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Nouri N, Sun N, Hill JE. A feasibility study of sample re-collection in the analysis of selected volatile compounds in breath samples using GC×GC-TOFMS. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1730:465125. [PMID: 38970877 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.465125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024]
Abstract
In this study, we aimed to assess the feasibility of re-collecting breath samples using the Centri® (Markes International, Bridgend, UK) followed by two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC×GC-TOFMS) analysis. The work was conducted in two main phases. In the first phase, we evaluated the re-collection performance by analyzing two sets of standards, including a Grob mix primary solution and a standard mixture of 20 selected volatile compounds (VCs) covering different classes of organic species commonly found in breath samples. The intra-day and inter-day precision (reported as relative standard deviation (RSD),%) for the re-collection of the Grob mix primary solution were in the range of 1 % to14 % and 3 % to12 %, respectively. The re-collection accuracy ranged from 78 % to 97 %. The intra-day RSD for the re-collection of the standard mixture of selected VCs was within 20 % for all compounds, except for acetone and nonane. The precision was within 25 % for all compounds, except for nonane, n-hexane, 1,4-dichlorobenzene, and decane, which exhibited less than 36 % RSD. The re-collection accuracy was in the range of 67 % to 129 %. In the second phase of the study, the re-collection performance in breath analysis was evaluated via five repetitive splitting and re-collection of six breath samples obtained from healthy adults, realizing a total of 30 breath analyses. Initially, we evaluated the re-collection performance by considering all features obtained from breath analysis and then focused on the 20 VCs commonly found in breath samples. The re-collection accuracy for total breath features ranged from 86 to 103 %, and the RSDs were in the range of 1.0 % to 10.4 %. For the selected VCs, the re-collection accuracy of all compounds, except for undecane and benzene, was in the range of 71 % to 132 %.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Nouri
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Ning Sun
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jane E Hill
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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2
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Long GA, Xu Q, Sunkara J, Woodbury R, Brown K, Huang JJ, Xie Z, Chen X, Fu XA, Huang J. A comprehensive meta-analysis and systematic review of breath analysis in detection of COVID-19 through Volatile organic compounds. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2024; 109:116309. [PMID: 38692202 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2024.116309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The COVID-19 pandemic had profound global impacts on daily lives, economic stability, and healthcare systems. Diagnosis of COVID-19 infection via RT-PCR was crucial in reducing spread of disease and informing treatment management. While RT-PCR is a key diagnostic test, there is room for improvement in the development of diagnostic criteria. Identification of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in exhaled breath provides a fast, reliable, and economically favorable alternative for disease detection. METHODS This meta-analysis analyzed the diagnostic performance of VOC-based breath analysis in detection of COVID-19 infection. A systematic review of twenty-nine papers using the grading criteria from Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) and PRISMA guidelines was conducted. RESULTS The cumulative results showed a sensitivity of 0.92 (95 % CI, 90 %-95 %) and a specificity of 0.90 (95 % CI 87 %-93 %). Subgroup analysis by variant demonstrated strong sensitivity to the original strain compared to the Omicron and Delta variant in detection of SARS-CoV-2 infection. An additional subgroup analysis of detection methods showed eNose technology had the highest sensitivity when compared to GC-MS, GC-IMS, and high sensitivity-MS. CONCLUSION Overall, these results support the use of breath analysis as a new detection method of COVID-19 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace A Long
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Qian Xu
- Biometrics and Data Science, Fosun Pharma, Beijing, PR China
| | - Jahnavi Sunkara
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Reagan Woodbury
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Katherine Brown
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | | | - Zhenzhen Xie
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Xiaoyu Chen
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA.
| | - Xiao-An Fu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA.
| | - Jiapeng Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA..
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3
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Chang X, Liao H, Xie L, Chen Y, Zheng L, Liang J, Yu W, Wu Y, Ye Y, Huang S, Zhao H, Cai S, Dong H. Clinical implications of the concentration of alveolar nitric oxide in non-small cell lung cancer. Chin Med J (Engl) 2023; 136:2246-2248. [PMID: 37319409 PMCID: PMC10508559 DOI: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000002737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodan Chang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Chronic Airways Diseases Laboratory, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
- School of Nursing, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Hua Liao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510900, China
| | - Lingyan Xie
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Chronic Airways Diseases Laboratory, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Yuehua Chen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Chronic Airways Diseases Laboratory, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Liying Zheng
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Chronic Airways Diseases Laboratory, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Jianpeng Liang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Chronic Airways Diseases Laboratory, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Weiwei Yu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Chronic Airways Diseases Laboratory, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Yuexian Wu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Chronic Airways Diseases Laboratory, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Yanmei Ye
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Chronic Airways Diseases Laboratory, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Shuyu Huang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Chronic Airways Diseases Laboratory, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Haijin Zhao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Chronic Airways Diseases Laboratory, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Shaoxi Cai
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Chronic Airways Diseases Laboratory, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Hangming Dong
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Chronic Airways Diseases Laboratory, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
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Cabanas-Garrido EC, Ledesma-Escobar CA, Priego-Capote F. Use of surgical masks for sampling in the determination of volatile organic compounds. Talanta 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.124105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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5
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Zhu Q, Wu T, Wang N. From Piezoelectric Nanogenerator to Non-Invasive Medical Sensor: A Review. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:113. [PMID: 36671948 PMCID: PMC9856170 DOI: 10.3390/bios13010113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Piezoelectric nanogenerators (PENGs) not only are able to harvest mechanical energy from the ambient environment or body and convert mechanical signals into electricity but can also inform us about pathophysiological changes and communicate this information using electrical signals, thus acting as medical sensors to provide personalized medical solutions to patients. In this review, we aim to present the latest advances in PENG-based non-invasive sensors for clinical diagnosis and medical treatment. While we begin with the basic principles of PENGs and their applications in energy harvesting, this review focuses on the medical sensing applications of PENGs, including detection mechanisms, material selection, and adaptive design, which are oriented toward disease diagnosis. Considering the non-invasive in vitro application scenario, discussions about the individualized designs that are intended to balance a high performance, durability, comfortability, and skin-friendliness are mainly divided into two types: mechanical sensors and biosensors, according to the key role of piezoelectric effects in disease diagnosis. The shortcomings, challenges, and possible corresponding solutions of PENG-based medical sensing devices are also highlighted, promoting the development of robust, reliable, scalable, and cost-effective medical systems that are helpful for the public.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiliang Zhu
- Center for Green Innovation, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Tong Wu
- Center for Green Innovation, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
- National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Ning Wang
- Center for Green Innovation, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
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Flexible biochemical sensors for point-of-care management of diseases: a review. Mikrochim Acta 2022; 189:380. [PMID: 36094594 PMCID: PMC9465157 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-022-05469-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Health problems have been widely concerned by all mankind. Real-time monitoring of disease-related biomarkers can feedback the physiological status of human body in time, which is very helpful to the diseases management of healthcare. However, conventional non-flexible/rigid biochemical sensors possess low fit and comfort with the human body, hence hindering the accurate and comfortable long-time health monitoring. Flexible and stretchable materials make it possible for sensors to be continuously attached to the human body with good fit, and more precise and higher quality results can be obtained. Thus, tremendous attention has been paid to flexible biochemical sensors in point-of-care (POC) for real-time monitoring the entire disease process. Here, recent progress on flexible biochemical sensors for management of various diseases, focusing on chronic and communicable diseases, is reviewed, and the detection principle and performance of these flexible biochemical sensors are discussed. Finally, some directions and challenges are proposed for further development of flexible biochemical sensors.
