A long noncoding RNA activated by TGF-β promotes the invasion-metastasis cascade in hepatocellular carcinoma

Exosome-mediated Transfer of lncRNA in Liver Associated Diseases; Uncovered Truths

Exosomes are extracellular vesicles with a diameter ranging from 40 to 160 nm. They are produced by hepatocytes, cholangiocytes, hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) and Kupffer cells in liver tissue. The secretion of exosomes might vary in quantity and composition in reaction to multiple triggers and various stages of disease. They transport various payloads, such as proteins, DNAs, and RNAs, and enable cell interaction to regulate myriad physiological and pathological processes in liver tissue. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are a crucial component of exosomes with an excellent capability to regulate multiple cellular activities such as differentiation, development, metabolism, proliferation, apoptosis, and activation. With the advancements in transcriptomic and genomic study methods and database management technology, the functions and mechanisms of exosomal lncRNAs in liver diseases have been well-studied. This article delves into the detailed role of exosomal lncRNAs in liver disease onset and progression, ranging from hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) to liver fibrosis drug-induced liver damage (DILI) and steatotic liver diseases.

Long non-coding RNA-MIR181A1HG acts as an oncogene and contributes to invasion and metastasis in gastric cancer

Dysregulation of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNA) plays an essential role in cancer development and progression. However, their functions and mechanisms of action in gastric cancer (GC) remain largely unknown. Gene expression in GC was evaluated using quantitative real-time PCR, western blotting, immunofluorescence, immunohistochemistry, and RNA in situ hybridization. The impact of MIR181A1HG on GC cells was explored in vitro and in vivo using cell proliferation, migration, invasion assays and animal models. Biotinylated RNA pull-down, RNA immunoprecipitation, co-immunoprecipitation, chromatin immunoprecipitation, and luciferase reporter assays were performed to evaluate the molecular interactions. LncRNA-MIR181A1HG was upregulated in GC and associated with malignant progression. MIR181A1HG physically interacts with ELAVL1 to regulate epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in GC cells. MIR181A1HG intron-derived miR-181a-5p/miR-181b-5p triggers MIR181A1HG transcription through binding to and destabilizing SOCS3 messenger RNA. Specifically, SOCS3 interacts with NFATC2 and downregulated SOCS3 enhances the NFATC2-mediated transcriptional activation of the MIR181A1HG promoter. Collectively, MIR181A1HG, activated by miR-181a-5p/miR-181b-5p-SOCS3-NFATC2 positive feedback loop, contributes to GC progression through stabilizing ELAVL1. MIR181A1HG expression correlates positively with ELAVL1, miR-181a-5p, miR-181b-5p, and NFATC2 and negatively with SOCS3 in fresh GC samples. These data demonstrate that MIR181A1HG plays an important role in tumor progression by promoting invasion, metastasis, and EMT, indicating its potential as a prognostic biomarker in GC.

The yolk sac vasculature in early avian embryo provides a novel model for the analysis of cancer extravasation

Hematogenous metastasis, a hallmark of cancer cells, involves a complex series of migration steps, including intravasation, circulation, arrest in blood vessels, and trans-endothelial migration (TEM)-the lattar two collectively referred to as extravasation. Among these steps, extravasation poses significant challenges for imaging in amniotes such as humans and mice due to its unpredictable timing and location, which limits our understanding of the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms. Thus, the development of a novel cancer carrier model with high-resolution imaging capabilities in amniotes is essential. In this study, we investigated the yolk sac vasculature (YSV) of early avian embryos (chickens and quail) as an innovative model for studying extravasation, capitalizing on its superior imaging capabilities. We assessed the YSV structure and applied fluorescent labeling to improve visibility. Following this, cancer cells were introduced into the YSV, and their behavior was monitored, revealing distinct morphologies and dynamics associated with extravasation. Furthermore, the YSV model exhibited a high degree of quantitative precision for extravasation studies and demonstrated potential for drug screening applications. Our findings indicate that the YSV model holds promise as a novel platform for elucidating the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in cancer metastasis through advanced imaging techniques.

Interplay between NETosis and the lncRNA-microRNA regulatory axis in the immunopathogenesis of cancer

Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), web-like complex structures secreted by neutrophils, have emerged as key players in the modulation of immune responses and the immunopathogenesis of immune disorders. Initially described for their antimicrobial function, NETs now play a part in the fundamental processes of cancer biology, including cancer initiation, metastatic dissemination, and immune evasion strategies. NETs hijack anti-tumor immunity by entrapping circulating cancer cells, fostering the growth of tumors, and reorganizing the tumor microenvironment such that it is pro-malignancy. Emerging evidence emphasizes the role of NETosis coupled with non-coding RNAs-long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs)-as key regulators of gene expression and controllers of processes vital for cancer growth, such as immune response and programmed cell death processes like apoptosis, necroptosis, pyroptosis, and ferroptosis. Aberrantly expressed non-coding RNAs have been attributed to immune dysregulation and excessive NET production, promoting tumor growth. NETs are also associated with a myriad of pathological conditions, such as autoimmune disorders, cystic fibrosis, sepsis, and thrombotic disorders. New therapeutic approaches-such as DNase therapy and PAD4 inhibitors-target NET production and their degradation to modify immune function and the efficiency of immunotherapies. Further clarification of the intricate interactions of NETosis, lncRNAs, and miRNAs has the potential to establish new strategies for the suppression of the growth of tumors and preventing immune evasion. This review seeks to elucidate the interactions between NETosis and the regulatory networks involving non-coding RNAs that significantly contribute to the immunopathogenesis of cancer.

lncRNA ZNF667‑AS1 inhibits ovarian cancer progression by interacting with the TNF signaling pathway

Ovarian cancer (OC) is the most lethal gynecological malignancy and poses a significant public health burden. The present study explored the function and mechanism of long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) ZNF667-AS1 in OC progression. The present study conducted a multifaceted evaluation, including transcriptomic analyses, to examine the expression and prognostic value of lncRNA ZNF667-AS1 in OC via the Cancer Genome Atlas and Genotype-Tissue Expression data. In vitro experiments on OC cell lines were used to investigate the functional effect of ZNF667-AS1 via cell proliferation, migration and invasion assays and RNA sequencing and western blotting were used to explore the implicated molecular pathways. ZNF667-AS1 was significantly underexpressed in OC tissues and cell lines. Its expression levels were positively associated with improved patient prognosis and affected both tumor behavior and tumor microenvironment interactions. Functional analysis confirmed the tumor-suppressive role of ZNF667-AS1 and revealed a marked decrease in proliferation, migration and invasion in ZNF667-AS1-overexpressing cells. Additionally, ZNF667-AS1 was identified as a key regulator in the tumor necrosis factor signaling pathway, which suggests a strong link between ZNF667-AS1 expression and OC progression. The present study identified ZNF667-AS1 as a potential biomarker for OC prognosis and treatment and illustrated its significant regulatory effects on the TNF pathway and its broader implications in cancer pathobiology.

