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Sens A, Thomas D, Schäfer SMG, König A, Pinter A, Tegeder I, Geisslinger G, Gurke R. Endocannabinoid analysis in GlucoEXACT plasma: Method validation and sample handling recommendations. Talanta 2024; 278:126518. [PMID: 39018759 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.126518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024]
Abstract
Endocannabinoids (ECs), such as anandamide and 2-arachidonyl glycerol (2-AG), contribute to the pathology of inflammatory, malignant, cardiovascular, metabolic and mental diseases. The reliability of quantitative analyses in biological fluids of ECs and endocannabinoid-like (EC-like) substances depends on pre-analytical conditions such as temperature and "time-to-centrifugation". Standardization of these parameters is critical for valid quantification and implementation in clinical research. In this study, we compared concentrations obtained with GlucoEXACT blood collection tubes versus K3EDTA tubes and employed the optimized procedure to assess ECs profiles in patients with inflammatory skin disease and healthy controls. A UHPLC-MS/MS method was validated for human plasma from GlucoEXACT blood collection tubes according to EMA and FDA guidelines, and pre-analytical conditions were systematically modified to assess analyte stability and optimize the procedures. The results showed significantly lower concentrations of ECs and EC-like substance concentrations with GlucoEXACT tubes compared with K3EDTA tubes, and GlucoEXACT extended the time window of stable concentrations. The strongest method-disagreement occurred for 1/2-AG suggesting that GlucoEXACT delayed ex vivo isomer rearrangement. Hence, GlucoExact tubes were superior in terms of stability and reliability. However, although absolute concentrations obtained with GlucoExact and K3EDTA differed, linear regression studies showed high agreement (except for 1/2-AG), and both methods showed similar EC profiles and similar disease-dependent pro-inflammatory patterns in dermatology patients. Hence, despite the obstacles in EC analyses, implementation of optimized pre-analytical blood collection and sample processing procedures provide reliable insight into peripheral ECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sens
- Goethe University Frankfurt, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Theodor Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - D Thomas
- Goethe University Frankfurt, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Theodor Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence for Immune Mediated Diseases CIMD, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - S M G Schäfer
- Goethe University Frankfurt, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Theodor Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence for Immune Mediated Diseases CIMD, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - A König
- Goethe University Frankfurt, University Hospital, Department of Dermatology, Venereology, and Allergology, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - A Pinter
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence for Immune Mediated Diseases CIMD, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Goethe University Frankfurt, University Hospital, Department of Dermatology, Venereology, and Allergology, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - I Tegeder
- Goethe University Frankfurt, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Theodor Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - G Geisslinger
- Goethe University Frankfurt, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Theodor Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence for Immune Mediated Diseases CIMD, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - R Gurke
- Goethe University Frankfurt, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Theodor Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence for Immune Mediated Diseases CIMD, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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2
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Steinmüller SAM, Fender J, Deventer MH, Tutov A, Lorenz K, Stove CP, Hislop JN, Decker M. Visible-Light Photoswitchable Benzimidazole Azo-Arenes as β-Arrestin2-Biased Selective Cannabinoid 2 Receptor Agonists. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202306176. [PMID: 37269130 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202306176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The cannabinoid 2 receptor (CB2 R) has high therapeutic potential for multiple pathogenic processes, such as neuroinflammation. Pathway-selective ligands are needed to overcome the lack of clinical success and to elucidate correlations between pathways and their respective therapeutic effects. Herein, we report the design and synthesis of a photoswitchable scaffold based on the privileged structure of benzimidazole and its application as a functionally selective CB2 R "efficacy-switch". Benzimidazole azo-arenes offer huge potential for the broad extension of photopharmacology to a wide range of optically addressable biological targets. We used this scaffold to develop compound 10 d, a "trans-on" agonist, which serves as a molecular probe to study the β-arrestin2 (βarr2) pathway at CB2 R. βΑrr2 bias was observed in CB2 R internalization and βarr2 recruitment, while no activation occurred when looking at Gα16 or mini-Gαi . Overall, compound 10 d is the first light-dependent functionally selective agonist to investigate the complex mechanisms of CB2 R-βarr2 dependent endocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie A M Steinmüller
- Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, Institut für Pharmazie und Lebensmittelchemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Julia Fender
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Versbacher Str. 9, 97078, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Marie H Deventer
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Anna Tutov
- Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, Institut für Pharmazie und Lebensmittelchemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Kristina Lorenz
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Versbacher Str. 9, 97078, Würzburg, Germany
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS-e.V., Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Straße 11, 44139, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Christophe P Stove
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - James N Hislop
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Michael Decker
- Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, Institut für Pharmazie und Lebensmittelchemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
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3
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Shahen-Zoabi S, Smoum R, Bingor A, Grad E, Nemirovski A, Shekh-Ahmad T, Mechoulam R, Yaka R. N-oleoyl glycine and N-oleoyl alanine attenuate alcohol self-administration and preference in mice. Transl Psychiatry 2023; 13:273. [PMID: 37524707 PMCID: PMC10390512 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-023-02574-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system (ECS) plays a key modulatory role during synaptic plasticity and homeostatic processes in the brain and has an important role in the neurobiological processes underlying drug addiction. We have previously shown that an elevated ECS response to psychostimulant (cocaine) is involved in regulating the development and expression of cocaine-conditioned reward and sensitization. We therefore hypothesized that drug-induced elevation in endocannabinoids (eCBs) and/or eCB-like molecules (eCB-Ls) may represent a protective mechanism against drug insult, and boosting their levels exogenously may strengthen their neuroprotective effects. Here, we determine the involvement of ECS in alcohol addiction. We first measured the eCBs and eCB-Ls levels in different brain reward system regions following chronic alcohol self-administration using LC-MS. We have found that following chronic intermittent alcohol consumption, N-oleoyl glycine (OlGly) levels were significantly elevated in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), and N-oleoyl alanine (OlAla) was significantly elevated in the PFC, nucleus accumbens (NAc) and ventral tegmental area (VTA) in a region-specific manner. We next tested whether exogenous administration of OlGly or OlAla would attenuate alcohol consumption and preference. We found that systemic administration of OlGly or OlAla (60 mg/kg, intraperitoneal) during intermittent alcohol consumption significantly reduced alcohol intake and preference without affecting the hedonic state. These findings suggest that the ECS negatively regulates alcohol consumption and boosting selective eCBs exogenously has beneficial effects against alcohol consumption and potentially in preventing relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samah Shahen-Zoabi
- Institute for Drug Research (IDR), School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
| | - Reem Smoum
- Institute for Drug Research (IDR), School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
| | - Alexey Bingor
- Institute for Drug Research (IDR), School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
| | - Etty Grad
- Institute for Drug Research (IDR), School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
| | - Alina Nemirovski
- Institute for Drug Research (IDR), School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
| | - Tawfeeq Shekh-Ahmad
- Institute for Drug Research (IDR), School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
| | - Raphael Mechoulam
- Institute for Drug Research (IDR), School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
| | - Rami Yaka
- Institute for Drug Research (IDR), School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel.
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4
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Practical Considerations for the Use of Cannabis in Cancer Pain Management—What a Medical Oncologist Should Know. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11175036. [PMID: 36078963 PMCID: PMC9457511 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11175036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Pain is a highly debilitating emotional and sensory experience that significantly affects quality of life (QoL). Numerous chronic conditions, including cancer, are associated with chronic pain. In the setting of malignancy, pain can be a consequence of the tumor itself or of life-saving interventions, including surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. Despite significant pharmacological advances and awareness campaigns, pain remains undertreated in one-third of patients. To date, opioids have been the mainstay of cancer pain management. The problematic side effects and unsatisfactory pain relief of opioids have revived patients’ and physicians’ interest in finding new solutions, including cannabis and cannabinoids. The medical use of cannabis has been prohibited for decades, and it remains in Schedule 1 of the Misuse of Drugs Regulations. Currently, the legal context for its usage has become more permissive. Various preclinical and observational studies have aimed to prove that cannabinoids could be effective in cancer pain management. However, their clinical utility must be further supported by high-quality clinical trials.
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5
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Dong A, He K, Dudok B, Farrell JS, Guan W, Liput DJ, Puhl HL, Cai R, Wang H, Duan J, Albarran E, Ding J, Lovinger DM, Li B, Soltesz I, Li Y. A fluorescent sensor for spatiotemporally resolved imaging of endocannabinoid dynamics in vivo. Nat Biotechnol 2022; 40:787-798. [PMID: 34764491 PMCID: PMC9091059 DOI: 10.1038/s41587-021-01074-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Endocannabinoids (eCBs) are retrograde neuromodulators with important functions in a wide range of physiological processes, but their in vivo dynamics remain largely uncharacterized. Here we developed a genetically encoded eCB sensor called GRABeCB2.0. GRABeCB2.0 consists of a circular-permutated EGFP and the human CB1 cannabinoid receptor, providing cell membrane trafficking, second-resolution kinetics with high specificity for eCBs, and shows a robust fluorescence response at physiological eCB concentrations. Using GRABeCB2.0, we monitored evoked and spontaneous changes in eCB dynamics in cultured neurons and acute brain slices. We observed spontaneous compartmentalized eCB transients in cultured neurons and eCB transients from single axonal boutons in acute brain slices, suggesting constrained, localized eCB signaling. When GRABeCB2.0 was expressed in the mouse brain, we observed foot shock-elicited and running-triggered eCB signaling in the basolateral amygdala and hippocampus, respectively. In a mouse model of epilepsy, we observed a spreading wave of eCB release that followed a Ca2+ wave through the hippocampus. GRABeCB2.0 is a robust probe for eCB release in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ao Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Peking University School of Life Sciences, Beijing, China
- PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Kaikai He
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Peking University School of Life Sciences, Beijing, China
- PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China
| | - Barna Dudok
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Jordan S Farrell
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Wuqiang Guan
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
| | - Daniel J Liput
- Laboratory for Integrative Neuroscience, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Henry L Puhl
- Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ruyi Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Peking University School of Life Sciences, Beijing, China
- PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China
| | - Huan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Peking University School of Life Sciences, Beijing, China
- PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China
| | - Jiali Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Peking University School of Life Sciences, Beijing, China
- PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China
| | - Eddy Albarran
- Neuroscience PhD Program, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Jun Ding
- Department of Neurosurgery, Department of Neurology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - David M Lovinger
- Laboratory for Integrative Neuroscience, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Bo Li
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
| | - Ivan Soltesz
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Yulong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Peking University School of Life Sciences, Beijing, China.
- PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China.
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China.
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China.
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6
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Jain S, Bisht A, Verma K, Negi S, Paliwal S, Sharma S. The role of fatty acid amide hydrolase enzyme inhibitors in Alzheimer's disease. Cell Biochem Funct 2021; 40:106-117. [PMID: 34931308 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) is a prominent enzyme of the endocannabinoid system that degrades endogenous cannabinoid anandamide and oleamide. These lipid amides are involved in reducing neuroinflammation, pain and regulation of other neurological-related activities including feeding behaviours, sleep patterns, body temperature, memory processes and locomotory activity. Many of these activities are affected in most neurological disorders. Increased levels of brain FAAH expressions are speculated to correlate with decreased levels of lipid amides and increased AD-related symptoms. Thus, inhibition of FAAH shows promising potential in amelioration of symptoms associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD). The review aims at establishing the detrimental role of increased FAAH expression in AD and highlights the translational potential and therapeutic application of FAAH inhibitors in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smita Jain
- Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali, India
| | - Akansha Bisht
- Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali, India
| | - Kanika Verma
- Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali, India
| | - Swarnima Negi
- Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali, India
| | - Sarvesh Paliwal
- Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali, India
| | - Swapnil Sharma
- Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali, India
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7
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Adams TK, Masondo NA, Malatsi P, Makunga NP. Cannabis sativa: From Therapeutic Uses to Micropropagation and Beyond. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:2078. [PMID: 34685890 PMCID: PMC8537884 DOI: 10.3390/plants10102078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The development of a protocol for the large-scale production of Cannabis and its variants with little to no somaclonal variation or disease for pharmaceutical and for other industrial use has been an emerging area of research. A limited number of protocols have been developed around the world, obtained through a detailed literature search using web-based database searches, e.g., Scopus, Web of Science (WoS) and Google Scholar. This article reviews the advances made in relation to Cannabis tissue culture and micropropagation, such as explant choice and decontamination of explants, direct and indirect organogenesis, rooting, acclimatisation and a few aspects of genetic engineering. Since Cannabis micropropagation systems are fairly new fields, combinations of plant growth regulator experiments are needed to gain insight into the development of direct and indirect organogenesis protocols that are able to undergo the acclimation stage and maintain healthy plants desirable to the Cannabis industry. A post-culture analysis of Cannabis phytochemistry after the acclimatisation stage is lacking in a majority of the reviewed studies, and for in vitro propagation protocols to be accepted by the pharmaceutical industries, phytochemical and possibly pharmacological research need to be undertaken in order to ascertain the integrity of the generated plant material. It is rather difficult to obtain industrially acceptable micropropagation regimes as recalcitrance to the regeneration of in vitro cultured plants remains a major concern and this impedes progress in the application of genetic modification technologies and gene editing tools to be used routinely for the improvement of Cannabis genotypes that are used in various industries globally. In the future, with more reliable plant tissue culture-based propagation that generates true-to-type plants that have known genetic and metabolomic integrity, the use of genetic engineering systems including "omics" technologies such as next-generation sequencing and fast-evolving gene editing tools could be implemented to speed up the identification of novel genes and mechanisms involved in the biosynthesis of Cannabis phytochemicals for large-scale production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tristan K. Adams
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Private Bag X1, Stellenbosch University, Matieland 7600, South Africa; (T.K.A.); (N.A.M.)
| | - Nqobile A. Masondo
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Private Bag X1, Stellenbosch University, Matieland 7600, South Africa; (T.K.A.); (N.A.M.)
| | - Pholoso Malatsi
- Cannsun Medicinals (Pty.) Ltd., Cape Farms, Atlantis, Cape Town 7349, South Africa;
| | - Nokwanda P. Makunga
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Private Bag X1, Stellenbosch University, Matieland 7600, South Africa; (T.K.A.); (N.A.M.)
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8
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Osafo N, Yeboah OK, Antwi AO. Endocannabinoid system and its modulation of brain, gut, joint and skin inflammation. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:3665-3680. [PMID: 33909195 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06366-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of endogenous cannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2 and their endogenous ligands has generated interest in the endocannabinoid system and has contributed to the understanding of the role of the endocannabinoid system. Its role in the normal physiology of the body and its implication in pathological states such as cardiovascular diseases, neoplasm, depression and pain have been subjects of scientific interest. In this review the authors focus on the endogenous cannabinoids, and the critical role of cannabinoid receptor signaling in neurodegeneration and other inflammatory responses such as gut, joint and skin inflammation. This review also discusses the potential of endocannabinoid pathways as drug targets in the amelioration of some inflammatory conditions. Though the exact role of the endocannabinoid system is not fully understood, the evidence found much clearly points to a great potential in exploiting both its central and peripheral pathways in disease management. Cannabinoid therapy has proven promising in several preclinical and clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Newman Osafo
- Department of Pharmacology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana.
| | - Oduro K Yeboah
- Department of Pharmacology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Aaron O Antwi
- Department of Pharmacology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
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Li J, Seidlitz J, Suckling J, Fan F, Ji GJ, Meng Y, Yang S, Wang K, Qiu J, Chen H, Liao W. Cortical structural differences in major depressive disorder correlate with cell type-specific transcriptional signatures. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1647. [PMID: 33712584 PMCID: PMC7955076 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21943-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) has been shown to be associated with structural abnormalities in a variety of spatially diverse brain regions. However, the correlation between brain structural changes in MDD and gene expression is unclear. Here, we examine the link between brain-wide gene expression and morphometric changes in individuals with MDD, using neuroimaging data from two independent cohorts and a publicly available transcriptomic dataset. Morphometric similarity network (MSN) analysis shows replicable cortical structural differences in individuals with MDD compared to control subjects. Using human brain gene expression data, we observe that the expression of MDD-associated genes spatially correlates with MSN differences. Analysis of cell type-specific signature genes suggests that microglia and neuronal specific transcriptional changes account for most of the observed correlation with MDD-specific MSN differences. Collectively, our findings link molecular and structural changes relevant for MDD. The correlation between brain structural changes in major depressive disorder (MDD) and gene expression is unclear. Here, the authors explore the correlation between cell type-specific gene expression changes and cortical structural difference in individuals with major depressive disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Li
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, P.R. China.,MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, High-Field Magnetic Resonance Brain Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Jakob Seidlitz
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,University of Pennsylvania, Department of Psychiatry, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - John Suckling
- University of Cambridge, Department of Psychiatry, Cambridge, UK
| | - Feiyang Fan
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, P.R. China.,MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, High-Field Magnetic Resonance Brain Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Gong-Jun Ji
- Department of Medical Psychology, Chaohu Clinical Medical College, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, P.R. China
| | - Yao Meng
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, P.R. China.,MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, High-Field Magnetic Resonance Brain Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Siqi Yang
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, P.R. China.,MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, High-Field Magnetic Resonance Brain Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Medical Psychology, Chaohu Clinical Medical College, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, P.R. China
| | - Jiang Qiu
- School of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Huafu Chen
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, P.R. China. .,MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, High-Field Magnetic Resonance Brain Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, P.R. China.
| | - Wei Liao
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, P.R. China. .,MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, High-Field Magnetic Resonance Brain Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, P.R. China.