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Willis CN, Larson SR, Andama A, Jaganath D, Misra M, Cattamanchi A, Mohanty SK. Engineered Electroactive Solutions for Electrochemical Detection of Tuberculosis-Associated Volatile Organic Biomarkers. IEEE SENSORS JOURNAL 2022; 22:2984-2992. [PMID: 36157103 PMCID: PMC9495895 DOI: 10.1109/jsen.2021.3126732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Rapid screening of tuberculosis by evaluation of associated volatile organic biomarkers in breath is a promising technology that is significantly faster and more convenient than traditional sputum culture tests. Methyl nicotinate (MN) and methyl p-anisate (MPA) have been isolated as potential biomarkers for mycobacterium tuberculosis and have been found in the breath of patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis. A novel approach to detection of these biomarkers in liquid droplets (e.g. from breath condensate) using inexpensive screen-printed electrodes is presented. Previous modelling studies suggest that these biomarkers complex with certain transition metals of particular valence state. This interaction can be exploited by mixing the biomarker sample into an electroactive solution (EAS) containing the functional metal ion and observing the change electrochemically. The study focuses on low biomarker concentrations, determined to be clinically relevant based on preliminary GC-MS studies of the levels found in patient breath. It was found that both the cyclic voltammogram and square wave voltammogram of copper(II) change significantly when as little as 0.1 mM MN is added to the solution, with analysis times of less than 2 min. Copper(II) exhibits three separate peaks during square wave voltammetry. The location and area of each peak are affected differently as the concentration of MN increases, suggesting a reaction with specific oxidation states of the metal. In this way, a "fingerprint" method can be used to identify biomarkers once their known interaction is established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina N Willis
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Shaylee R Larson
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Alfred Andama
- Department of Medicine and the Infectious Disease Research Collaboration, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Devan Jaganath
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, and the Center for Tuberculosis, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA
| | - Manoranjan Misra
- Department of Chemical Engineering and the Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Adithya Cattamanchi
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, the Center for Tuberculosis, and the Center for Vulnerable Populations, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA
| | - Swomitra K Mohanty
- Department of Chemical Engineering and the Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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Issitt T, Wiggins L, Veysey M, Sweeney S, Brackenbury W, Redeker K. Volatile compounds in human breath: critical review and meta-analysis. J Breath Res 2022; 16. [PMID: 35120340 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/ac5230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Volatile compounds contained in human breath reflect the inner workings of the body. A large number of studies have been published that link individual components of breath to disease, but diagnostic applications remain limited, in part due to inconsistent and conflicting identification of breath biomarkers. New approaches are therefore required to identify effective biomarker targets. Here, volatile organic compounds have been identified in the literature from four metabolically and physiologically distinct diseases and grouped into chemical functional groups (e.g. - methylated hydrocarbons or aldehydes; based on known metabolic and enzymatic pathways) to support biomarker discovery and provide new insight on existing data. Using this functional grouping approach, principal component analysis doubled explanatory capacity from 19.1% to 38% relative to single individual compound approaches. Random forest and linear discriminant analysis reveal 93% classification accuracy for cancer. This review and meta-analysis provides insight for future research design by identifying volatile functional groups associated with disease. By incorporating our understanding of the complexities of the human body, along with accounting for variability in methodological and analytical approaches, this work demonstrates that a suite of targeted, functional volatile biomarkers, rather than individual biomarker compounds, will improve accuracy and success in diagnostic research and application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theo Issitt
- Biology, University of York, University of York, York, York, YO10 5DD, UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND
| | - Laura Wiggins
- Biology, University of York, University of York, York, York, YO10 5DD, UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND
| | - Martin Veysey
- The University of Newcastle, School of Medicine & Public Health, Callaghan, New South Wales, 2308, AUSTRALIA
| | - Sean Sweeney
- Biology, University of York, University of York, York, York, YO10 5DD, UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND
| | - William Brackenbury
- Biology, University of York, University of York, York, York, YO10 5DD, UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND
| | - Kelly Redeker
- Biology, University of York, Biology Dept. University of York, York, York, North Yorkshire, YO10 5DD, UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND
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9
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Zhou H, Li J, Chen Z, Chen Y, Ye S. Nitric oxide in occurrence, progress and therapy of lung Cancer: a systemic review and meta-analysis. BMC Cancer 2021; 21:678. [PMID: 34103000 PMCID: PMC8188673 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-021-08430-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Nitric oxide (NO) plays an important role in lung cancer. However, the results of previous studies about NO in the occurrence, progress and therapy were not consistent. Therefore, we conducted a meta-analysis to evaluate the relationship between NO and lung cancer. Method We carried out comprehensive search in the databases, and collected related studies. The data of fraction of exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) or blood NO in different populations (lung cancer patients and control subjects) and different time points (before therapy and after therapy) were extracted by two investigators. A random effect model was applied to analyze the differences of FeNO and blood NO in different populations and different time points. To further compare NO level of each subgroup with different pathological types and different stages, a network meta-analysis (NMA) was performed. Results Fifty studies including 2551 cases and 1691 controls were adopted in this meta-analysis. The FeNO (SMD 3.01, 95% CI 1.89–4.13, p < 0.00001) and blood NO (SMD 1.34, 95% CI 0.84–1.85, p < 0.00001) level in lung cancer patients was much higher than that in control subjects. NMA model indicated blood NO level in each cancer type except SCLC was higher than that in control patients. There was no significant difference of blood NO level among four kinds of lung cancer patients. Blood NO level in LCC patients (SUCRA = 83.5%) was the highest. Blood NO level in advanced stage but not early stage was higher than that in control subjects. Patients in advanced stage (SUCRA = 95.5%) had the highest blood NO level. No significant difference of FeNO (SMD -0.04, 95% CI -0.46-0.38, p > 0.05) and blood NO level (SMD -0.36, 95% CI -1.08-0.36, p > 0.05) was observed between pretreatment and posttreatment in all patients. However, FeNO level elevated (SMD 0.28, 95% CI 0.04–0.51, p = 0.02) and blood NO level decreased in NSCLC patients (SMD -0.95, 95% CI -1.89-0.00, p = 0.05) after therapy. Conclusion FeNO and blood NO level would contribute to diagnosis of lung cancer and evaluation of therapy effect, especially for NSCLC patients. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12885-021-08430-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbin Zhou
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Nutrition, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, 158 Shangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Jiuke Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hangzhou Aier Eye Hospital, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhewen Chen
- Department of Nutrition, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of Nutrition, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China
| | - Sa Ye
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Nutrition, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, 158 Shangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310014, China. .,Department of Nutrition, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China.