The regulatory role of m6A in cancer metastasis

Metastasis remains a primary cause of cancer-related mortality, with its intricate mechanisms continuing to be uncovered through advancing research. Among the various regulatory processes involved, RNA modification has emerged as a critical epitranscriptomic mechanism influencing cancer metastasis. N6-methyladenosine (m6A), recognized as one of the most prevalent and functionally significant RNA modifications, plays a central role in the regulation of RNA metabolism. In this review, we explore the multifaceted role of m6A in the different stages of cancer metastasis, including epithelial-mesenchymal transition, invasion, migration, and colonization. In addition to summarizing the current state of our understanding, we offer insights into how m6A modifications modulate key oncogenic pathways, highlighting the implications of recent discoveries for therapeutic interventions. Furthermore, we critically assess the limitations of previous studies and propose areas for future research, including the potential for targeting m6A as a novel approach in anti-metastatic therapies. Our analysis provides a comprehensive understanding of the regulatory landscape of m6A in metastasis, offering directions for continued exploration in this rapidly evolving field.

m6A-modified MIR670HG suppresses tumor liver metastasis through enhancing Kupffer cell phagocytosis

Liver metastases are frequently observed in various malignancies, including hepatocellular carcinoma, colorectal cancer, pancreatic cancer, and melanoma. As hepatic resident macrophages, Kupffer cells play a crucial role in resisting liver metastasis by phagocytosing and clearing invading tumor cells. However, the molecular mechanisms regulating Kupffer cell phagocytosis and liver metastasis remain largely unknown. Here, we demonstrate that the MIR670 host gene (MIR670HG) significantly suppresses tumor liver metastasis by enhancing phagocytosis of various tumor cells by Kupffer cells. CD24 was identified as a downstream target and critical mediator of MIR670HG in promoting Kupffer cell phagocytosis and inhibiting tumor liver metastasis. Further investigations revealed that MIR670HG interacts with the m6A reader FXR1 and DNA 5-methylcytosine dioxygenase TET1 in an m6A modification-dependent manner. These interactions reduce the binding of TET1 to CD24 promoter, leading to increased DNA methylation at CD24 promoter and transcriptional suppression of CD24. Mutation of the m6A modification site abolishes the ability of MIR670HG to suppress CD24, promote Kupffer cell phagocytosis, and inhibit liver metastasis. In clinical tissue samples, MIR670HG expression negatively correlated with CD24 and liver metastasis. These findings suggest that m6A-modified MIR670HG promotes phagocytosis of tumor cells by Kupffer cells and suppresses liver metastasis by epigenetically downregulating CD24.

Recent advances in therapeutic use of transforming growth factor-beta inhibitors in cancer and fibrosis

Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) has long been known to be associated with early embryonic development and organogenesis, immune supervision, and tissue repair and homeostasis in adults. TGF-β has complex roles in fibrosis and cancer that may be opposing at different stages of these diseases. Under pathological conditions, overexpression of TGF-β causes epithelial-mesenchymal transition, deposition of extracellular matrix, and formation of cancer-associated fibroblasts, leading to fibrotic disease or cancer. Fibroblasts, epithelial cells, and immune cells are the most common targets of TGF-β, while fibrosis and cancer are the most common TGF-β-associated diseases. Given the critical role of TGF-β and its downstream molecules in fibrosis and progression of cancer, therapies targeting TGF-β signaling appear to be a promising strategy. Preclinical and clinical studies have investigated therapies targeting TGF-β, including antisense oligonucleotides, monoclonal antibodies, and ligand traps. However, development of targeted TGF-β therapy has been hindered by systemic cytotoxicity. This review discusses the molecular mechanisms of TGF-β signaling and highlights targeted TGF-β therapy for cancer and fibrosis as a therapeutic strategy for related diseases.

Long non-coding rnas as key modulators of the immune microenvironment in hepatocellular carcinoma: implications for Immunotherapy

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) represents a major global health challenge, characterized by its complex immune microenvironment that plays a pivotal role in tumor progression and therapeutic response. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have emerged as critical regulators of various biological processes, including gene expression and immune cell function. This review explores the multifaceted roles of lncRNAs in modulating the immune microenvironment of HCC. We discuss how lncRNAs influence the infiltration and activation of immune cells, shape cytokine profiles, and regulate immune checkpoint molecules, thereby affecting the tumor's immunogenicity and response to immunotherapy. Furthermore, we highlight specific lncRNAs implicated in immune evasion mechanisms and their potential as biomarkers and therapeutic targets. By elucidating the intricate interplay between lncRNAs and the immune landscape in HCC, this review aims to provide insights into novel strategies for enhancing immunotherapeutic efficacy and improving patient outcomes.

Astragaloside IV as a promising therapeutic agent for liver diseases: current landscape and future perspectives

Astragaloside IV (C41H68O14, AS-IV) is a naturally occurring saponin isolated from the root of Astragalus membranaceus, a widely used traditional Chinese botanical drug in medicine. In recent years, AS-IV has attracted considerable attention for its hepatoprotective properties, which are attributed to its low toxicity as well as its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antitumour effects. Numerous preclinical studies have demonstrated its potential in the prevention and treatment of various liver diseases, including multifactorial liver injury, metabolic-associated fatty liver disease, liver fibrosis and liver cancer. Given the promising hepatoprotective potential of AS-IV and the growing interest in its research, this review provides a comprehensive summary of the current state of research on the hepatoprotective effects of AS-IV, based on literature available in databases such as CNKI, PubMed, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar and Web of Science. The hepatoprotective mechanisms of AS-IV are multifaceted, encompassing the inhibition of inflammatory responses, reduction of oxidative stress, improvement of insulin and leptin resistance, modulation of the gut microbiota, suppression of hepatocellular carcinoma cell proliferation and induction of tumour cell apoptosis. Notably, key molecular pathways involved in these effects include Nrf2/HO-1, NF-κB, NLRP3/Caspase-1, JNK/c-Jun/AP-1, PPARα/FSP1 and Akt/GSK-3β/β-catenin. Toxicity studies indicate that AS-IV has a high level of safety. In addition, this review discusses the sources, physicochemical properties, and current challenges in the development and clinical application of AS-IV, providing valuable insights into its potential as a hepatoprotective agent in the pharmaceutical and nutraceutical industries.

ACVR2A attenuation impacts lactate production and hyperglycolytic conditions attracting regulatory T cells in hepatocellular carcinoma

Although ACVR2A mutations are prevalent in non-viral hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs), the underlying mechanism remains unelucidated. Our molecular investigation reveals that ACVR2A impairment induces hyperglycolysis through the inactivation of the SMAD signaling pathway. Using syngeneic transplantation models and human clinical samples, we clarify that ACVR2A-deficient HCC cells produce and secrete lactate via the upregulation of lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA) and monocarboxylate transporter 4 (MCT4) expression levels, which promotes regulatory T (Treg) cell accumulation and then acquires resistance to immune checkpoint inhibitors. Remarkably, genetic knockdown and pharmacological inhibition of MCT4 ameliorate the high-lactate milieu in ACVR2A-deficient HCC, resulting in the suppression of intratumoral Treg cell recruitment and the restoration of the sensitivity to PD-1 blockade. These findings furnish compelling evidence that lactate attenuates anti-tumor immunity and that therapeutics targeting this pathway present a promising strategy for mitigating immunotherapy resistance in ACVR2A-deficient HCC.

Androgen receptor-regulated lncRNA PRCAT71 promotes AR signaling through the interaction with KHSRP in prostate cancer

Mounting evidence indicates that long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) play vital roles in tumorigenesis and progression of cancers. However, the functions and regulatory mechanisms of lncRNAs in prostate cancer (PCa) are still largely unknown. In this study, we found an lncRNA, PCa-associated transcript 71 (PRCAT71), highly expressed in metastatic and primary PCa compared to benign prostate tissues. Silencing PRCAT71 inhibited cancerous properties of PCa cells and androgen receptor (AR) signaling. Mechanistically, PRCAT71 acts as a scaffold to recruit K homology (KH)-type splicing regulatory protein (KHSRP) to AR messenger RNA (mRNA) and stabilize AR mRNA, leading to activated AR signaling. KHSRP plays a critical role in PCa progression. PRCAT71 is transcriptionally regulated by AR-driven enhancers, forming a positive regulatory loop between AR and PRCAT71 in PCa. Our study demonstrates a coordinated regulation of AR mRNA by lncRNA PRCAT71 and RNA binding protein KHSRP and provides insight that the PRCAT71-KHSRP-AR axis is a promising therapeutic target for treating PCa.