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10
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Boyer C, Cussonneau L, Brun C, Deval C, Pais de Barros JP, Chanon S, Bernoud-Hubac N, Daira P, Evans AL, Arnemo JM, Swenson JE, Gauquelin-Koch G, Simon C, Blanc S, Combaret L, Bertile F, Lefai E. Specific shifts in the endocannabinoid system in hibernating brown bears. Front Zool 2020; 17:35. [PMID: 33292302 PMCID: PMC7681968 DOI: 10.1186/s12983-020-00380-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
In small hibernators, global downregulation of the endocannabinoid system (ECS), which is involved in modulating neuronal signaling, feeding behavior, energy metabolism, and circannual rhythms, has been reported to possibly drive physiological adaptation to the hibernating state. In hibernating brown bears (Ursus arctos), we hypothesized that beyond an overall suppression of the ECS, seasonal shift in endocannabinoids compounds could be linked to bear’s peculiar features that include hibernation without arousal episodes and capacity to react to external disturbance. We explored circulating lipids in serum and the ECS in plasma and metabolically active tissues in free-ranging subadult Scandinavian brown bears when both active and hibernating. In winter bear serum, in addition to a 2-fold increase in total fatty acid concentration, we found significant changes in relative proportions of circulating fatty acids, such as a 2-fold increase in docosahexaenoic acid C22:6 n-3 and a decrease in arachidonic acid C20:4 n-6. In adipose and muscle tissues of hibernating bears, we found significant lower concentrations of 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), a major ligand of cannabinoid receptors 1 (CB1) and 2 (CB2). Lower mRNA level for genes encoding CB1 and CB2 were also found in winter muscle and adipose tissue, respectively. The observed reduction in ECS tone may promote fatty acid mobilization from body fat stores, and favor carbohydrate metabolism in skeletal muscle of hibernating bears. Additionally, high circulating level of the endocannabinoid-like compound N-oleoylethanolamide (OEA) in winter could favor lipolysis and fatty acid oxidation in peripheral tissues. We also speculated on a role of OEA in the conservation of an anorexigenic signal and in the maintenance of torpor during hibernation, while sustaining the capacity of bears to sense stimuli from the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Boyer
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, UNH, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Laura Cussonneau
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, UNH, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Charlotte Brun
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, Strasbourg, France
| | - Christiane Deval
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, UNH, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | | | - Stéphanie Chanon
- Université de Lyon, INSERM, INRAE, INSA, Functional Lipidomic Plateform, Lyon, France
| | | | - Patricia Daira
- Université de Lyon, INSERM, INRAE, INSA, Functional Lipidomic Plateform, Lyon, France
| | - Alina L Evans
- Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Campus Evenstad, NO-2480, Koppang, Norway
| | - Jon M Arnemo
- Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Campus Evenstad, NO-2480, Koppang, Norway.,Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Jon E Swenson
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, NO-1432, Ås, Norway
| | | | - Chantal Simon
- Université de Lyon, INSERM, INRAE, INSA, Functional Lipidomic Plateform, Lyon, France
| | - Stéphane Blanc
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, Strasbourg, France
| | - Lydie Combaret
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, UNH, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Fabrice Bertile
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, Strasbourg, France
| | - Etienne Lefai
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, UNH, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
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Cannabinoidomics - An analytical approach to understand the effect of medical Cannabis treatment on the endocannabinoid metabolome. Talanta 2020; 219:121336. [PMID: 32887067 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence for the therapeutic potential of Cannabis in numerous pathological and physiological conditions has led to a surge of studies investigating the active compounds in different chemovars and their mechanisms of action, as well as their efficacy and safety. The biological effects of Cannabis have been attributed to phytocannabinoid modulation of the endocannabinoid system. In-vitro and in-vivo studies have shown that pure phytocannabinoids can alter the levels of endocannabinoids and other cannabimimetic lipids. However, it is not yet understood whether whole Cannabis extracts exert variable effects on the endocannabinoid metabolome, and whether these effects vary between tissues. To address these challenges, we have developed and validated a novel analytical approach, termed "cannabinoidomics," for the simultaneous extraction and analysis of both endogenous and plant cannabinoids from different biological matrices. In the methodological development liquid chromatography high resolution tandem mass spectrometry (LC/HRMS/MS) was used to identify 57 phytocannabinoids, 15 major phytocannabinoid metabolites, and 78 endocannabinoids and cannabimimetic lipids in different biological matrices, most of which have no analytical standards. In the validation process, spiked cannabinoids were quantified with acceptable selectivity, repeatability, reproducibility, sensitivity, and accuracy. The power of this analytical method is demonstrated by analysis of serum and four different sections of mouse brains challenged with three different cannabidiol (CBD)-rich extracts. The results demonstrate that variations in the minor phytocannabinoid contents of the different extracts may lead to varied effects on endocannabinoid concentrations, and on the CBD metabolite profile in the peripheral and central systems. We also show that the Cannabis challenge significantly decreases the levels of several endocannabinoids in specific brain sections compared to the control group. This effect is extract-specific and suggests the importance of minor, other-than CBD, phytocannabinoid or non-phytocannabinoid compounds.
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12
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Expression, Purification and Characterization of the Human Cannabinoid 1 Receptor. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2935. [PMID: 29440756 PMCID: PMC5811539 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-19749-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The human cannabinoid 1 receptor (hCB1) is involved in numerous physiological processes and therefore provides a wide scope of potential therapeutic opportunities to treat maladies such as obesity, cardio-metabolic disorders, substance abuse, neuropathic pain, and multiple sclerosis. Structure-based drug design using the current knowledge of the hCB1 receptor binding site is limited and requires purified active protein. Heterologous expression and purification of functional hCB1 has been the bottleneck for ligand binding structural studies using biophysical methods such as mass spectrometry, x-ray crystallography and NMR. We constructed several plasmids for in-cell or in vitro Escherichia coli (E. coli) based expression of truncated and stabilized hCB1 receptor (hΔCB1 and hΔCB1T4L) variants and evaluated their competency to bind the CP-55,940 ligand. MALDI-TOF MS analysis of in vitro expressed and purified hΔCB1T4Lhis6 variants, following trypsin digestion, generated ~80% of the receptor sequence coverage. Our data demonstrate the feasibility of a cell-free expression system as a promising part of the strategy for the elucidation of ligand binding sites of the hCB1 receptor using a "Ligand Assisted Protein Structure" (LAPS) approach.
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Li Y, Kim J. Distinct roles of neuronal and microglial CB2 cannabinoid receptors in the mouse hippocampus. Neuroscience 2017; 363:11-25. [PMID: 28888955 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.08.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 08/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The effects of cannabinoids are primarily mediated by type-1 cannabinoid receptors in the brain and type-2 cannabinoid receptors (CB2Rs) in the peripheral immune system. However, recent evidence demonstrates that CB2Rs are also expressed in the brain and implicated in neuropsychiatric effects. Diverse types of cells in various regions in the brain express CB2Rs but the cellular loci of CB2Rs that induce specific behavioral effects have not been determined. To manipulate CB2R expression in specific types of cells in the dorsal hippocampus of adult mice, we used Cre-dependent overexpression and CRISPR-Cas9 genome-editing techniques in combination with adeno-associated viruses and transgenic mice. Elevation and disruption of CB2R expression in microglia in the CA1 area increased and decreased, respectively, contextual fear memory. In CA1 pyramidal neurons, disruption of CB2R expression enhanced spatial working memory, whereas their overexpression reduced anxiety levels assessed asan increase in the exploration time in the central area of open field. Interneuronal CB2Rs were not involved in the modulation of cognitive or emotional behaviors tested in this study. The targeted manipulation of CB2R expression in pyramidal neurons and microglia suggests that CB2Rs in different types of cells in the mature hippocampus play distinct roles in the regulation of memory and anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Li
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
| | - Jimok Kim
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; Department of Neurology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
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14
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Sanjari Moghaddam H, Zare-Shahabadi A, Rahmani F, Rezaei N. Neurotransmission systems in Parkinson’s disease. Rev Neurosci 2017; 28:509-536. [DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2016-0068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
AbstractParkinson’s disease (PD) is histologically characterized by the accumulation of α-synuclein particles, known as Lewy bodies. The second most common neurodegenerative disorder, PD is widely known because of the typical motor manifestations of active tremor, rigidity, and postural instability, while several prodromal non-motor symptoms including REM sleep behavior disorders, depression, autonomic disturbances, and cognitive decline are being more extensively recognized. Motor symptoms most commonly arise from synucleinopathy of nigrostriatal pathway. Glutamatergic, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic, cholinergic, serotoninergic, and endocannabinoid neurotransmission systems are not spared from the global cerebral neurodegenerative assault. Wide intrabasal and extrabasal of the basal ganglia provide enough justification to evaluate network circuits disturbance of these neurotransmission systems in PD. In this comprehensive review, English literature in PubMed, Science direct, EMBASE, and Web of Science databases were perused. Characteristics of dopaminergic and non-dopaminergic systems, disturbance of these neurotransmitter systems in the pathophysiology of PD, and their treatment applications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Sanjari Moghaddam
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children’s Medical Center Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Dr Qarib St, Keshavarz Blvd, Tehran 14194, Iran
- NeuroImmunology Research Association (NIRA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran 1419783151, Iran
- Student Scientific Research Center (SSRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ameneh Zare-Shahabadi
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children’s Medical Center Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Dr Qarib St, Keshavarz Blvd, Tehran 14194, Iran
- NeuroImmunology Research Association (NIRA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran 1419783151, Iran
- Psychiatry and Psychology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Rahmani
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children’s Medical Center Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Dr Qarib St, Keshavarz Blvd, Tehran 14194, Iran
- NeuroImaging Network (NIN), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Nima Rezaei
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children’s Medical Center Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Dr Qarib St, Keshavarz Blvd, Tehran 14194, Iran
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1419783151, Iran
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Boston, MA, USA
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15
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Piscitelli F, Pagano E, Lauritano A, Izzo AA, Di Marzo V. Development of a Rapid LC-MS/MS Method for the Quantification of Cannabidiol, Cannabidivarin, Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabivarin, and Cannabigerol in Mouse Peripheral Tissues. Anal Chem 2017; 89:4749-4755. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b01094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana Piscitelli
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy
- Endocannabinoid
Research Group (ERG), Pozzuoli (NA), Italy
| | - Ester Pagano
- Department
of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Endocannabinoid
Research Group (ERG), Pozzuoli (NA), Italy
| | - Anna Lauritano
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy
- Endocannabinoid
Research Group (ERG), Pozzuoli (NA), Italy
| | - Angelo A. Izzo
- Department
of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Endocannabinoid
Research Group (ERG), Pozzuoli (NA), Italy
| | - Vincenzo Di Marzo
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy
- Endocannabinoid
Research Group (ERG), Pozzuoli (NA), Italy
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16
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Yang H, Zhou J, Lehmann C. GPR55 - a putative "type 3" cannabinoid receptor in inflammation. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 2016; 27:297-302. [PMID: 26669245 DOI: 10.1515/jbcpp-2015-0080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/18/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptor 55 (GPR55) shares numerous cannabinoid ligands with CB1 and CB2 receptors despite low homology with those classical cannabinoid receptors. The pharmacology of GPR55 is not yet fully elucidated; however, GPR55 utilizes a different signaling system and downstream cascade associated with the receptor. Therefore, GPR55 has emerged as a putative "type 3" cannabinoid receptor, establishing a novel class of cannabinoid receptor. Furthermore, the recent evidence of GPR55-CB1 and GPR55-CB2 heteromerization along with its broad distribution from central nervous system to peripheries suggests the importance of GPR55 in various cellular processes and pathologies and as a potential therapeutic target in inflammation.