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10
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Long Y, Wang C, Wang T, Li W, Dai W, Xie S, Tian Y, Liu M, Liu Y, Peng X, Liu Y, Zhang Y, Wang R, Li Q, Duan Y. High performance exhaled breath biomarkers for diagnosis of lung cancer and potential biomarkers for classification of lung cancer. J Breath Res 2021; 15:016017. [PMID: 33586667 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/abaecb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Exhaled breath analysis has emerged as a promising non-invasive method for diagnosing lung cancer (LC), whereas reliable biomarkers are lacking. Herein, a standardized and systematic study was presented for LC diagnosis, classification and metabolism exploration. To improve the reliability of biomarkers, a validation group was included, and quality control for breath sampling and analysis, comprehensive pollutants analysis, and strict biomarker screening were performed. The performance of exhaled breath biomarkers was shown to be excellent in diagnosing LC even in early stages (stage I and II) with surpassing 0.930 area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC), 90% of sensitivity and 88% of specificity both in the discovery and validation analyses. Meanwhile, in these two groups, diagnosing subtypes of LC attained AUCs over 0.930 and reached 1.00 in the two subtypes of adenocarcinomas. It is demonstrated that the metabolism changes in LC are possibly related to lipid oxidation, gut microbial, cytochrome P450 and glutathione S-transferase, and glutathione pathways change in LC progression. Overall, the reliable biomarkers contribute to the clinical application of breath analysis in screening LC patients as well as those in early stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijing Long
- Research Center of Analytical Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Bio-source and Eco-environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, People's Republic of China
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Abstract
This review aimed to provide an overview of the characterisation of indoor air quality (IAQ) during the sleeping period, based only on real life conditions’ studies where, at least, one air pollutant was considered. Despite the consensual complexity of indoor air, when focusing on sleeping environments, the available scientific literature is still scarce and falls to provide a multipollutants’ characterisation of the air breathed during sleep. This review, following PRISMA’s approach, identified a total of 22 studies that provided insights of how IAQ is during the sleeping period in real life conditions. Most of studies focused on carbon dioxide (77%), followed by particles (PM2.5, PM10 and ultrafines) and only 18% of the studies focused on pollutants such as carbon monoxide, volatile organic compounds and formaldehyde. Despite the high heterogeneity between studies (regarding the geographical area, type of surrounding environments, season of the year, type of dwelling, bedrooms’ ventilation, number of occupants), several air pollutants showed exceedances of the limit values established by guidelines or legislation, indicating that an effort should be made in order to minimise human exposure to air pollutants. For instance, when considering the air quality guideline of World Health Organisation of 10 µg·m−3 for PM2.5, 86% of studies that focused this pollutant registered levels above this threshold. Considering that people spend one third of their day sleeping, exposure during this period may have a significant impact on the daily integrated human exposure, due to the higher amount of exposure time, even if this environment is characterised by lower pollutants’ levels. Improving the current knowledge of air pollutants levels during sleep in different settings, as well as in different countries, will allow to improve the accuracy of exposure assessments and will also allow to understand their main drivers and how to tackle them.
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Lee AC, Chakladar J, Li WT, Chen C, Chang EY, Wang-Rodriguez J, Ongkeko WM. Tobacco, but Not Nicotine and Flavor-Less Electronic Cigarettes, Induces ACE2 and Immune Dysregulation. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21155513. [PMID: 32752138 PMCID: PMC7432384 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, overlaps with the ongoing epidemics of cigarette smoking and electronic cigarette (e-cig) vaping. However, there is scarce data relating COVID-19 risks and outcome with cigarette or e-cig use. In this study, we mined three independent RNA expression datasets from smokers and vapers to understand the potential relationship between vaping/smoking and the dysregulation of key genes and pathways related to COVID-19. We found that smoking, but not vaping, upregulates ACE2, the cellular receptor that SARS-CoV-2 requires for infection. Both smoking and use of nicotine and flavor-containing e-cigs led to upregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines and inflammasome-related genes. Specifically, chemokines including CCL20 and CXCL8 are upregulated in smokers, and CCL5 and CCR1 are upregulated in flavor/nicotine-containing e-cig users. We also found genes implicated in inflammasomes, such as CXCL1, CXCL2, NOD2, and ASC, to be upregulated in smokers and these e-cig users. Vaping flavor and nicotine-less e-cigs, however, did not lead to significant cytokine dysregulation and inflammasome activation. Release of inflammasome products, such as IL-1B, and cytokine storms are hallmarks of COVID-19 infection, especially in severe cases. Therefore, our findings demonstrated that smoking or vaping may critically exacerbate COVID-19-related inflammation or increase susceptibility to COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abby C. Lee
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; (A.C.L.); (J.C.); (W.T.L.); (C.C.)
- Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92161, USA
| | - Jaideep Chakladar
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; (A.C.L.); (J.C.); (W.T.L.); (C.C.)
- Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92161, USA
| | - Wei Tse Li
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; (A.C.L.); (J.C.); (W.T.L.); (C.C.)
- Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92161, USA
| | - Chengyu Chen
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; (A.C.L.); (J.C.); (W.T.L.); (C.C.)
- Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92161, USA
| | - Eric Y. Chang
- Department of Radiology, Radiology Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System San Diego, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA;
| | - Jessica Wang-Rodriguez
- Department of Pathology, Pathology Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System San Diego, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA;
| | - Weg M. Ongkeko
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; (A.C.L.); (J.C.); (W.T.L.); (C.C.)
- Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92161, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-858-552-8585 (ext. 7165)
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Hérivaux A, Gonçalves SM, Carvalho A, Cunha C. Microbiota-derived metabolites as diagnostic markers for respiratory fungal infections. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 189:113473. [PMID: 32771720 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
An emerging body of evidence has highlighted the significant role of the pulmonary microbiota during respiratory infections. The individual microbiome is nowadays recognized to supervise the outcome of the host-pathogen interaction by orchestrating mechanisms of immune regulation, inflammation, metabolism, and other physiological processes. A shift in the normal flora of the respiratory tract is associated with several lung inflammatory disorders including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or cystic fibrosis. These diseases are characterized by a lung microenvironment that becomes permissive to infections caused by the opportunistic fungal pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus. Although the role of the lung microbiota in the pathophysiology of respiratory fungal diseases remains elusive, microbiota-derived components have been proposed as important biomarkers to be considered in the diagnosis of these severe infections. Here, we review this emerging area of research and discuss the potential of microbiota-derived products in the diagnosis of respiratory fungal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaїs Hérivaux
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Guimarães, Braga, Portugal
| | - Samuel M Gonçalves
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Guimarães, Braga, Portugal
| | - Agostinho Carvalho
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Guimarães, Braga, Portugal
| | - Cristina Cunha
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Guimarães, Braga, Portugal.
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14
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Kuchmenko TA, Shuba AA, Umarkhanov RU, Drozdova EV, Chernitskii AE. Application of a Piezoelectric Nose to Assessing the Respiratory System in Calves by Volatile Compounds. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934820050093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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15
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Cong Y, Han X, Wang Y, Chen Z, Lu Y, Liu T, Wu Z, Jin Y, Luo Y, Zhang X. Drug Toxicity Evaluation Based on Organ-on-a-chip Technology: A Review. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:E381. [PMID: 32260191 PMCID: PMC7230535 DOI: 10.3390/mi11040381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Organ-on-a-chip academic research is in its blossom. Drug toxicity evaluation is a promising area in which organ-on-a-chip technology can apply. A unique advantage of organ-on-a-chip is the ability to integrate drug metabolism and drug toxic processes in a single device, which facilitates evaluation of toxicity of drug metabolites. Human organ-on-a-chip has been fabricated and used to assess drug toxicity with data correlation with the clinical trial. In this review, we introduced the microfluidic chip models of liver, kidney, heart, nerve, and other organs and multiple organs, highlighting the application of these models in drug toxicity detection. Some biomarkers of toxic injury that have been used in organ chip platforms or have potential for use on organ chip platforms are summarized. Finally, we discussed the goals and future directions for drug toxicity evaluation based on organ-on-a-chip technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Cong
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Department of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116023, China;
| | - Xiahe Han
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; (X.H.); (Y.W.)
| | - Youping Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; (X.H.); (Y.W.)
| | - Zongzheng Chen
- Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; (Z.C.); (Z.W.); (Y.J.)
| | - Yao Lu
- Biotechnologhy Division, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China;
| | - Tingjiao Liu
- College of Stomatology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, China;
| | - Zhengzhi Wu
- Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; (Z.C.); (Z.W.); (Y.J.)
| | - Yu Jin
- Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; (Z.C.); (Z.W.); (Y.J.)
| | - Yong Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Department of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116023, China;
| | - Xiuli Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; (X.H.); (Y.W.)
