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Monroy-Pérez E, Hernández-Jaimes T, Morales-Espinosa R, Delgado G, Martínez-Gregorio H, García-Cortés LR, Herrera-Gabriel JP, De Lira-Silva A, Vaca-Paniagua F, Paniagua-Contreras GL. Analysis of in vitro expression of virulence genes related to antibiotic and disinfectant resistance in Escherichia coli as an emerging periodontal pathogen. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1412007. [PMID: 39211796 PMCID: PMC11358117 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1412007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The collective involvement of virulence markers of Escherichia coli as an emerging pathogen associated with periodontitis remains unexplained. This study aimed to implement an in vitro model of infection using a human epithelial cell line to determine the virulome expression related to the antibiotic and disinfectant resistance genotype and pulse field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) type in E. coli strains isolated from patients with periodontal diseases. We studied 100 strains of E. coli isolated from patients with gingivitis (n = 12), moderate periodontitis (n = 59), and chronic periodontitis (n = 29). The identification of E. coli and antibiotic and disinfectant resistance genes was performed through PCR. To promote the expression of virulence genes in the strains, an in vitro infection model was used in the human epithelial cell line A549. RNA was extracted using the QIAcube robotic equipment and reverse transcription to cDNA was performed using the QuantiTect reverse transcription kit (Qiagen). The determination of virulence gene expression was performed through real-time PCR. Overall, the most frequently expressed adhesion genes among the isolated strains of gingivitis, moderate periodontitis, and chronic periodontitis were fimH (48%), iha (37%), and papA (18%); those for toxins were usp (33%); those for iron acquisition were feoB (84%), fyuA (62%), irp-2 (61%), and iroN (35%); those for protectins were traT (50%), KpsMT (35%), and ompT (28%); and those for pathogenicity islands were malX (45%). The most common antibiotic and disinfectant resistance genes among gingivitis, moderate periodontitis, and chronic periodontitis strains were sul-2 (43%), blaSHV (47%), blaTEM (45%), tet(A) (41%), dfrA1 (32%), marR-marO (57%), and qacEA1 (79%). The findings revealed the existence of a wide distribution of virulome expression profiles related to the antibiotic and disinfectant resistance genotype and PFGE type in periodontal strains of E. coli. These findings may contribute toward improving the prevention and treatment measures for periodontal diseases associated with E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Monroy-Pérez
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla, Mexico
| | - Tania Hernández-Jaimes
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla, Mexico
| | - Rosario Morales-Espinosa
- Departamento de Microbiología and Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Gabriela Delgado
- Departamento de Microbiología and Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Héctor Martínez-Gregorio
- Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla, Mexico
- Laboratorio Nacional en Salud, Diagnóstico Molecular y Efecto Ambiental en Enfermedades Crónico-Degenerativas, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla, Mexico
| | - Luis Rey García-Cortés
- Coordinación de Investigación del Estado de México oriente, Insitituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Tlalnepantla de Baz, Mexico
| | | | - Andrea De Lira-Silva
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla, Mexico
| | - Felipe Vaca-Paniagua
- Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla, Mexico
- Laboratorio Nacional en Salud, Diagnóstico Molecular y Efecto Ambiental en Enfermedades Crónico-Degenerativas, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla, Mexico
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Xu R, McLoughlin G, Nicol M, Geddes D, Stinson L. Residents or Tourists: Is the Lactating Mammary Gland Colonized by Residential Microbiota? Microorganisms 2024; 12:1009. [PMID: 38792838 PMCID: PMC11123721 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12051009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The existence of the human milk microbiome has been widely recognized for almost two decades, with many studies examining its composition and relationship to maternal and infant health. However, the richness and viability of the human milk microbiota is surprisingly low. Given that the lactating mammary gland houses a warm and nutrient-rich environment and is in contact with the external environment, it may be expected that the lactating mammary gland would contain a high biomass microbiome. This discrepancy raises the question of whether the bacteria in milk come from true microbial colonization in the mammary gland ("residents") or are merely the result of constant influx from other bacterial sources ("tourists"). By drawing together data from animal, in vitro, and human studies, this review will examine the question of whether the lactating mammary gland is colonized by a residential microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruomei Xu
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia (D.G.)
| | - Grace McLoughlin
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia; (G.M.); (M.N.)
| | - Mark Nicol
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia; (G.M.); (M.N.)
| | - Donna Geddes
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia (D.G.)
| | - Lisa Stinson
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia (D.G.)
