOD, superoxide dismutase
- VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor
- VSMCs, vascular smooth muscle cells
- Vasorelaxation
- l-NAME, NG-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester
- oxLDL, oxidized low density lipoprotein
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Huang
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Hua Li
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- Departments of Physiology and Medicine/CVRL, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Junbo Ge
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
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Gasomediators (·NO, CO, and H2S) and their role in hemostasis and thrombosis. Clin Chim Acta 2015; 445:115-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2015.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Revised: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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29
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Bełtowski J, Guranowski A, Jamroz-Wiśniewska A, Wolski A, Hałas K. Hydrogen-sulfide-mediated vasodilatory effect of nucleoside 5'-monophosphorothioates in perivascular adipose tissue. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2015; 93:585-95. [PMID: 26120822 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2014-0543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is synthesized in perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) and induces vasorelaxation. We examined whether the sulfur-containing AMP and GMP analogs AMPS and GMPS can serve as the H2S donors in PVAT. H2S production by isolated rat periaortic adipose tissue (PAT) was measured with a polarographic sensor. In addition, phenylephrine-induced contractility of aortic rings with (+) or without (-) PAT was examined. Isolated PAT produced H2S from AMPS or GMPS in the presence of the P2X7 receptor agonist BzATP. Phenylephrine-induced contractility of PAT(+) rings was lower than of PAT(-) rings. AMPS or GMPS had no effect on the contractility of PAT(-) rings, but used together with BzATP reduced the contractility of PAT(+) rings when endogenous H2S production was inhibited with propargylglycine. A high-fat diet reduced endogenous H2S production by PAT. Interestingly, AMPS and GMPS were converted to H2S by PAT of obese rats, and reduced contractility of PAT(+) aortic rings isolated from these animals even in the absence of BzATP. We conclude that (i) AMPS and GMPS can be hydrolyzed to H2S by PAT when P2X7 receptors are activated, (ii) a high-fat diet impairs endogenous H2S production by PAT, (iii) AMPS and GMPS restore the anticontractile effects of PAT in obese animals without P2X7 stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerzy Bełtowski
- a Department of Pathophysiology, Medical University, ul. Jaczewskiego 8, 20-090 Lublin, Poland
| | - Andrzej Guranowski
- b Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | | | - Andrzej Wolski
- d Department of Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, Medical University, Lublin, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Hałas
- d Department of Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, Medical University, Lublin, Poland
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Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is now recognized as the so called "third gasotransmitter" taking its place alongside nitric oxide and carbon monoxide. In recent years, H2S has been reported to exhibit a diverse range of pharmacological effects in biological systems. Much of this evidence is derived from a combination of conventional pharmacological and genetic approaches coupled with the use of chemical compounds such as sodium hydrosulfide, a rapid H2S releasing donor. Developments in the design of new drug entities which attempt to take into account physicochemical properties, targeting to specific cellular organelles, triggering of H2S release upon specific chemical reactions in the cell, and controlling the release of H2S over extended periods of time have been described. For most of these molecules, little or no work has been conducted to determine their biological activity or possible therapeutic effects. It is therefore not clear whether such molecules have therapeutic potential which highlights the need for further in vivo studies. One exception to the general rule is GYY4137 (morpholin-4-ium 4-methoxyphenyl(morpholino) phosphinodithioate), a slow releasing H2S donor, which has been evaluated for activity in a range of pharmacological models both in vitro and in vivo. GYY4137 was first reported to release H2S and exhibit vasodilator activity over 5 years ago and, to date, GYY4137 is becoming increasingly employed as a pharmacological "tool" to explore the biological functions of H2S.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Rose
- University of Lincoln, Lincoln, Lincolnshire, United Kingdom
| | - Brian W Dymock
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Philip K Moore
- Neurobiology Program, Life Science Institute and Department of Pharmacology, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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Yu XH, Cui LB, Wu K, Zheng XL, Cayabyab FS, Chen ZW, Tang CK. Hydrogen sulfide as a potent cardiovascular protective agent. Clin Chim Acta 2014; 437:78-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2014.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2014] [Revised: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Olas B. Hydrogen sulfide in signaling pathways. Clin Chim Acta 2014; 439:212-8. [PMID: 25444740 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2014.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Revised: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
For a long time hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) was considered a toxic compound, but recently H₂S (at low concentrations) has been found to play an important function in physiological processes. Hydrogen sulfide, like other well-known compounds - nitric oxide (NO) and carbon monoxide (CO) is a gaseous intracellular signal transducer. It regulates the cell cycle, apoptosis and the oxidative stress. Moreover, its functions include neuromodulation, regulation of cardiovascular system and inflammation. In this review, I focus on the metabolism of hydrogen sulfide (including enzymatic pathways of H₂S synthesis from l- and d-cysteine) and its signaling pathways in the cardiovascular system and the nervous system. I also describe how hydrogen sulfide may be used as therapeutic agent, i.e. in the cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Olas
- Department of General Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland.
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33
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Carbon monoxide is not always a poison gas for human organism: Physiological and pharmacological features of CO. Chem Biol Interact 2014; 222:37-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2014.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Revised: 08/02/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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