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Khabibulina LR, Garifullin BF, Aznagulov RF, Andreeva OV, Strobykina IY, Belenok MG, Voloshina AD, Abramova DF, Vyshtakalyuk AB, Lyubina AP, Amerhanova SK, Sharipova RR, Kataev VE. Synthesis, cytotoxicity and antioxidant activity of new conjugates of N-acetyl-d-glucosamine with α-aminophosphonates. Carbohydr Res 2024; 541:109146. [PMID: 38788561 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2024.109146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
A series of the first conjugates of N-acetyl-d-glucosamine with α-aminophosphonates was synthesized using the Kabachnik-Fields reaction, the Pudovik reaction, a copper(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition reaction (CuAAC) and evaluated for the in vitro cytotoxicity against human cancer cell lines M - HeLa, HuTu-80, A549, PANC-1, MCF-7, T98G and normal lung fibroblast cells WI-38. The tested conjugates, with exception of compound 21b, considered as a lead compound, were either inactive against the used cancer cells or showed moderate cytotoxicity in the range of IC50 values 33-80 μM. The lead compound 21b, being non cytotoxic against normal human cells WI-38 (IC50 = 90 μM), demonstrated good activity (IC50 = 17 μM) against breast adenocarcinoma cells (MCF-7) which to be 1.5 times higher than the activity of the used reference anticancer drug tamoxifen (IC50 = 25.0 μM). A flexible receptor molecular docking simulation showed that the cytotoxicity of the synthesized conjugates of N-acetyl-d-glucosamine with α-aminophosphonates against breast adenocarcinoma MCF-7 cell line is due to their ability to inhibit EGFR kinase domain. In addition, it was found that conjugates 22a and 22b demonstrated antioxidant activity that was not typical for α-aminophosphonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leysan R Khabibulina
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Arbuzov str., 8, Kazan, 420088, Russian Federation; Kazan National Research Technological University, Karl Marx str., 68, Kazan, 420015, Russian Federation.
| | - Bulat F Garifullin
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Arbuzov str., 8, Kazan, 420088, Russian Federation; Kazan National Research Technological University, Karl Marx str., 68, Kazan, 420015, Russian Federation
| | - Ravil F Aznagulov
- Kazan National Research Technological University, Karl Marx str., 68, Kazan, 420015, Russian Federation
| | - Olga V Andreeva
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Arbuzov str., 8, Kazan, 420088, Russian Federation
| | - Irina Yu Strobykina
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Arbuzov str., 8, Kazan, 420088, Russian Federation
| | - Mayya G Belenok
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Arbuzov str., 8, Kazan, 420088, Russian Federation
| | - Alexandra D Voloshina
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Arbuzov str., 8, Kazan, 420088, Russian Federation
| | - Dinara F Abramova
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Arbuzov str., 8, Kazan, 420088, Russian Federation; Kazan National Research Technological University, Karl Marx str., 68, Kazan, 420015, Russian Federation
| | - Alexandra B Vyshtakalyuk
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Arbuzov str., 8, Kazan, 420088, Russian Federation
| | - Anna P Lyubina
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Arbuzov str., 8, Kazan, 420088, Russian Federation
| | - Syumbelya K Amerhanova
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Arbuzov str., 8, Kazan, 420088, Russian Federation
| | - Radmila R Sharipova
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Arbuzov str., 8, Kazan, 420088, Russian Federation
| | - Vladimir E Kataev
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Arbuzov str., 8, Kazan, 420088, Russian Federation
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Baber H, Aghajani A, Gallimore BH, Bethel C, Hyatt JG, King EFB, Price HP, Maciej-Hulme ML, Sari S, Winter A. Galactokinase-like protein from Leishmania donovani: Biochemical and structural characterization of a recombinant protein. Biochimie 2024; 223:31-40. [PMID: 38579894 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2024.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a spectrum of conditions caused by infection with the protozoan Leishmania spp. parasites. Leishmaniasis is endemic in 98 countries around the world, and resistance to current anti-leishmanial drugs is rising. Our work has identified and characterised a previously unstudied galactokinase-like protein (GalK) in Leishmania donovani, which catalyses the MgATP-dependent phosphorylation of the C-1 hydroxyl group of d-galactose to galactose-1-phosphate. Here, we report the production of the catalytically active recombinant protein in E. coli, determination of its substrate specificity and kinetic constants, as well as analysis of its molecular envelope using in solution X-ray scattering. Our results reveal kinetic parameters in range with other galactokinases with an average apparent Km value of 76 μM for galactose, Vmax and apparent Kcat values with 4.46376 × 10-9 M/s and 0.021 s-1, respectively. Substantial substrate promiscuity was observed, with galactose being the preferred substrate, followed by mannose, fructose and GalNAc. LdGalK has a highly flexible protein structure suggestive of multiple conformational states in solution, which may be the key to its substrate promiscuity. Our data presents novel insights into the galactose salvaging pathway in Leishmania and positions this protein as a potential target for the development of pharmaceuticals seeking to interfere with parasite substrate metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasana Baber
- School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Huxley Building, Keele, Staffordshire, ST5 5BG, UK
| | - Arega Aghajani
- School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Huxley Building, Keele, Staffordshire, ST5 5BG, UK
| | - B Harold Gallimore
- School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Huxley Building, Keele, Staffordshire, ST5 5BG, UK
| | - Cassandra Bethel
- School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Huxley Building, Keele, Staffordshire, ST5 5BG, UK
| | - James G Hyatt
- School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Huxley Building, Keele, Staffordshire, ST5 5BG, UK
| | - Elizabeth F B King
- School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Huxley Building, Keele, Staffordshire, ST5 5BG, UK
| | - Helen P Price
- School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Huxley Building, Keele, Staffordshire, ST5 5BG, UK
| | - Marissa L Maciej-Hulme
- School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Huxley Building, Keele, Staffordshire, ST5 5BG, UK
| | - Suat Sari
- Hacettepe University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, 06100, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Anja Winter
- School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Huxley Building, Keele, Staffordshire, ST5 5BG, UK.
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Lehrer S, Morello T, Karrasch C, Rheinstein PH, Danias J. Effect of Glucosamine on Intraocular Pressure and Risk of Developing Glaucoma. J Glaucoma 2024; 33:240-245. [PMID: 38031296 PMCID: PMC10954404 DOI: 10.1097/ijg.0000000000002340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
PRCIS Glucosamine supplementation is common but can be associated with increased intraocular pressure (IOP) and could contribute to the pathogenesis of glaucoma. It may be prudent for ophthalmologists to elicit any history of glucosamine use from their patients and advise them accordingly. Further studies on the role of glucosamine in glaucoma are warranted. BACKGROUND The most frequently recommended slow-acting medication for osteoarthritis symptoms is glucosamine, although its effectiveness is questionable. Widely used glucosamine sulfate supplements may increase IOP. METHODS In the current study, we analyzed online databases such as UK Biobank, MedWatch, and FinnGen to evaluate the relationship between glucosamine and IOP and glaucoma. We included budesonide and fluticasone in the analysis for comparison since these drugs are associated with increased IOP. RESULTS In UK Biobank subjects, glucosamine use was associated with increased corneal compensated IOP ( P =0.002, 2-tailed t test). This was also true in subjects without glaucoma ( P =0.002, 2-tailed t test). However, no significant association between glucosamine and IOP was detected in subjects with a diagnosis of glaucoma. In MedWatch, 0.21% of subjects taking glucosamine reported glaucoma, 0.29% of subjects using budesonide reported glaucoma, and 0.22% of subjects using fluticasone reported glaucoma. In contrast, 0.08% of subjects using any other drug reported glaucoma. This variability is significant ( P <0.001, 2-tailed Fisher exact test). Data from FinnGen on the risk of primary open angle glaucoma or glaucoma in subjects using glucosamine before the diagnosis of the disease revealed a significantly increased risk for both primary open angle glaucoma (hazard ratio: 2.35) and glaucoma (hazard ratio: 1.95). CONCLUSION Glucosamine supplementation is common but can be associated with increased IOP and could contribute to the pathogenesis of glaucoma. It may be prudent for ophthalmologists to elicit any history of glucosamine use from their patients and advise them accordingly. Further studies on the role of glucosamine in glaucoma are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Lehrer
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
| | | | | | | | - John Danias
- Department of Ophthalmology, SUNY Downstate HSU, New York, NY
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Li Z, Wang Q, Liu H, Wang Y, Zheng Z, Zhang Y, Tan T. Engineering Corynebacterium glutamicum for the efficient production of N-acetylglucosamine. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 390:129865. [PMID: 37832852 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.129865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) is significant functional monosaccharides with diverse applications in medicine, food, and cosmetics. In this study, the GlcNAc synthesis pathway was constructed in Corynebacterium glutamicum and its reverse byproduct pathways were blocked. Simultaneously the driving force of GlcNAc synthesis was enhanced by screening key gene sources and inhibiting the GlcNAc consumption pathway. To maximize carbon flux, some competitive pathways (Pentose phosphate pathway, Glycolysis pathway and Mannose pathway) were weakened and the titer of GlcNAc reached 23.30 g/L in shake flasks. Through transcriptome analysis, it was found that dissolved oxygen was an important limiting factor, which was optimized in a 5 L bioreactor. Employing optimal fermentation conditions and feeding strategy, the titer of GlcNAc reached 138.9 g/L, with the yeild of 0.44 g/g glucose. This study significantly increased the yield and titer of GlcNAc, which lay a solid foundation for the industrial production of GlcNAc in C. glutamicum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zemin Li
- National Energy R&D Center for Biorefinery, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029 Beijing, China
| | - Qiuting Wang
- National Energy R&D Center for Biorefinery, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029 Beijing, China
| | - Hui Liu
- National Energy R&D Center for Biorefinery, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029 Beijing, China
| | - Yating Wang
- National Energy R&D Center for Biorefinery, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029 Beijing, China
| | - Zhaoyi Zheng
- National Energy R&D Center for Biorefinery, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029 Beijing, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- National Energy R&D Center for Biorefinery, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029 Beijing, China.
| | - Tianwei Tan
- National Energy R&D Center for Biorefinery, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029 Beijing, China
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Jo H, Baek C, Heo YM, Kim HB, Lee H, Kang S, Mun S, Oh Y, Ko D, Han K, Riesco R, Trujillo ME, Lee DG. Dermatobacter hominis gen. nov., sp. nov., a new member of the family Iamiaceae, revealed the potential utilisation of skin-derived metabolites. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 2023; 116:1139-1150. [PMID: 37658955 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-023-01873-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
A non-motile, novel actinobacterial strain, Kera-3T, which is a gram-positive, aerobic, rod-shaped bacterium, was isolated from human keratinocytes on 1/10 diluted R2A agar. Whole-cell hydrolysis of amino acids revealed the presence of meso-DAP, alanine, and glutamic acid. The predominant menaquinone was MK-9 (H8), whereas the primary fatty acids were C16:0 and C18:1 ω9c. The major phospholipids included diphosphatidylglycerol and aminophospholipids, along with an unidentified phosphoglycolipid and an aminophosphoglycolipid. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 73.2%, based on the complete genome sequence. Phylogenetic analyses of the 16S rRNA gene sequence and phylogenomic analysis of 91 core genes showed that strain Kera-3T formed a new lineage in the family Iamiaceae, with the closest neighbour Rhabdothermincola sediminis SYSU G02662T having 91.19% 16S rRNA gene sequence identity. A comparative genomic study of the predicted general metabolism and carbohydrate-active enzymes supported the phylogenetic and phylogenomic data. Based on the analysis of physiological, biochemical, and genomic characteristics, strain Kera-3T can be distinguished from known genera in the family Iamiaceae and represents a novel genus and species. Therefore, the name Dermatobacter hominis gen. nov., sp. nov. was proposed, with the type strain Kera-3T (= KACC 22415T = LMG 32493T).
