1
|
Marshall-Burghardt S, Migueles-Ramírez RA, Lin Q, El Baba N, Saada R, Umar M, Mavalwala K, Hayer A. Excitable Rho dynamics control cell shape and motility by sequentially activating ERM proteins and actomyosin contractility. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadn6858. [PMID: 39241071 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adn6858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 09/08/2024]
Abstract
Migration of endothelial and many other cells requires spatiotemporal regulation of protrusive and contractile cytoskeletal rearrangements that drive local cell shape changes. Unexpectedly, the small GTPase Rho, a crucial regulator of cell movement, has been reported to be active in both local cell protrusions and retractions, raising the question of how Rho activity can coordinate cell migration. Here, we show that Rho activity is absent in local protrusions and active during retractions. During retractions, Rho rapidly activated ezrin-radixin-moesin proteins (ERMs) to increase actin-membrane attachment, and, with a delay, nonmuscle myosin 2 (NM2). Rho activity was excitable, with NM2 acting as a slow negative feedback regulator. Strikingly, inhibition of SLK/LOK kinases, through which Rho activates ERMs, caused elongated cell morphologies, impaired Rho-induced cell contractions, and reverted Rho-induced blebbing. Together, our study demonstrates that Rho activity drives retractions by sequentially enhancing ERM-mediated actin-membrane attachment for force transmission and NM2-dependent contractility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seph Marshall-Burghardt
- Department of Biology, Stewart Biology Building, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3A 1B1, Canada
- Graduate Program in Biology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Rodrigo A Migueles-Ramírez
- Department of Biology, Stewart Biology Building, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3A 1B1, Canada
- PhD Program in Quantitative Life Sciences, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Qiyao Lin
- Department of Biology, Stewart Biology Building, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3A 1B1, Canada
- Graduate Program in Biology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Nada El Baba
- Department of Biology, Stewart Biology Building, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3A 1B1, Canada
- Graduate Program in Biology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Rayan Saada
- Department of Biology, Stewart Biology Building, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3A 1B1, Canada
| | - Mustakim Umar
- Department of Biology, Stewart Biology Building, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3A 1B1, Canada
| | - Kian Mavalwala
- Department of Biology, Stewart Biology Building, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3A 1B1, Canada
| | - Arnold Hayer
- Department of Biology, Stewart Biology Building, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3A 1B1, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kuhn J, Banerjee P, Haye A, Robinson DN, Iglesias PA, Devreotes PN. Complementary Cytoskeletal Feedback Loops Control Signal Transduction Excitability and Cell Polarity. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.13.580131. [PMID: 38405988 PMCID: PMC10888828 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.13.580131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
To move through complex environments, cells must constantly integrate chemical and mechanical cues. Signaling networks, such as those comprising Ras and PI3K, transmit chemical cues to the cytoskeleton, but the cytoskeleton must also relay mechanical information back to those signaling systems. Using novel synthetic tools to acutely control specific elements of the cytoskeleton in Dictyostelium and neutrophils, we delineate feedback mechanisms that alter the signaling network and promote front- or back-states of the cell membrane and cortex. First, increasing branched actin assembly increases Ras/PI3K activation while reducing polymeric actin levels overall decreases activation. Second, reducing myosin II assembly immediately increases Ras/PI3K activation and sensitivity to chemotactic stimuli. Third, inhibiting branched actin alone increases cortical actin assembly and strongly blocks Ras/PI3K activation. This effect is mitigated by reducing filamentous actin levels and in cells lacking myosin II. Finally, increasing actin crosslinking with a controllable activator of cytoskeletal regulator RacE leads to a large decrease in Ras activation both globally and locally. Curiously, RacE activation can trigger cell spreading and protrusion with no detectable activation of branched actin nucleators. Taken together with legacy data that Ras/PI3K promotes branched actin assembly and myosin II disassembly, our results define front- and back-promoting positive feedback loops. We propose that these loops play a crucial role in establishing cell polarity and mediating signal integration by controlling the excitable state of the signal transduction networks in respective regions of the membrane and cortex. This interplay enables cells to navigate intricate topologies like tissues containing other cells, the extracellular matrix, and fluids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Kuhn
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Parijat Banerjee
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Andrew Haye
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | | | - Pablo A. Iglesias
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Peter N. Devreotes