Exploring the Role of the TGF-β Signaling Pathway in Colorectal Precancerous Polyps Biochemical Genetics

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is an important public health issue and is the third most common cancer, accounting for approximately 10% of all cancer cases worldwide. CRC results from the accumulation of multiple genetic and epigenetic alterations in the normal epithelial cells of the colon and rectum, leading to the development of colorectal polyps and invasive carcinomas. The transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) pathway is regulated in many diseases, such as cancer. This factor can show tumor suppressant function in the early stages in healthy and cancer cells. It can be regulated and affected by different factors, including noncoding RNAs, which are the remarkable regulators for this pathway. The most prominent functions of this factor are cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in cancer cells. However, activating at the final stages of the cell cycle can cause tumor metastasis. Thus, the dual function of TGF-β and the pleiotropic nature of this signaling make it a crucial challenge for cancer treatment. Accurately studying the TGF-β signaling pathway is critical to determine its role. One of the roles of TGF-β signaling is its significant effect on colorectal polyp malignancy and cancer. In this article, we review the published scientific papers regarding the TGF-β signaling pathway, its related genes, and their contribution to precancerous conditions and colorectal cancer progression. The complex interaction of the TGF-β signaling pathway with noncoding RNAs, such as lncRNA TUG1 and miR-21, significantly influences colorectal polyp and cancer progression. Identifying dysregulated TGF-β-related noncoding RNAs offers promising therapeutic avenues for colorectal cancer. Comprehending TGF-β's connection to other molecular mechanisms is crucial for advancing effective therapeutic strategies.

MicroRNA as Key Players in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Insights into Their Role in Metastasis

Liver cancer or hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains the most common cancer in global epidemiology. Both the frequency and fatality of this malignancy have shown an upward trend over recent decades. Liver cancer is a significant concern due to its propensity for both intrahepatic and extrahepatic metastasis. Liver cancer metastasis is a multifaceted process characterized by cell detachment from the bulk tumor, modulation of cellular motility and invasiveness, enhanced proliferation, avoidance of the immune system, and spread either via lymphatic or blood vessels. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding ribonucleic acids (RNAs) playing a crucial function in the intricate mechanisms of tumor metastasis. A number of miRNAs can either increase or reduce metastasis via several mechanisms, such as control of motility, proliferation, attack by the immune system, cancer stem cell properties, altering the microenvironment, and the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Besides, two other types of non-coding RNAs, such as long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and circular RNAs (circRNAs) can competitively bind to endogenous miRNAs. This competition results in the impaired ability of the miRNAs to inhibit the expression of the specific messenger RNAs (mRNAs) that are targeted. Increasing evidence has shown that the regulatory axis comprising circRNA/lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA is correlated with the regulation of HCC metastasis. This review seeks to present a thorough summary of recent research on miRNAs in HCC, and their roles in the cellular processes of EMT, invasion and migration, as well as the metastasis of malignant cells. Finally, we discuss the function of the lncRNA/circRNA-miRNA-mRNA network as a crucial modulator of carcinogenesis and the regulation of signaling pathways or genes that are relevant to the metastasis of HCC. These findings have the potential to offer valuable insight into the discovery of novel therapeutic approaches for management of liver cancer metastasis.

The role and regulatory mechanism of lysosome associated protein transmembrane 4β in tumors

The oncogene LAPTM4B (encoding lysosome-associated protein transmembrane-4β), first cloned in hepatocellular carcinoma cells, is located on chromosome 8q22.1 and encodes two isoforms, LAPTM4B-35 and LAPTM4B-24. LAPTM4B proteins have four transmembrane structural domains and are mainly distributed in lysosomal and endosomal membranes of cells. Studies have shown that LAPTM4B is overexpressed in a variety of cancers, in which the genetic polymorphism of LAPTM4B is associated with tumor susceptibility. LAPTM4B also regulates various cell signaling pathways, interacts with autophagy-related proteins and ceramides, and regulates the autophagy process and the release of exosomes, which in turn affect the survival and drug resistance of tumor cells. In conclusion, this paper summarizes recent research on LAPTM4B, aiming to explore the role and potential mechanisms of LAPTM4B in a variety of tumors.

Non-coding RNAs as key regulators of epithelial-mesenchymal transition in breast cancer

This study examines the critical role of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) in regulating epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in breast cancer, a prevalent malignancy with significant metastatic potential. EMT, wherein cancer cells acquire mesenchymal traits, is fundamental to metastasis. ncRNAs-such as microRNAs (miRNAs), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), and circular RNAs (circRNAs)-modulate EMT by influencing gene expression and signaling pathways, affecting cancer cell migration and invasion. This review consolidates recent findings on ncRNA-mediated EMT regulation and explores their diagnostic and therapeutic potential. Specifically, miRNAs inhibit EMT-related transcription factors, while lncRNAs and circRNAs regulate gene expression through interactions with miRNAs, impacting EMT progression. Given the influence of ncRNAs on metastasis and therapeutic resistance, advancing ncRNA-based biomarkers and treatments holds promise for improving breast cancer outcomes.

Role of exercise on the reduction of cancer development: a mechanistic review from the lncRNA point of view

More research has been done on the correlation between exercise and cancer, which has revealed several ways that physical activity decreases the risk of developing the disease. The developing function of lncRNAs as an important molecular link between exercise and cancer suppression is the main topic of this review. According to recent research, regular physical exercise also alters the expression levels of several lncRNAs, which are generally elevated in cancer. A complex network of interactions that may provide protective effects against carcinogenesis is suggested by the contribution of these lncRNAs in various cellular processes, such as epigenetic alterations, proliferation, and apoptosis regulation. We offer a comprehensive summary of the existing information regarding specific lncRNAs that are influenced by physical activity and could potentially impact cancer-related processes. We also go over the difficulties in interpreting these alterations, taking into account the fact that several lncRNAs have a dual function in promoting and preventing cancer in various physiological settings. To understand the complex impacts of exercise-induced lncRNA regulation in cancer biology, more study is required. The critique strongly highlights the possibility of lncRNAs serving as both indicators and treatment prospects for cancer-preventive strategies.

The double-edged sword of lncRNAs in rheumatoid arthritis: from controlling the disease to its progress

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by chronic inflammatory responses in the joints, synovial hyperplasia, persistent abnormal proliferation of fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs), and cartilage erosion, leading to joint swelling and destruction. The underlying mechanisms of this disease entail a complex interplay of factors, with long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) serving as the main contributors. These lncRNAs, which are over 200 bp in length, are involved in regulating inflammatory responses, joint damage, and FLS growth. Studies have shown that lncRNAs have a dual function in the progression of RA, as they can both promote the disease and control inflammatory responses to reduce symptoms. Nevertheless, our current understanding of the dual function of lncRNAs in the development of RA is incomplete, and the exact molecular mechanisms involved in this process remain unclear. This study aims to elucidate the molecular mechanisms by which lncRNAs exert their inhibitory and stimulatory effects, as well as explore the potential of lncRNAs in diagnosing, predicting the prognosis, and targeting therapy for RA.

Transforming growth factor beta induces interleukin-11 expression in osteoarthritis

Interleukin-11 (IL-11) is a member of the IL-6 family of cytokines and possesses both pro- and anti-inflammatory properties. IL-11 activates its target cells via binding to a membrane-bound IL-11R and subsequent formation of a homodimer of the signal-transducing receptor gp130. Thus, the expression pattern of the IL-11R determines which cells can be activated by IL-11. However, knowledge about IL-11 target cells and cells that secrete IL-11 are sparse, and the overall roles of IL-11 in inflammatory diseases are largely unexplored. In this study, we show that high amounts of IL-11 can be detected via ELISA in the synovial fluid of osteoarthritis (OA) patients in comparison to rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients. Using primary cells and tissue of OA patients, we show that IL-11 is expressed by chondrocytes in cartilage, but not in the synovium. We further identify the cytokine transforming growth factor β 1(TGF-β1) as a potent inducer of IL-11 secretion in both primary chondrocytes and fibroblasts, and TGF-β1 and IL-11 levels correlate significantly in the synovial fluid of OA patients. Using immunohistochemistry, we show that both cartilage and synovium express IL-11R, and the amount of IL-11R is independent of the disease severity. Primary chondrocytes and fibroblasts from OA patients respond to IL-11 stimulation with potent activation of the Jak/STAT3 signaling cascade, suggesting that these cell types are not only the source, but also the targets of IL-11 in OA patients. Our results uncover IL-11 as a potential new target for therapy in OA.