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Affiliation(s)
- HyungWoo Jo
- COSMAX BTI, R&I Center, Seongnam, 13486, Republic of Korea
- Department of Microbiology, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Chaeyun Baek
- COSMAX BTI, R&I Center, Seongnam, 13486, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Mok Heo
- COSMAX BTI, R&I Center, Seongnam, 13486, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Been Kim
- COSMAX BTI, R&I Center, Seongnam, 13486, Republic of Korea
| | - Haeun Lee
- COSMAX BTI, R&I Center, Seongnam, 13486, Republic of Korea
| | - Seunghyun Kang
- COSMAX BTI, R&I Center, Seongnam, 13486, Republic of Korea
| | - Seyoung Mun
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunseok Oh
- Department of Bioconvergence Engineering, Dankook University, Yongin, 16890, Korea
| | - Doyeong Ko
- Department of Bioconvergence Engineering, Dankook University, Yongin, 16890, Korea
| | - Kyudong Han
- Department of Microbiology, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Raúl Riesco
- Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Martha E Trujillo
- Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Dong-Geol Lee
- COSMAX BTI, R&I Center, Seongnam, 13486, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Microbiology, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea.
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Jermakow N, Skarżyńska W, Lewandowska K, Kiernozek E, Goździk K, Mietelska-Porowska A, Drela N, Wojda U, Doligalska M. Modulation of LPS-Induced Neurodegeneration by Intestinal Helminth Infection in Ageing Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13994. [PMID: 37762297 PMCID: PMC10530578 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241813994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Parasitic helminths induce a transient, short-term inflammation at the beginning of infection, but in persistent infection may suppress the systemic immune response by enhancing the activity of regulatory M2 macrophages. The aim of the study was to determine how nematode infection affects age-related neuroinflammation, especially macrophages in the nervous tissue. Here, intraperitoneal LPS-induced systemic inflammation resulting in brain neurodegeneration was enhanced by prolonged Heligmosomoides polygyrus infection in C57BL/6 mice. The changes in the brain coincided with the increase in M1 macrophages, reduced survivin level, enhanced APP and GFAP expression, chitin-like chains deposition in the brain and deterioration behaviour manifestations. These changes were also observed in transgenic C57BL/6 mice predisposed to develop neurodegeneration typical for Alzheimer's disease in response to pathogenic stimuli. Interestingly, in mice infected with the nematode only, the greater M2 macrophage population resulted in better results in the forced swim test. Given the growing burden of neurodegenerative diseases, understanding such interactive associations can have significant implications for ageing health strategies and disease monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Jermakow
- Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096 Warszawa, Poland; (N.J.); (W.S.); (E.K.); (K.G.); (N.D.)
| | - Weronika Skarżyńska
- Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096 Warszawa, Poland; (N.J.); (W.S.); (E.K.); (K.G.); (N.D.)
| | - Katarzyna Lewandowska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus in Toruń, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Toruń, Poland;
| | - Ewelina Kiernozek
- Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096 Warszawa, Poland; (N.J.); (W.S.); (E.K.); (K.G.); (N.D.)
| | - Katarzyna Goździk
- Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096 Warszawa, Poland; (N.J.); (W.S.); (E.K.); (K.G.); (N.D.)
| | - Anna Mietelska-Porowska
- Laboratory of Preclinical Testing of Higher Standard, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Ludwika Pasteura 3, 02-093 Warszawa, Poland; (A.M.-P.); (U.W.)
| | - Nadzieja Drela
- Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096 Warszawa, Poland; (N.J.); (W.S.); (E.K.); (K.G.); (N.D.)
| | - Urszula Wojda
- Laboratory of Preclinical Testing of Higher Standard, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Ludwika Pasteura 3, 02-093 Warszawa, Poland; (A.M.-P.); (U.W.)
| | - Maria Doligalska
- Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096 Warszawa, Poland; (N.J.); (W.S.); (E.K.); (K.G.); (N.D.)
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Jia X, Zhang H, Qin H, Li K, Liu X, Wang W, Ye M, Yin H. Protein O-GlcNAcylation impairment caused by N-acetylglucosamine phosphate mutase deficiency leads to growth variations in Arabidopsis thaliana. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 114:613-635. [PMID: 36799458 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
As an essential enzyme in the uridine diphosphate (UDP)-GlcNAc biosynthesis pathway, the significant role of N-acetylglucosamine phosphate mutase (AGM) remains unknown in plants. In the present study, a functional plant AGM (AtAGM) was identified from Arabidopsis thaliana. AtAGM catalyzes the isomerization of GlcNAc-1-P and GlcNAc-6-P, and has broad catalytic activity on different phosphohexoses. UDP-GlcNAc contents were significantly decreased in AtAGM T-DNA insertional mutants, which caused temperature-dependent growth defects in seedlings and vigorous growth in adult plants. Further analysis revealed that protein O-GlcNAcylation but not N-glycosylation was dramatically impaired in Atagm mutants due to UDP-GlcNAc shortage. Combined with the results from O-GlcNAcylation or N-glycosylation deficient mutants, and O-GlcNAcase inhibitor all suggested that protein O-GlcNAcylation impairment mainly leads to the phenotypic variations of Atagm plants. In conclusion, based on the essential role in UDP-GlcNAc biosynthesis, AtAGM is important for plant growth mainly via protein O-GlcNAcylation-level regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochen Jia
- Dalian Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Agricultural Preparations, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrates, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 116023, Dalian, China
| | - Hongyan Zhang
- Dalian Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Agricultural Preparations, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrates, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 116023, Dalian, China
| | - Hongqiang Qin
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, National Chromatographic R & A Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Kuikui Li
- Dalian Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Agricultural Preparations, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrates, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 116023, Dalian, China
| | - Xiaoyan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, National Chromatographic R & A Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Wenxia Wang
- Dalian Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Agricultural Preparations, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrates, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 116023, Dalian, China
| | - Mingliang Ye
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, National Chromatographic R & A Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Heng Yin
- Dalian Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Agricultural Preparations, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrates, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 116023, Dalian, China
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Investigation of the effects of N-Acetylglucosamine on the stability of the spike protein in SARS-CoV-2 by molecular dynamics simulations. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2023; 1222:114049. [PMID: 36743995 PMCID: PMC9890939 DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2023.114049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A lot of effort has been made in developing vaccine and therapeutic agents against the SARS-CoV-2, concentrating on the Spike protein that binds angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 on human cells. Nowadays, some researches study the role of the N-linked glycans as potential targets for vaccines and new agents. Due to the flexibility and diversity of the N-linked glycans, in this work, we focus on the N-Acetylglucosamine moiety, which is the precursor of nearly all eukaryotic glycans. We performed molecular dynamics simulations to study the effects of the N-Acetylglucosamine on the stability of the spike glycoprotein in SARS-CoV-2. After a 100 ns of simulation on the spike proteins without and with the N-Acetylglucosamine molecules, we found that the presence of N-Acetylglucosamine increases the local stability in their vicinity; even though their effect on the full structure is negligible. Thus; it can be inferred that the N-Acetylglucosamine moieties can potentially affect the interaction of the S protein with the ACE2 receptor. We also found that the S1 domain is more flexible than the S2 domain. We propose which of the experimentally observed glycans found on the spike may be more functional than the others. Detailed understanding of glycans is key for the development of new therapeutic strategies.
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Meng M, Wu Y, Sha W, Zeng R, Luo D, Jiang R, Wu H, Zhuo Z, Yang Q, Li J, Leung FW, Duan C, Feng Y, Chen H. Associations of habitual glucosamine use with SARS-CoV-2 infection and hospital admission and death with COVID-19: Evidence from a large population based cohort study. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28720. [PMID: 37185863 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has led to a fundamental number of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Glucosamine was indicated to help prevent and control RNA virus infection preclinically, while its potential therapeutic effects on COVID-19-related outcomes are largely unknown. To assess the association of habitual glucosamine use with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, hospital admission, and mortality with COVID-19 in a large population based cohort. Participants from UK Biobank were reinvited between June and September 2021 to have SARS-CoV-2 antibody testing. The associations between glucosamine use and the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection were estimated by logistic regression. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for COVID-19-related outcomes were calculated using COX proportional hazards model. Furthermore, we carried out propensity-score matching (PSM) and stratified analyses. At baseline, 42 673 (20.7%) of the 205 704 participants reported as habitual glucosamine users. During median follow-up of 1.67 years, there were 15 299 cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection, 4214 cases of COVID-19 hospital admission, and 1141 cases of COVID-19 mortality. The fully adjusted odds ratio of SARS-CoV-2 infection with glucosamine use was 0.96 (95% CI: 0.92-1.01). The fully adjusted HR were 0.80 (95% CI: 0.74-0.87) for hospital admission, and 0.81 (95% CI: 0.69-0.95) for mortality. The logistic regression and Cox proportional hazard analyses after PSM yielded consistent results. Our study demonstrated that habitual glucosamine use is associated with reduced risks of hospital admission and death with COVID-19, but not the incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meijun Meng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanjun Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weihong Sha
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- Shantou University Medical College, Guangdong, China
| | - Ruijie Zeng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Shantou University Medical College, Guangdong, China
| | - Dongling Luo
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rui Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huihuan Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zewei Zhuo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qi Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingwei Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Shantou University Medical College, Guangdong, China
| | - Felix W Leung
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Sepulveda Ambulatory Care Center, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Chongyang Duan
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuliang Feng
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Botnar Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- Shantou University Medical College, Guangdong, China
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10
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Tian Y, Li G, Du X, Zeng T, Chen L, Xu W, Gu T, Tao Z, Lu L. Integration of LC-MS-Based and GC-MS-Based Metabolic Profiling to Reveal the Effects of Domestication and Boiling on the Composition of Duck Egg Yolks. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13010135. [PMID: 36677059 PMCID: PMC9866831 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13010135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Egg yolks contain abundant lipids, proteins, and minerals that provide not only essential nutrients for embryonic development but also cheap sources of nutrients for consumers worldwide. Previous composition analyses of egg yolks primarily focused on nutrients such as lipids and minerals. However, few studies have reported the effects of domestication and heating on yolk composition and characteristics. The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of domestication and boiling on the metabolite contents of egg yolks via untargeted metabolomics using GC-MS and LC-MS. In this study, eggs were collected from Fenghua teals, captive mallards, and Shaoxing ducks. Twelve duck eggs (half raw and half cooked) were randomly selected from each variety, and the egg yolks were separated for metabolic profiling. The analysis identified 1205 compounds in the egg yolks. Domestication generated more differential metabolites than boiling, which indicated that the changes in the metabolome of duck egg yolk caused by domestication were greater than those caused by boiling. In a comparative analysis of domestic and mallard ducks, 48 overlapping differential metabolites were discovered. Among them, nine metabolites were upregulated in domesticated ducks, including monoolein, emodin, daidzein, genistein, and glycitein, which may be involved in lipid metabolism; some of them may also act as phytoestrogens (flavonoids). Another 39 metabolites, including imethylethanolamine, harmalan, mannitol, nornicotine, linoleic acid, diphenylamine, proline betaine, alloxanthin, and resolvin d1, were downregulated by domestication and were linked to immunity, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antioxidant properties. Furthermore, four overlapping differential metabolites that included amino acids and dipeptides were discovered in paired comparisons of the raw and boiled samples. Our findings provided new insights into the molecular response of duck domestication and supported the use of metabolomics to examine the impact of boiling on the composition of egg yolks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Tian
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Animal Science & Veterinary, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
- Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Resources (Poultry) Evaluation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Guoqin Li
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Animal Science & Veterinary, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
- Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Resources (Poultry) Evaluation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Xizhong Du
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Jinhua Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinhua 321017, China
| | - Tao Zeng
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Animal Science & Veterinary, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
- Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Resources (Poultry) Evaluation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Li Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Animal Science & Veterinary, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
- Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Resources (Poultry) Evaluation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Wenwu Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Animal Science & Veterinary, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
- Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Resources (Poultry) Evaluation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Tiantian Gu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Animal Science & Veterinary, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
- Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Resources (Poultry) Evaluation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Zhengrong Tao
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Animal Science & Veterinary, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Lizhi Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Animal Science & Veterinary, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
- Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Resources (Poultry) Evaluation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Hangzhou 310021, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-571-8640-6682
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11
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Xue Y, Nestor G. Determination of Amide Cis/Trans Isomers in N-Acetyl-d-glucosamine: Tailored NMR Analysis of the N-Acetyl Group Conformation. Chembiochem 2022; 23:e202200338. [PMID: 35713405 PMCID: PMC9541821 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202200338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
N‐Acetyl‐d‐glucosamine (GlcNAc) is one of the most common amino sugars in nature, but the conformation of its N‐acetyl group has drawn little attention. We report herein the first identification of NH protons of the amide cis forms of α‐ and β‐GlcNAc by NMR spectroscopy. Relative quantification and thermodynamic analysis of both cis and trans forms was carried out in aqueous solution. The NH protons were further utilized by adapting protein NMR experiments to measure eight J‐couplings within the N‐acetyl group, of which six are sensitive to the H2‐NH conformation and two are sensitive to the amide conformation. For amide cis and trans forms, the orientation between H2 and NH was determined as anti conformation, while a small percentage of syn conformation was predicted for the amide trans form of β‐GlcNAc. This approach holds great promise for the detailed conformational analysis of GlcNAc in larger biomolecules, such as glycoproteins and polysaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Xue
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences: Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, Department of Molecular Sciences, SWEDEN
| | - Gustav Nestor
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Molecular Sciences, Almas allé 5, Box 7015, 750 07, Uppsala, SWEDEN
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12
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N-Acetylglucosamine Sensing and Metabolic Engineering for Attenuating Human and Plant Pathogens. Bioengineering (Basel) 2022; 9:bioengineering9020064. [PMID: 35200417 PMCID: PMC8869657 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9020064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
During evolution, both human and plant pathogens have evolved to utilize a diverse range of carbon sources. N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc), an amino sugar, is one of the major carbon sources utilized by several human and phytopathogens. GlcNAc regulates the expression of many virulence genes of pathogens. In fact, GlcNAc catabolism is also involved in the regulation of virulence and pathogenesis of various human pathogens, including Candida albicans, Vibrio cholerae, Leishmania donovani, Mycobacterium, and phytopathogens such as Magnaporthe oryzae. Moreover, GlcNAc is also a well-known structural component of many bacterial and fungal pathogen cell walls, suggesting its possible role in cell signaling. Over the last few decades, many studies have been performed to study GlcNAc sensing, signaling, and metabolism to better understand the GlcNAc roles in pathogenesis in order to identify new drug targets. In this review, we provide recent insights into GlcNAc-mediated cell signaling and pathogenesis. Further, we describe how the GlcNAc metabolic pathway can be targeted to reduce the pathogens’ virulence in order to control the disease prevalence and crop productivity.