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Jiang X, Wang J. Biological Control of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in Dairy Manure-Based Compost Using Competitive Exclusion Microorganisms. Pathogens 2024; 13:361. [PMID: 38787213 PMCID: PMC11124295 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13050361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Animal manure-based compost is a valuable organic fertilizer and biological soil amendment. To ensure the microbiological safety of compost products, the effectiveness of competitive exclusion microorganisms (CE) in reducing Escherichia coli O157:H7 in dairy manure-based compost was evaluated. METHODS A cocktail of E. coli O157:H7 strains were inoculated into dairy compost along with CE strains isolated from compost, and the reduction in E. coli O157:H7 by CE was determined in compost with 20%, 30%, and 40% moisture levels at 22 °C and 30 °C under laboratory conditions, as well as in fall, winter, and summer seasons under greenhouse settings. RESULTS Under lab conditions, CE addition resulted in 1.1-3.36 log reductions in E. coli O157:H7 in compost, with enhanced pathogen reduction by higher moisture and lower temperature. In the greenhouse, >99% of the E. coli O157:H7 population in compost with ≥30% moisture due to cross-contamination can be effectively inactivated by CE within 2 days during colder seasons. However, it took ≥8 days to achieve the same level of reduction for heat-adapted E. coli O157:H7 cells. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrated that the competitive exclusion of microorganisms can be an effective tool for controlling foodborne pathogens in compost and reducing the potential for soil and crop contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuping Jiang
- Department of Food, Nutrition, and Packaging Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - Jingxue Wang
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China;
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Usman D, Abubakar MB, Ibrahim KG, Imam MU. Iron chelation and supplementation: A comparison in the management of inflammatory bowel disease using drosophila. Life Sci 2024; 336:122328. [PMID: 38061132 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.122328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) is associated with systemic iron deficiency and has been managed with iron supplements which cause adverse side effects. Conversely, some reports highlight iron depletion to ameliorate IBD. The underlying intestinal response and comparative benefit of iron depletion and supplementation in IBD is unknown. The aims of this work were to characterize and compare the effects of iron supplementation and iron depletion in IBD. MAIN METHODS IBD was induced in Drosophila melanogaster using 3 % dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) in diet for 7 days. Using this model, we investigated the impacts of acute iron depletion (using bathophenanthroline disulfonate, BPS) and supplementation (using ferrous sulphate, FS), before and after IBD induction, on gut iron homeostasis, cell death, gut permeability, inflammation, antioxidant defence, antimicrobial response and several fly phenotypes. KEY FINDINGS DSS decreased fly mass (p < 0.001), increased gut permeability (p < 0.001) and shortened lifespan (p = 0.035) compared to control. The DSS-fed flies also showed significantly elevated lipid peroxidation (p < 0.001), and the upregulated expression of apoptotic marker- drice (p < 0.001), tight junction protein - bbg (p < 0.001), antimicrobial peptide - dpta (p = 0.002) and proinflammatory cytokine - upd2 (p < 0.001). BPS significantly (p < 0.05) increased fly mass and lifespan, decreased gut permeability, decreased lipid peroxidation and decreased levels of drice, bbg, dpta and upd2 in IBD flies. This iron chelation (using BPS) showed better protection from DSS-induced IBD than iron supplementation (using FS). Preventive and curative interventions, by BPS or FS, also differed in outcomes. SIGNIFICANCE This may inform precise management strategies aimed at tackling IBD and its recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawoud Usman
- Centre for Advanced Medical Research and Training, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Sokoto, Nigeria; Department of Physiology, College of Health Sciences, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Sokoto, Nigeria
| | - Murtala Bello Abubakar
- Centre for Advanced Medical Research and Training, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Sokoto, Nigeria; Department of Physiology, College of Health Sciences, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Sokoto, Nigeria; Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Baze University, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Kasimu Ghandi Ibrahim
- Centre for Advanced Medical Research and Training, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Sokoto, Nigeria; Department of Physiology, College of Health Sciences, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Sokoto, Nigeria; Department of Basic Medical and Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Zarqa University, P. O. Box 2000, Zarqa 13110, Jordan; School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown 2193, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Mustapha Umar Imam
- Centre for Advanced Medical Research and Training, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Sokoto, Nigeria; Department of Medical Biochemistry, College of Health Sciences, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Sokoto, Nigeria.