HBV-associated hepatocellular carcinomas inhibit antitumor CD8+ T cell via the long noncoding RNA HDAC2-AS2

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common malignancies worldwide. Extracellular vesicles (EV) are critical mediators of intercellular communication within the tumor microenvironment, and cancer-cell-secreted EVs often facilitate cancer progression. Here we show that in HBV-associated HCC, tumor-cell-derived EVs contain a TGFβ-inducible long noncoding RNA, termed HDAC2-AS2. EVs enriched with HDAC2-AS2 facilitate cancer progression by suppressing cytotoxicity of intra-tumor CD8+ T cells. Mechanistically, in activated cytotoxic CD8+ T cells, translocation of the transcription factor cyclin-dependent kinase 9 (CDK9), to the cytoplasm is critical for functional integrity. HDAC2-AS2 targets and blocks cytosolic CDK9, and this results in exhaustion of PD-1+CD8+ T cells and suppression of IFN-γ+CD8+ T cell cytotoxicity. Notably, we demonstrate that low CDK9 and high HDAC2-AS2 expressions are associated with poor survival of HCC, which can be rescued by anti-PD-1 therapy. These findings emphasize the significance of tumor-derived EVs in suppressing antitumor CD8+ T cell immunity to promote tumorigenesis, and highlight extracellular HDAC2-AS2 as a promising biomarker and therapeutic target for HCC.

Mitochondria-associated non-coding RNAs and their impact on drug resistance

Drug resistance is a prevalent challenge in clinical disease treatment, often leading to disease relapse and poor prognosis. Therefore, it is crucial to gain a deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying drug resistance and to develop targeted strategies for its effective prevention and management. Mitochondria, as vital energy-producing organelles within cells, have been recognized as key regulators of drug sensitivity. Processes such as mitochondrial fission, fusion, mitophagy, changes in membrane potential, reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) are all linked to drug sensitivity. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) enriched in mitochondria (mtncRNA), whether transcribed from mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) or from the nucleus and transported to mitochondria, can regulate the transcription and translation of mtDNA, thus influencing mitochondrial function, including mitochondrial substance exchange and energy metabolism. This, in turn, directly or indirectly affects cellular sensitivity to drugs. This review summarizes the types of mtncRNAs associated with drug resistance and the molecular mechanisms regulating drug resistance. Our aim is to provide insights and strategies for overcoming drug resistance by modulating mtncRNAs.

mTOR-related linc-PMB promotes mitochondrial biogenesis via stabilizing SIRT1 mRNA through binding to the HuR protein

Mitochondrial dysfunction is implicated in numerous disorders, including type 2 diabetes, Alzheimer's disease and cancer. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are emerging as pivotal regulators of cellular energy metabolism, yet their roles remain largely unclear. In this study, we identify an lncRNA named linc-PMB, which is associated with mTOR and promotes mitochondrial biogenesis, through microarray analysis. We demonstrate that the knockdown of linc-PMB results in significantly impaired mitochondrial respiration and biogenesis, along with altered expressions of related genes. Conversely, overexpression of linc-PMB markedly increases mitochondrial function. We further reveal that linc-PMB interacts with the RNA-binding protein HuR, promoting the stabilization of SIRT1 mRNA and a substantial increase in SIRT1 expression, which in turn activates the PGC-1α/mtTFA pathway and mitochondrial biogenesis. Collectively, our findings reveal a novel regulatory pathway in which linc-PMB, through its interaction with HuR, modulates the SIRT1/PGC-1α/mtTFA axis to maintain mitochondrial biogenesis and function.

Histone-acetyl epigenome regulates TGF-β pathway-associated chemoresistance in colorectal cancer

TGF-β signaling pathway has been demonstrated to be closely related to chemoresistance, which is the major cause of recurrence and poor outcome in colorectal cancer (CRC), however, the comprehensive epigenetic landscape that functionally implicates in the regulation of TGF-β pathway-associated chemoresistance has not yet well established in CRC. In our study, chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-seq) and Western blot were employed to investigate epigenetic modifications for histones in response to TGF-β1 intervene. We found that the activation of the TGF-β pathway was characterized by genome-wide high levels of H3K9ac and H3K18ac. Mechanistically, the activation of the TGF-β signaling pathway leads to the downregulation of the deacetylase HDAC4, resulting in the upregulation of H3K9ac and H3K18ac. Consequently, this cascade induces oxaliplatin chemoresistance in CRC by triggering the anti-apoptotic PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Our in vivo experiment results confirmed that overexpression of HDAC4 significantly enhances the sensitivity of CRC to oxaliplatin chemotherapy. Moreover, the expression level of HDAC4 was positively correlated with patients' prognosis in CRC. Our data suggest that histone-acetyl modification demonstrates a crucial role in modulating TGF-β pathway-associated chemoresistance in CRC, and HDAC4 would be a biomarker for prognostic prediction and potential therapeutic target for treatment in CRC.

m6A-Methylated NUTM2B-AS1 Promotes Hepatocellular Carcinoma Stemness Feature via Epigenetically Activating BMPR1A Transcription

Purpose

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most lethal malignancies in the world. Oncofetal proteins are the optimal diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets for HCC. As the most abundant modification in RNA, N6-methyladenosine (m6A) has been reported to be involved in HCC initiation and progression. However, whether m6A has oncofetal characteristics remains unknown.

Methods

Gene expression in HCC tissues and cells was detected using qPCR. The level of m6A methylation was determined using methylated RNA immunoprecipitation assay. The biological roles of NUTM2B-AS1 in HCC were detected using Cell Counting Kit-8, 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine incorporation, and spheroid formation assays. The mechanisms underlying the roles of NUTM2B-AS1 were explored using RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP), chromatin isolation by RNA purification (ChIRP), chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), and assay for transposase-accessible chromatin (ATAC).

Results

NUTM2B-AS1 was identified as a novel oncofetal long noncoding RNA that was upregulated in the fetal liver and HCC and silenced in adult liver tissues. METTL3 and METTL16 induce m6A hypermethylation of NUTM2B-AS1. The m6A methylation levels of NUTM2B-AS1 exhibit oncofetal characteristics. m6A methylation upregulates NUTM2B-AS1 expression by increasing NUTM2B-AS1 transcript stability. m6A-methylated NUTM2B-AS1 promotes HCC cell proliferation and stemness via epigenetically activating BMPR1A expression. NUTM2B-AS1 specifically binds to BMPR1A promoter. m6A-methylated NUTM2B-AS1 is recognized by the m6A reader YTHDC2, which further binds to the H3K4 methyltransferase MLL1. m6A-methylated NUTM2B-AS1 recruits YTHDC2 and MLL1 to BMPR1A promoter, leading to increased H3K4me3 and chromatin accessibility at BMPR1A promoter. Functional rescue assays suggest that BMPR1A is a critical mediator of the oncogenic role of m6A-methylated NUTM2B-AS1 in HCC.

Conclusion

METTL3- and METTL16-mediated m6A methylation of NUTM2B-AS1 is a novel oncofetal molecular event in HCC that promotes HCC stemness via epigenetically activating BMPR1A transcription.

Farrerol suppresses epithelial-mesenchymal transition in hepatocellular carcinoma via suppression of TGF-β1/Smad2/3 signaling

BACKGROUND

Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is an essential process for the metastasis of multiple malignancies, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Farrerol is a plant-derived flavonoid and has significant pharmacological effects. However, the anticancer activities of farrerol have not been fully elucidated. Here, we investigated the effects of farrerol on HCC progression.

METHODS

The potential of farrerol to prevent HCC cell migration and invasiveness was evaluated by wound healing and transwll matrix assays. Immunoblotting, immunofluorescence, and qPCR were used to detect the levels of EMT-related proteins. Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) (10 ng/ml) was used to stimulate HCC cells, followed by measurement of cell migration, invasiveness, and the EMT. TGF-β1/Smads signaling was examined by immunoblotting. A xenograft mouse model was used to assess the anticancer efficacy of farrerol in vivo. The expression levels of EMT- and angiogenesis-related proteins in xenograft tumors were evaluated by immunoblotting or immunohistochemistry.

RESULTS

We found that farrerol blocked HCC cell migration and invasiveness. Farrerol upregulated E-cadherin levels and reduced N-cadherin and vimentin levels. Farrerol also downreuglated the expression levels of EMT-related transcription factors including slug, snail, twist, and zeb1. Furthermore, farrerol suppressed TGF-β-stimulated migration, invasiveness, and the EMT in HCC cells. The phosphorylation of Smad 2/3 induced by TGF-β was inhibited by farrerol. Importantly, farrerol suppressed HCC growth and the EMT in vivo. Farrerol also inhibited tumor angiogenesis by inhibiting hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in vivo.