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13
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Kim PK, Halbrook CJ, Kerk SA, Radyk M, Wisner S, Kremer DM, Sajjakulnukit P, Andren A, Hou SW, Trivedi A, Thurston G, Anand A, Yan L, Salamanca-Cardona L, Welling SD, Zhang L, Pratt MR, Keshari KR, Ying H, Lyssiotis CA. Hyaluronic acid fuels pancreatic cancer cell growth. eLife 2021; 10:e62645. [PMID: 34951587 PMCID: PMC8730721 DOI: 10.7554/elife.62645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rewired metabolism is a hallmark of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas (PDA). Previously, we demonstrated that PDA cells enhance glycosylation precursor biogenesis through the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP) via activation of the rate limiting enzyme, glutamine-fructose 6-phosphate amidotransferase 1 (GFAT1). Here, we genetically ablated GFAT1 in human PDA cell lines, which completely blocked proliferation in vitro and led to cell death. In contrast, GFAT1 knockout did not preclude the growth of human tumor xenografts in mice, suggesting that cancer cells can maintain fidelity of glycosylation precursor pools by scavenging nutrients from the tumor microenvironment. We found that hyaluronic acid (HA), an abundant carbohydrate polymer in pancreatic tumors composed of repeating N-acetyl-glucosamine (GlcNAc) and glucuronic acid sugars, can bypass GFAT1 to refuel the HBP via the GlcNAc salvage pathway. Together, these data show HA can serve as a nutrient fueling PDA metabolism beyond its previously appreciated structural and signaling roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter K Kim
- Doctoral Program in Cancer Biology, University of MichiganAnn ArborUnited States
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of MichiganAnn ArborUnited States
| | - Christopher J Halbrook
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of MichiganAnn ArborUnited States
| | - Samuel A Kerk
- Doctoral Program in Cancer Biology, University of MichiganAnn ArborUnited States
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of MichiganAnn ArborUnited States
| | - Megan Radyk
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of MichiganAnn ArborUnited States
| | - Stephanie Wisner
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of MichiganAnn ArborUnited States
| | - Daniel M Kremer
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of MichiganAnn ArborUnited States
- Program in Chemical Biology, University of MichiganAnn ArborUnited States
| | - Peter Sajjakulnukit
- Doctoral Program in Cancer Biology, University of MichiganAnn ArborUnited States
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of MichiganAnn ArborUnited States
| | - Anthony Andren
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of MichiganAnn ArborUnited States
| | - Sean W Hou
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of MichiganAnn ArborUnited States
| | - Ayush Trivedi
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of MichiganAnn ArborUnited States
| | - Galloway Thurston
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of MichiganAnn ArborUnited States
| | - Abhinav Anand
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of MichiganAnn ArborUnited States
| | - Liang Yan
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonUnited States
| | | | - Samuel D Welling
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of MichiganAnn ArborUnited States
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of MichiganAnn ArborUnited States
| | - Matthew R Pratt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesUnited States
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Kayvan R Keshari
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer CenterNew York CityUnited States
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer CenterNew York CityUnited States
| | - Haoqiang Ying
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonUnited States
| | - Costas A Lyssiotis
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of MichiganAnn ArborUnited States
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of MichiganAnn ArborUnited States
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of MichiganAnn ArborUnited States
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14
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Gauttam R, Desiderato CK, Radoš D, Link H, Seibold GM, Eikmanns BJ. Metabolic Engineering of Corynebacterium glutamicum for Production of UDP-N-Acetylglucosamine. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:748510. [PMID: 34631687 PMCID: PMC8495162 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.748510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Uridine diphosphate-N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc) is an acetylated amino sugar nucleotide that naturally serves as precursor in bacterial cell wall synthesis and is involved in prokaryotic and eukaryotic glycosylation reactions. UDP-GlcNAc finds application in various fields including the production of oligosaccharides and glycoproteins with therapeutic benefits. At present, nucleotide sugars are produced either chemically or in vitro by enzyme cascades. However, chemical synthesis is complex and non-economical, and in vitro synthesis requires costly substrates and often purified enzymes. A promising alternative is the microbial production of nucleotide sugars from cheap substrates. In this study, we aimed to engineer the non-pathogenic, Gram-positive soil bacterium Corynebacterium glutamicum as a host for UDP-GlcNAc production. The native glmS, glmU, and glmM genes and glmM of Escherichia coli, encoding the enzymes for UDP-GlcNAc synthesis from fructose-6-phosphate, were over-expressed in different combinations and from different plasmids in C. glutamicum GRS43, which lacks the glucosamine-6-phosphate deaminase gene (nagB) for glucosamine degradation. Over-expression of glmS, glmU and glmM, encoding glucosamine-6-phosphate synthase, the bifunctional glucosamine-1-phosphate acetyltransferase/N-acetyl glucosamine-1-phosphate uridyltransferase and phosphoglucosamine mutase, respectively, was confirmed using activity assays or immunoblot analysis. While the reference strain C. glutamicum GlcNCg1 with an empty plasmid in the exponential growth phase contained intracellularly only about 0.25 mM UDP-GlcNAc, the best engineered strain GlcNCg4 accumulated about 14 mM UDP-GlcNAc. The extracellular UDP-GlcNAc concentrations in the exponential growth phase did not exceed 2 mg/L. In the stationary phase, about 60 mg UDP-GlcNAc/L was observed extracellularly with strain GlcNCg4, indicating the potential of C. glutamicum to produce and to release the activated sugar into the culture medium. To our knowledge, the observed UDP-GlcNAc levels are the highest obtained with microbial hosts, emphasizing the potential of C. glutamicum as a suitable platform for activated sugar production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Gauttam
- Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Dušica Radoš
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Marburg, Germany
| | - Hannes Link
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Marburg, Germany
| | - Gerd M. Seibold
- Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
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15
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Cristófalo AE, Cano ME, Uhrig ML. Synthesis of Thiodisaccharides Bearing N-Acetylhexosamine Residues: Challenges, Achievements and Perspectives. CHEM REC 2021; 21:2808-2836. [PMID: 34170606 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202100146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Carbohydrate-protein interactions are involved in a myriad of biological processes. Thus, glycomimetics have arisen as one of the most promising synthetic targets to that end. Within the broad variety of glycomimetics, thiodisaccharides have proven to be excellent tools to study these processes, and even more, some of them unveiled interesting biological activities. This review brings together research made on the introduction of N-acetylhexosamine residues into thiodisaccharides to date, passing through classic substitution (as SN 2, thioglycosylation and ring-opening reactions) and addition (as thiol-ene coupling and Michael-type additions) reactions. Recent and interesting developments regarding addition reactions to vinyl azides, cross-coupling reactions and novel chemoenzymatic methods are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro E Cristófalo
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales., Departamento de Química Orgánica, Intendente Güiraldes, 2160 (C1428EHA), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Centro de Investigaciones en Hidratos de Carbono (CIHIDECAR), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Emilia Cano
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales., Departamento de Química Orgánica, Intendente Güiraldes, 2160 (C1428EHA), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Centro de Investigaciones en Hidratos de Carbono (CIHIDECAR), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Laura Uhrig
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales., Departamento de Química Orgánica, Intendente Güiraldes, 2160 (C1428EHA), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Centro de Investigaciones en Hidratos de Carbono (CIHIDECAR), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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16
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Sponge-associated sp . RM66 metabolome induction with N-acetylglucosamine: Antibacterial, antifungal and anti-trypanosomal activities. Saudi J Biol Sci 2021; 28:4691-4698. [PMID: 34354456 PMCID: PMC8324951 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.04.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The marine sponge Amphimedon sp., collected from Hurghada (Egypt) was investigated for its sponge-derived actinomycetes diversity. Nineteen actinomycetes were cultivated and phylogenetically identified using 16S rDNA gene sequencing were carried out. The strains belong to genera Kocuria, Dietzia, Micrococcus, Microbacterium and Streptomyces. Many silent biosynthetic genes clusters were investigated using genome sequencing of actinomycete strains and has revealed in particular the genus Streptomyces that has indicated their exceptional capacity for the secondary metabolites production that not observed under classical cultivation conditions. In this study, the effect of N-acetylglucosamine on the metabolome of Streptomyces sp. RM66 was investigated using three actinomycetes media (ISP2, M1 and MA). In total, twelve extracts were produced using solid and liquid fermentation approaches. Liquid chromatography-high resolution tandem mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS/MS) data were analysed using metabolomics tools to compare natural product production across all crude extracts. Our study highlighted the elicitation effect of N-acetylglucosamine on the secondary metabolite profiles of Streptomyces sp. RM66. These results highlight the of N-acetylglucosamine application as an elicitor to induce the cryptic metabolites and for increasing the chemical diversity. All the twelve extracts were tested for their antibacterial activity was tested against Staphylococcus aureus NCTC 8325, antifungal activity against Candida albicans 5314 (ATCC 90028) and anti-trypanosomal activity against Trypanosoma brucei brucei. Extract St1 showed the most potent one with activities 2.3, 3.2 and 4.7 ug/ml as antibacterial, antifungal and anti-trypanosomal, respectively.