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16
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Marzorati D, Mainardi L, Sedda G, Gasparri R, Spaggiari L, Cerveri P. A Metal Oxide Gas Sensors Array for Lung Cancer Diagnosis Through Exhaled Breath Analysis. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2020; 2019:1584-1587. [PMID: 31946198 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2019.8856750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer high mortality rate is mainly related to late-stage tumor diagnosis. Survival rates and treatments could be greatly improved with an effective early diagnosis. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in exhaled breath have been known for long to be linked to the presence of a disease. Exhaled breath analysis for early diagnosis of lung cancer represents a non-invasive, low-cost and user-friendly approach. In this paper we present the design and development of an electronic nose based on a metal oxide sensors array for the early diagnosis of lung cancer. Breath samples collected from healthy controls (n=10) and lung cancer subjects (n=6) were analyzed by the electronic nose, and classification was performed using an artificial neural network (ANN). A sensitivity of 85.7%, specificity of 100%, and accuracy of 93.8% were reached with leave one out cross validation (LOOCV). The presented device demonstrates that a simple, cost-effective, and non-invasive approach based on exhaled breath analysis has the potential to be of great help in decreasing lung cancer mortality.
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17
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Maier D, Laubender E, Basavanna A, Schumann S, Güder F, Urban GA, Dincer C. Toward Continuous Monitoring of Breath Biochemistry: A Paper-Based Wearable Sensor for Real-Time Hydrogen Peroxide Measurement in Simulated Breath. ACS Sens 2019; 4:2945-2951. [PMID: 31610653 PMCID: PMC6879172 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.9b01403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Exhaled breath contains a large amount of biochemical and physiological information concerning one's health and provides an alternative route to noninvasive medical diagnosis of diseases. In the case of lung diseases, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is an important biomarker associated with asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and lung cancer and can be detected in exhaled breath. The current method of breath analysis involves condensation of exhaled breath, is not continuous or real time, and requires two separate and bulky devices, complicating the periodic or long-term monitoring of a patient. We report the first disposable paper-based electrochemical wearable sensor that can monitor exhaled H2O2 in artificial breath calibration-free and continuously, in real time, and can be integrated into a commercial respiratory mask for on-site testing of exhaled breath. To improve precision for sensing H2O2, we perform differential electrochemical measurement by amperometry in which screen-printed Prussian Blue-mediated and nonmediated carbon electrodes are used for differential analysis. We were able to measure H2O2 in simulated breath in a concentration-dependent manner in real time, confirming its functionality. This proposed system is versatile, and by modifying the chemistry of the sensing electrodes, our method of differential sensing can be extended to continuous monitoring of other analytes in exhaled breath.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Maier
- Department
of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), Laboratory for Sensors and Freiburg Center
for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT), University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Elmar Laubender
- Department
of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), Laboratory for Sensors and Freiburg Center
for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT), University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Abhiraj Basavanna
- Department
of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), Laboratory for Sensors and Freiburg Center
for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT), University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Schumann
- Department
of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Medical Center—University
of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University
of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Firat Güder
- Department
of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, Great Britain, U.K.
| | - Gerald A. Urban
- Department
of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), Laboratory for Sensors and Freiburg Center
for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT), University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg
Materials Research Center (FMF), University
of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Can Dincer
- Department
of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), Laboratory for Sensors and Freiburg Center
for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT), University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
- Department
of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, Great Britain, U.K.
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18
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Marzorati D, Mainardi L, Sedda G, Gasparri R, Spaggiari L, Cerveri P. A review of exhaled breath: a key role in lung cancer diagnosis. J Breath Res 2019; 13:034001. [DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/ab0684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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19
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Correlating exhaled aerosol images to small airway obstructive diseases: A study with dynamic mode decomposition and machine learning. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0211413. [PMID: 30703132 PMCID: PMC6354993 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0211413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Exhaled aerosols from lungs have unique patterns, and their variation can be correlated to the underlying lung structure and associated abnormities. However, it is challenging to characterize such aerosol patterns and differentiate their difference because of their complexity. This challenge is even greater for small airway diseases, where the disturbance signals are weak. Objectives and methods The objective of this study is exploiting different feature extraction algorithms to develop a practical classifier to diagnose obstructive lung diseases using exhaled aerosol images. These include proper orthogonal decomposition (POD), principal component analysis (PCA), dynamic mode decomposition (DMD), and DMD with control (DMDC). Aerosol images were generated via physiology-based simulations in one normal and four diseased airway models in G7-9 bronchioles. The image data were classified using both the support vector machine (SVM) and random forest (RF) algorithms. The effectiveness of different features was evaluated by classification accuracy and misclassification rate. Findings Results show a significantly higher performance using dynamic feature extractions (DMD and DMDC) than static algorithms (POD and PCA). Adding the control variables to DMD further improved classification accuracy. Comparing the classification methods, RF persistently outperformed SVM for all types of features considered. While the performance of RF constantly increased with the number of features retained, the performance of SVM peaked at 50 and decreased thereafter. The 5-class classification accuracy was 94.8% using the DMDC-RF model and 93.0% using the DMD-RF model, both of which were higher than 87.0% in the previous study that used fractal dimension features. Conclusion Considering that disease progression is inherently a dynamic process, DMD(C)-based feature extraction preserves temporal information and is preferred over POD and PCA. Compared with hand-crafted features like fractals, feature extraction by DMD and DMDC is automatic and more accurate.
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20
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Wallace MAG, Pleil JD. Evolution of clinical and environmental health applications of exhaled breath research: Review of methods and instrumentation for gas-phase, condensate, and aerosols. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1024:18-38. [PMID: 29776545 PMCID: PMC6082128 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.01.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Human breath, along with urine and blood, has long been one of the three major biological media for assessing human health and environmental exposure. In fact, the detection of odor on human breath, as described by Hippocrates in 400 BC, is considered the first analytical health assessment tool. Although less common in comparison to contemporary bio-fluids analyses, breath has become an attractive diagnostic medium as sampling is non-invasive, unlimited in timing and volume, and does not require clinical personnel. Exhaled breath, exhaled breath condensate (EBC), and exhaled breath aerosol (EBA) are different types of breath matrices used to assess human health and disease state. Over the past 20 years, breath research has made many advances in assessing health state, overcoming many of its initial challenges related to sampling and analysis. The wide variety of sampling techniques and collection devices that have been developed for these media are discussed herein. The different types of sensors and mass spectrometry instruments currently available for breath analysis are evaluated as well as emerging breath research topics, such as cytokines, security and airport surveillance, cellular respiration, and canine olfaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ariel Geer Wallace
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Exposure Research Laboratory, 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA.
| | - Joachim D Pleil
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Exposure Research Laboratory, 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA.