CONCLUSION

Overall, farrerol suppresss HCC by inhibiting migration, invasiveness, the EMT, and angiogenesis, implying that farrerol could be a promising antimetastasis agent for HCC.

The long noncoding RNA loc107053557 acts as a gga-miR-3530-5p sponge to suppress the replication of vvIBDV through regulating STAT1 expression

Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) causes immunosuppression and high mortality in young chickens. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs) are important regulators during viral infection. However, detailed the regulatory mechanisms of lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA have not yet been described in IBDV infection. Here, we analysed the role of lncRNA53557/gga-miR-3530-5p/STAT1 axis in very virulent IBDV (vvIBDV) infection. Evidently upregulated expression of lncRNA53557 was observed in bursa of Fabricius and DT40 cells. Meanwhile, overexpression of lncRNA53557 promoted STAT1 expression and inhibited vvIBDV replication and vice versa, indicating that the upregulation of lncRNA53557 was part of the host antiviral defence. The subcellular fractionation assay confirmed that lncRNA53557 can be localized in the cytoplasm. Further, dual-luciferase reporter, RNA pulldown, FISH and RT-qPCR assays revealed that lncRNA53557 were directly bound to gga-miR-3530-5p and had a negative regulatory relationship between them. Subsequent mechanistic analysis showed that lncRNA53557 acted as a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) of gga-miR-3530-5p to relieve the repressive effect of gga-miR-3530-5p on its target STAT1, as well as Mx1, OASL, and ISG15, thereby suppressing vvIBDV replication. The study reveals that a network of enriched lncRNAs and lncRNA-associated ceRNA is involved in the regulation of IBDV infection, offering new insight into the mechanisms underlying IBDV-host interaction.

BBOX1-AS1 promotes gastric cardia adenocarcinoma progression via interaction with CtBP2 to facilitate the epithelial-mesenchymal transition process

It is recognized that lncRNA BBOX1-AS1 exerts a crucial oncogenic property in several cancer types. However, the functions and underlying mechanisms of BBOX1-AS1 in the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process of gastric cardia adenocarcinoma (GCA) have remained unclarified. The findings of this study demonstrated that GCA tissues had elevated BBOX1-AS1 expression levels, which was associated with a worse prognosis in GCA patients. BBOX1-AS1 dramatically enhanced cell proliferation, invasion, and TGF-β1-induced the EMT process in vitro. Further mechanism analysis revealed that BBOX1-AS1 could combine with CtBP2 and strengthen the interaction of CtBP2 and ZEB1. BBOX1-AS1 might regulate the E-cadherin expression through CtBP2/ZEB1 transcriptional complex-mediated transcriptional repression, further affecting the activation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway and the EMT process. Overall, our findings demonstrate that BBOX1-AS1 might act as an lncRNA associated with EMT for facilitating GCA advancement via interaction with CtBP2 to facilitate the activation of Wnt/β-catenin pathway and the EMT process, which indicated that it might function as an exploitable treatment target for GCA patients.

Long non-coding RNAs-sphingolipid metabolism nexus: Potential targets for cancer treatment

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have emerged as pivotal regulators of cancer pathogenesis, influencing various cellular processes and contributing to tumorigenesis. Sphingolipid metabolism has garnered interest as a potential target for cancer therapy owing to its considerable diagnostic and prognostic value. Recent studies have demonstrated that lncRNAs regulate tumor-associated metabolic reprogramming via sphingolipid metabolism. However, the precise nature of the interactions between lncRNAs and sphingolipid metabolism remains unclear. This review summarizes the key roles of lncRNAs and sphingolipid metabolism in tumorigenesis. We emphasize that the interaction between lncRNAs and sphingolipid metabolism influences their impact on both cancer prognosis and drug resistance. These findings suggest that lncRNA-sphingolipid metabolism interaction holds great potential as a newl target for cancer treatment.

High Expression of MRPL23 Is Associated with Poor Survival in Clear-Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma

BACKGROUND

This study aimed to investigate the expression and prognostic significance of the MRPL23 protein and mRNA in clear-cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) and adjacent non-tumorous tissues. The goal was to assess the impact of MRPL23 expression on tumor behavior, progression, and patient outcomes.

METHODS

Using immunohistochemistry (IHC), MRPL23 protein expression was analyzed in 99 cases of ccRCC and 30 adjacent non-tumorous tissues. mRNA levels were assessed using data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Correlations between MRPL23 expression and clinicopathological features were examined, and survival outcomes were evaluated using Kaplan-Meier survival curves and Cox regression analyses.

RESULTS

MRPL23 protein expression was significantly lower in ccRCC tissues compared to normal tissues. In contrast, mRNA levels of MRPL23 were significantly elevated in ccRCC tissues. Expression levels were correlated with clinicopathological features, including gender, tumor grade, pT status, and disease stage, underlining their impact on tumor progression. Elevated MRPL23 protein expression was associated with poorer overall survival (OS) in ccRCC patients and remained an independent prognostic marker for adverse outcomes after adjustment for confounding variables. While high MRPL23 mRNA expression was also linked to worse OS, it did not retain its status as an independent prognostic factor after adjustments.

CONCLUSION

MRPL23 protein expression is a potential independent prognostic biomarker in ccRCC, emphasizing its utility in predicting patient outcomes and potentially guiding therapeutic decisions. These findings highlight the importance of further research into the role of MRPL23 in ccRCC pathogenesis and its potential as a therapeutic target.

The signature of extracellular vesicles in hypoxic breast cancer and their therapeutic engineering

Breast cancer (BC) currently ranks second in the global cancer incidence rate. Hypoxia is a common phenomenon in BC. Under hypoxic conditions, cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME) secrete numerous extracellular vesicles (EVs) to achieve intercellular communication and alter the metabolism of primary and metastatic tumors that shape the TME. In addition, emerging studies have indicated that hypoxia can promote resistance to tumor treatment. Engineered EVs are expected to become carriers for cancer treatment due to their high biocompatibility, low immunogenicity, high drug delivery efficiency, and ease of modification. In this review, we summarize the mechanisms of EVs in the primary TME and distant metastasis of BC under hypoxic conditions. Additionally, we highlight the potential applications of engineered EVs in mitigating the malignant phenotypes of BC cells under hypoxia.

A disulfidptosis-related lncRNA signature for analyzing tumor microenvironment and clinical prognosis in hepatocellular carcinoma

Introduction

Disulfidptosis is a recently identified form of non-apoptotic programmed cell death which distinguishes itself from classical cell death pathways. However, the prognostic implications of disulfidptosis-related long non-coding RNAs (DRLs) and their underlying mechanisms in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remain largely unexplored.

Methods

In this study, we leveraged RNA-sequencing data and clinical information of HCC patients from the TCGA database. Through expression correlation and prognostic correlation analyses, we identified a set of top-performing long non-coding RNAs. Subsequently, a 5-DRLs predictive signature was established by conducting a Lasso regression analysis.

Results

This signature effectively stratified patients into high- and low-risk groups, revealing notable differences in survival outcomes. Further validation through univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses confirmed that the risk score derived from our signature independently predicted the prognosis of HCC patients. Moreover, we observed significant disparities in immune cell infiltration and tumor mutation burden (TMB) between the two risk groups, shedding light on the potential connection between immune-related mechanisms and disulfidptosis. Notably, the signature also exhibited predictive value in the context of chemotherapeutic drug sensitivity and immunotherapy efficacy for HCC patients. Finally, we performed experimental validation at both cellular and patient levels and successfully induced a disulfidptosis phenotype in HCC cells.

Discussion

In general, this multifaceted approach provides a comprehensive overview of DRLs profiles in HCC, culminating in the establishment of a novel risk signature that holds promise for predicting prognosis and therapy outcomes of HCC patients.