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17
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Pespeni MH, Moczek AP. Signals of selection beyond bottlenecks between exotic populations of the bull-headed dung beetle, Onthophagus taurus. Evol Dev 2021; 23:86-99. [PMID: 33522675 DOI: 10.1111/ede.12367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Colonization of new environments can lead to population bottlenecks and rapid phenotypic evolution that could be due to neutral and selective processes. Exotic populations of the bull-headed dung beetle (Onthophagus taurus) have differentiated in opposite directions from native beetles in male horn-to-body size allometry and female fecundity. Here we test for genetic and transcriptional differences among two exotic and one native O. taurus populations after three generations in common garden conditions. We sequenced RNA from 24 individuals for each of the three populations including both sexes, and spanning four developmental stages for the two exotic, differentiated populations. Identifying 270,400 high-quality single nucleotide polymorphisms, we revealed a strong signal of genetic differentiation between the three populations, and evidence of recent bottlenecks within and an excess of outlier loci between exotic populations. Differences in gene expression between populations were greatest in prepupae and early adult life stages, stages during which differences in male horn development and female fecundity manifest. Finally, genes differentially expressed between exotic populations also had greater genetic differentiation and performed functions related to chitin biosynthesis and nutrient sensing, possibly underlying allometry and fecundity trait divergences. Our results suggest that beyond bottlenecks, recent introductions have led to genetic and transcriptional differences in genes correlated with observed phenotypic differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa H Pespeni
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA.,Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | - Armin P Moczek
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
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18
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Perin APA, Noronha MS, Moyetta NR, Coste Grahl MV, Fruttero LL, Staniscuaski F. Jaburetox, a urease-derived peptide: Effects on enzymatic pathways of the cockroach Nauphoeta cinerea. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 105:e21731. [PMID: 32761928 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Revised: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Jaburetox is a recombinant peptide derived from one of the Canavalia ensiformis urease isoforms. This peptide induces several toxic effects on insects of different orders, including interference on muscle contractility in cockroaches, modulation of UDP-N-acetylglucosamine pyrophosphorylase (UAP) and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activities in the central nervous system of triatomines, as well as activation of the immune system in Rhodnius prolixus. When injected, the peptide is lethal for R. prolixus and Triatoma infestans. Here, we evaluated Jaburetox toxicity to Nauphoeta cinerea cockroaches, exploring the effects on the central nervous system through the activities of UAP, NOS, acid phosphatases (ACP), and acetylcholinesterase (AChE). The results indicated that N. cinerea is not susceptible to the lethal effect of the peptide. Moreover, both in vivo and in vitro treatments with Jaburetox inhibited NOS activity, without modifying the protein levels. No alterations on ACP activity were observed. In addition, the enzyme activity of UAP only had its activity affected at 18 hr after injection. The peptide increased the AChE activity, suggesting a mechanism involved in overcoming the toxic effects. In conclusion, our findings indicate that Jaburetox affects the nitrinergic signaling as well as the AChE and UAP activities and establishes N. cinerea as a Jaburetox-resistant model for future comparative studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana P A Perin
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center of Biotechnology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Mila S Noronha
- Brain Institute (Instituto do Cérebro-INSCER), Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Natalia R Moyetta
- Brain Institute (Instituto do Cérebro-INSCER), Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Matheus V Coste Grahl
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center of Biotechnology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Leonardo L Fruttero
- Brain Institute (Instituto do Cérebro-INSCER), Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Staniscuaski
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center of Biotechnology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Center of Biotechnology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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19
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Jia X, Zeng H, Bose SK, Wang W, Yin H. Chitosan oligosaccharide induces resistance to Pst DC3000 in Arabidopsis via a non-canonical N-glycosylation regulation pattern. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 250:116939. [PMID: 33049851 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Roles of protein N-glycosylation in chitosan oligosaccharide (COS) induced resistance were investigated in the present study. Results demonstrated that N-glycosylation deficient Arabidopsis mutants (stt3a and ManI) were more susceptible against Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (Pst DC3000) than wild type (WT) plants. Surprisingly, in stt3a and ManI, COS-induced resistance to Pst DC3000 was mostly intact, and the up-regulation effect on SA- and JA-mediated signalling pathways also similar like WT. Nucleotide sugars accumulation and N-glycosylation related genes expression were differently regulated after COS treatment. Global glycomics analysis quantified 157 N-glycan isomers, and 56.7, 50.3 and 47.1 % of them were significantly changed in COS, mock + Pst, and COS + Pst treated plants, respectively. Moreover, COS pretreatment could reverse the effect of Pst DC3000 on many N-glycans, suggesting that COS regulates protein N-glycosylation via a non-canonical pattern compared with plant defense, which may contribute to its obvious disease control effect when N-glycosylation impairment occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochen Jia
- Dalian Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Agricultural Preparations, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrates, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Haihong Zeng
- Dalian Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Agricultural Preparations, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrates, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Santosh Kumar Bose
- Dalian Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Agricultural Preparations, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrates, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Wenxia Wang
- Dalian Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Agricultural Preparations, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrates, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Heng Yin
- Dalian Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Agricultural Preparations, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrates, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China.
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20
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Patiyal S, Agrawal P, Kumar V, Dhall A, Kumar R, Mishra G, Raghava GP. NAGbinder: An approach for identifying N-acetylglucosamine interacting residues of a protein from its primary sequence. Protein Sci 2020; 29:201-210. [PMID: 31654438 PMCID: PMC6933864 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) belongs to the eight essential saccharides that are required to maintain the optimal health and precise functioning of systems ranging from bacteria to human. In the present study, we have developed a method, NAGbinder, which predicts the NAG-interacting residues in a protein from its primary sequence information. We extracted 231 NAG-interacting nonredundant protein chains from Protein Data Bank, where no two sequences share more than 40% sequence identity. All prediction models were trained, validated, and evaluated on these 231 protein chains. At first, prediction models were developed on balanced data consisting of 1,335 NAG-interacting and noninteracting residues, using various window size. The model developed by implementing Random Forest using binary profiles as the main principle for identifying NAG-interacting residue with window size 9, performed best among other models. It achieved highest Matthews Correlation Coefficient (MCC) of 0.31 and 0.25, and Area Under Receiver Operating Curve (AUROC) of 0.73 and 0.70 on training and validation data set, respectively. We also developed prediction models on realistic data set (1,335 NAG-interacting and 47,198 noninteracting residues) using the same principle, where the model achieved MCC of 0.26 and 0.27, and AUROC of 0.70 and 0.71, on training and validation data set, respectively. The success of our method can be appraised by the fact that, if a sequence of 1,000 amino acids is analyzed with our approach, 10 residues will be predicted as NAG-interacting, out of which five are correct. Best models were incorporated in the standalone version and in the webserver available at https://webs.iiitd.edu.in/raghava/nagbinder/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumeet Patiyal
- Department of Computational BiologyIndraprastha Institute of Information TechnologyDelhiIndia
| | - Piyush Agrawal
- Department of Computational BiologyIndraprastha Institute of Information TechnologyDelhiIndia
- Bioinformatics CentreCSIR‐Institute of Microbial TechnologyChandigarhIndia
| | - Vinod Kumar
- Department of Computational BiologyIndraprastha Institute of Information TechnologyDelhiIndia
- Bioinformatics CentreCSIR‐Institute of Microbial TechnologyChandigarhIndia
| | - Anjali Dhall
- Department of Computational BiologyIndraprastha Institute of Information TechnologyDelhiIndia
| | - Rajesh Kumar
- Department of Computational BiologyIndraprastha Institute of Information TechnologyDelhiIndia
- Bioinformatics CentreCSIR‐Institute of Microbial TechnologyChandigarhIndia
| | - Gaurav Mishra
- Department of Electrical EngineeringShiv Nadar University, Greater NoidaGautam Buddha NagarIndia
| | - Gajendra P.S. Raghava
- Department of Computational BiologyIndraprastha Institute of Information TechnologyDelhiIndia
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21
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Min K, Naseem S, Konopka JB. N-Acetylglucosamine Regulates Morphogenesis and Virulence Pathways in Fungi. J Fungi (Basel) 2019; 6:jof6010008. [PMID: 31878148 PMCID: PMC7151181 DOI: 10.3390/jof6010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) is being increasingly recognized for its ability to stimulate cell signaling. This amino sugar is best known as a component of cell wall peptidoglycan in bacteria, cell wall chitin in fungi and parasites, exoskeletons of arthropods, and the extracellular matrix of animal cells. In addition to these structural roles, GlcNAc is now known to stimulate morphological and stress responses in a wide range of organisms. In fungi, the model organisms Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Schizosaccharomyces pombe lack the ability to respond to GlcNAc or catabolize it, so studies with the human pathogen Candida albicans have been providing new insights into the ability of GlcNAc to stimulate cellular responses. GlcNAc potently induces C. albicans to transition from budding to filamentous hyphal growth. It also promotes an epigenetic switch from White to Opaque cells, which differ in morphology, metabolism, and virulence properties. These studies have led to new discoveries, such as the identification of the first eukaryotic GlcNAc transporter. Other results have shown that GlcNAc can induce signaling in C. albicans in two ways. One is to act as a signaling molecule independent of its catabolism, and the other is that its catabolism can cause the alkalinization of the extracellular environment, which provides an additional stimulus to form hyphae. GlcNAc also induces the expression of virulence genes in the C. albicans, indicating it can influence pathogenesis. Therefore, this review will describe the recent advances in understanding the role of GlcNAc signaling pathways in regulating C. albicans morphogenesis and virulence.
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22
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Cristófalo AE, Nieto PM, Uhrig ML. Synthesis of (1→3) Thiodisaccharides of GlcNAc and the Serendipitous Formation of 2,3-Dideoxy-(1→2)-thiodisaccharides through a Vinyl Azide Intermediate. J Org Chem 2019; 85:306-317. [PMID: 31802661 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b01883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The syntheses of β-S-GlcA(1→3)GlcNAc and β-S-Gal(1→3)GlcNAc thiodisaccharides, which can be considered mimetics of the repeating units of hyaluronan and keratan respectively, were achieved by SN2 displacement of a triflate group allocated at the 3-position of a convenient 2-azido-4,6-O-benzylidene-2-deoxy-β-d-allopyranose precursor by the corresponding nucleophilic suitable protected thioaldoses derived from glucuronic acid (GlcA) and galactose (Gal). The study of the reaction led to the finding that the vinyl azide formed by competitive E2 reaction of the mentioned triflate was an interesting precursor of a new kind of 2,3-dideoxy-2-azido-(1→2) thiodisaccharides through an addition reaction. Determination of the stereochemistry of the new stereocenter at C-2 was achieved by NOESY experiments. Final protecting group manipulation of the (1→3) thiodisaccharides led to a family of derivatives that could be used as building blocks for the synthesis of complex glycomimetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Ezequiel Cristófalo
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires , Ciudad Universitaria , Pabellón 2, C1428EGA Buenos Aires , Argentina.,CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Centro de Investigaciones en Hidratos de Carbono (CIHIDECAR) , C1428EGA Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - Pedro M Nieto
- Glycosystems Laboratory, Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ), cicCartuja , CSIC and Universidad de Sevilla , 41092 Sevilla , España
| | - María Laura Uhrig
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires , Ciudad Universitaria , Pabellón 2, C1428EGA Buenos Aires , Argentina.,CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Centro de Investigaciones en Hidratos de Carbono (CIHIDECAR) , C1428EGA Buenos Aires , Argentina
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23
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Advances in microbial culturing conditions to activate silent biosynthetic gene clusters for novel metabolite production. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 46:1381-1400. [DOI: 10.1007/s10295-019-02198-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Natural products (NPs) produced by bacteria and fungi are often used as therapeutic agents due to their complex structures and wide range of bioactivities. Enzymes that build NPs are encoded by co-localized biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs), and genome sequencing has recently revealed that many BGCs are “silent” under standard laboratory conditions. There are numerous methods used to activate “silent” BGCs that rely either upon altering culture conditions or genetic modification. In this review, we discuss several recent microbial cultivation methods that have been used to expand the scope of NPs accessible in the laboratory. These approaches are divided into three categories: addition of a physical scaffold, addition of small molecule elicitors, and co-cultivation with another microbe.