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17
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Romano-López A, Méndez-Díaz M, García FG, Regalado-Santiago C, Ruiz-Contreras AE, Prospéro-García O. Maternal separation and early stress cause long-lasting effects on dopaminergic and endocannabinergic systems and alters dendritic morphology in the nucleus accumbens and frontal cortex in rats. Dev Neurobiol 2015; 76:819-31. [PMID: 26539755 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Revised: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A considerable amount experimental studies have shown that maternal separation (MS) is associated with adult offspring abnormal behavior and cognition disorder. Accordingly, this experimental procedure has been proposed as a predictor for alcohol and drug dependence based on the neurodevelopmental soon after birth. Endocannabinoid system (eCBs) has been implicated in reward processes, including drug abuse and dependence. MS and associated stress causes changes in the eCBs that seem to facilitate alcohol consumption. In this study, we seek to evaluate potential morphological changes in neurons of the frontal cortex (FCx) and nucleus accumbens (NAcc), in the expression of receptors and enzymes of the endocannabinoid and dopamine systems and in second messengers, such as Akt, in adult rats subjected to MS and early stress (MS + ES; 2 × 180 min daily) vs. nonseparated rats (NMS). Results showed that MS + ES induces higher D2R expression and lower D3R, FAAH, and MAGL expression compared with NMS rats. Alterations in total dendritic length were also detected and were characterized by increases in the NAcc while there were decreases in the FCx. We believe MS + ES-induced changes in the dopaminergic and endocannabinergic systems and in the neuronal microstructure might be contributing to alcohol seeking behavior and, potential vulnerability to other drugs in rats. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 76: 819-831, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Romano-López
- Departamento De Fisiología, Laboratorio De Canabinoides, Facultad De Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma De México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Mónica Méndez-Díaz
- Departamento De Fisiología, Laboratorio De Canabinoides, Facultad De Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma De México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Fabio García García
- Laboratorio De Biología Del Sueño, Instituto De Ciencias De La Salud, Universidad Veracruzana, 91160, Ver., Mexico
| | - Citlalli Regalado-Santiago
- Laboratorio De Biología Del Sueño, Instituto De Ciencias De La Salud, Universidad Veracruzana, 91160, Ver., Mexico
| | - Alejandra E Ruiz-Contreras
- Laboratorio De Neurogenómica Cognitiva, Coordinación De Psicofisiología, Facultad De Psicología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma De México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Oscar Prospéro-García
- Departamento De Fisiología, Laboratorio De Canabinoides, Facultad De Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma De México, Mexico City, Mexico
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Rasooli-Nejad S, Palygin O, Lalo U, Pankratov Y. Cannabinoid receptors contribute to astroglial Ca²⁺-signalling and control of synaptic plasticity in the neocortex. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2015; 369:20140077. [PMID: 25225106 PMCID: PMC4173298 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2014.0077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Communication between neuronal and glial cells is thought to be very important for many brain functions. Acting via release of gliotransmitters, astrocytes can modulate synaptic strength. The mechanisms underlying ATP release from astrocytes remain uncertain with exocytosis being the most intriguing and debated pathway. We have demonstrated that ATP and d-serine can be released from cortical astrocytes in situ by a SNARE-complex-dependent mechanism. Exocytosis of ATP from astrocytes can activate post-synaptic P2X receptors in the adjacent neurons, causing a downregulation of synaptic and extrasynaptic GABA receptors in cortical pyramidal neurons. We showed that release of gliotransmitters is important for the NMDA receptor-dependent synaptic plasticity in the neocortex. Firstly, induction of long-term potentiation (LTP) by five episodes of theta-burst stimulation (TBS) was impaired in the neocortex of dominant-negative (dn)-SNARE mice. The LTP was rescued in the dn-SNARE mice by application of exogenous non-hydrolysable ATP analogues. Secondly, we observed that weak sub-threshold stimulation (two TBS episodes) became able to induce LTP when astrocytes were additionally activated via CB-1 receptors. This facilitation was dependent on activity of ATP receptors and was abolished in the dn-SNARE mice. Our results strongly support the physiological relevance of glial exocytosis for glia-neuron communications and brain function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Oleg Palygin
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Ulyana Lalo
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Yuriy Pankratov
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
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19
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Petrenko AB, Yamazaki M, Sakimura K, Kano M, Baba H. Genetic inactivation and prolonged pharmacologic inhibition of monoacylglycerol lipase have opposite effects on anesthetic sensitivity to propofol. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 765:268-73. [PMID: 26318148 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.08.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Revised: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Monoacylglycerol lipase (MGL) is a major enzyme involved in degradation of the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG). Selective inhibitors of MGL are regarded as promising analgesics and anticancer agents. To gain insight into the possible consequences of their prolonged administration for anesthetic action, the effects of several inhalational and intravenous anesthetics were tested in knockout mice lacking the MGL gene in the loss of righting reflex (LORR) assay. Sensitivity to inhalational and most intravenous anesthetics was not altered in knockout mice. However, compared with wild-type littermates, they showed increased sensitivity to the intravenous anesthetic propofol. Permanently elevated levels of 2-AG after MGL knockout are known to cause desensitization of cannabinoid (CB1) receptors, which have been advocated as possible mediators of propofol anesthesia. Therefore, increased sensitivity to propofol in knockout mice at first suggested that 2-AG may potentiate CB1 receptors despite their hypofunction in these animals. Pharmacologic inhibition of MGL also causes desensitization of CB1 receptors, so sensitivity to propofol was tested further in C57BL/6N mice pretreated chronically with the selective MGL inhibitor JZL 184. Contrary to the results in knockout mice, these animals showed drastically reduced sensitivity to propofol. The reason for increased sensitivity to propofol after MGL knockout remains unclear, but may result from changes occurring in these animals during development. However, our results in C57BL/6N mice pretreated with JZL 184 confirmed the role of CB1 receptors in propofol anesthesia advocated previously, and also suggest that prolonged use of MGL inhibitors may be associated with the development of resistance to propofol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey B Petrenko
- Division of Anesthesiology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata 951-8510, Japan.
| | - Maya Yamazaki
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8585, Japan
| | - Kenji Sakimura
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8585, Japan
| | - Masanobu Kano
- Department of Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Baba
- Division of Anesthesiology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
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Eichmann TO, Lass A. DAG tales: the multiple faces of diacylglycerol--stereochemistry, metabolism, and signaling. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:3931-52. [PMID: 26153463 PMCID: PMC4575688 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-1982-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Revised: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The neutral lipids diacylglycerols (DAGs) are involved in a plethora of metabolic pathways. They function as components of cellular membranes, as building blocks for glycero(phospho)lipids, and as lipid second messengers. Considering their central role in multiple metabolic processes and signaling pathways, cellular DAG levels require a tight regulation to ensure a constant and controlled availability. Interestingly, DAG species are versatile in their chemical structure. Besides the different fatty acid species esterified to the glycerol backbone, DAGs can occur in three different stereo/regioisoforms, each with unique biological properties. Recent scientific advances have revealed that DAG metabolizing enzymes generate and distinguish different DAG isoforms, and that only one DAG isoform holds signaling properties. Herein, we review the current knowledge of DAG stereochemistry and their impact on cellular metabolism and signaling. Further, we describe intracellular DAG turnover and its stereochemistry in a 3-pool model to illustrate the spatial and stereochemical separation and hereby the diversity of cellular DAG metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Oliver Eichmann
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 31/2, 8010, Graz, Austria.
| | - Achim Lass
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 31/2, 8010, Graz, Austria.