Small-molecule-based targeted therapy in liver cancer

Liver cancer is one of the most prevalent malignant tumors worldwide. According to the Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer staging criteria, clinical guidelines provide tutorials to clinical management of liver cancer at their individual stages. However, most patients diagnosed with liver cancer are at advanced stage; therefore, many researchers conduct investigations on targeted therapy, aiming to improve the overall survival of these patients. To date, small-molecule-based targeted therapies are highly recommended (first line: sorafenib and lenvatinib; second line: regorafenib and cabozantinib) by current the clinical guidelines of the American Society of Clinical Oncology, European Society for Medical Oncology, and National Comprehensive Cancer Network. Herein, we summarize the small-molecule-based targeted therapies in liver cancer, including the approved and preclinical therapies as well as the therapies under clinical trials, and introduce their history of discovery, clinical trials, indications, and molecular mechanisms. For drug resistance, the revealed mechanisms of action and the combination therapies are also discussed. In fact, the known small-molecule-based therapies still have limited clinical benefits to liver cancer patients. Therefore, we analyze the current status and give our ideas for the urgent issues and future directions in this field, suggesting clues for novel techniques in liver cancer treatment.

Target-triggered assembly of plasmon resonance nanostructures for quantitative detection of lncRNA in liver cancer cells via surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy

Long-stranded non-coding RNAs (lncRNA) have important roles in disease as transcriptional regulators, mRNA processing regulators and protein synthesis factors. However, traditional methods for detecting lncRNA are time-consuming and labor-intensive, and the functions of lncRNA are still being explored. Here, we present a surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) based biosensor for the detection of lncRNA associated with liver cancer (LC) as well as in situ cellular imaging. Using the dual SERS probes, quantitative detection of lncRNA (DAPK1-215) can be achieved with an ultra-low detection limit of 952 aM by the target-triggered assembly of core-satellite nanostructures. And the reliability of this assay can be further improved with the R2 value of 0.9923 by an internal standard probe that enables the signal dynamic calibration. Meanwhile, the high expression of DAPK1-215 mainly distributed in the cytoplasm was observed in LC cells compared with the normal ones using the SERS imaging method. Moreover, results of cellular function assays showed that DAPK1-215 promoted the migration and invasion of LC by significantly reducing the expression of the structural domain of death associated protein kinase. The development of this biosensor based on SERS can provide a sensitive and specific method for exploring the expression of lncRNA that would be a potential biomarker for the screening of LC.

The activation of the Notch signaling pathway by UBE2C promotes the proliferation and metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma

UBE2C, a ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme, functions as an oncogene in different types of human cancers. Nonetheless, the exact influence of UBE2C on the development of HCC via regulation of ubiquitination remains uncertain. Here, we found that UBE2C displayed elevated levels of expression in HCC and was associated with an unfavorable prognosis, as evidenced by the analysis of the TCGA database and the examination of clinical specimens. The role of UBE2C in HCC revealed its ability to promote the growth and metastasis of HCC. Mechanistically, UBE2C activated Notch signaling, as evidenced by the upregulation of N1ICD and Hes1, crucial components of the Notch pathway, and activation of the RBP-JK luciferase reporter by UBE2C. Finally, rescue experiments demonstrated that the oncogenic role of UBE2C was eliminated through treatment with the Notch inhibitor DAPT, while overexpression of N1ICD alleviated the anticarcinogenic impact of knockdown of UBE2C. Altogether, the results of our study indicate that UBE2C plays a role in the activation of Notch signaling and could potentially serve as a viable target for therapeutic interventions in HCC.

The role of the ceRNA network mediated by lncRNA SNHG3 in the progression of cancer

BACKGROUND

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are a distinct class of RNAs with longer than 200 base pairs that are not translated into proteins. Small Nucleolar RNA Host Gene 3 (SNHG3) is a lncRNA and frequently dysregulated in various human cancers.

OBJECTIVE

This review provides a comprehensive analysis of current research on lncRNA SNHG3, focusing on its role within the competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network and its implications in cancer.

METHODS

A systematic literature review was conducted using PubMed up to October 2023. The search strategy included keywords such as "lncRNA SNHG3", "competitive endogenous RNA", "cancer", and related terms. Studies were selected based on relevance to SNHG3's involvement in cancer pathogenesis and progression.

RESULTS

Disruptions in the ceRNA network involving lncRNA SNHG3 can impair normal cell growth and differentiation, significantly contributing to disease pathogenesis, particularly cancer. This review highlights SNHG3's substantial impact on various cancer processes and its potential as a diagnostic and therapeutic tool for aggressive cancers.

CONCLUSION

The findings underscore SNHG3's pivotal role in cancer prevention, diagnosis, and treatment, laying a foundation for future research in cancer management. Insights from this review emphasize the necessity for further exploration and development of SNHG3-based diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.

TGF-β-induced lncRNA TBUR1 promotes EMT and metastasis in lung adenocarcinoma via hnRNPC-mediated GRB2 mRNA stabilization

The transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling pathway is pivotal in inducing epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and promoting cancer metastasis. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have emerged as significant players in these processes, yet their precise mechanisms remain elusive. Here, we demonstrate that TGF-β-upregulated lncRNA 1 (TBUR1) is significantly activated by TGF-β via Smad3/4 signaling in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) cells. Functionally, TBUR1 triggers EMT, enhances LUAD cell migration and invasion in vitro, and promotes metastasis in nude mice. Mechanistically, TBUR1 interacts with heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein C (hnRNPC) to stabilize GRB2 mRNA in an m6A-dependent manner. Clinically, TBUR1 is upregulated in LUAD tissues and correlates with poor prognosis, highlighting its potential as a prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target for LUAD. Taken together, our findings underscore the crucial role of TBUR1 in mediating TGF-β-induced EMT and metastasis in LUAD, providing insights for future therapeutic interventions.

LINC00665 aggravates the malignant phenotypes in chondrosarcoma cells through miR-665/FGF9 pathway

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been demonstrated to participate in a variety of physiological and pathological processes, including tumor initiation and development. Nevertheless, few of them have been investigated in chondrosarcoma. Here, we were intended to unveil the role of long intergenic non-protein coding RNA 665 (LINC00665) in chondrosarcoma. RT-qPCR was adopted for gene expression detection. The biological processes in chondrosarcoma cells were detected by CCK-8, EdU, TUNEL, Transwell and wound healing assays. The relationships between genes in chondrosarcoma cells were evaluated by a series of mechanism experiments including RIP, luciferase reporter assays and so on.LINC00665 expressed at a high level in chondrosarcoma cell lines. LINC00665 interference suppressed cell proliferation, migration and invasion in chondrosarcoma. Besides, LINC00665 interacted with microRNA-665 (miR-665), which was then verified to be down-regulated in chondrosarcoma cells. Additionally, LINC00665 and miR-665 were mutually inhibited by each other in chondrosarcoma cells. Importantly, LINC00665 stimulated fibroblast growth factor 9 (FGF9) expression in chondrosarcoma cells via sponging miR-665. Furthermore, FGF9 participated in the regulation of LINC00665-promoted chondrosarcoma development. CONCLUSION: LINC00665 facilitates chondrosarcoma progression via miR-665/FGF9 axis, which might indicate a new path for the treatment of chondrosarcoma.

Renal cancer: signaling pathways and advances in targeted therapies

Renal cancer is a highlyheterogeneous malignancy characterized by rising global incidence and mortalityrates. The complex interplay and dysregulation of multiple signaling pathways,including von Hippel-Lindau (VHL)/hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF), phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), Hippo-yes-associated protein (YAP), Wnt/ß-catenin, cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)/c-Met, contribute to theinitiation and progression of renal cancer. Although surgical resection is thestandard treatment for localized renal cancer, recurrence and metastasiscontinue to pose significant challenges. Advanced renal cancer is associatedwith a poor prognosis, and current therapies, such as targeted agents andimmunotherapies, have limitations. This review presents a comprehensiveoverview of the molecular mechanisms underlying aberrant signaling pathways inrenal cancer, emphasizing their intricate crosstalk and synergisticinteractions. We discuss recent advancements in targeted therapies, includingtyrosine kinase inhibitors, and immunotherapies, such as checkpoint inhibitors.Moreover, we underscore the importance of multiomics approaches and networkanalysis in elucidating the complex regulatory networks governing renal cancerpathogenesis. By integrating cutting-edge research and clinical insights, this review contributesto the development of innovative diagnostic and therapeutic strategies, whichhave the potential to improve risk stratification, precision medicine, andultimately, patient outcomes in renal cancer.