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Udayan G, Giordano ME, Pagliara P, Lionetto MG. Motility of Mytilus galloprovincialis hemocytes: Sensitivity to paracetamol in vitro exposure. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2023; 265:106779. [PMID: 38016241 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2023.106779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals released into the environment (PiEs) represent an environmental problem of growing concern for the health of ecosystems and humans. An increasing number of studies show that PiEs pose a risk to aquatic organisms. The aim of the present work was to contribute to increasing the knowledge of the effects of PiE on marine biota focusing on the effect of paracetamol on the motility of hemocytes in Mytilus galloprovincialis, a bivalve mollusk species widely utilized as bioindicator organism. Hemocytes are the immunocompetent cells of bivalve mollusks. An early and key stage of mollusk immune response is represented by the recruitment and migration of these cells to the site of infection. Therefore, motility is an intrinsic characteristic of these cells. Here, we first characterized the spontaneous cell movement of M. galloprovincialis hemocytes when plated in a TC-treated polystyrene 96-well microplate. Two different cellular morphotypes were distinguished based on their appearance and motility behavior: spread cells and round-star-shaped cells. The two motility morphotypes were characterized by different velocities as well as movement directness, which were significantly lower in round-star-shaped cells with respect to spread cells. The sensitivity of the motility of M. galloprovincialis hemocytes to paracetamol at different concentrations (0.02, 0.2 and 2 mg/L) was investigated in vitro after 1h and 24h exposure. Paracetamol induced alterations in the motility behavior (both velocity and trajectories) of the hemocytes and the effects were cell-type specific. The study of hemocyte movements at the single cell level by cell tracking and velocimetric parameters analysis provides new sensitive tools for assessing the effects of emerging pollutants at the cellular levels in non-target organisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gayatri Udayan
- Dept. Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DiSTeBA), University of Salento, Italy
| | - Maria Elena Giordano
- Dept. Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DiSTeBA), University of Salento, Italy
| | - Patrizia Pagliara
- Dept. Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DiSTeBA), University of Salento, Italy
| | - Maria Giulia Lionetto
- Dept. Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DiSTeBA), University of Salento, Italy; NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center, Palermo 90133, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Williams AM, Donoughe S, Munro E, Horne-Badovinac S. Fat2 polarizes the WAVE complex in trans to align cell protrusions for collective migration. eLife 2022; 11:e78343. [PMID: 36154691 PMCID: PMC9576270 DOI: 10.7554/elife.78343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
For a group of cells to migrate together, each cell must couple the polarity of its migratory machinery with that of the other cells in the cohort. Although collective cell migrations are common in animal development, little is known about how protrusions are coherently polarized among groups of migrating epithelial cells. We address this problem in the collective migration of the follicular epithelial cells in Drosophila melanogaster. In this epithelium, the cadherin Fat2 localizes to the trailing edge of each cell and promotes the formation of F-actin-rich protrusions at the leading edge of the cell behind. We show that Fat2 performs this function by acting in trans to concentrate the activity of the WASP family verprolin homolog regulatory complex (WAVE complex) at one long-lived region along each cell's leading edge. Without Fat2, the WAVE complex distribution expands around the cell perimeter and fluctuates over time, and protrusive activity is reduced and unpolarized. We further show that Fat2's influence is very local, with sub-micron-scale puncta of Fat2 enriching the WAVE complex in corresponding puncta just across the leading-trailing cell-cell interface. These findings demonstrate that a trans interaction between Fat2 and the WAVE complex creates stable regions of protrusive activity in each cell and aligns the cells' protrusions across the epithelium for directionally persistent collective migration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Miller Williams
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, University of ChicagoChicagoUnited States
| | - Seth Donoughe
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, University of ChicagoChicagoUnited States
| | - Edwin Munro
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, University of ChicagoChicagoUnited States
- Committee on Development, Regeneration, and Stem Cell Biology, University of ChicagoChicagoUnited States
- Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, University of ChicagoChicagoUnited States
| | - Sally Horne-Badovinac
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, University of ChicagoChicagoUnited States
- Committee on Development, Regeneration, and Stem Cell Biology, University of ChicagoChicagoUnited States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Gaertner F, Reis-Rodrigues P, de Vries I, Hons M, Aguilera J, Riedl M, Leithner A, Tasciyan S, Kopf A, Merrin J, Zheden V, Kaufmann WA, Hauschild R, Sixt M. WASp triggers mechanosensitive actin patches to facilitate immune cell migration in dense tissues. Dev Cell 2022; 57:47-62.e9. [PMID: 34919802 PMCID: PMC8751638 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2021.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
When crawling through the body, leukocytes often traverse tissues that are densely packed with extracellular matrix and other cells, and this raises the question: How do leukocytes overcome compressive mechanical loads? Here, we show that the actin cortex of leukocytes is mechanoresponsive and that this responsiveness requires neither force sensing via the nucleus nor adhesive interactions with a substrate. Upon global compression of the cell body as well as local indentation of the plasma membrane, Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (WASp) assembles into dot-like structures, providing activation platforms for Arp2/3 nucleated actin patches. These patches locally push against the external load, which can be obstructing collagen fibers or other cells, and thereby create space to facilitate forward locomotion. We show in vitro and in vivo that this WASp function is rate limiting for ameboid leukocyte migration in dense but not in loose environments and is required for trafficking through diverse tissues such as skin and lymph nodes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florian Gaertner
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria.