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21
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Zhang X, Cheng J, Wu L, Mei Y, Jaffrezic-Renault N, Guo Z. An overview of an artificial nose system. Talanta 2018; 184:93-102. [PMID: 29674088 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.02.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The present review describes recent advances in the development of an artificial nose system based on olfactory receptors and various sensing platforms. The kind of artificial nose, the production of olfactory receptors, the sensor platform for signal conversion and the application of the artificial nose system based on olfactory receptors and various sensing platforms are presented. The associated transduction modes are also discussed. The paper presents a review of the latest achievements and a critical evaluation of the state of the art in the field of artificial nose systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu Zhang
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Medical College, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, PR China
| | - Jing Cheng
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Medical College, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, PR China
| | - Lei Wu
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Medical College, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, PR China
| | - Yong Mei
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Medical College, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, PR China.
| | - Nicole Jaffrezic-Renault
- Institute of Analytical Sciences, UMR-CNRS 5280, University of Lyon, 5, La Doua Street, Villeurbanne 69100, France.
| | - Zhenzhong Guo
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Medical College, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, PR China.
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22
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Stach R, Haas J, Tütüncü E, Daboss S, Kranz C, Mizaikoff B. polyHWG: 3D Printed Substrate-Integrated Hollow Waveguides for Mid-Infrared Gas Sensing. ACS Sens 2017; 2:1700-1705. [PMID: 29090579 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.7b00649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Gas analysis via mid-infrared (MIR) spectroscopic techniques has gained significance due to its inherent molecular selectivity and sensitivity probing pronounced vibrational, rotational, and roto-vibrational modes. In addition, MIR gas sensors are suitable for real-time monitoring in a wide variety of sensing scenarios. Our research team has recently introduced so-called substrate-integrated hollow waveguides (iHWGs) fabricated by precision milling, which have been demonstrated to be useful in online process monitoring, environmental sensing, and exhaled breath analysis especially if low sample volumes (i.e., few hundreds of microliters) are probed with rapid signal transients. A logical next step is to establish ultralightweight, potentially disposable, and low-cost substrate-integrated hollow waveguides, which may be readily customized and tailored to specific applications using 3D printing techniques. 3D printing provides access to an unprecedented variety of thermoplastic materials including biocompatible polylactides, readily etchable styrene copolymers, and magnetic or conductive materials. Thus, the properties of the waveguide may be adapted to suit its designated application, e.g., drone-mounted ultralightweight waveguides for environmental monitoring or biocompatible disposable sensor interfaces in medical/clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Stach
- Institute of Analytical and
Bioanalytical Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Julian Haas
- Institute of Analytical and
Bioanalytical Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Erhan Tütüncü
- Institute of Analytical and
Bioanalytical Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Sven Daboss
- Institute of Analytical and
Bioanalytical Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Christine Kranz
- Institute of Analytical and
Bioanalytical Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Boris Mizaikoff
- Institute of Analytical and
Bioanalytical Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
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23
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Das S, Pal S, Mitra M. Significance of Exhaled Breath Test in Clinical Diagnosis: A Special Focus on the Detection of Diabetes Mellitus. J Med Biol Eng 2016; 36:605-624. [PMID: 27853412 PMCID: PMC5083779 DOI: 10.1007/s40846-016-0164-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emanating from human exhaled breath can provide deep insight into the status of various biochemical processes in the human body. VOCs can serve as potential biomarkers of physiological and pathophysiological conditions related to several diseases. Breath VOC analysis, a noninvasive and quick biomonitoring approach, also has potential for the early detection and progress monitoring of several diseases. This paper gives an overview of the major VOCs present in human exhaled breath, possible biochemical pathways of breath VOC generation, diagnostic importance of their analysis, and analytical techniques used in the breath test. Breath analysis relating to diabetes mellitus and its characteristic breath biomarkers is focused on. Finally, some challenges and limitations of the breath test are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souvik Das
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, JIS College of Engineering, Kalyani, West Bengal 741235 India
| | - Saurabh Pal
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, West Bengal 700009 India
| | - Madhuchhanda Mitra
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, West Bengal 700009 India
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24
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Wasilewski T, Gębicki J, Kamysz W. Bioelectronic nose: Current status and perspectives. Biosens Bioelectron 2016; 87:480-494. [PMID: 27592240 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.08.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A characteristic feature of human and animal organs of smell is the ability to identify hundreds of thousands of odours. It is accompanied by particular smell sensations, which are a basic source of information about odour mixture. The main structural elements of biological smell systems are the olfactory receptors. Small differences in a structure of odorous molecules (odorants) can lead to significant change of odour, which is due to the fact that each of the olfactory receptors is coded with different gene and usually corresponds to different type of odour. Discovery and characterisation of the gene family coding the olfactory receptors contributed to the elaboration and development of the electronic smell systems, the so-called bioelectronic noses. The olfactory receptors are employed as a biological element in this type of instruments. An electronic system includes a converter part, which allows measurement and processing of generated signals. A suitable data analysis system is also required to visualise the results. Application potentialities of the bioelectronic noses are focused on the fields of economy and science where highly selective and sensitive analysis of odorous substances is required. The paper presents a review of the latest achievements and critical evaluation of the state of art in the field of bioelectronic noses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Wasilewski
- Medical University of Gdansk, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, Poland, Al. Hallera 107, Gdansk 80-416, Poland.