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21
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Nicolussi S, Gertsch J. Endocannabinoid transport revisited. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2015; 98:441-85. [PMID: 25817877 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2014.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Endocannabinoids are arachidonic acid-derived endogenous lipids that activate the endocannabinoid system which plays a major role in health and disease. The primary endocannabinoids are anandamide (AEA, N-arachidonoylethanolamine) and 2-arachidonoyl glycerol. While their biosynthesis and metabolism have been studied in detail, it remains unclear how endocannabinoids are transported across the cell membrane. In this review, we critically discuss the different models of endocannabinoid trafficking, focusing on AEA cellular uptake which is best studied. The evolution of the current knowledge obtained with different AEA transport inhibitors is reviewed and the confusions caused by the lack of their specificity discussed. A comparative summary of the most important AEA uptake inhibitors and the studies involving their use is provided. Based on a comprehensive literature analysis, we propose a model of facilitated AEA membrane transport followed by intracellular shuttling and sequestration. We conclude that novel and more specific probes will be essential to identify the missing targets involved in endocannabinoid membrane transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Nicolussi
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, NCCR TransCure, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jürg Gertsch
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, NCCR TransCure, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
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22
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Griebel G, Pichat P, Beeské S, Leroy T, Redon N, Jacquet A, Françon D, Bert L, Even L, Lopez-Grancha M, Tolstykh T, Sun F, Yu Q, Brittain S, Arlt H, He T, Zhang B, Wiederschain D, Bertrand T, Houtmann J, Rak A, Vallée F, Michot N, Augé F, Menet V, Bergis OE, George P, Avenet P, Mikol V, Didier M, Escoubet J. Selective blockade of the hydrolysis of the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol impairs learning and memory performance while producing antinociceptive activity in rodents. Sci Rep 2015; 5:7642. [PMID: 25560837 PMCID: PMC4284516 DOI: 10.1038/srep07642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) represents a primary degradation enzyme of the endogenous cannabinoid (eCB), 2-arachidonoyglycerol (2-AG). This study reports a potent covalent MAGL inhibitor, SAR127303. The compound behaves as a selective and competitive inhibitor of mouse and human MAGL, which potently elevates hippocampal levels of 2-AG in mice. In vivo, SAR127303 produces antinociceptive effects in assays of inflammatory and visceral pain. In addition, the drug alters learning performance in several assays related to episodic, working and spatial memory. Moreover, long term potentiation (LTP) of CA1 synaptic transmission and acetylcholine release in the hippocampus, two hallmarks of memory function, are both decreased by SAR127303. Although inactive in acute seizure tests, repeated administration of SAR127303 delays the acquisition and decreases kindled seizures in mice, indicating that the drug slows down epileptogenesis, a finding deserving further investigation to evaluate the potential of MAGL inhibitors as antiepileptics. However, the observation that 2-AG hydrolysis blockade alters learning and memory performance, suggests that such drugs may have limited value as therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy Griebel
- Sanofi R&D, Exploratory Unit, Chilly-Mazarin, France
| | | | - Sandra Beeské
- Sanofi R&D, Exploratory Unit, Chilly-Mazarin, France
| | - Thibaud Leroy
- Sanofi R&D, Exploratory Unit, Chilly-Mazarin, France
| | - Nicolas Redon
- Sanofi R&D, Exploratory Unit, Chilly-Mazarin, France
| | - Agnès Jacquet
- Sanofi R&D, Exploratory Unit, Chilly-Mazarin, France
| | | | | | - Luc Even
- Sanofi R&D, Exploratory Unit, Chilly-Mazarin, France
| | | | | | | | - Qunyan Yu
- Global Oncology Division, Cambridge, USA
| | | | - Heike Arlt
- Global Oncology Division, Cambridge, USA
| | - Timothy He
- Global Oncology Division, Cambridge, USA
| | | | | | - Thomas Bertrand
- Lead Generation To Candidate Realization, Vitry-sur-Seine, France
| | - Jacques Houtmann
- Lead Generation To Candidate Realization, Vitry-sur-Seine, France
| | - Alexey Rak
- Lead Generation To Candidate Realization, Vitry-sur-Seine, France
| | - François Vallée
- Lead Generation To Candidate Realization, Vitry-sur-Seine, France
| | - Nadine Michot
- Lead Generation To Candidate Realization, Vitry-sur-Seine, France
| | - Franck Augé
- Sanofi R&D, Exploratory Unit, Chilly-Mazarin, France
| | | | | | - Pascal George
- Therapeutic Strategic Unit Aging, Chilly-Mazarin, France
| | | | - Vincent Mikol
- Lead Generation To Candidate Realization, Vitry-sur-Seine, France
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Wyrofsky R, McGonigle P, Van Bockstaele EJ. Drug discovery strategies that focus on the endocannabinoid signaling system in psychiatric disease. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2014; 10:17-36. [PMID: 25488672 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2014.966680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The endocannabinoid (eCB) system plays an important role in the control of mood, and its dysregulation has been implicated in several psychiatric disorders. Targeting the eCB system appears to represent an attractive and novel approach to the treatment of depression and other mood disorders. However, several failed clinical trials have diminished enthusiasm for the continued development of eCB-targeted therapeutics for psychiatric disorders, despite the encouraging preclinical data and promising preliminary results obtained with the synthetic cannabinoid nabilone for treating post-traumatic stress disorder. AREAS COVERED This review describes the eCB system's role in modulating cell signaling within the brain. There is a specific focus on eCB's regulation of monoamine neurotransmission and the stress axis, as well as how dysfunction of this interaction can contribute to the development of psychiatric disorders. Additionally, the review provides discussion on compounds and drugs that target this system and might prove to be successful for the treatment of mood-related psychiatric disorders. EXPERT OPINION The discovery of increasingly selective modulators of CB receptors should enable the identification of optimal therapeutic strategies. It should also maximize the likelihood of developing safe and effective treatments for debilitating psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Wyrofsky
- Drexel University, Department of Pharmacology and Physiology , Mail Stop 400, New College Building, 245 N. 15th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19102 , USA
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24
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Endocannabinoids, related compounds and their metabolic routes. Molecules 2014; 19:17078-106. [PMID: 25347455 PMCID: PMC6271436 DOI: 10.3390/molecules191117078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Revised: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocannabinoids are lipid mediators able to bind to and activate cannabinoid receptors, the primary molecular targets responsible for the pharmacological effects of the Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol. These bioactive lipids belong mainly to two classes of compounds: N-acylethanolamines and acylesters, being N-arachidonoylethanolamine (AEA) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), respectively, their main representatives. During the last twenty years, an ever growing number of fatty acid derivatives (endocannabinoids and endocannabinoid-like compounds) have been discovered and their activities biological is the subject of intense investigations. Here, the most recent advances, from a therapeutic point of view, on endocannabinoids, related compounds, and their metabolic routes will be reviewed.
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25
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Structure–affinity relationships and pharmacological characterization of new alkyl-resorcinol cannabinoid receptor ligands: Identification of a dual cannabinoid receptor/TRPA1 channel agonist. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:4770-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Revised: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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26
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Younts TJ, Castillo PE. Endogenous cannabinoid signaling at inhibitory interneurons. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2013; 26:42-50. [PMID: 24650503 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2013.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Revised: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Significant progress has been made in our understanding of how endogenous cannabinoids (eCBs) signal at excitatory and inhibitory synapses in the central nervous system (CNS). This review discusses how eCBs regulate inhibitory interneurons, their synapses, and the networks in which they are embedded. eCB signaling plays a pivotal role in brain physiology by means of their synaptic signal transduction, spatiotemporal signaling profile, routing of information through inhibitory microcircuits, and experience-dependent plasticity. Understanding the normal processes underlying eCB signaling is beginning to shed light on how their dysregulation contributes to disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Younts
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, United States
| | - Pablo E Castillo
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, United States.
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27
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Dossou KSS, Devkota KP, Morton C, Egan JM, Lu G, Beutler JA, Moaddel R. Identification of CB1/CB2 ligands from Zanthoxylum bungeanum. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2013; 76:2060-2064. [PMID: 24175626 PMCID: PMC8385540 DOI: 10.1021/np400478c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In order to study cannabinoid receptor ligands, a novel plate-based assay was developed previously to measure internalization of CB1/CB2 receptors by determining the change in the intracellular levels of the radiolabeled agonists. This plate-based assay was also used for screening against complex matrices, specifically, in the present study screening for CB1/CB2 receptor activity of extracts for several species of the plant genus Zanthoxylum. The objective of this screen was to identify novel antagonists of the CB1 receptor, which simultaneously displayed agonist activity against the CB2 receptor, since compounds matching this criterion could be potential candidates for the treatment of type-1 diabetes. As a result, two Z. bungeanum extracts were deemed active, leading to the identification of eight compounds, of which compound 7 [(2E,4E,8E,10E,12E)-N-isobutyl-2,4,8,10,12-tetradecapentaenamide, γ-sanshool] was obtained as a promising lead compound.
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MESH Headings
- Amides/chemistry
- Amides/pharmacology
- Cannabinoid Receptor Antagonists/chemistry
- Cannabinoid Receptor Antagonists/pharmacology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/drug therapy
- Ligands
- Molecular Structure
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/agonists
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/metabolism
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2/agonists
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2/metabolism
- Stereoisomerism
- Zanthoxylum/chemistry
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Affiliation(s)
- Katina S. S. Dossou
- Biomedical Research Center, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Suite 100, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
| | - Krishna P. Devkota
- Molecular Targets Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Cynthia Morton
- Section of Botany, Carnegie Museum of Natural History, 4400 Forbes Avenue Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Josephine M. Egan
- Biomedical Research Center, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Suite 100, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
| | - Guanghua Lu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education in China on the Standardization of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, People’s Republic of China
| | - John A. Beutler
- Molecular Targets Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Ruin Moaddel
- Biomedical Research Center, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Suite 100, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
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28
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Dhopeshwarkar AS, Nicholson RA. Benzophenanthridine alkaloid, piperonyl butoxide and (S)-methoprene action at the cannabinoid-1 receptor (CB1-receptor) pathway of mouse brain: Interference with [(3)H]CP55940 and [(3)H]SR141716A binding and modification of WIN55212-2-dependent inhibition of synaptosomal l-glutamate release. Eur J Pharmacol 2013; 723:431-41. [PMID: 24211785 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.10.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2012] [Revised: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Benzophenanthridine alkaloids (chelerythrine and sanguinarine) inhibited binding of [(3)H]SR141716A to mouse brain membranes (IC50s: <1µM). Piperonyl butoxide and (S)-methoprene were less potent (IC50s: 21 and 63µM respectively). Benzophenanthridines and piperonyl butoxide were more selective towards brain CB1 receptors versus spleen CB2 receptors. All compounds reduced Bmax of [(3)H]SR141716A binding to CB1 receptors, but only methoprene and piperonyl butoxide increased Kd (3-5-fold). Benzophenanthridines increased the Kd of [(3)H]CP55940 binding (6-fold), but did not alter Bmax. (S)-methoprene increased the Kd of [(3)H]CP55940 binding (by almost 4-fold) and reduced Bmax by 60%. Piperonyl butoxide lowered the Bmax of [(3)H]CP55940 binding by 50%, but did not influence Kd. All compounds reduced [(3)H]SR141716A and [(3)H]CP55940 association with CB1 receptors. Combined with a saturating concentration of SR141716A, only piperonyl butoxide and (S)-methoprene increased dissociation of [(3)H]SR141716A above that of SR141716A alone. Only piperonyl butoxide increased dissociation of [(3)H]CP55940 to a level greater than CP55940 alone. Binding results indicate predominantly allosteric components to the study compounds action. 4-Aminopyridine-(4-AP-) evoked release of l-glutamate from synaptosomes was partially inhibited by WIN55212-2, an effect completely neutralized by AM251, (S)-methoprene and piperonyl butoxide. With WIN55212-2 present, benzophenanthridines enhanced 4-AP-evoked l-glutamate release above 4-AP alone. Modulatory patterns of l-glutamate release (with WIN-55212-2 present) align with previous antagonist/inverse agonist profiling based on [(35)S]GTPγS binding. Although these compounds exhibit lower potencies compared to many classical CB1 receptor inhibitors, they may have potential to modify CB1-receptor-dependent behavioral/physiological outcomes in the whole animal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amey Sadashiv Dhopeshwarkar
- Simon Fraser University, Department of Biological Sciences, 8888 University drive, Burnaby, BC, Canada V5A 1S6.
| | - Russell Alfred Nicholson
- Simon Fraser University, Department of Biological Sciences, 8888 University drive, Burnaby, BC, Canada V5A 1S6.