| | | | - Ingrid de Vries
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Miroslav Hons
- BIOCEV, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Juan Aguilera
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Michael Riedl
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Alexander Leithner
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Saren Tasciyan
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Aglaja Kopf
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Jack Merrin
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Vanessa Zheden
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | | | - Robert Hauschild
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Michael Sixt
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Rocha-Gregg B, Huttenlocher A. Signal integration in forward and reverse neutrophil migration: Fundamentals and emerging mechanisms. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2021; 72:124-130. [PMID: 34411839 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2021.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils migrate to sites of tissue damage, where they protect the host against pathogens. Often, the cost of these neutrophil defenses is collateral damage to healthy tissues. Thus, the immune system has evolved multiple mechanisms to regulate neutrophil migration. One of these mechanisms is reverse migration - the process whereby neutrophils leave the source of inflammation. In vivo, neutrophils arrive and depart the wound simultaneously - indicating that neutrophils dynamically integrate conflicting signals to engage in forward and reverse migration. This finding is seemingly at odds with the established chemoattractant hierarchy in vitro, which places wound-derived signals at the top. Here we will discuss recent work that has uncovered key players involved in retaining and dispersing neutrophils from wounds. These findings offer the opportunity to integrate established and emerging mechanisms into a holistic model for neutrophil migration in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Briana Rocha-Gregg
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Anna Huttenlocher
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Yang Y, Li D, Chao X, Singh SP, Thomason P, Yan Y, Dong M, Li L, Insall RH, Cai H. Leep1 interacts with PIP3 and the Scar/WAVE complex to regulate cell migration and macropinocytosis. J Cell Biol 2021; 220:212090. [PMID: 33978708 PMCID: PMC8127007 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202010096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Polarity is essential for diverse functions in many cell types. Establishing polarity requires targeting a network of specific signaling and cytoskeleton molecules to different subregions of the cell, yet the full complement of polarity regulators and how their activities are integrated over space and time to form morphologically and functionally distinct domains remain to be uncovered. Here, by using the model system Dictyostelium and exploiting the characteristic chemoattractant-stimulated translocation of polarly distributed molecules, we developed a proteomic screening approach, through which we identified a leucine-rich repeat domain–containing protein we named Leep1 as a novel polarity regulator. We combined imaging, biochemical, and phenotypic analyses to demonstrate that Leep1 localizes selectively at the leading edge of cells by binding to PIP3, where it modulates pseudopod and macropinocytic cup dynamics by negatively regulating the Scar/WAVE complex. The spatiotemporal coordination of PIP3 signaling, Leep1, and the Scar/WAVE complex provides a cellular mechanism for organizing protrusive structures at the leading edge.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yihong Yang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dong Li
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaoting Chao
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shashi P Singh
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK.,University of Glasgow Institute of Cancer Sciences, Glasgow, UK
| | - Peter Thomason
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK.,University of Glasgow Institute of Cancer Sciences, Glasgow, UK
| | - Yonghong Yan
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mengqiu Dong
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Robert H Insall
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK.,University of Glasgow Institute of Cancer Sciences, Glasgow, UK
| | - Huaqing Cai
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ecker N, Kruse K. Excitable actin dynamics and amoeboid cell migration. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0246311. [PMID: 33524055 PMCID: PMC7850500 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Amoeboid cell migration is characterized by frequent changes of the direction of motion and resembles a persistent random walk on long time scales. Although it is well known that cell migration is typically driven by the actin cytoskeleton, the cause of this migratory behavior remains poorly understood. We analyze the spontaneous dynamics of actin assembly due to nucleation promoting factors, where actin filaments lead to an inactivation of these factors. We show that this system exhibits excitable dynamics and can spontaneously generate waves, which we analyze in detail. By using a phase-field approach, we show that these waves can generate cellular random walks. We explore how the characteristics of these persistent random walks depend on the parameters governing the actin-nucleator dynamics. In particular, we find that the effective diffusion constant and the persistence time depend strongly on the speed of filament assembly and the rate of nucleator inactivation. Our findings point to a deterministic origin of the random walk behavior and suggest that cells could adapt their migration pattern by modifying the pool of available actin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Ecker
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Theoretical Physics, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Karsten Kruse
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Theoretical Physics, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- NCCR Chemical Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Stick-slip model for actin-driven cell protrusions, cell polarization, and crawling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:24670-24678. [PMID: 32958682 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2011785117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell crawling requires the generation of intracellular forces by the cytoskeleton and their transmission to an extracellular substrate through specific adhesion molecules. Crawling cells show many features of excitable systems, such as spontaneous symmetry breaking and crawling in the absence of external cues, and periodic and propagating waves of activity. Mechanical instabilities in the active cytoskeleton network and feedback loops in the biochemical network of activators and repressors of cytoskeleton dynamics have been invoked to explain these dynamical features. Here, I show that the interplay between the dynamics of cell-substrate adhesion and linear cellular mechanics is sufficient to reproduce many nonlinear dynamical patterns observed in spreading and crawling cells. Using an analytical formalism of the molecular clutch model of cell adhesion, regulated by local mechanical forces, I show that cellular traction forces exhibit stick-slip dynamics resulting in periodic waves of protrusion/retraction and propagating waves along the cell edge. This can explain spontaneous symmetry breaking and polarization of spreading cells, leading to steady crawling or bipedal motion, and bistability, where persistent cell motion requires a sufficiently strong transient external stimulus. The model also highlights the role of membrane tension in providing the long-range mechanical communication across the cell required for symmetry breaking.