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24
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Wang J, Ji X, Liu J, Zhang X. Serine/Threonine Protein Kinase STK16. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20071760. [PMID: 30974739 PMCID: PMC6480182 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20071760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
STK16 (Ser/Thr kinase 16, also known as Krct/PKL12/MPSK1/TSF-1) is a myristoylated and palmitoylated Ser/Thr protein kinase that is ubiquitously expressed and conserved among all eukaryotes. STK16 is distantly related to the other kinases and belongs to the NAK kinase family that has an atypical activation loop architecture. As a membrane-associated protein that is primarily localized to the Golgi, STK16 has been shown to participate in the TGF-β signaling pathway, TGN protein secretion and sorting, as well as cell cycle and Golgi assembly regulation. This review aims to provide a comprehensive summary of the progress made in recent research about STK16, ranging from its distribution, molecular characterization, post-translational modification (fatty acylation and phosphorylation), interactors (GlcNAcK/DRG1/MAL2/Actin/WDR1), and related functions. As a relatively underexplored kinase, more studies are encouraged to unravel its regulation mechanisms and cellular functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjun Wang
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China.
- Science Island Branch of Graduate School, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
| | - Xinmiao Ji
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China.
| | - Juanjuan Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China.
| | - Xin Zhang
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China.
- Science Island Branch of Graduate School, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China.
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25
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Wang Y, Maier A, Gehring N, Moussian B. Inhibition of fatty acid desaturation impairs cuticle differentiation in Drosophila melanogaster. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 100:e21535. [PMID: 30672604 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Previously, we showed that inhibition of the activity of fatty acid desaturases (Desat) perturbs signalling of the developmental timing hormone ecdysone in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. To understand the impact of this effect on cuticle differentiation, a process regulated by ecdysone, we analysed the cuticle of D. melanogaster larvae fed with the Desat inhibitor CA10556. In these larvae, the expression of most of the key cuticle genes is normal or slightly elevated at day one of CA10556 feeding. As an exception, expression of twdlM coding for a yet uncharacterised cuticle protein is completely suppressed. The cuticle of these larvae appears to be normal at the morphological level. However, these animals are sensitive to desiccation, a trait that according to our data, among others, may be associated with reduced TwdlM amounts. At day two of CA10556 feeding, expression of most of the cuticle genes tested including twdlM is suppressed. Expression of cpr47Eb coding for a chitin-binding protein is, by contrast, highly elevated suggesting that Cpr47Eb participates at a specific compensation program. Overall, the cuticle of these larvae is thinner than the cuticle of control larvae. Taken together, lipid desaturation is necessary for a coordinated deployment of a normal cuticle differentiation program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwen Wang
- University of Tübingen, Interfaculty Institute of Cell Biology, Section Animal Genetics, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Annette Maier
- University of Tübingen, Interfaculty Institute of Cell Biology, Section Animal Genetics, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Nicole Gehring
- University of Tübingen, Interfaculty Institute of Cell Biology, Section Animal Genetics, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Bernard Moussian
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Inserm, Institute of Biology Valrose, Nice, France
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26
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Li X, Li X, Zhu J, Wang H, Lu C. Carbamothioic S-acid derivative and kigamicins, the activated production of silent metabolites in Amycolatopsis alba DSM 44262Δ abm9 elicited by N-acetyl-D-glucosamine. Nat Prod Res 2019; 34:3514-3521. [PMID: 30784305 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2019.1574783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
One new carbamothioic S-acid derivative (1) and five known kigamicin derivatives (2-6) were isolated from the fermentation extract of Amycolatopsis alba DSM 44262Δabm9 elicited by N-acetyl-D-glucosamine. HPLC-DAD-UV analyses indicated that the DSM 44262Δabm9 strain did not produce these metabolites originally and the production of 1-6 was induced by adding 25 mM N-acetyl-D-glucosamine in the culture medium. The structures of 1-6 were identified on the basis of NMR spectroscopic data and high-resolution ESIMS. These results highlight that addition of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine in the microbial culture medium could activate cryptic gene expression, induce and increase the production of new or known secondary metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomei Li
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaoman Li
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jing Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Haoxin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Chunhua Lu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
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27
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Abstract
Chitin is a linear polysaccharide of the amino sugar N-acetyl glucosamine. It is present in the extracellular matrix of a variety of invertebrates including sponges, molluscs, nematodes and arthropods and fungi. Generally, it is an important component of protective or supportive extracellular matrices that cover the tissue that produces it or the whole body of the organism. Chitin fibres associate with each other adopting one of three possible crystalline organisations, i.e. α-, β- or γ-chitin. Usually, chitin fibre bundles interact with chitin-binding proteins forming higher order structures. Chitin laminae, which are two-dimensional sheets of α-chitin crystals with antiparallel running chitin fibres in association with β-folded proteins, are primary constituents of the arthropod cuticle and the fibrous extracellular matrix in sponges. A tri-dimensional composite material of proteins coacervates and β-chitin constitute hard biomaterials such as the squid beak. The molecular composition of γ-chitin-based structures that contribute to the physical barrier found in insect cocoons is less well studied. In principle, chitin is a versatile extracellular polysaccharide that in association with proteins defines the mechanical properties of tissues and organisms.
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28
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Sun Z, Li C, Li L, Nie L, Dong Q, Li D, Gao L, Zang H. Study on feasibility of determination of glucosamine content of fermentation process using a micro NIR spectrometer. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2018; 201:153-160. [PMID: 29747085 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2018.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 04/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
N-acetyl-d-glucosamine (GlcNAc) is a microbial fermentation product, and NIR spectroscopy is an effective process analytical technology (PAT) tool in detecting the key quality attribute: the GlcNAc content. Meanwhile, the design of NIR spectrometers is under the trend of miniaturization, portability and low-cost nowadays. The aim of this study was to explore a portable micro NIR spectrometer with the fermentation process. First, FT-NIR spectrometer and Micro-NIR 1700 spectrometer were compared with simulated fermentation process solutions. The Rc2, Rp2, RMSECV and RMSEP of the optimal FT-NIR and Micro-NIR 1700 models were 0.999, 0.999, 3.226 g/L, 1.388 g/L and 0.999, 0.999, 1.821 g/L, 0.967 g/L. Passing-Bablok regression method and paired t-test results showed there were no significant differences between the two instruments. Then the Micro-NIR 1700 was selected for the practical fermentation process, 135 samples from 10 batches were collected. Spectral pretreatment methods and variables selection methods (BiPLS, FiPLS, MWPLS and CARS-PLS) for PLS modeling were discussed. The Rc2, Rp2, RMSECV and RMSEP of the optimal GlcNAc content PLS model of the practical fermentation process were 0.994, 0.995, 2.792 g/L and 1.946 g/L. The results have a positive reference for application of the Micro-NIR spectrometer. To some extent, it could provide theoretical supports in guiding the microbial fermentation or the further assessment of bioprocess.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyu Sun
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Wenhuaxi Road 44, Jinan 250012, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Can Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Wenhuaxi Road 44, Jinan 250012, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Lian Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Wenhuaxi Road 44, Jinan 250012, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Lei Nie
- School of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Shandong University, Wenhuaxi Road 44, Jinan 250012, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Qin Dong
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Wenhuaxi Road 44, Jinan 250012, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Danyang Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Wenhuaxi Road 44, Jinan 250012, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Lingling Gao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Wenhuaxi Road 44, Jinan 250012, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Hengchang Zang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Wenhuaxi Road 44, Jinan 250012, Shandong Province, PR China.