TGF-β Modulated Pathways in Colorectal Cancer: New Potential Therapeutic Opportunities

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most commonly diagnosed cancer worldwide, with 20% of patients presenting with metastatic disease at diagnosis. TGF-β signaling plays a crucial role in various cellular processes, including growth, differentiation, apoptosis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), regulation of the extracellular matrix, angiogenesis, and immune responses. TGF-β signals through SMAD proteins, which are intracellular molecules that transmit TGF-β signals from the cell membrane to the nucleus. Alterations in the TGF-β pathway and mutations in SMAD proteins are common in metastatic CRC (mCRC), making them critical factors in CRC tumorigenesis. This review first analyzes normal TGF-β signaling and then investigates its role in CRC pathogenesis, highlighting the mechanisms through which TGF-β influences metastasis development. TGF-β promotes neoangiogenesis via VEGF overexpression, pericyte differentiation, and other mechanisms. Additionally, TGF-β affects various elements of the tumor microenvironment, including T cells, fibroblasts, and macrophages, promoting immunosuppression and metastasis. Given its strategic role in multiple processes, we explored different strategies to target TGF-β in mCRC patients, aiming to identify new therapeutic options.

RNA regulatory mechanisms controlling TGF-β signaling and EMT in cancer

Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a major contributor to metastatic progression and is prominently regulated by TGF-β signalling. Both EMT and TGF-β pathway components are tightly controlled by non-coding RNAs - including microRNAs (miRNAs), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and circular RNAs (circRNAs) - that collectively have major impacts on gene expression and resulting cellular states. While miRNAs are the best characterised regulators of EMT and TGF-β signaling and the miR-200-ZEB1/2 feedback loop plays a central role, important functions for lncRNAs and circRNAs are also now emerging. This review will summarise our current understanding of the roles of non-coding RNAs in EMT and TGF-β signaling with a focus on their functions in cancer progression.

Hepatitis B virus X protein and TGF-β: partners in the carcinogenic journey of hepatocellular carcinoma

Hepatitis B infection is substantially associated with the development of liver cancer globally, with the prevalence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cases exceeding 50%. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) encodes the Hepatitis B virus X (HBx) protein, a pleiotropic regulatory protein necessary for the transcription of the HBV covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) microchromosome. In previous studies, HBV-associated HCC was revealed to be affected by HBx in multiple signaling pathways, resulting in genetic mutations and epigenetic modifications in proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. In addition, transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) has dichotomous potentials at various phases of malignancy as it is a crucial signaling pathway that regulates multiple cellular and physiological processes. In early HCC, TGF-β has a significant antitumor effect, whereas in advanced HCC, it promotes malignant progression. TGF-β interacts with the HBx protein in HCC, regulating the pathogenesis of HCC. This review summarizes the respective and combined functions of HBx and TGB-β in HCC occurrence and development.

Dysregulated microRNAs in type 2 diabetes and breast cancer: Potential associated molecular mechanisms

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a multifaceted and heterogeneous syndrome associated with complications such as hypertension, coronary artery disease, and notably, breast cancer (BC). The connection between T2D and BC is established through processes that involve insulin resistance, inflammation and other factors. Despite this comprehension the specific cellular and molecular mechanisms linking T2D to BC, especially through microRNAs (miRNAs), remain elusive. miRNAs are regulators of gene expression at the post-transcriptional level and have the function of regulating target genes by modulating various signaling pathways and biological processes. However, the signaling pathways and biological processes regulated by miRNAs that are associated with T2D and BC have not yet been elucidated. This review aims to identify dysregulated miRNAs in both T2D and BC, exploring potential signaling pathways and biological processes that collectively contribute to the development of BC.

MIAT LncRNA: A multifunctional key player in non-oncological pathological conditions

The discovery of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) has unveiled a wide range of transcripts that do not encode proteins but play key roles in several cellular and molecular processes. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are specific class of ncRNAs that are longer than 200 nucleotides and have gained significant attention due to their diverse mechanisms of action and potential involvement in various pathological conditions. In the current review, the authors focus on the role of lncRNAs, specifically highlighting the Myocardial Infarction Associated Transcript (MIAT), in non-oncological context. MIAT is a nuclear lncRNA that has been directly linked to myocardial infarction and is reported to control post-transcriptional processes as a competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) molecule. It interacts with microRNAs (miRNAs), thereby limiting the translation and expression of their respective target messenger RNA (mRNA) and regulating protein expression. Yet, MIAT has been implicated in other numerous pathological conditions such as other cardiovascular diseases, autoimmune disease, neurodegenerative diseases, metabolic diseases, and many others. In this review, the authors emphasize that MIAT exhibits distinct expression patterns and functions across different pathological conditions and is emerging as potential diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic agent. Additionally, the authors highlight the regulatory role of MIAT and shed light on the involvement of lncRNAs and specifically MIAT in various non-oncological pathological conditions.

Noncoding RNAs and programmed cell death in hepatocellular carcinoma: Significant role of epigenetic modifications in prognosis, chemoresistance, and tumor recurrence rate

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common type of liver cancer with a high death rate in the world. The molecular mechanisms related to the pathogenesis of HCC have not been precisely defined so far. Hence, this review aimed to address the potential cross-talk between noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) and programmed cell death in HCC. All related papers in the English language up to June 2023 were collected and screened. The searched keywords in scientific databases, including Scopus, PubMed, and Google Scholar, were HCC, ncRNAs, Epigenetic, Programmed cell death, Autophagy, Apoptosis, Ferroptosis, Chemoresistance, Tumor recurrence, Prognosis, and Prediction. According to the reports, ncRNAs, comprising long ncRNAs, microRNAs, circular RNAs, and small nucleolar RNAs can affect cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and metastasis, as well as cell death-related processes, such as autophagy, ferroptosis, necroptosis, and apoptosis in HCC by regulating cancer-associated genes and signaling pathways, for example, phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt, extracellular signal-regulated kinase/MAPK, and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways. It seems that ncRNAs, as epigenetic regulators, can be utilized as biomarkers in diagnosis, prognosis, survival and recurrence rates prediction, chemoresistance, and evaluation of therapeutic response in HCC patients. However, more scientific evidence is suggested to be accomplished to confirm these results.

Targeting non-coding RNAs and N6-methyladenosine modification in hepatocellular carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the most common form of primary liver cancers, accounts for a significant portion of cancer-related death globally. However, the molecular mechanisms driving the onset and progression of HCC are still not fully understood. Emerging evidence has indicated that non-protein-coding regions of genomes could give rise to transcripts, termed non-coding RNA (ncRNA), forming novel functional driving force for aberrant cellular activity. Over the past decades, overwhelming evidence has denoted involvement of a complex array of molecular function of ncRNAs at different stages of HCC tumorigenesis and progression. In this context, several pre-clinical studies have highlighted the potentials of ncRNAs as novel therapeutic modalities in the management of human HCC. Moreover, N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification, the most prevalent form of internal mRNA modifications in mammalian cells, is essential for the governance of biological processes within cells. Dysregulation of m6A in ncRNAs has been implicated in human carcinogenesis, including HCC. In this review, we will discuss dysregulation of several hallmark ncRNAs (miRNAs, lncRNAs, and circRNAs) in HCC and address the latest advances for their involvement in the onset and progression of HCC. We also focus on dysregulation of m6A modification and various m6A regulators in the etiology of HCC. In the end, we discussed the contemporary preclinical and clinical application of ncRNA-based and m6A-targeted therapies in HCC.

Predicting the immunity landscape and prognosis with an NCLs signature in liver hepatocellular carcinoma

BACKGROUND

Activated neutrophils release depolymerized chromatin and protein particles into the extracellular space, forming reticular Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs). This process is accompanied by programmed inflammatory cell death of neutrophils, known as NETosis. Previous reports have demonstrated that NETosis plays a significant role in immune resistance and microenvironmental regulation in cancer. This study sought to characterize the function and molecular mechanism of NETosis-correlated long non-coding RNAs (NCLs) in the prognostic treatment of liver hepatocellular carcinoma (LIHC).