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Barszcz M, Gawin K, Tuśnio A, Konopka A, Święch E, Taciak M, Skomiał J, Tokarčiková K, Čobanová K, Grešáková Ľ. Comparison between Organic and Inorganic Zinc Forms and Their Combinations with Various Dietary Fibers in Respect of the Effects on Electrolyte Concentrations and Mucosa in the Large Intestine of Pigs. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16743. [PMID: 38069066 PMCID: PMC10706017 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the effects of Zn sources, used with potato fiber (PF) or lignocellulose (LC), on electrolyte concentration and the mucus layer in the large intestine of pigs. The experiment involved 24 barrows with an initial body weight of 10.8 ± 0.82 kg, divided into four groups fed the following diets: LC and ZnSO4, LC and Zn glycinate (ZnGly), PF and ZnSO4, or PF and ZnGly. Fiber supplements provided 10 g crude fiber/kg diet, while Zn additives introduced 120 mg Zn/kg diet. After four weeks of feeding, the pigs were sacrificed and digesta and tissue samples were taken from the cecum and colon. PF increased the water content and decreased the phosphorus concentration in the large intestine in comparison with LC. PF also increased calcium, iron, and chloride concentrations in the descending colon. Mucus layer thickness and histological parameters of the large intestine were not affected. ZnGly diets increased MUC12 expression in the cecum as compared to the LC-ZnSO4 group. In the ascending colon, the PF-ZnGly diet increased MUC5AC expression, while both PF groups had greater MUC20 expression in comparison with the LC-ZnSO4 group. In the transverse colon, the LC-ZnGly group and both PF groups had higher MUC5AC expression in comparison with the LC-ZnSO4 group, and both ZnGly groups had higher MUC20 expression than ZnSO4 groups. PF and ZnGly increased MUC4 and MUC5AC expression in the descending colon. PF and ZnGly may exert a beneficial effect on colon health in pigs by upregulating the expression of the MUC5AC and MUC20 genes and are more effective than LC and ZnSO4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Barszcz
- Department of Animal Nutrition, The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, Instytucka 3, 05-110 Jabłonna, Poland; (K.G.); (A.T.); (A.K.); (E.Ś.); (J.S.)
| | - Kamil Gawin
- Department of Animal Nutrition, The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, Instytucka 3, 05-110 Jabłonna, Poland; (K.G.); (A.T.); (A.K.); (E.Ś.); (J.S.)
| | - Anna Tuśnio
- Department of Animal Nutrition, The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, Instytucka 3, 05-110 Jabłonna, Poland; (K.G.); (A.T.); (A.K.); (E.Ś.); (J.S.)
| | - Adrianna Konopka
- Department of Animal Nutrition, The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, Instytucka 3, 05-110 Jabłonna, Poland; (K.G.); (A.T.); (A.K.); (E.Ś.); (J.S.)
| | - Ewa Święch
- Department of Animal Nutrition, The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, Instytucka 3, 05-110 Jabłonna, Poland; (K.G.); (A.T.); (A.K.); (E.Ś.); (J.S.)
| | - Marcin Taciak
- Division of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Ciszewskiego 8, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Jacek Skomiał
- Department of Animal Nutrition, The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, Instytucka 3, 05-110 Jabłonna, Poland; (K.G.); (A.T.); (A.K.); (E.Ś.); (J.S.)
| | - Katarina Tokarčiková
- Institute of Animal Physiology, Centre of Biosciences of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Soltesovej 4, 04001 Kosice, Slovakia; (K.T.); (K.Č.); (Ľ.G.)
- Department of Animal Morphology, Physiology and Genetics, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Klaudia Čobanová
- Institute of Animal Physiology, Centre of Biosciences of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Soltesovej 4, 04001 Kosice, Slovakia; (K.T.); (K.Č.); (Ľ.G.)
| | - Ľubomira Grešáková
- Institute of Animal Physiology, Centre of Biosciences of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Soltesovej 4, 04001 Kosice, Slovakia; (K.T.); (K.Č.); (Ľ.G.)