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29
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Ibrahim D, Nakamuta N. Comparative histochemical analysis of glycoconjugates in the nasal vestibule of camel and sheep. Microsc Res Tech 2018; 81:681-689. [PMID: 29582511 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.23024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
While Corriedale sheep survive in a wide range of climates, which prevents them to specialize for one climatic condition only, dromedary camels strictly adapted to desert areas. This demands more adaptive mechanisms to hot, dry conditions in camels than in sheep. Being the entrance of the nasal cavity, nasal vestibule is subjected to various environmental stressors. A protective way is the lining epithelium which is cornified in camel, but not in sheep. Mucus nasal secretions also play a key role in the protection of underlyings. Additionally, arterio-venous anastomosis is present in the lamina propria of the nasal vestibule of camel. In the present paper, sugar residues in the nasal vestibule of camel were analyzed and compared with those of sheep using 14 types of lectins to explore the distribution of glycoconjugates that may help the function of camel nasal vestibule in desert environment. In camel, none of the lectins could label the basal cells of the vestibular epithelium, although the basal cells reacted with six lectins in sheep. In camel, LEL and RCA-120 markedly labeled the luminal surface. WGA, DBA, SBA, and VVA produced marked intensities on the luminal surface in sheep. The mucous glands reacted with six lectins: WGA, s-WGA, VVA, PNA, PHA-E, and PHA-L in camel, while all lectins used except s-WGA and PHA-E reacted in the sheep. In summary, great differences are observed in the glycoconjugate expression between camel and sheep. This suggests that these glycoconjugate are related to camel's tolerance for environmental stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalia Ibrahim
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, 83523, Egypt
| | - Nobuaki Nakamuta
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan.,United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
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30
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Wadhwa G, Shanmughavel P, Singh AK, Bellare JR. Computational Tools: RNA Interference in Fungal Therapeutics. CURRENT TRENDS IN BIOINFORMATICS: AN INSIGHT 2018. [PMCID: PMC7122507 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-7483-7_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
There is steady rise in the number of immunocompromised population due to increased use of potent immunosuppression therapies. This is associated with increased risk of acquiring fungal opportunistic infections in immunocompromised patients which account for high morbidity and mortality rates, if left untreated. The conventional antifungal drugs to treat fungal diseases (mycoses) are increasingly becoming inadequate due to observed varied susceptibility of fungi and their recurrent resistance. RNA interference (RNAi), sequence-specific gene silencing, is emerging as a promising new therapeutic approach. This chapter discusses various aspects of RNAi, viz., the fundamental RNAi machinery present in fungi, in silico siRNA features, designing guidelines and tools, siRNA delivery, and validation of gene knockdown for therapeutics against mycoses. Target gene identification is a crucial step in designing of gene-specific siRNA in addition to efficient delivery strategies to bring about effective inhibition of fungi. Subsequently, designed siRNA can be delivered effectively in vitro either by soaking fungi with siRNA or by transforming inverted repeat transgene containing plasmid into fungi, which ultimately generates siRNA(s). Finally, fungal inhibition can be verified at the RNA and protein levels by blotting techniques, fluorescence imaging, and biochemical assays. Despite challenges, several such in vitro studies have spawned optimism around RNAi as a revolutionary new class of therapeutics against mycoses. But, pharmacokinetic parameters need to be evaluated from in vivo studies and clinical trials to recognize RNAi as a novel treatment approach for mycoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulshan Wadhwa
- Department of Biotechnology Apex Bioinformatics Centre, Ministry of Science & Technology, New Delhi, India
| | - P. Shanmughavel
- Department of Bioinformatics, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu India
| | - Atul Kumar Singh
- Central Research Facility, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Jayesh R. Bellare
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
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31
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Moyetta NR, Broll V, Perin APA, Uberti AF, Coste Grahl MV, Staniscuaski F, Carlini CR, Fruttero LL. Jaburetox-induced toxic effects on the hemocytes of Rhodnius prolixus (Hemiptera: Reduviidae). Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2017; 200:17-26. [PMID: 28602911 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Revised: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Jaburetox is a recombinant peptide derived from a Canavalia ensiformis urease that presents toxic effects upon several species of insects, phytopathogenic fungi and yeasts of medical importance. So far, no toxicity of Jaburetox to mammals has been shown. Previous reports have identified biochemical targets of this toxic peptide in insect models, although its mechanism of action is not completely understood. In this work, we aimed to characterize the effects of Jaburetox in hemolymphatic insect cells. For this purpose, the model insect and Chagas' disease vector Rhodnius prolixus was used. In vivo and in vitro experiments indicated that Jaburetox interacts with a subset of hemocytes and it can be found in various subcellular compartments. In insects injected with Jaburetox there was an increase in the gene expression of the enzymes UDP-N-acetylglucosamine pyrophosphorylase (UAP), chitin synthase and nitric oxide synthase (NOS). Nevertheless, the expression of NOS protein, the enzyme activities of UAP and acid phosphatase (a possible link between UAP and NOS) as well as the phosphorylation state of proteins remained unchanged upon the in vivo Jaburetox treatment. Nitric oxide (NO) imaging using fluorescent probes showed that Jaburetox augmented NO production in the hemocyte aggregates when compared to controls. Even though Jaburetox activated the hemocytes, as demonstrated by wheat germ agglutinin binding assays, the peptide did not lead to an increase of their phagocytic behavior. Taken together, these findings contribute to our understanding of toxic effects of Jaburetox, a peptide with biotechnological applications and a prospective tool for rational insect control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia R Moyetta
- Brain Institute (Instituto do Cérebro-INSCER), Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga 6690, prédio 63, CEP 90610-000 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Valquiria Broll
- Center of Biotechnology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, prédio 43431, CEP 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Ana Paula A Perin
- Center of Biotechnology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, prédio 43431, CEP 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Augusto F Uberti
- Brain Institute (Instituto do Cérebro-INSCER), Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga 6690, prédio 63, CEP 90610-000 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Matheus V Coste Grahl
- Brain Institute (Instituto do Cérebro-INSCER), Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga 6690, prédio 63, CEP 90610-000 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Staniscuaski
- Center of Biotechnology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, prédio 43431, CEP 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, prédio 43431, CEP 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Celia R Carlini
- Brain Institute (Instituto do Cérebro-INSCER), Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga 6690, prédio 63, CEP 90610-000 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, prédio 43431, CEP 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Leonardo L Fruttero
- Brain Institute (Instituto do Cérebro-INSCER), Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga 6690, prédio 63, CEP 90610-000 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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N-Acetylglucosamine Metabolism Promotes Survival of Candida albicans in the Phagosome. mSphere 2017; 2:mSphere00357-17. [PMID: 28904994 PMCID: PMC5588037 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00357-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is the most important medically relevant fungal pathogen, with disseminated candidiasis being the fourth most common hospital-associated bloodstream infection. Macrophages and neutrophils are innate immune cells that play a key role in host defense by phagocytosing and destroying C. albicans cells. To survive this attack by macrophages, C. albicans generates energy by utilizing alternative carbon sources that are available in the phagosome. Interestingly, metabolism of amino acids and carboxylic acids by C. albicans raises the pH of the phagosome and thereby blocks the acidification of the phagosome, which is needed to initiate antimicrobial attack. In this work, we demonstrate that metabolism of a third type of carbon source, the amino sugar GlcNAc, also induces pH neutralization and survival of C. albicans upon phagocytosis. This mechanism is genetically and physiologically distinct from the previously described mechanisms of pH neutralization, indicating that the robust metabolic plasticity of C. albicans ensures survival upon macrophage phagocytosis. Phagocytosis by innate immune cells is one of the most effective barriers against the multiplication and dissemination of microbes within the mammalian host. Candida albicans, a pathogenic yeast, has robust mechanisms that allow survival upon macrophage phagocytosis. C. albicans survives in part because it can utilize the alternative carbon sources available in the phagosome, including carboxylic acids and amino acids. Furthermore, metabolism of these compounds raises the pH of the extracellular environment, which combats the acidification and maturation of the phagolysosome. In this study, we demonstrate that metabolism by C. albicans of an additional carbon source, N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc), facilitates neutralization of the phagosome by a novel mechanism. Catabolism of GlcNAc raised the ambient pH through release of ammonia, which is distinct from growth on carboxylic acids but similar to growth on amino acids. However, the effect of GlcNAc metabolism on pH was genetically distinct from the neutralization induced by catabolism of amino acids, as mutation of STP2 or ATO5 did not impair the effects of GlcNAc. In contrast, mutants lacking the dedicated GlcNAc transporter gene NGT1 or the enzymes responsible for catabolism of GlcNAc were defective in altering the pH of the phagosome. This correlated with reduced survival following phagocytosis and decreased ability to damage macrophages. Thus, GlcNAc metabolism represents the third genetically independent mechanism that C. albicans utilizes to combat the rapid acidification of the phagolysosome, allowing for cells to escape and propagate infection. IMPORTANCECandida albicans is the most important medically relevant fungal pathogen, with disseminated candidiasis being the fourth most common hospital-associated bloodstream infection. Macrophages and neutrophils are innate immune cells that play a key role in host defense by phagocytosing and destroying C. albicans cells. To survive this attack by macrophages, C. albicans generates energy by utilizing alternative carbon sources that are available in the phagosome. Interestingly, metabolism of amino acids and carboxylic acids by C. albicans raises the pH of the phagosome and thereby blocks the acidification of the phagosome, which is needed to initiate antimicrobial attack. In this work, we demonstrate that metabolism of a third type of carbon source, the amino sugar GlcNAc, also induces pH neutralization and survival of C. albicans upon phagocytosis. This mechanism is genetically and physiologically distinct from the previously described mechanisms of pH neutralization, indicating that the robust metabolic plasticity of C. albicans ensures survival upon macrophage phagocytosis.
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Wang J, Feng C, Liu T, Shi M, Wu G, Bazer FW. Physiological alterations associated with intrauterine growth restriction in fetal pigs: Causes and insights for nutritional optimization. Mol Reprod Dev 2017; 84:897-904. [PMID: 28661576 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.22842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) remains a major problem in swine production since the associated low birth weight leads to high rates of pre-weaning morbidity and mortality plus permanent retardation of growth and development. Complex biological events-including genetics, epigenetics, maternal maturity, maternal nutrition, placenta efficiency, uterine capacity, and other environmental factors-can affect fetal growth and development during late gestation, as well as maturity of oocytes, duration of estrus, and both implantation and placentation of conceptuses in uteri of sows. Understanding the physiological changes related to initiation and progress of IUGR are, therefore, of great importance to formulate nutritional strategies that can mitigate IUGR in gilts and sows. Altering the nutritional status of sows prior to mating and during early-, mid-, and late-gestation may be effective at increasing the uniformity of oocytes and conceptuses, decreasing variation among conceptuses during elongation and implantation, and preventing increases in within-litter variation in fetal weights during late gestation. This review summarizes current progress on physiological alterations responsible for IUGR fetuses, as well as possible nutritional interventions to prevent the initiation and continuation of IUGR in gilts and sows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Cuiping Feng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ting Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Meng Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Guoyao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Fuller W Bazer
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
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Dashti Y, Grkovic T, Abdelmohsen UR, Hentschel U, Quinn RJ. Actinomycete Metabolome Induction/Suppression with N-Acetylglucosamine. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2017; 80:828-836. [PMID: 28355070 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.6b00673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The metabolite profiles of three sponge-derived actinomycetes, namely, Micromonospora sp. RV43, Rhodococcus sp. RV157, and Actinokineospora sp. EG49 were investigated after elicitation with N-acetyl-d-glucosamine. 1H NMR fingerprint methodology was utilized to study the differences in the metabolic profiles of the bacterial extracts before and after elicitation. Our study found that the addition of N-acetyl-d-glucosamine modified the secondary metabolite profiles of the three investigated actinomycete isolates. N-Acetyl-d-glucosamine induced the production of 3-formylindole (11) and guaymasol (12) in Micromonospora sp. RV43, the siderophore bacillibactin 16, and surfactin antibiotic 17 in Rhodococcus sp. RV157 and increased the production of minor metabolites actinosporins E-H (21-24) in Actinokineospora sp. EG49. These results highlight the use of NMR fingerprinting to detect changes in metabolism following addition of N-acetyl-d-glucosamine. N-Acetyl-d-glucosamine was shown to have multiple effects including suppression of metabolites, induction of new metabolites, and increased production of minor compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousef Dashti
- Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University , Brisbane, QLD 4111 Australia
| | - Tanja Grkovic
- Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University , Brisbane, QLD 4111 Australia
| | - Usama Ramadan Abdelmohsen
- Department of Botany II, Julius-von-Sachs Institute for Biological Sciences, University of Würzburg , Julius-von-Sachs-Platz 3, D-97082 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ute Hentschel
- Department of Botany II, Julius-von-Sachs Institute for Biological Sciences, University of Würzburg , Julius-von-Sachs-Platz 3, D-97082 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ronald J Quinn
- Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University , Brisbane, QLD 4111 Australia
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Fruttero LL, Moyetta NR, Krug MS, Broll V, Grahl MVC, Real-Guerra R, Stanisçuaski F, Carlini CR. Jaburetox affects gene expression and enzyme activities in Rhodnius prolixus, a Chagas' disease vector. Acta Trop 2017; 168:54-63. [PMID: 28108369 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2017.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Revised: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Jaburetox, a recombinant peptide of ∼11kDa derived from one of the Canavalia ensiformis (Jack Bean) urease isoforms, is toxic and lethal to insects belonging to different orders when administered orally or via injection. Previous findings indicated that Jaburetox acts on insects in a complex fashion, inhibiting diuresis and the transmembrane potential of Malpighian tubules, interfering with muscle contractility and affecting the immune system. In vitro, Jaburetox forms ionic channels and alters permeability of artificial lipid membranes. Moreover, recent data suggested that the central nervous system (CNS) is a target organ for ureases and Jaburetox. In this work, we employed biochemical, molecular and cellular approaches to explore the mode of action of Jaburetox using Rhodnius prolixus, one of the main Chagas' disease vectors, as experimental model. In vitro incubations with fluorescently labeled Jaburetox indicated a high affinity of the peptide for the CNS but not for salivary glands (SG). The in vitro treatment of CNS or SG homogenates with Jaburetox partially inhibited the activity of nitric oxide synthase (NOS), thus disrupting nitrinergic signaling. This inhibitory effect was also observed in vivo (by feeding) for CNS but not for SG, implying differential modulation of NOS in these organs. The inhibition of NOS activity did not correlate to a decrease in expression of its mRNA, as assessed by qPCR. UDP-N-acetylglucosamine pyrophosphorylase (UAP), a key enzyme in chitin synthesis and glycosylation pathways and a known target of Jaburetox in insect CNS, was also affected in SG, with activation of the enzyme seen after both in vivo or in vitro treatments with the peptide. Unexpectedly, incubation of Jaburetox with a recombinant R. prolixus UAP had no effect on its activity, implying that the enzyme's modulation by the peptide requires the participation of other factor(s) present in CNS or SG homogenates. Feeding Jaburetox to R. prolixus decreased the mRNA levels of UAP and chitin synthase, indicating a complex regulation exerted by the peptide on these enzymes. No changes were observed upon Jaburetox treatment in vivo and in vitro on the activity of the enzyme acid phosphatase, a possible link between UAP and NOS. Here we have demonstrated for the first time that the Jaburetox induces changes in gene expression and that SG are another target for the toxic action of the peptide. Taken together, these findings contribute to a better understanding of the mechanism of action of Jaburetox as well as to the knowledge on basic aspects of the biochemistry and neurophysiology of insects, and might help in the development of optimized strategies for insect control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo L Fruttero