| | - Jacek Gębicki
- Gdańsk University of Technology, Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Chemical Faculty, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gabriela Narutowicza 11/12 Str., Gdańsk 80-233, Poland
| | - Wojciech Kamysz
- Medical University of Gdansk, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, Poland, Al. Hallera 107, Gdansk 80-416, Poland
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25
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O’Connell G, Graff DW, D’Ruiz CD. Reductions in biomarkers of exposure (BoE) to harmful or potentially harmful constituents (HPHCs) following partial or complete substitution of cigarettes with electronic cigarettes in adult smokers. Toxicol Mech Methods 2016; 26:443-54. [PMID: 27401591 PMCID: PMC5309871 DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2016.1196282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Revised: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Changes in fifteen urine, blood and exhaled breath BoEs of HPHCs representing classes of compounds reported by FDA to be significant contributors to smoking-associated disease risks were measured in 105 clinical-confined subjects following randomization and a five-day forced-switch from usual brand conventional combustible cigarettes to: (i) exclusive commercial e-cigarette use; (ii) dual-use of commercial e-cigarettes and the subject's usual cigarette brand; or (iii) discontinued use of all tobacco or nicotine products. Levels of urinary biomarkers in subjects that completely substituted their usual cigarette with e-cigarettes were significantly lower (29-95%) after 5 days. Percent reductions in eight of nine urinary BoEs were indistinguishable to smokers who had quit smoking, except for nicotine equivalents, which declined by 25-40%. Dual users who halved self-reported daily cigarette consumption with e-cigarettes exhibited reductions (7-38%) in eight of nine urinary biomarkers, but had increase (1-20%) in nicotine equivalents. Reductions were broadly proportional to the reduced numbers of cigarettes smoked. Dual user urinary nicotine equivalents were slightly higher, but not statistically significant. After 5 days, blood nicotine biomarker levels were lower in the cessation (75-96%) and exclusive use groups (11-83%); with dual users experiencing no significant reductions. All subjects experienced significant decreases in exhaled CO. Decreases in the cessation and exclusive groups ranged from 88-89% and 27-32% in dual users. Exhaled NO increased in the cessation and exclusive groups (46-63% respectively), whereas the dual users experienced minimal changes. Overall, smokers who completely or partially substituted conventional cigarettes with e-cigarettes over five days, experienced reductions in HPHCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant O’Connell
- Fontem Ventures, B.V, Scientific and Regulatory Affairs,
Amsterdam,
The Netherlands
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26
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Pérez Antón A, Del Nogal Sánchez M, Crisolino Pozas ÁP, Pérez Pavón JL, Moreno Cordero B. Headspace-programmed temperature vaporizer-mass spectrometry and pattern recognition techniques for the analysis of volatiles in saliva samples. Talanta 2016; 160:21-27. [PMID: 27591583 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2016.06.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A rapid method for the analysis of volatiles in saliva samples is proposed. The method is based on direct coupling of three components: a headspace sampler (HS), a programmable temperature vaporizer (PTV) and a quadrupole mass spectrometer (qMS). Several applications in the biomedical field have been proposed with electronic noses based on different sensors. However, few contributions have been developed using a mass spectrometry-based electronic nose in this field up to date. Samples of 23 patients with some type of cancer and 32 healthy volunteers were analyzed with HS-PTV-MS and the profile signals obtained were subjected to pattern recognition techniques with the aim of studying the possibilities of the methodology to differentiate patients with cancer from healthy controls. An initial inspection of the contained information in the data by means of principal components analysis (PCA) revealed a complex situation were an overlapped distribution of samples in the score plot was visualized instead of two groups of separated samples. Models using K-nearest neighbors (KNN) and Soft Independent Modeling of Class Analogy (SIMCA) showed poor discrimination, specially using SIMCA where a small distance between classes was obtained and no satisfactory results in the classification of the external validation samples were achieved. Good results were obtained when Mahalanobis discriminant analysis (DA) and support vector machines (SVM) were used obtaining 2 (false positives) and 0 samples misclassified in the external validation set, respectively. No false negatives were found using these techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Pérez Antón
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Miguel Del Nogal Sánchez
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain.
| | - Ángel Pedro Crisolino Pozas
- Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital Virgen de la Vega, Complejo Asistencial Universitario de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - José Luis Pérez Pavón
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Bernardo Moreno Cordero
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain
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27
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Zuo L, Pannell BK, Liu Z. Characterization and redox mechanism of asthma in the elderly. Oncotarget 2016; 7:25010-21. [PMID: 26843624 PMCID: PMC5041886 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a chronic disease characterized by reversible airflow limitation, coughing, bronchial constriction, and an inflammatory immune response. While asthma has frequently been categorized as emerging in childhood, evidence has begun to reveal that the elderly population is certainly susceptible to late-onset, or even long-standing asthma. Non-atopic asthma, most commonly found in elderly patients is associated with elevated levels of serum and sputum neutrophils and may be more detrimental than atopic asthma. The mortality of asthma is high in the elderly since these patients often possess more severe symptoms than younger populations. The redox mechanisms that mediate inflammatory reactions during asthma have not been thoroughly interpreted in the context of aging. Thus, we review the asthmatic symptoms related to reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) in seniors. Moreover, immune status in the elderly is weakened in part by immunosenescence, which is broadly defined as the decline in functionality of the immune system that corresponds with increasing age. The effects of immunosenescence on the expression of biomarkers potentially utilized in the clinical diagnosis of asthma remain unclear. It has also been shown that existing asthma treatments are less effective in the elderly. Thus, it is necessary that clinicians approach the diagnosis and treatment of asthmatic senior patients using innovative methods. Asthma in the elderly demands more intentional diagnostic and therapeutic research since it is potentially one of the few causes of mortality and morbidity in the elderly that is largely reversible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zuo
- Radiologic Sciences and Respiratory Therapy Division, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
- The Interdisciplinary Biophysics Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Benjamin K. Pannell
- Radiologic Sciences and Respiratory Therapy Division, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Zewen Liu
- Radiologic Sciences and Respiratory Therapy Division, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Ezhou Central Hospital, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University Medical School, Hubei, China
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Rowell TR, Tarran R. Will chronic e-cigarette use cause lung disease? Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2015; 309:L1398-409. [PMID: 26408554 PMCID: PMC4683316 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00272.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic tobacco smoking is a major cause of preventable morbidity and mortality worldwide. In the lung, tobacco smoking increases the risk of lung cancer, and also causes chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), which encompasses both emphysema and chronic bronchitis. E-cigarettes (E-Cigs), or electronic nicotine delivery systems, were developed over a decade ago and are designed to deliver nicotine without combusting tobacco. Although tobacco smoking has declined since the 1950s, E-Cig usage has increased, attracting both former tobacco smokers and never smokers. E-Cig liquids (e-liquids) contain nicotine in a glycerol/propylene glycol vehicle with flavorings, which are vaporized and inhaled. To date, neither E-Cig devices, nor e-liquids, are regulated by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The FDA has proposed a deeming rule, which aims to initiate legislation to regulate E-Cigs, but the timeline to take effect is uncertain. Proponents of E-Cigs say that they are safe and should not be regulated. Opposition is varied, with some opponents proposing that E-Cig usage will introduce a new generation to nicotine addiction, reversing the decline seen with tobacco smoking, or that E-Cigs generally may not be safe and will trigger diseases like tobacco. In this review, we shall discuss what is known about the effects of E-Cigs on the mammalian lung and isolated lung cells in vitro. We hope that collating this data will help illustrate gaps in the knowledge of this burgeoning field, directing researchers toward answering whether or not E-Cigs are capable of causing disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Temperance R Rowell
- Marsico Lung Institute and Department of Cell Biology & Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Robert Tarran
- Marsico Lung Institute and Department of Cell Biology & Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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Wojtas J. Application of Cavity Enhanced Absorption Spectroscopy to the Detection of Nitric Oxide, Carbonyl Sulphide, and Ethane--Breath Biomarkers of Serious Diseases. SENSORS 2015; 15:14356-69. [PMID: 26091398 PMCID: PMC4507679 DOI: 10.3390/s150614356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Revised: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The paper presents one of the laser absorption spectroscopy techniques as an effective tool for sensitive analysis of trace gas species in human breath. Characterization of nitric oxide, carbonyl sulphide and ethane, and the selection of their absorption lines are described. Experiments with some biomarkers showed that detection of pathogenic changes at the molecular level is possible using this technique. Thanks to cavity enhanced spectroscopy application, detection limits at the ppb-level and short measurements time (<3 s) were achieved. Absorption lines of reference samples of the selected volatile biomarkers were probed using a distributed feedback quantum cascade laser and a tunable laser system consisting of an optical parametric oscillator and difference frequency generator. Setup using the first source provided a detection limit of 30 ppb for nitric oxide and 250 ppb for carbonyl sulphide. During experiments employing a second laser, detection limits of 0.9 ppb and 0.3 ppb were obtained for carbonyl sulphide and ethane, respectively. The conducted experiments show that this type of diagnosis would significantly increase chances for effective therapy of some diseases. Additionally, it offers non-invasive and real time measurements, high sensitivity and selectivity as well as minimizing discomfort for patients. For that reason, such sensors can be used in screening for early detection of serious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Wojtas
- Institute of Optoelectronics, Military University of Technology, 2 Kaliskiego Str., Warsaw 00-908, Poland.