METHODS

We obtained the transcriptomic and clinical data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and evaluated the expression of NCLs in LIHC. A prognostic signature of NCLs was constructed using Cox and Last Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (Lasso) regression, while the accuracy of model was validated by the ROC curves and nomogram, etc. In addition, we analyzed the associations between NCLs and oncogenic mutation, immune infiltration and evasion. Finally, LIHC patients were classified into four subgroups based on consensus cluster analysis, and drug sensitivity was predicted.

RESULTS

After screening, we established a risk model combining 5 hub-NCLs and demonstrated its reliability. Independence checks suggest that the model may serve as an independent predictor of LIHC prognosis. Enrichment analysis revealed a concentration of immune-related pathways in the high-risk group. Immune infiltration indicates that immunotherapy could be more effective in the low-risk group. Upon consistent cluster analysis, cluster subgroup 4 presented a better prognosis. Sensitivity tests showed the distinctions in therapeutic effectiveness among various drugs in different subgroups.

CONCLUSION

Overall, we have developed a prognostic signature that can discriminate different LIHC subgroups through the 5 selected NCLs, with the objective of providing LIHC patients a more precise, personalized treatment regimen.

Knowledge mapping and research trends of exosomes in pancreatic cancer: a bibliometric analysis and review (2013-2023)

OBJECTIVE

This review aims to provide a quantitative and qualitative bibliometric analysis of literature from 2013 to 2023 on the role of exosomes in PC, with the goal of identifying current trends and predicting future hotspots.

METHODS

We retrieved relevant publications concerning exosomes in PC, published between 2013 and 2023, from the Web of Science Core Collection. Bibliometric analyses were conducted using VOSviewer(1.6.19), CiteSpace(6.2.R4), and Microsoft Excel (2019).

RESULTS

A total of 624 papers were analyzed, authored by 4017 researchers from 55 countries/regions and 855 institutions, published in 258 academic journals. China (n=285, 34.42%) and the United States (n=183, 24.87%) were the most frequent contributors and collaborated closely. However, publications from China had a relatively low average number of citations (41.45 times per paper). The output of Shanghai Jiao Tong University ranked first, with 28 papers (accounting for 4.5% of the total publications). Cancers (n=31, 4.9%); published the most papers in this field. Researcher Margot Zoeller published the most papers (n=12) on this topic. Research hotspots mainly focused on the mechanisms of exosomes in PC onset and progression, the role of exosomes in PC early diagnosis and prognosis, exosomes promote the development of PC chemoresistance, and potential applications of exosomes as drug carriers for PC therapies. We observed a shift in research trends, from mechanistic studies toward clinical trials, suggesting that clinical applications will be the focus of future attention. Emerging topics were pancreatic stellate cells, diagnostic biomarkers, mesenchymal stem cells, extracellular vesicles.

CONCLUSION

Our scientometric and visual analysis provides a comprehensive overview of the literature on the role of exosomes in PC published during 2013-2023. This review identifies the frontiers and future directions in this area over the past decade, and is expected to provide a useful reference for researchers in this field.

Vof16-miR-185-5p-GAP43 network improves the outcomes following spinal cord injury via enhancing self-repair and promoting axonal growth

INTRODUCTION

Self-repair of spinal cord injury (SCI) has been found in humans and experimental animals with partial recovery of neurological functions. However, the regulatory mechanisms underlying the spontaneous locomotion recovery after SCI are elusive.

AIMS

This study was aimed at evaluating the pathological changes in injured spinal cord and exploring the possible mechanism related to the spontaneous recovery.

RESULTS

Immunofluorescence staining was performed to detect GAP43 expression in lesion site after spinal cord transection (SCT) in rats. Then RNA sequencing and gene ontology (GO) analysis were employed to predict lncRNA that correlates with GAP43. LncRNA smart-silencing was applied to verify the function of lncRNA vof16 in vitro, and knockout rats were used to evaluate its role in neurobehavioral functions after SCT. MicroRNA sequencing, target scan, and RNA22 prediction were performed to further explore the underlying regulatory mechanisms, and miR-185-5p stands out. A miR-185-5p site-regulated relationship with GAP43 and vof16 was determined by luciferase activity analysis. GAP43-silencing, miR-185-5p-mimic/inhibitor, and miR-185-5p knockout rats were also applied to elucidate their effects on spinal cord neurite growth and neurobehavioral function after SCT. We found that a time-dependent increase of GAP43 corresponded with the limited neurological recovery in rats with SCT. CRNA chip and GO analysis revealed lncRNA vof16 was the most functional in targeting GAP43 in SCT rats. Additionally, silencing vof16 suppressed neurite growth and attenuated the motor dysfunction in SCT rats. Luciferase reporter assay showed that miR-185-5p competitively bound the same regulatory region of vof16 and GAP43.

CONCLUSIONS

Our data indicated miR-185-5p could be a detrimental factor in SCT, and vof16 may function as a ceRNA by competitively binding miR-185-5p to modulate GAP43 in the process of self-recovery after SCT. Our study revealed a novel vof16-miR-185-5p-GAP43 regulatory network in neurological self-repair after SCT and may underlie the potential treatment target for SCI.

METTL3/16-mediated m6A modification of ZNNT1 promotes hepatocellular carcinoma progression by activating ZNNT1/osteopontin/S100A9 positive feedback loop-mediated crosstalk between macrophages and tumour cells

Macrophages are the major components of tumour microenvironment, which play critical roles in tumour development. N6-methyladenosine (m6A) also contributes to tumour progression. However, the potential roles of m6A in modulating macrophages in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are poorly understood. Here, we identified ZNNT1 as an HCC-related m6A modification target, which was upregulated and associated with poor prognosis of HCC. METTL3 and METTL16-mediated m6A modification contributed to ZNNT1 upregulation through stabilizing ZNNT1 transcript. ZNNT1 exerted oncogenic roles in HCC. Furthermore, ZNNT1 recruited and induced M2 polarization of macrophages via up-regulating osteopontin (OPN) expression and secretion. M2 Macrophages-recruited by ZNNT1-overexpressed HCC cells secreted S100A9, which further upregulated ZNNT1 expression in HCC cells via AGER/NF-κB signaling. Thus, this study demonstrates that m6A modification activated the ZNNT1/OPN/S100A9 positive feedback loop, which promoted macrophages recruitment and M2 polarization, and enhanced malignant features of HCC cells. m6A modification-triggered ZNNT1/OPN/S100A9 feedback loop represents potential therapeutic target for HCC.

Silencing lncRNA-DARS-AS1 suppresses nonsmall cell lung cancer progression by stimulating miR-302a-3p to inhibit ACAT1 expression

Long noncoding RNAs (LncRNAs) have been gaining attention as potential therapeutic targets for lung cancer. In this study, we investigated the expression and biological behavior of lncRNA DARS-AS1, its predicted interacting partner miR-302a-3p, and ACAT1 in nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The transcript level of DARS-AS1, miR-302a-3p, and ACAT1 was analyzed using qRT-PCR. Endogenous expression of ACAT1 and the expression of-and changes in-AKT/ERK pathway-related proteins were determined using western blotting. MTS, Transwell, and apoptosis experiments were used to investigate the behavior of cells. The subcellular localization of DARS-AS1 was verified using FISH, and its binding site was verified using dual-luciferase reporter experiments. The binding of DARS-AS1 to miR-302a-3p was verified using RNA co-immunoprecipitation. In vivo experiments were performed using a xenograft model to determine the effect of DARS-AS1 knockout on ACAT1 and NSCLC. lncRNA DARS-AS1 was upregulated in NSCLC cell lines and tissues and the expression of lncRNA DARS-AS1 was negatively correlated with survival of patients with NSCLC. Knockdown of DARS-AS1 inhibited the malignant behaviors of NSCLC via upregulating miR-302a-3p. miR-302a-3p induced suppression of malignancy through regulating oncogene ACAT1. This study demonstrates that the DARS-AS1-miR-302a-3p-ACAT1 pathway plays a key role in NSCLC.