- Brain Institute (Instituto do Cérebro-INSCER), Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga 6690, prédio 63, CEP 90610-000, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Center of Biotechnology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, prédio 43431, CEP 91501-970, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
| | - Natalia R Moyetta
- Brain Institute (Instituto do Cérebro-INSCER), Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga 6690, prédio 63, CEP 90610-000, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
| | - Monique Siebra Krug
- Center of Biotechnology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, prédio 43431, CEP 91501-970, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
| | - Valquiria Broll
- Center of Biotechnology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, prédio 43431, CEP 91501-970, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
| | - Matheus V Coste Grahl
- Brain Institute (Instituto do Cérebro-INSCER), Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga 6690, prédio 63, CEP 90610-000, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
| | - Rafael Real-Guerra
- Center of Biotechnology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, prédio 43431, CEP 91501-970, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
| | - Fernanda Stanisçuaski
- Center of Biotechnology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, prédio 43431, CEP 91501-970, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, prédio 43431, CEP 91501-970, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
| | - Celia R Carlini
- Brain Institute (Instituto do Cérebro-INSCER), Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga 6690, prédio 63, CEP 90610-000, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Center of Biotechnology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, prédio 43431, CEP 91501-970, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
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Regulation of Hyphal Growth and N-Acetylglucosamine Catabolism by Two Transcription Factors in Candida albicans. Genetics 2017; 206:299-314. [PMID: 28348062 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.117.201491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The amino sugar N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) is increasingly recognized as an important signaling molecule in addition to its well-known structural roles at the cell surface. In the human fungal pathogen Candida albicans, GlcNAc stimulates several responses including the induction of the genes needed for its catabolism and a switch from budding to filamentous hyphal growth. We identified two genes needed for growth on GlcNAc (RON1 and NGS1) and found that mutants lacking these genes fail to induce the genes needed for GlcNAc catabolism. NGS1 was also important for growth on other sugars, such as maltose, but RON1 appeared to be specific for GlcNAc. Both mutants could grow on nonfermentable carbon sources indicating that they do not affect mitochondrial function, which we show is important for growth on GlcNAc but not for GlcNAc induction of hyphal morphogenesis. Interestingly, both the ron1Δ and ngs1Δ mutants were defective in forming hyphae in response to GlcNAc, even though GlcNAc catabolism is not required for induction of hyphal morphogenesis. The ron1Δ mutant showed a partial defect in forming hyphae, which was surprising since it displayed an elevated level of filamentous cells under noninducing conditions. The ron1Δ mutant also displayed an elevated basal level of expression of genes that are normally upregulated during hyphal growth. Consistent with this, Ron1 contains an Ndt80-like DNA-binding domain, indicating that it regulates gene expression. Thus, Ron1 is a key new component of the GlcNAc response pathway that acts as both an activator and a repressor of hyphal morphogenesis.
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Synthesis and antituberculosis activity of the first macrocyclic glycoterpenoids comprising glucosamine and diterpenoid isosteviol. Carbohydr Res 2016; 431:15-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2016.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Shi JF, Fu J, Mu LL, Guo WC, Li GQ. Two Leptinotarsa uridine diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine pyrophosphorylases are specialized for chitin synthesis in larval epidermal cuticle and midgut peritrophic matrix. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 68:1-12. [PMID: 26592348 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2015.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Revised: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Uridine diphosphate-N-acetylglucosamine-pyrophosphorylase (UAP) is involved in the biosynthesis of chitin, an essential component of the epidermal cuticle and midgut peritrophic matrix (PM) in insects. In the present paper, two putative LdUAP genes were cloned in Leptinotarsa decemlineata. In vivo bioassay revealed that 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) and an ecdysteroid agonist halofenozide activated the expression of the two LdUAPs, whereas a decrease in 20E by RNA interference (RNAi) of an ecdysteroidogenesis gene LdSHD and a 20E signaling gene LdFTZ-F1 repressed the expression. Juvenile hormone (JH), a JH analog pyriproxyfen and an increase in JH by RNAi of an allatostatin gene LdAS-C downregulated LdUAP1 but upregulated LdUAP2, whereas a decrease in JH by silencing of a JH biosynthesis gene LdJHAMT had converse effects. Thus, expression of LdUAPs responded to both 20E and JH. Moreover, knockdown of LdUAP1 reduced chitin contents in whole larvae and integument samples, thinned tracheal taenidia, impaired larval-larval molt, larval-pupal ecdysis and adult emergence. In contrast, silencing of LdUAP2 significantly reduced foliage consumption, decreased chitin content in midgut samples, damaged PM, and retarded larval growth. The resulting larvae had lighter fresh weights, smaller body sizes and depleted fat body. As a result, the development was arrested. Combined knockdown of LdUAP1 and LdUAP2 caused an additive negative effect. Our data suggest that LdUAP1 and LdUAP2 have specialized functions in biosynthesizing chitin in the epidermal cuticle and PM respectively in L. decemlineata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Feng Shi
- Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Jia Fu
- Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Li-Li Mu
- Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Wen-Chao Guo
- Department of Plant Protection, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi 830091, China.
| | - Guo-Qing Li
- Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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Furo K, Nozaki M, Murashige H, Sato Y. Identification of an N-acetylglucosamine kinase essential for UDP-N-acetylglucosamine salvage synthesis in Arabidopsis. FEBS Lett 2015; 589:3258-62. [PMID: 26408204 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2015.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Uridine diphosphate-N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc) donates GlcNAc for various glycans and glycoconjugates. We previously found that GlcNAc supplementation increases the UDP-GlcNAc content in Arabidopsis; however, the metabolic pathway was undefined. Here, we show that the homolog of human GlcNAc kinase (GNK) is conserved in land plants. Enzymatic assays of the Arabidopsis homologous protein (AtGNK) revealed kinase activity that was highly specific for GlcNAc. We also demonstrate the role of AtGNK in plants by using its knockout mutant, which presents lower UDP-GlcNAc contents and is insensitive to GlcNAc supplementation. Moreover, our results demonstrate the presence of a GlcNAc salvage pathway in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Furo
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan
| | - Mamoru Nozaki
- Biology and Environmental Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Murashige
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan
| | - Yasushi Sato
- Biology and Environmental Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan.
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Naseem S, Araya E, Konopka JB. Hyphal growth in Candida albicans does not require induction of hyphal-specific gene expression. Mol Biol Cell 2015; 26:1174-87. [PMID: 25609092 PMCID: PMC4357515 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e14-08-1312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
GlcNAc activates two pathways in the fungal pathogen Candida albicans. In one pathway, GlcNAc induces hyphal morphology. In the other, GlcNAc metabolism raises the ambient pH, which activates pH signaling pathways to induce gene expression. The dual roles are likely important in other organisms in which GlcNAc is emerging as a key signaling molecule. Various stimuli, including N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc), induce the fungal pathogen Candida albicans to switch from budding to hyphal growth. Previous studies suggested that hyphal morphogenesis is stimulated by transcriptional induction of a set of genes that includes known virulence factors. To better understand hyphal development, we examined the role of GlcNAc metabolism using a triple mutant lacking the genes required to metabolize exogenous GlcNAc (hxk1Δ nag1Δ dac1Δ). Surprisingly, at low ambient pH (∼pH 4), GlcNAc stimulated this mutant to form hyphae without obvious induction of hyphal genes. This indicates that GlcNAc can stimulate a separate signal to induce hyphae that is independent of transcriptional responses. Of interest, GlcNAc could induce the triple mutant to express hyphal genes when the medium was buffered to a higher pH (>pH 5), which normally occurs after GlcNAc catabolism. Catabolism of GlcNAc raises the ambient pH rather than acidifying it, as occurs after dextrose catabolism. This synergy between alkalinization and GlcNAc to induce hyphal genes involves the Rim101 pH-sensing pathway; GlcNAc induced rim101Δ and dfg16Δ mutants to form hyphae, but hyphal gene expression was partially defective. These results demonstrate that hyphal morphogenesis and gene expression can be regulated independently, which likely contributes to pathogenesis at different host sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamoon Naseem
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5222
| | - Esteban Araya
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5222
| | - James B Konopka
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5222
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Vallet JL, McNeel AK, Miles JR, Freking BA. Placental accommodations for transport and metabolism during intra-uterine crowding in pigs. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2014; 5:55. [PMID: 25937925 PMCID: PMC4416243 DOI: 10.1186/2049-1891-5-55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Litter size and birth weights are limited by uterine capacity, defined as the ability of the uterus to maintain the appropriate development of some number of conceptuses. Uterine capacity is the result of the combined effects of uterine, placental and embryo/fetal function. The number of living conceptuses that the uterus is capable of supporting is greater during early gestation compared to later gestation. Plots of log fetal weight versus log placental weight also indicate that fetal weights are less sensitive to reduced placental weight (and therefore reduced intrauterine space) in early gestation compared to late gestation. However, even in late gestation, mechanisms still exist that maintain fetal growth when the size of the placenta is reduced. One such mechanism is likely to be improved development of the folded placental-epithelial/maternal-epithelial bilayer. Fold depth, and therefore the maternal fetal interactive surface, increases as gestation advances and is greater in placenta from small fetuses. On the fetal side of the placenta, the epithelial bilayer is embedded in stromal tissue. Glycosaminoglycans are major components of stroma, including hyaluronan and heparan sulfate. Hyaluronidases and heparanases are present within placental tissues, and likely play roles in modification of stromal components to facilitate fold development. Glycosaminoglycans are polymers of forms of glucose (glucosamine, glucuronic acid, iduronic acid) suggesting that glycosaminoglycan synthesis may compete with the glucose needs of the developing fetus. Pig conceptuses are fructogenic, such that a substantial portion of glucose transferred from mother to fetus is converted to fructose. Fructose is an intermediate product in the synthesis of glucosamine from glucose, and glucosamine is linked to regulation of trophoblast cell proliferation through regulation of mTOR. These findings suggest a link between glucose, fructose, glucosamine synthesis, GAG production, and placental morphogenesis, but the details of these interactions remain unclear. In addition, recent placental epithelial transcriptome analysis identified several glucose, amino acid, lipid, vitamin, mineral and hormone transporter mechanisms within the placenta. Further elucidation of mechanisms of placental morphogenesis and solute transport could provide clues to improving nutrient transport to the pig fetus, potentially increasing litter size and piglet birth weights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey L Vallet
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, State Spur 18D, Clay Center, NE 68933 USA
| | - Anthony K McNeel
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, State Spur 18D, Clay Center, NE 68933 USA
| | - Jeremy R Miles
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, State Spur 18D, Clay Center, NE 68933 USA
| | - Bradley A Freking
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, State Spur 18D, Clay Center, NE 68933 USA
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Lunetta JM, Pappagianis D. Identification, molecular characterization, and expression analysis of a DOMON-like type 9 carbohydrate-binding module domain-containing protein of Coccidioides posadasii. Med Mycol 2014; 52:591-609. [PMID: 25023485 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myu020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, we investigated the effect of N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) on Coccidioides posadasii chitinolytic enzymes during in vitro spherule-endospore (S/E) phase culture. During those studies, sodium dodecyl sulfatepolyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis of supernatants from S/E phase cultures grown in Converse medium with or without added GlcNAc revealed a ∼ 28-kDa band (CFP28), whose abundance was increased by GlcNAc in parallel with the chitinolytic enzymes. Mass spectrometry (MS) of the CFP28 band revealed peptides that matched an open reading frame found in the tentative consensus sequence, TC20325, retrieved from the Dana Farber Cancer Institute C. posadasii Gene Index Database. The TC20325 cDNA sequence was used to design internal primers based on MS peptides and a full-length cDNA was isolated using a combination of rapid amplification of cDNA ends and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. The deduced amino acid sequence of the full-length cDNA consists of 231 amino acid residues with a 19 aa signal peptide. The mature protein has a calculated molecular mass of ∼ 24.5 kDa, a theoretical pI of 6.09, and consists of a single DOMON-like type 9 carbohydrate-binding module (CBM9-like-3) conserved domain. The protein shares the highest sequence similarity (≥57%) to hypothetical proteins from fungi within the Pezizomycotina subphylum of Ascomycota. Antiserum against a recombinant version of CFP28 recognized native CFP28 in S/E phase cells and culture supernatants. CFP28 mRNA and protein expression were detectable in S/E phase in Converse medium, but were increased in the presence of added GlcNAc. Purified native CFP28 reacted with pooled sera from patients with coccidioidomycosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennine M Lunetta
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Demosthenes Pappagianis
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
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Leal MC, Sheridan C, Osinga R, Dionísio G, Rocha RJM, Silva B, Rosa R, Calado R. Marine microorganism-invertebrate assemblages: perspectives to solve the "supply problem" in the initial steps of drug discovery. Mar Drugs 2014; 12:3929-52. [PMID: 24983638 PMCID: PMC4113807 DOI: 10.3390/md12073929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Revised: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The chemical diversity associated with marine natural products (MNP) is unanimously acknowledged as the "blue gold" in the urgent quest for new drugs. Consequently, a significant increase in the discovery of MNP published in the literature has been observed in the past decades, particularly from marine invertebrates. However, it remains unclear whether target metabolites originate from the marine invertebrates themselves or from their microbial symbionts. This issue underlines critical challenges associated with the lack of biomass required to supply the early stages of the drug discovery pipeline. The present review discusses potential solutions for such challenges, with particular emphasis on innovative approaches to culture invertebrate holobionts (microorganism-invertebrate assemblages) through in toto aquaculture, together with methods for the discovery and initial production of bioactive compounds from these microbial symbionts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Costa Leal
- Departamento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Aveiro 3810-193, Portugal.