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Single-carbon discrimination by selected peptides for individual detection of volatile organic compounds. Sci Rep 2015; 5:9196. [PMID: 25779765 PMCID: PMC4361882 DOI: 10.1038/srep09196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Although volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are becoming increasingly recognized as harmful agents and potential biomarkers, selective detection of the organic targets remains a tremendous challenge. Among the materials being investigated for target recognition, peptides are attractive candidates because of their chemical robustness, divergence, and their homology to natural olfactory receptors. Using a combinatorial peptide library and either a graphitic surface or phenyl-terminated self-assembled monolayer as relevant target surfaces, we successfully selected three interesting peptides that differentiate a single carbon deviation among benzene and its analogues. The heterogeneity of the designed target surfaces provided peptides with varying affinity toward targeted molecules and generated a set of selective peptides that complemented each other. Microcantilever sensors conjugated with each peptide quantitated benzene, toluene and xylene to sub-ppm levels in real time. The selection of specific receptors for a group of volatile molecules will provide a strong foundation for general approach to individually monitoring VOCs.
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Review on Exhaled Hydrogen Peroxide as a Potential Biomarker for Diagnosis of Inflammatory Lung Disease s. JOURNAL OF BIOMIMETICS BIOMATERIALS AND BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2015. [DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/jbbbe.22.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Exhaled breath (EB) contains thousands of volatile and nonvolatile biomolecules. EB analysis is non-invasive and convenient to patients than blood or urine tests. The exhaled biomolecules have long been studied and recognized to have some potential biomarkers for diagnosis of diseases, evaluation of metabolic disorders and monitoring drug efficiency. For instance, Biomarkers such as exhaled hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and exhaled nitric oxide are associated with inflammatory lung diseases, ammonia is used as a biomarker for kidney diseases and exhaled acetone is related to glucose concentration in blood and so it is used for diabetes diagnosis. H2O2 concentration in EB increases with the severity of lung diseases such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Different methods are used to measure H2O2 in exhaled breath condensate (EBC). In EBC the EB is collected in a condensate unit and then H2O2 concentration in the collected sample is detected using titrimetric, spectrophotometry, fluorescence, chemiluminescence and electrochemical sensors. Recently, some works have been done to measure the concentration of H2O2 in its vapor phase without a need for condensation units. The aim of this paper is to review and summarize the current methods being used to measure the concentration of H2O2 in EB to identify inflammatory lung diseases, and to discuss the advantages and disadvantages of these methods
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Manna A, Montella S, Maniscalco M, Maglione M, Santamaria F. Clinical application of nasal nitric oxide measurement in pediatric airway diseases. Pediatr Pulmonol 2015; 50:85-99. [PMID: 25156952 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.23094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Revised: 05/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide plays an important role in several physiological and pathophysiological processes in the respiratory tract. Different ways to measure nasal nitric oxide levels in children are currently available. The possibility of obtaining nasal nitric oxide measurement from relatively young children, combined with the availability of portable devices that can be used even in the office setting, opens new perspectives for nasal nitric oxide analysis in the pediatric daily practice. This review presents a synopsis about the current clinical applications of nasal nitric oxide measurement in the pediatric clinical practice. A total of 3,775 articles on the topic were identified, of which 883 duplicates were removed, and 2,803 were excluded based on review of titles and abstracts. Eighty-nine full text articles were assessed for eligibility and 32 additional articles were obtained from the reference lists of the retrieved studies. Since very low nasal nitric oxide levels are found in the majority of patients with primary ciliary dyskinesia, most publications support a central role for nasal nitric oxide to screen the disease, and indicate that it is a very helpful first-line tool in the real-life work-up in all age groups. Decreased nasal nitric oxide concentration is also typical of cystic fibrosis, even though nasal nitric oxide is not as low as in primary ciliary dyskinesia. In other upper airway disorders such as allergic rhinitis, rhinosinusitis, nasal polyposis, and adenoidal hypertrophy, clinical utility of nasal nitric oxide is still critically questioned and remains to be established. Since nNO determination is flow dependent, a general consensus from the major investigators in this area is highly desirable so that future studies will be performed with the same flow rate. A shared nNO methodology will enable to overcome the challenges that lie ahead in incorporating nNO measurement into the mainstream clinical setting of pediatric airway diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Manna
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, "Federico II" University. Via Sergio Pansini, 5-80131, Naples, Italy
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Moscato U, Poscia A, Gargaruti R, Capelli G, Cavaliere F. Normal values of exhaled carbon monoxide in healthy subjects: comparison between two methods of assessment. BMC Pulm Med 2014; 14:204. [PMID: 25515007 PMCID: PMC4275957 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2466-14-204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In a previous study, exhaled carbon monoxide (eCO) has been assessed in healthy non-smokers with a photo acoustic spectrometer Brüel&Kjær 1312. Unexpectedly, values were higher than those reported in literature, which were mostly obtained with electrochemical analysers. This study was aimed to compare eCO values obtained with Brüel&Kjær 1312 and PiCO + Smokerlyzer, a largely utilized electrochemical analyser. Methods Thirty-four healthy subjects, 15 non-smokers and 19 smokers, underwent eCO assessment with Brüel&Kjær 1312 and PiCO + Smokerlyzer during a prolonged expiration (15 seconds). Brüel&Kjær 1312 assessed CO concentration 7 and 12 seconds after the beginning of expiration and displayed the mean value. PiCO + Smokerlyzer was utilized according to the manufacturer’s recommendations. In vitro, the two devices were tested with standard concentrations of CO in nitrogen (5, 9.9, 20, and 50 ppm), and the time needed by PiCO + Smokerlyzer readings to stabilize was assessed at different gas flows. Results Both Brüel&Kjær 1312 and PiCO + Smokerlyzer presented very good internal consistency. The values provided were strictly correlated, but at low test concentrations, the Brüel&Kjær 1312 readings were greater than the PiCO + Smokerlyzer, and vice versa. PiCO + Smokerlyzer overestimated the CO standard concentrations at 5 and 9.9 ppm by 20%, while Brüel&Kjær 1312 measures were correct. PiCO + Smokerlyzer readings stabilized in 12 seconds during in vitro tests and in 15 seconds during in vivo measurements, suggesting that the values displayed corresponded to the initial phase of expiration. Conclusions Differences between Brüel&Kjær 1312 and PiCO + Smokerlyzer may be explained because Brüel&Kjær 1312 measured CO levels in the middle and at the end of expiration while PiCO + Smokerlyzer assessed them in the initial part of expiration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umberto Moscato
- Institute of Public Health, Hygiene Division, Catholic University "Sacro Cuore", Largo Francesco Vito, 1, 00168 Rome, Italy.