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29
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Monounsaturated fatty acids generated via stearoyl CoA desaturase-1 are endogenous inhibitors of fatty acid amide hydrolase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:18832-7. [PMID: 24191036 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1309469110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
High-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity and insulin resistance are associated with increased activity of the endocannabinoid/CB1 receptor (CB1R) system that promotes the hepatic expression of lipogenic genes, including stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 (SCD1). Mice deficient in CB1R or SCD1 remain lean and insulin-sensitive on an HFD, suggesting a functional link between the two systems. The HFD-induced increase in the hepatic levels of the endocannabinoid anandamide [i.e., arachidonoylethanolamide (AEA)] has been attributed to reduced activity of the AEA-degrading enzyme fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH). Here we show that HFD-induced increased hepatic AEA levels and decreased FAAH activity are absent in SCD1(-/-) mice, and the monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) products of SCD1, palmitoleic and oleic acid, inhibit FAAH activity in vitro at low micromolar concentrations. HFD markedly increases hepatic SCD1 activity in WT mice as well as in CB1R(-/-) mice with transgenic reexpression of CB1R in hepatocytes, but not in global CB1R(-/-) mice. Treatment of HFD-fed mice with the SCD1 inhibitor A939572 prevents the diet-induced reduction of hepatic FAAH activity, normalizes hepatic AEA levels, and improves insulin sensitivity. SCD1(-/-) mice on an HFD remain insulin-sensitive, but develop glucose intolerance and insulin resistance in response to chronic treatment with the FAAH inhibitor URB597. An HFD rich in MUFA or feeding mice pure oleic acid fail to inhibit hepatic FAAH activity. We conclude that MUFAs generated via SCD1 activity, but not diet-derived MUFAs, function as endogenous FAAH inhibitors mediating the HFD-induced increase in hepatic AEA, which then activates hepatic CB1R to induce insulin resistance.
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30
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Varga A, Jenes A, Marczylo TH, Sousa-Valente J, Chen J, Austin J, Selvarajah S, Piscitelli F, Andreou AP, Taylor AH, Kyle F, Yaqoob M, Brain S, White JPM, Csernoch L, Di Marzo V, Buluwela L, Nagy I. Anandamide produced by Ca(2+)-insensitive enzymes induces excitation in primary sensory neurons. Pflugers Arch 2013; 466:1421-35. [PMID: 24114173 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-013-1360-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The endogenous lipid agent N-arachidonoylethanolamine (anandamide), among other effects, has been shown to be involved in nociceptive processing both in the central and peripheral nervous systems. Anandamide is thought to be synthesised by several enzymatic pathways both in a Ca(2+)-sensitive and Ca(2+)-insensitive manner, and rat primary sensory neurons produce anandamide. Here, we show for the first time, that cultured rat primary sensory neurons express at least four of the five known Ca(2+)-insensitive enzymes implicated in the synthesis of anandamide, and that application of 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-arachidonoyl, the common substrate of the anandamide-synthesising pathways, results in anandamide production which is not changed by the removal of extracellular Ca(2+). We also show that anandamide, which has been synthesised in primary sensory neurons following the application of 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-arachidonoyl induces a transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 ion channel-mediated excitatory effect that is not inhibited by concomitant activation of the cannabinoid type 1 receptor. Finally, we show that sub-populations of transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 ion channel-expressing primary sensory neurons also express some of the putative Ca(2+)-insensitive anandamide-synthesising enzymes. Together, these findings indicate that anandamide synthesised by primary sensory neuron via a Ca(2+)-insensitive manner has an excitatory rather than an inhibitory role in primary sensory neurons and that excitation is mediated predominantly through autocrine signalling. Regulation of the activity of the Ca(2+)-insensitive anandamide-synthesising enzymes in these neurons may be capable of regulating the activity of these cells, with potential relevance to controlling nociceptive processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelika Varga
- Section of Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, 369 Fulham Road, London, SW10 9NH, UK
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31
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Khavandi K, Amer H, Ibrahim B, Brownrigg J. Strategies for preventing type 2 diabetes: an update for clinicians. Ther Adv Chronic Dis 2013; 4:242-61. [PMID: 23997928 PMCID: PMC3752182 DOI: 10.1177/2040622313494986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is a major and growing public health challenge which threatens to overwhelm medical services in the future. Type 2 diabetes confers significant morbidity and mortality, most notably with target organ damage to the eyes, kidneys, nerves and heart. The magnitude of cardiovascular risk associated with diabetes is best illustrated by its position as a coronary heart disease risk equivalent. Complications related to neuropathy are also vast, often working in concert with vascular abnormalities and resulting in serious clinical consequences such as foot ulceration. Increased understanding of the natural history of this disorder has generated the potential to intervene and halt pathological progression before overt disease ensues, after which point management becomes increasingly challenging. The concept of prediabetes as a formal diagnosis has begun to be translated from the research setting to clinical practice, but with continually updated guidelines, varied nomenclature, emerging pharmacotherapies and an ever-changing evidence base, clinicians may be left uncertain of best practice in identifying and managing patients at the prediabetic stage. This review aims to summarize the epidemiological data, new concepts in disease pathogenesis and guideline recommendations in addition to lifestyle, pharmacological and surgical therapies targeted at stopping progression of prediabetes to diabetes. While antidiabetic medications, with newer anti-obesity medications and interventional bariatric procedures have shown some promising benefits, diet and therapeutic lifestyle change remains the mainstay of management to improve the metabolic profile of individuals with glucose dysregulation. New risk stratification tools to identify at-risk individuals, coupled with unselected population level intervention hold promise in future practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaivan Khavandi
- BHF Centre of Excellence in Cardiovascular Research, The Rayne Institute, Department of Cardiology, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital, Westminster Palace Road, London SE1 7EH, UK
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32
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Bari M, Battista N, Valenza M, Mastrangelo N, Malaponti M, Catanzaro G, Centonze D, Finazzi-Agrò A, Cattaneo E, Maccarrone M. In vitro and in vivo models of Huntington's disease show alterations in the endocannabinoid system. FEBS J 2013; 280:3376-88. [PMID: 23659592 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Revised: 03/27/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we analyzed the components of the endocannabinoid system (ECS) in R6/2 mice, a widely used model of Huntington's disease (HD). We measured the endogenous content of N-arachidonoylethanolamine and 2-arachidonoylglycerol and the activity of their biosynthetic enzymes (N-acyl-phosphatidylethanolamine-hydrolyzing phospholipase D and diacylglycerol lipase, respectively) and hydrolytic enzymes [fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) and monoacylglycerol lipase, respectively] and of their target receptors (type 1 cannabinoid receptor, type 2 cannabinoid receptor, and transient receptor potential vanilloid-1) in the brains of wild-type and R6/2 mice of different ages, as well as in the striatum and cortex of 12-week-old animals. In addition, we measured FAAH activity in lymphocytes of R6/2 mice. In the whole brains of 12-week-old R6/2 mice, we found reductions in N-acyl-phosphatidylethanolamine-hydrolyzing phospholipase D activity, diacylglycerol lipase activity and cannabinoid receptor binding, mostly associated with changes in the striatum but not in the cortex, as well as an increase in 2-arachidonoylglycerol content as compared with wild-type littermates, without any other change in ECS elements. Then, our analysis was extended to HD43 cells, an inducible cellular model of HD derived from rat ST14A cells. In both induced and noninduced conditions, we demonstrated a fully functional ECS. Overall, our data suggest that the ECS is differently affected in mouse and human HD, and that HD43 cells are suitable for high-throughput screening of FAAH-oriented drugs affecting HD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Bari
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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33
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Di Marzo V, De Petrocellis L. Why do cannabinoid receptors have more than one endogenous ligand? Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2013; 367:3216-28. [PMID: 23108541 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2011.0382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system was revealed following the understanding of the mechanism of action of marijuana's major psychotropic principle, Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol, and includes two G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs; the cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 receptors), their endogenous ligands (the endocannabinoids, the best studied of which are anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG)), and the proteins that regulate the levels and activity of these receptors and ligands. However, other minor lipid metabolites different from, but chemically similar to, anandamide and 2-AG have also been suggested to act as endocannabinoids. Thus, unlike most other GPCRs, cannabinoid receptors appear to have more than one endogenous agonist, and it has been often wondered what could be the physiological meaning of this peculiarity. In 1999, it was proposed that anandamide might also activate other targets, and in particular the transient receptor potential of vanilloid type-1 (TRPV1) channels. Over the last decade, this interaction has been shown to occur both in peripheral tissues and brain, during both physiological and pathological conditions. TRPV1 channels can be activated also by another less abundant endocannabinoid, N-arachidonoyldopamine, but not by 2-AG, and have been proposed by some authors to act as ionotropic endocannabinoid receptors. This article will discuss the latest discoveries on this subject, and discuss, among others, how anandamide and 2-AG differential actions at TRPV1 and cannabinoid receptors contribute to making this signalling system a versatile tool available to organisms to fine-tune homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Di Marzo
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Istituto Chimica Biomolecolare, CNR, Via Campi Flegrei 34, Comprensorio Olivetti, 80078 Pozzuoli, NA, Italy.