| | - Christopher Sheridan
- Biology of Marine Organisms and Biomimetics Laboratory, Research Institute for Biosciences, University of Mons, Pentagone 2B, 6 Avenue du Champ de Mars, Mons 7000, Belgium.
| | - Ronald Osinga
- Department of Aquaculture and Fisheries, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Gisela Dionísio
- Departamento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Aveiro 3810-193, Portugal.
| | - Rui Jorge Miranda Rocha
- Departamento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Aveiro 3810-193, Portugal.
| | - Bruna Silva
- Departamento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Aveiro 3810-193, Portugal.
| | - Rui Rosa
- Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, Centro de Oceanografia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Nossa Senhora do Cabo, 939, Cascais 2750-374, Portugal.
| | - Ricardo Calado
- Departamento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Aveiro 3810-193, Portugal.
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Meyer F, Flötenmeyer M, Moussian B. The sulfonylurea receptor Sur is dispensable for chitin synthesis in Drosophila melanogaster embryos. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2013; 69:1136-1140. [PMID: 23441090 DOI: 10.1002/ps.3476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Revised: 11/05/2012] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chitin produced by membrane-inserted chitin synthases is an important constituent of the arthropod cuticle and midgut peritrophic matrix. Chitin synthesis inhibitors are common insecticides in pest control. As the target of sulfonylurea-derived insecticides such as diflubenzuron, the ABC transporter sulfonylurea receptor (Sur) has been postulated to be an essential cofactor of chitin synthesis. However, direct evidence for this assumption is missing. RESULTS Here, a study has been made of the phenotype of Drosophila melanogaster larvae suffering completely eliminated Sur function. Taken together, it is found that cuticle architecture is normal and chitin amounts are not diminished in the cuticle of these animals, indicating that Sur is dispensable for chitin synthesis. CONCLUSION The data obtained suggest that there must exist another sulfonylurea-sensitive ABC transporter that either instead of Sur is the true sulfonylurea-sensitive transporter involved in chitin synthesis or is able to substitute Sur function during cuticle formation. Identification and characterisation of this factor is pivotal for understanding the mode of action of sulfonylurea as insecticide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frauke Meyer
- Animal Genetics, Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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Liu X, Li F, Li D, Ma E, Zhang W, Zhu KY, Zhang J. Molecular and functional analysis of UDP-N-acetylglucosamine Pyrophosphorylases from the Migratory Locust, Locusta migratoria. PLoS One 2013; 8:e71970. [PMID: 23977188 PMCID: PMC3747057 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 07/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
UDP-N-acetylglucosamine pyrophosphorylases (UAP) function in the formation of extracellular matrix by producing N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) residues needed for chitin biosynthesis and protein glycosylation. Herein, we report two UAP cDNA's derived from two different genes (LmUAP1 and LmUAP2) in the migratory locust Locusta migratoria. Both the cDNA and their deduced amino acid sequences showed about 70% identities between the two genes. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that LmUAP1 and LmUAP2 derive from a relatively recent gene duplication event. Both LmUAP1 and LmUAP2 were widely expressed in all the major tissues besides chitin-containing tissues. However, the two genes exhibited different developmental expression patterns. High expression of LmUAP1 was detected during early embryogenesis, then decreased greatly, and slowly increased before egg hatch. During nymphal development, the highest expression of LmUAP1 appeared just after molting but declined in each inter-molting period and then increased before molting to the next stage, whereas LmUAP2 was more consistently expressed throughout all these stages. When the early second- and fifth-instar nymphs (1-day-old) were injected with LmUAP1 double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), 100% mortality was observed 2 days after the injection. When the middle second- and fifth-instar nymphs (3- to 4-day-old) were injected with LmUAP1 dsRNA, 100% mortality was observed during their next molting process. In contrast, when the insects at the same stages were injected with LmUAP2 dsRNA, these insects were able to develop normally and molt to the next stage successfully. It is presumed that the lethality caused by RNAi of LmUAP1 is due to reduced chitin biosynthesis of the integument and midgut, whereas LmUAP2 is not essential for locust development at least in nymph stage. This study is expected to help better understand different functions of UAP1 and UAP2 in the locust and other insect species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojian Liu
- Research Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Feng Li
- Research Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Daqi Li
- Research Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Enbo Ma
- Research Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenqing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kun Yan Zhu
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
- * E-mail: (KYZ); (JZ)
| | - Jianzhen Zhang
- Research Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (KYZ); (JZ)
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Santos CN, Alves M, Oliveira A, Ferreira RB. β-N-Acetylhexosaminidase involvement in α-conglutin mobilization in Lupinus albus. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 170:1047-1056. [PMID: 23602380 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2013.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2012] [Revised: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Glycosylation is an important post-translational modification involved in the modulation of a wide variety of cellular processes. Because glycosydases are central, the aim of this study was to investigate the glycosyl activity present in the cotyledons of the seeds of an important crop legume, Lupinus albus, as well as potential natural substrates of the detected enzymes. The glycosyl activity detected in the cotyledons beginning at seed imbibition and continuing until 9 days after, was due to a β-N-acetylhexosaminidase (β-NAHase), which was molecularly and biochemically characterized after purification. Two isoenzymes with molecular masses of 64 and 61 kDa were detected, each having five isoenzymes with pIs 5.3-5.6. The 64 and 61 kDa isoenzymes had the same protein core showing different degrees of glycosylation. The N-terminal sequence of the enzyme protein core was determined [VDSEDLI(EN)AFKIYVEDDNEHLQGSVD] and to our knowledge, is the first reported protein sequence from a plant β-NAHase. L. albus β-NAHase had Km values of 2.59 mM and 2.94 mM and V values of 18.40 μM min(-1) and 2.73 μM min(-1), for pNP-GlcNAc and pNP-GalNAc, an optimum pH of 5.0 and 4.0 and temperature of 50 °C and 60 °C were detected toward pNP-GlcNAc and pNP-GalNAc. In the presence of AgNO3, CoCl2, CuSO4, FeCl3, CdCl2 and ZnCl2 the enzymatic activity decreased more than 50%, and when in the presence of sugars, an activity reduction of no more than 25% was observed. A physiological role for β-NAHase in L. albus storage protein mobilization was investigated. β-NAHase has already been implicated in several biological processes, namely in glycoprotein processing during seed germination and seedling growth. However, the natural substrates used by this enzyme are not yet completely clarified. By gathering in vivo and in vitro data for β-NAHase activity together with globulin degradation, we suggest that L. albus β-NAHase is involved in the mobilization of storage protein degradation, with α-conglutin being a potential natural substrate for this enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia N Santos
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Apartado 127, 2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal
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Vallet JL, McNeel AK, Johnson G, Bazer FW. TRIENNIAL REPRODUCTION SYMPOSIUM: Limitations in uterine and conceptus physiology that lead to fetal losses1,2. J Anim Sci 2013; 91:3030-40. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2012-6138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J. L. Vallet
- USDA, ARS, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE 68933
| | - A. K. McNeel
- USDA, ARS, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE 68933
| | - G. Johnson
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences
| | - F. W. Bazer
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station 77843
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Abstract
Abstract Chitin is the second most abundant polysaccharide on earth. It is produced at the apical side of epidermal, tracheal, fore-, and hindgut epithelial cells in insects as a central component of the protective and supporting extracellular cuticle. Chitin is also an important constituent of the midgut peritrophic matrix that encases the food supporting its digestion and protects the epithelium against invasion by possibly ingested pathogens. The enzyme producing chitin is a glycosyltransferase that resides in the apical plasma membrane forming a pore to extrude the chains of chitin into the extracellular space. The apical plasma membrane is not only a platform for chitin synthases but, probably through its shape and equipment with distinct factors, also plays an important role in orienting and organizing chitin fibers. Here, I review findings on the cellular and molecular constitution of the apical plasma membrane of chitin-producing epithelia mainly focusing on work done in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Moussian
- Animal Genetics, Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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Abstract
N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) has long been known to play important roles in cell surface structure. Recent studies are now revealing new functions for GlcNAc in cell signaling. Exposure to GlcNAc regulates virulence functions in the human fungal pathogen Candida albicans and in pathogenic bacteria. These signaling pathways sense exogenous GlcNAc and are distinct from the O-GlcNAc signaling pathways in mammalian cells in which increased levels of intracellular GlcNAc synthesis leads to post-translational modification of proteins by attachment of O-GlcNAc. The novel roles of GlcNAc in cell signaling will be the subject of this mini-review.
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Wang Q, Ren L, Xu C, Zhai Z, Zhou JA, Yao Y, Xia H, Wang Y. Synthesis and characterization of glucosamine modified poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogels via photopolymerization. J Appl Polym Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/app.38061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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