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Abstract
Recently developed molecular imaging approaches can be used to visualize specific host responses and pathology in a quest to image infections where few microbe-specific tracers have been developed and in recognition that host responses contribute to morbidity and mortality in their own right. Here we highlight several recent examples of these imaging approaches adapted for imaging infections. The early successes and new avenues described here encompass diverse imaging modalities and leverage diverse aspects of the host response to infection-including inflammation, tissue injury and healing, and key nutrients during host-pathogen interactions. Clearly, these approaches merit further preclinical and clinical study as they are complementary and orthogonal to the pathogen-focused imaging modalities currently under investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine A Foss
- Russel H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Adam R Renslo
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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7
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Ostrówka M, Duda-Madej A, Pietluch F, Mackiewicz P, Gagat P. Testing Antimicrobial Properties of Human Lactoferrin-Derived Fragments. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10529. [PMID: 37445717 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Lactoferrin, an iron-binding glycoprotein, plays a significant role in the innate immune system, with antibacterial, antivirial, antifungal, anticancer, antioxidant and immunomodulatory functions reported. It is worth emphasizing that not only the whole protein but also its derived fragments possess antimicrobial peptide (AMP) activity. Using AmpGram, a top-performing AMP classifier, we generated three novel human lactoferrin (hLF) fragments: hLF 397-412, hLF 448-464 and hLF 668-683, predicted with high probability as AMPs. For comparative studies, we included hLF 1-11, previously confirmed to kill some bacteria. With the four peptides, we treated three Gram-negative and three Gram-positive bacterial strains. Our results indicate that none of the three new lactoferrin fragments have antimicrobial properties for the bacteria tested, but hLF 1-11 was lethal against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The addition of serine protease inhibitors with the hLF fragments did not enhance their activity, except for hLF 1-11 against P. aeruginosa, which MIC dropped from 128 to 64 µg/mL. Furthermore, we investigated the impact of EDTA with/without serine protease inhibitors and the hLF peptides on selected bacteria. We stress the importance of reporting non-AMP sequences for the development of next-generation AMP prediction models, which suffer from the lack of experimentally validated negative dataset for training and benchmarking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Ostrówka
- Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Fryderyka Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-137 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Anna Duda-Madej
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Wrocław Medical University, Chałubińskiego 4, 50-368 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Filip Pietluch
- Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Fryderyka Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-137 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Paweł Mackiewicz
- Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Fryderyka Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-137 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Przemysław Gagat
- Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Fryderyka Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-137 Wrocław, Poland
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Hong S, Sun Y, Chen H, Zhao P, Wang C. Fungus-insect interactions beyond bilateral regimes: the importance and strategy to outcompete host ectomicrobiomes by fungal parasites. Curr Opin Microbiol 2023; 74:102336. [PMID: 37320866 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2023.102336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Fungus-insect interactions have long been investigated at the bilateral level to unveil the factors involved in mediating fungal entomopathogenicity and insect antifungal immunity. Emerging evidence has shown that insect cuticles are inhabited by different bacteria that can delay and deter fungal parasite infections. Entomopathogenic fungi (EPF), however, have evolved strategies to combat the colonization resistance mediated by insect ectomicrobiomes by producing antimicrobial peptides or antibiotic compounds. Deprivation of micronutrients may also be employed by EPF to counteract the ectomicrobiome antagonism. Further investigations of insect ectomicrobiome assemblage and fungal factors involved in outcompeting cuticular microbiomes may benefit the development of cost-effective mycoinsecticides while protecting ecologically and economically important insect species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Hong
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yanlei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Haimin Chen
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Pengfei Zhao
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Chengshu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China.
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Topless R, Green R, Morgan SL, Robinson P, Merriman T, Gaffo AL. Folic acid and methotrexate use and their association with COVID-19 diagnosis and mortality: a case-control analysis from the UK Biobank. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e062945. [PMID: 36002213 PMCID: PMC9412040 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-062945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine if methotrexate or folic acid prescription was associated with differential risk for COVID-19 diagnosis or mortality. DESIGN Case-control analysis. SETTING The population-based UK Biobank (UKBB) cohort. PARTICIPANTS Data from 380 380 UKBB participants with general practice prescription data for 2019-2021. Updated medical information was retrieved on 13 December 2021. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES The outcomes of COVID-19 diagnosis and COVID-19-related mortality were analysed by multivariable logistic regression. Exposures evaluated were prescription of folic acid and/or methotrexate. Criteria for COVID-19 diagnosis were (1) a positive SARS-CoV-2 test or (2) ICD-10 code for confirmed COVID-19 (U07.1) or probable COVID-19 (U07.2) in hospital records, or death records. By these criteria, 26 003 individuals were identified with COVID-19 of whom 820 were known to have died from COVID-19. Logistic regression statistical models were adjusted for age sex, ethnicity, Townsend deprivation index, body mass index, smoking status, presence of rheumatoid arthritis, sickle cell disease, use of anticonvulsants, statins and iron supplements. RESULTS Compared with people prescribed neither folic acid nor methotrexate, people prescribed folic acid supplementation had increased risk of diagnosis of COVID-19 (OR 1.51 (1.42-1.61)). The prescription of methotrexate with or without folic acid was not associated with COVID-19 diagnosis (p≥0.18). People prescribed folic acid supplementation had positive association with death after a diagnosis of COVID-19 (OR 2.64 (2.15-3.24)) in a fully adjusted model. The prescription of methotrexate in combination with folic acid was not associated with an increased risk for COVID-19-related death (1.07 (0.57-1.98)). CONCLUSIONS We report an association of increased risk for COVID-19 diagnosis and COVID-19-related death in people prescribed folic acid supplementation. Our results also suggest that methotrexate might attenuate these associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Topless
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Ralph Green
- Departments of Pathology and Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Sarah L Morgan
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Philip Robinson
- School of Clinical Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Tony Merriman
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Angelo L Gaffo
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Birmingham VA Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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Huang TY, Lim HL. Electrogenic Staphylococcus warneri in lactate-rich skin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 618:67-72. [PMID: 35716597 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The electrogenicity of environmental bacteria has been thoroughly explored and has been known to have the unique capability of decomposing hazardous chemicals for environmental remediation. However, electrogenic bacteria in human skin in regards to their electrical properties and locations have not yet been determined. Here, electrodermal activities and metabolite compositions at different locations of arm skin were assessed. Compared to the uppermost part of arm, we found that the forearm elicited high electrodermal activity and carried abundant lactate and alpha-ketoglutarate, two components commonly present in sweat. Upon culturing bacteria from the forearm, an iron-resistant strain of Staphylococcus warneri (S. warneri) was identified through 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing. Voltage changes induced by S. warneri in the presence of glucose were detected by two voltmeters of different electrode materials, demonstrating the electrogenicity of skin bacteria. Furthermore, we discovered that S. warneri has the ability to metabolize lactate to generate electricity. The results of this study reveal changes in skin conductance caused by bacterial electricity that are mediated by skin endogenous molecules and may provide a novel method of monitoring environmental skin insults.
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11
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Xu J, Cotruvo JA. Iron-responsive riboswitches. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2022; 68:102135. [PMID: 35427920 PMCID: PMC9133107 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2022.102135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
All cells must manage deficiency, sufficiency, and excess of essential metal ions. Although iron has been one of most important metals in biology for billions of years, the mechanisms by which bacteria cope with high intracellular iron concentrations are only recently coming into focus. Recent work has suggested that an RNA riboswitch (czcD or "NiCo"), originally thought to respond specifically to CoII and NiII excess, is more likely a selective regulator of FeII levels in important human gut bacteria and pathogens. We discuss the challenges and controversies encountered in the characterization of iron-responsive riboswitches, and we suggest a physiological role in responding to iron overload, perhaps during anaerobiosis. Finally, we place these riboswitches in the context of the better understood mechanisms of protein-based metal ion regulation, proposing that riboswitch-mediated mechanisms may be particularly important in regulating transport of the weakest-binding biological divalent metal ions, MgII, MnII, and FeII.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiansong Xu
- Department of Chemistry and Center for RNA Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Joseph A Cotruvo
- Department of Chemistry and Center for RNA Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
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Abstract
Ferroptosis is a novel form of cell death characterized by the iron-dependent accumulation of lipid peroxides and is different from other types of cell death. The mechanisms of ferroptosis are discussed in the review, including System Xc-, Glutathione Peroxidase 4 pathway, Ferroptosis Suppressor Protein 1 and Dihydroorotate Dehydrogenase pathway. Ferroptosis is associated with the occurrence of various diseases, including sepsis. Research in recent years has displayed that ferroptosis is involved in sepsis occurrence and development. Iron chelators can inhibit the development of sepsis and improve the survival rate of septic mice. The ferroptotic cells can release damage-associated molecular patterns and lipid peroxidation, which further mediate inflammatory responses. Ferroptosis inhibitors can resist sepsis-induced multiple organ dysfunction and inflammation. Finally, we reviewed ferroptosis, an iron-dependent form of cell death that is different from other types of cell death in biochemistry, morphology, and major regulatory mechanisms, which is involved in multiple organ injuries caused by sepsis. Exploring the relationship between sepsis and ferroptosis may yield new treatment targets for sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanting Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China.,Sepsis Translational Medicine Key Lab of Hunan Province, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Sichuang Tan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongbin Wu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China.,Sepsis Translational Medicine Key Lab of Hunan Province, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Sipin Tan
- Department of Pathophysiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China.,Sepsis Translational Medicine Key Lab of Hunan Province, Changsha, People's Republic of China
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