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34
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Maione S, Costa B, Di Marzo V. Endocannabinoids: a unique opportunity to develop multitarget analgesics. Pain 2013; 154 Suppl 1:S87-S93. [PMID: 23623250 DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2013.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2012] [Revised: 01/03/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
After 4 millennia of more or less documented history of cannabis use, the identification of cannabinoids, and of Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol in particular, occurred only during the early 1960s, and the cloning of cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 receptors, as well as the discovery of endocannabinoids and their metabolic enzymes, in the 1990s. Despite this initial relatively slow progress of cannabinoid research, the turn of the century marked an incredible acceleration in discoveries on the "endocannabinoid signaling system," its role in physiological and pathological conditions, and pain in particular, its pharmacological targeting with selective agonists, antagonists, and inhibitors of metabolism, and its previously unsuspected complexity. The way researchers look at this system has thus rapidly evolved towards the idea of the "endocannabinoidome," that is, a complex system including also several endocannabinoid-like mediators and their often redundant metabolic enzymes and "promiscuous" molecular targets. These peculiar complications of endocannabinoid signaling have not discouraged efforts aiming at its pharmacological manipulation, which, nevertheless, now seems to require the development of multitarget drugs, or the re-visitation of naturally occurring compounds with more than one mechanism of action. In fact, these molecules, as compared to "magic bullets," seem to offer the advantage of modulating the "endocannabinoidome" in a safer and more therapeutically efficacious way. This approach has provided so far promising preclinical results potentially useful for the future efficacious and safe treatment of chronic pain and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabatino Maione
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Department of Experimental Medicine - Division of Pharmacology 'L. Donatelli', Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy Department of Biotechnology and Bioscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry - C.N.R., Pozzuoli, Italy
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35
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Dossou KSS, Devkota KP, Kavanagh PV, Beutler JA, Egan JM, Moaddel R. Development and preliminary validation of a plate-based CB1/CB2 receptor functional assay. Anal Biochem 2013; 437:138-43. [PMID: 23481912 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2013.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2012] [Revised: 02/23/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cannabinoid (CB) receptors are being targeted therapeutically for the treatment of anxiety, obesity, movement disorders, glaucoma, and pain. More recently, cannabinoid agonists have displayed antiproliferative activity against breast cancer and prostate cancer in animal models. To study cannabinoid receptor ligands, we have developed a novel plate-based assay that measures internalization of CB1/CB2 receptors by determining the change in the intracellular levels of the radiolabeled agonists: [(3)H]Win55-212-2 for CB1 and [(3)H]CP55-940 for CB2. The developed plate-based assay was validated by determining IC50 values for known antagonists: AM251, AM281, AM630, and AM6545. The data obtained were consistent with previously reported values, thereby confirming that the assay can be used to determine the functional binding activities (IC50) of antagonists for the CB1 and CB2 receptors. In addition, we demonstrated that the plate-based assay may be used for screening against complex matrices. Specifically, we demonstrated that the plate-based assay was able to identify which extracts of several species of the genus Zanthoxylum had activity at the CB1/CB2 receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S S Dossou
- Biomedical Research Center, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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36
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Castillo PE, Younts TJ, Chávez AE, Hashimotodani Y. Endocannabinoid signaling and synaptic function. Neuron 2012; 76:70-81. [PMID: 23040807 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2012.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 709] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Endocannabinoids are key modulators of synaptic function. By activating cannabinoid receptors expressed in the central nervous system, these lipid messengers can regulate several neural functions and behaviors. As experimental tools advance, the repertoire of known endocannabinoid-mediated effects at the synapse, and their underlying mechanism, continues to expand. Retrograde signaling is the principal mode by which endocannabinoids mediate short- and long-term forms of plasticity at both excitatory and inhibitory synapses. However, growing evidence suggests that endocannabinoids can also signal in a nonretrograde manner. In addition to mediating synaptic plasticity, the endocannabinoid system is itself subject to plastic changes. Multiple points of interaction with other neuromodulatory and signaling systems have now been identified. In this Review, we focus on new advances in synaptic endocannabinoid signaling in the mammalian brain. The emerging picture not only reinforces endocannabinoids as potent regulators of synaptic function but also reveals that endocannabinoid signaling is mechanistically more complex and diverse than originally thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo E Castillo
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
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Abstract
The biological activities of omega-3 fatty acids (n-3 FAs) have been under extensive study for several decades. However, not much attention has been paid to differences of dietary forms, such as triglycerides (TGs) versus ethyl esters or phospholipids (PLs). New innovative marine raw materials, like krill and fish by-products, present n-3 FAs mainly in the PL form. With their increasing availability, new evidence has emerged on n-3 PL biological activities and differences to n-3 TGs. In this review, we describe the recently discovered nutritional properties of n-3 PLs on different parameters of metabolic syndrome and highlight their different metabolic bioavailability in comparison to other dietary forms of n-3 FAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Burri
- Aker BioMarine ASA, Fjordalléen 16, NO-0115 Oslo, Norway; E-Mails: (L.B.); (N.H.)
| | - Nils Hoem
- Aker BioMarine ASA, Fjordalléen 16, NO-0115 Oslo, Norway; E-Mails: (L.B.); (N.H.)
| | - Sebastiano Banni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy; E-Mail:
| | - Kjetil Berge
- Aker BioMarine ASA, Fjordalléen 16, NO-0115 Oslo, Norway; E-Mails: (L.B.); (N.H.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +47-24-13-00-00; Fax: +47-24-13-01-10
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38
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Mulvihill MM, Nomura DK. Therapeutic potential of monoacylglycerol lipase inhibitors. Life Sci 2012; 92:492-7. [PMID: 23142242 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2012.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2012] [Revised: 10/17/2012] [Accepted: 10/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Marijuana and aspirin have been used for millennia to treat a wide range of maladies including pain and inflammation. Both cannabinoids, like marijuana, that exert anti-inflammatory action through stimulating cannabinoid receptors, and cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitors, like aspirin, that suppress pro-inflammatory eicosanoid production have shown beneficial outcomes in mouse models of neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. Both cannabinoids and COX inhibitors, however, have untoward effects that discourage their chronic usage, including cognitive deficits and gastrointestinal toxicity, respectively. Recent studies have uncovered that the serine hydrolase monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) links the endocannabinoid and eicosanoid systems together through hydrolysis of the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) to provide the major arachidonic acid (AA) precursor pools for pro-inflammatory eicosanoid synthesis in specific tissues. Studies in recent years have shown that MAGL inhibitors elicit anti-nociceptive, anxiolytic, and anti-emetic responses and attenuate precipitated withdrawal symptoms in addiction paradigms through enhancing endocannabinoid signaling. MAGL inhibitors have also been shown to exert anti-inflammatory action in the brain and protect against neurodegeneration through lowering eicosanoid production. In cancer, MAGL inhibitors have been shown to have anti-cancer properties not only through modulating the endocannabinoid-eicosanoid network, but also by controlling fatty acid release for the synthesis of protumorigenic signaling lipids. Thus, MAGL serves as a critical node in simultaneously coordinating multiple lipid signaling pathways in both physiological and disease contexts. This review will discuss the diverse (patho)physiological roles of MAGL and the therapeutic potential of MAGL inhibitors in treating a vast array of complex human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melinda M Mulvihill
- Program in Metabolic Biology, Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, 127 Morgan Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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Styrczewska M, Kulma A, Ratajczak K, Amarowicz R, Szopa J. Cannabinoid-like anti-inflammatory compounds from flax fiber. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2012; 17:479-99. [PMID: 22706678 PMCID: PMC6275574 DOI: 10.2478/s11658-012-0023-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Accepted: 05/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Flax is a valuable source of fibers, linseed and oil. The compounds of the latter two products have already been widely examined and have been proven to possess many health-beneficial properties. In the course of analysis of fibers extract from previously generated transgenic plants overproducing phenylpropanoids a new terpenoid compound was discovered.The UV spectra and the retention time in UPLC analysis of this new compound reveal similarity to a cannabinoid-like compound, probably cannabidiol (CBD). This was confirmed by finding two ions at m/z 174.1 and 231.2 in mass spectra analysis. Further confirmation of the nature of the compound was based on a biological activity assay. It was found that the compound affects the expression of genes involved in inflammatory processes in mouse and human fibroblasts and likely the CBD from Cannabis sativa activates the specific peripheral cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2) gene expression. Besides fibers, the compound was also found in all other flax tissues. It should be pointed out that the industrial process of fabric production does not affect CBD activity.The presented data suggest for the first time that flax products can be a source of biologically active cannabinoid-like compounds that are able to influence the cell immunological response. These findings might open up many new applications for medical flax products, especially for the fabric as a material for wound dressing with anti-inflammatory properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Styrczewska
- Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Przybyszewskiego 63/77, 51-148 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Anna Kulma
- Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Przybyszewskiego 63/77, 51-148 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Ratajczak
- Department of Traumatology and Hand Surgery, Wrocław Medical University, Borowska 213, 50-556 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Ryszard Amarowicz
- Division of Food Science, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Tuwima 10, 10-747 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Jan Szopa
- Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Przybyszewskiego 63/77, 51-148 Wrocław, Poland
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Piscitelli F, Ligresti A, La Regina G, Coluccia A, Morera L, Allarà M, Novellino E, Di Marzo V, Silvestri R. Indole-2-carboxamides as allosteric modulators of the cannabinoid CB₁ receptor. J Med Chem 2012; 55:5627-31. [PMID: 22571451 DOI: 10.1021/jm201485c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
We synthesized new N-phenylethyl-1H-indole-2-carboxamides as the first SAR study of allosteric modulators of the CB(1) receptor. The presence of the carboxamide functionality was required in order to obtain a stimulatory effect. The maximum stimulatory activity on CB(1) was exerted by carboxamides 13 (EC(50) = 50 nM) and 21 (EC(50) = 90 nM) bearing a dimethylamino or piperidinyl group, respectively, at position 4 of the phenethyl moiety and a chlorine atom at position 5 of the indole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Piscitelli
- Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, I-00185 Roma, Italy