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Investigation of potential breath biomarkers for the early diagnosis of breast cancer using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Clin Chim Acta 2014; 436:59-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2014.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Revised: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Wong CL, Dinish US, Schmidt MS, Olivo M. Non-labeling multiplex surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) detection of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Anal Chim Acta 2014; 844:54-60. [PMID: 25172816 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.06.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Revised: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we report multiplex SERS based VOCs detection with a leaning nano-pillar substrate. The VOCs analyte molecules adsorbed at the tips of the nano-pillars produced SERS signal due to the field enhancement occurring at the localized surface plasmon hot spots between adjacent leaning nano-pillars. In this experiment, detections of acetone and ethanol vapor at different concentrations were demonstrated. The detection limits were found to be 0.0017 ng and 0.0037 ng for ethanol and acetone vapor molecules respectively. Our approach is a non-labeling method such that it does not require the incorporation of any chemical sensing layer for the enrichment of gas molecules on sensor surface. The leaning nano-pillar substrate also showed highly reproducible SERS signal in cyclic VOCs detection, which can reduce the detection cost in practical applications. Further, multiplex SERS detection on different combination of acetone and ethanol vapor was also successfully demonstrated. The vibrational fingerprints of molecular structures provide specific Raman peaks for different VOCs contents. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first multiplex VOCs detection using SERS. We believe that this work may lead to a portable device for multiplex, specific and highly sensitive detection of complex VOCs samples that can find potential applications in exhaled breath analysis, hazardous gas analysis, homeland security and environmental monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Lok Wong
- Bio-optical Imaging Group, Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Helios #01-02, 11 Biopolis Way, Singapore
| | - U S Dinish
- Bio-optical Imaging Group, Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Helios #01-02, 11 Biopolis Way, Singapore
| | - Michael Stenbæk Schmidt
- Department of Micro and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark Ørsteds Plads, Building 345 East, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Malini Olivo
- Bio-optical Imaging Group, Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Helios #01-02, 11 Biopolis Way, Singapore; School of Physics, National University of Ireland, Galway, County Galway, Ireland.
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Turgut T, İlhan N, Deveci F, Akpolat N, Erden EŞ, Muz MH. Glutathione and nitrite levels in induced sputum at COPD patients and healthy smokers. J Thorac Dis 2014; 6:765-71. [PMID: 24977001 PMCID: PMC4073373 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2014.04.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The role of oxidative stress at the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is known. The aim of this study is to investigate the oxidative stress with sputum induction that is a simple method in COPD patients and healthy smokers. METHODS Sputum induction was performed in 21 COPD patients (10 stable, 11 acute exacerbations), nine healthy smokers, and ten healthy non-smokers. Glutathione, NO2 (-) levels, and cell counts at sputum, and plasma NO2 (-) contents were evaluated in all subjects. RESULTS Mean sputum glutathione and NO2 (-) levels were significantly higher in acute exacerbations with COPD patients than healthy smokers (P=0.007 and P<0.001 respectively), and non-smokers (P<0.001 and P<0.001 respectively). On the other hand, sputum glutathione and NO2 (-) levels did not show significant differences between stable and acute exacerbations with COPD patients. Although, sputum glutathione levels were higher in stable COPD patients than healthy smokers', no statistically significant difference was established. In addition, sputum glutathione levels were significantly higher in healthy smokers than non-smokers (P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS As a result, we can say that oxidative stress increases not only in COPD patients but also in healthy smokers. In addition, sputum induction that is a simple method can be used to demonstrate to show oxidative stress.
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Oxidative modification of proteins in pediatric cystic fibrosis with bacterial infections. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2014; 2014:389629. [PMID: 24803981 PMCID: PMC3997086 DOI: 10.1155/2014/389629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2013] [Revised: 02/09/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus cause chronic lung infection in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients, inducing chronic oxidative stress. Several markers of plasma protein oxidative damage and glycoxidation and activities of erythrocyte antioxidant enzymes have been compared in stable CF patients chronically infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n = 12) and Staphylococcus aureus (n = 10) in relation to healthy subjects (n = 11). Concentration of nitric oxide was also measured in the exhaled air from the lower respiratory tract of patients with CF. Elevated glycophore (4.22 ± 0.91 and 4.19 ± 1.04 versus control 3.18 ± 0.53 fluorescence units (FU)/mg protein; P < 0.05) and carbonyl group levels (1.9 ± 0.64, 1.87 ± 0.45 versus control 0.94 ± 0.19 nmol/mg protein; P < 0.05) as well as increased glutathione S-transferase activity (2.51 ± 0.88 and 2.57 ± 0.79 U/g Hb versus 0.77 ± 0.16 U/g Hb; P < 0.05) were noted in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus infected CF. Kynurenine level (4.91 ± 1.22 versus 3.89 ± 0.54 FU/mg protein; P < 0.05) was elevated only in Staphylococcus aureus infected CF. These results confirm oxidative stress in CF and demonstrate the usefulness of the glycophore level and protein carbonyl groups as markers of oxidative modifications of plasma proteins in this disease.
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Kubáň P, Foret F. Exhaled breath condensate: Determination of non-volatile compounds and their potential for clinical diagnosis and monitoring. A review. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 805:1-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.07.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Revised: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Improving asthma during pregnancy with dietary antioxidants: the current evidence. Nutrients 2013; 5:3212-34. [PMID: 23948757 PMCID: PMC3775250 DOI: 10.3390/nu5083212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Revised: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The complication of asthma during pregnancy is associated with a number of poor outcomes for the mother and fetus. This may be partially driven by increased oxidative stress induced by the combination of asthma and pregnancy. Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways associated with systemic inflammation and oxidative stress, which contributes to worsening asthma symptoms. Pregnancy alone also intensifies oxidative stress through the systemic generation of excess reactive oxidative species (ROS). Antioxidants combat the damaging effects of ROS; yet antioxidant defenses are reduced in asthma. Diet and nutrition have been postulated as potential factors to combat the damaging effects of asthma. In particular, dietary antioxidants may play a role in alleviating the heightened oxidative stress in asthma. Although there are some observational and interventional studies that have shown protective effects of antioxidants in asthma, assessment of antioxidants in pregnancy are limited and there are no antioxidant intervention studies in asthmatic pregnancies on asthma outcomes. The aims of this paper are to (i) review the relationships between oxidative stress and dietary antioxidants in adults with asthma and asthma during pregnancy, and (ii) provide the rationale for which dietary management strategies, specifically increased dietary antioxidants, might positively impact maternal asthma outcomes. Improving asthma control through a holistic antioxidant dietary approach might be valuable in reducing asthma exacerbations and improving asthma management during pregnancy, subsequently impacting perinatal health.
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Noninvasive analysis of volatile biomarkers in human emanations for health and early disease diagnosis. Bioanalysis 2013; 5:1443-59. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.13.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Early disease diagnosis is crucial for human healthcare and successful therapy. Since any changes in homeostatic balance can alter human emanations, the components of breath exhalations and skin emissions may be diagnostic biomarkers for various diseases and metabolic disorders. Since hundreds of endogenous and exogenous volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are released from the human body, analysis of these VOCs may be a noninvasive, painless, and easy diagnostic tool. Sampling and preconcentration by sorbent tubes/traps and solid-phase microextraction, in combination with GC or GC–MS, are usually used to analyze VOCs. In addition, GC–MS-olfactometry is useful for simultaneous analysis of odorants and odor quality. Direct MS techniques are also useful for the online real-time detection of VOCs. This review focuses on recent developments in sampling and analysis of volatile biomarkers in human odors and/or emanations, and discusses future use of VOC analysis.
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