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41
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Niphakis MJ, Johnson DS, Ballard TE, Stiff C, Cravatt BF. O-hydroxyacetamide carbamates as a highly potent and selective class of endocannabinoid hydrolase inhibitors. ACS Chem Neurosci 2012; 3:418-26. [PMID: 22860211 DOI: 10.1021/cn200089j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2011] [Accepted: 10/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The two major endocannabinoid transmitters, anandamide (AEA) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), are degraded by distinct enzymes in the nervous system, fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) and monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL), respectively. FAAH and MAGL inhibitors cause elevations in brain AEA and 2-AG levels, respectively, and reduce pain, anxiety, and depression in rodents without causing the full spectrum of psychotropic behavioral effects observed with direct cannabinoid receptor-1 (CB1) agonists. These findings have inspired the development of several classes of endocannabinoid hydrolase inhibitors, most of which have been optimized to show specificity for either FAAH or MAGL or, in certain cases, equipotent activity for both enzymes. Here, we investigate an unusual class of O-hydroxyacetamide carbamate inhibitors and find that individual compounds from this class can serve as selective FAAH or dual FAAH/MAGL inhibitors in vivo across a dose range (0.125-12.5 mg kg(-1)) suitable for behavioral studies. Competitive and click chemistry activity-based protein profiling confirmed that the O-hydroxyacetamide carbamate SA-57 is remarkably selective for FAAH and MAGL in vivo, targeting only one other enzyme in brain, the additional 2-AG hydrolase ABHD6. These data designate O-hydroxyacetamide carbamates as a versatile chemotype for creating endocannabinoid hydrolase inhibitors that display excellent in vivo activity and tunable selectivity for FAAH-anandamide versus MAGL (and ABHD6)-2-AG pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micah J. Niphakis
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical
Biology and Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La
Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Douglas S. Johnson
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340,
United States
| | - T. Eric Ballard
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340,
United States
| | - Cory Stiff
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340,
United States
| | - Benjamin F. Cravatt
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical
Biology and Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La
Jolla, California 92037, United States
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Chang JW, Niphakis MJ, Lum KM, Cognetta AB, Wang C, Matthews ML, Niessen S, Buczynski MW, Parsons LH, Cravatt BF. Highly selective inhibitors of monoacylglycerol lipase bearing a reactive group that is bioisosteric with endocannabinoid substrates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 19:579-88. [PMID: 22542104 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2012.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2012] [Revised: 03/20/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The endocannabinoids 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG) and N-arachidonoyl ethanolamine (anandamide) are principally degraded by monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) and fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), respectively. The recent discovery of O-aryl carbamates such as JZL184 as selective MAGL inhibitors has enabled functional investigation of 2-AG signaling pathways in vivo. Nonetheless, JZL184 and other reported MAGL inhibitors still display low-level cross-reactivity with FAAH and peripheral carboxylesterases, which can complicate their use in certain biological studies. Here, we report a distinct class of O-hexafluoroisopropyl (HFIP) carbamates that inhibits MAGL in vitro and in vivo with excellent potency and greatly improved selectivity, including showing no detectable cross-reactivity with FAAH. These findings designate HFIP carbamates as a versatile chemotype for inhibiting MAGL and should encourage the pursuit of other serine hydrolase inhibitors that bear reactive groups resembling the structures of natural substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Won Chang
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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43
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Inhibiting the breakdown of endogenous opioids and cannabinoids to alleviate pain. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2012; 11:292-310. [DOI: 10.1038/nrd3673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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44
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Pucci M, Pasquariello N, Battista N, Di Tommaso M, Rapino C, Fezza F, Zuccolo M, Jourdain R, Finazzi Agrò A, Breton L, Maccarrone M. Endocannabinoids stimulate human melanogenesis via type-1 cannabinoid receptor. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:15466-78. [PMID: 22431736 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.314880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We show that a fully functional endocannabinoid system is present in primary human melanocytes (normal human epidermal melanocyte cells), including anandamide (AEA), 2-arachidonoylglycerol, the respective target receptors (CB(1), CB(2), and TRPV1), and their metabolic enzymes. We also show that at higher concentrations AEA induces normal human epidermal melanocyte apoptosis (∼3-fold over controls at 5 μM) through a TRPV1-mediated pathway that increases DNA fragmentation and p53 expression. However, at lower concentrations, AEA and other CB(1)-binding endocannabinoids dose-dependently stimulate melanin synthesis and enhance tyrosinase gene expression and activity (∼3- and ∼2-fold over controls at 1 μM). This CB(1)-dependent activity was fully abolished by the selective CB(1) antagonist SR141716 or by RNA interference of the receptor. CB(1) signaling engaged p38 and p42/44 mitogen-activated protein kinases, which in turn activated the cyclic AMP response element-binding protein and the microphthalmia-associated transcription factor. Silencing of tyrosinase or microphthalmia-associated transcription factor further demonstrated the involvement of these proteins in AEA-induced melanogenesis. In addition, CB(1) activation did not engage the key regulator of skin pigmentation, cyclic AMP, showing a major difference compared with the regulation of melanogenesis by α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone through melanocortin 1 receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariangela Pucci
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy
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45
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Battista N, Di Tommaso M, Bari M, Maccarrone M. The endocannabinoid system: an overview. Front Behav Neurosci 2012; 6:9. [PMID: 22457644 PMCID: PMC3303140 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2012.00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2011] [Accepted: 02/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Upon the identification of anandamide (AEA) in the porcine brain, numerous studies contributed to the current state of knowledge regarding all elements that form the “endocannabinoid system (ECS).”How this complex system of receptors, ligands, and enzymes is integrated in helping to regulate fundamental processes at level of central nervous and peripheral systems and how its regulation and dysregulation might counteract disturbances of such functions, is nowadays still under investigation. However, the most recent advances on the physiological distribution and functional role of ECS allowed the progress of various research tools aimed at the therapeutic exploitation of endocannabinoid (eCB) signaling, as well as the development of novel drugs with pharmacological advantages. Here, we shall briefly overview the metabolic and signal transduction pathways of the main eCBs representatives, AEA, and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), and we will discuss the therapeutic potential of new ECS-oriented drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Battista
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Teramo Teramo, Italy
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46
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Janero DR, Lindsley L, Vemuri VK, Makriyannis A. Cannabinoid 1 G protein-coupled receptor (periphero-)neutral antagonists: emerging therapeutics for treating obesity-driven metabolic disease and reducing cardiovascular risk. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2011; 6:995-1025. [DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2011.608063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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47
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Sasmal PK, Talwar R, Swetha J, Balasubrahmanyam D, Venkatesham B, Rawoof KA, Neelima Devi B, Jadhav VP, Khan SK, Mohan P, Srinivasa Reddy D, Nyavanandi VK, Nanduri S, Kyasa SK, Kannan M, Srinivas P, Nadipalli P, Chaudhury H, Sebastian VJ. Structure-activity relationship studies of novel pyrazole and imidazole carboxamides as cannabinoid-1 (CB1) antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:4913-8. [PMID: 21741835 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2011] [Revised: 05/27/2011] [Accepted: 06/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and biological evaluation of novel pyrazole and imidazole carboxamides as CB1 antagonists are described. As a part of eastern amide SAR, various chemically diverse motifs were introduced on rimonabant template. The central pyrazole core was also replaced with its conformationally constrained motif and imidazole moieties. In general, a range of modifications were well tolerated. Several molecules with low- and sub-nanomolar potencies were identified as potent CB1 receptor antagonists. The in vivo proof of principle for weight loss is demonstrated with a lead compound in DIO mice model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradip K Sasmal
- Discovery Research, Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Ltd, Bollaram Road, Miyapur, Hyderabad 500049, India.
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48
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The antimitogenic effect of the cannabinoid receptor agonist WIN55212-2 on human melanoma cells is mediated by the membrane lipid raft. Cancer Lett 2011; 310:240-9. [PMID: 21807457 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2011.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2011] [Revised: 07/06/2011] [Accepted: 07/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Here are reported the antiproliferative effects of the cannabinoid agonist WIN upon human melanoma cells expressing mRNA and protein for both CB1 and CB2 receptors. While WIN exerted antimitogenic effects, selective CB1 or CB2 agonists were unable to reproduce such effects and selective CB1 and CB2 antagonists did not inhibit WIN-induced cell death. Cells treated with WIN, preincubated with the lipid raft disruptor methylcyclodestrin, were rescued from death. WIN induced activation of caspases and phosphorylation of ERK that were attenuated in cultures treated with methylcyclodestrin. Membrane lipid raft complex-mediated antimitogenic effect of WIN in melanoma could represents a potential targets for a melanoma treatment.
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49
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Alger BE, Kim J. Supply and demand for endocannabinoids. Trends Neurosci 2011; 34:304-15. [PMID: 21507493 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2011.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2010] [Revised: 02/21/2011] [Accepted: 03/11/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system consists of G-protein-coupled cannabinoid receptors that can be activated by cannabis-derived drugs and small lipids termed endocannabinoids (eCBs) plus associated biochemical machinery (precursors, synthetic and degradative enzymes, transporters). The eCB system in the brain primarily influences neuronal synaptic communication, and affects biological functions - including eating, anxiety, learning and memory, growth and development - via an array of actions throughout the nervous system. Although many aspects of synaptic regulation by eCBs are becoming clear, details of the subcellular organization and regulation of the eCB system are less well understood. This review focuses on recent investigations that illuminate fundamental issues of eCB storage, release, and functional roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley E Alger
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 655 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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50
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Tanasescu R, Rog D, Constantinescu CS. A drug discovery case history of ‘delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol’. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2011; 6:437-52. [DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2011.560935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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