Collapse
|
10
|
Singh SP, Thomason PA, Lilla S, Schaks M, Tang Q, Goode BL, Machesky LM, Rottner K, Insall RH. Cell-substrate adhesion drives Scar/WAVE activation and phosphorylation by a Ste20-family kinase, which controls pseudopod lifetime. PLoS Biol 2020; 18:e3000774. [PMID: 32745097 PMCID: PMC7425996 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The Scar/WAVE complex is the principal catalyst of pseudopod and lamellipod formation. Here we show that Scar/WAVE's proline-rich domain is polyphosphorylated after the complex is activated. Blocking Scar/WAVE activation stops phosphorylation in both Dictyostelium and mammalian cells, implying that phosphorylation modulates pseudopods after they have been formed, rather than controlling whether they are initiated. Unexpectedly, phosphorylation is not promoted by chemotactic signaling but is greatly stimulated by cell:substrate adhesion and diminished when cells deadhere. Phosphorylation-deficient or phosphomimetic Scar/WAVE mutants are both normally functional and rescue the phenotype of knockout cells, demonstrating that phosphorylation is dispensable for activation and actin regulation. However, pseudopods and patches of phosphorylation-deficient Scar/WAVE last substantially longer in mutants, altering the dynamics and size of pseudopods and lamellipods and thus changing migration speed. Scar/WAVE phosphorylation does not require ERK2 in Dictyostelium or mammalian cells. However, the MAPKKK homologue SepA contributes substantially-sepA mutants have less steady-state phosphorylation, which does not increase in response to adhesion. The mutants also behave similarly to cells expressing phosphorylation-deficient Scar, with longer-lived pseudopods and patches of Scar recruitment. We conclude that pseudopod engagement with substratum is more important than extracellular signals at regulating Scar/WAVE's activity and that phosphorylation acts as a pseudopod timer by promoting Scar/WAVE turnover.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Matthias Schaks
- Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany & Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Qing Tang
- Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Bruce L. Goode
- Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | | | - Klemens Rottner
- Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany & Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Robert H. Insall
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Rapid exposure of macrophages to drugs resolves four classes of effects on the leading edge sensory pseudopod: Non-perturbing, adaptive, disruptive, and activating. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0233012. [PMID: 32469878 PMCID: PMC7259666 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukocyte migration is controlled by a membrane-based chemosensory pathway on the leading edge pseudopod that guides cell movement up attractant gradients during the innate immune and inflammatory responses. This study employed single cell and population imaging to investigate drug-induced perturbations of leading edge pseudopod morphology in cultured, polarized RAW macrophages. The drugs tested included representative therapeutics (acetylsalicylic acid, diclofenac, ibuprofen, acetaminophen) as well as control drugs (PDGF, Gö6976, wortmannin). Notably, slow addition of any of the four therapeutics to cultured macrophages, mimicking the slowly increasing plasma concentration reported for standard oral dosage in patients, yielded no detectable change in pseudopod morphology. This finding is consistent with the well established clinical safety of these drugs. However, rapid drug addition to cultured macrophages revealed four distinct classes of effects on the leading edge pseudopod: (i) non-perturbing drug exposures yielded no detectable change in pseudopod morphology (acetylsalicylic acid, diclofenac); (ii) adaptive exposures yielded temporary collapse of the extended pseudopod and its signature PI(3,4,5)P3 lipid signal followed by slow recovery of extended pseudopod morphology (ibuprofen, acetaminophen); (iii) disruptive exposures yielded long-term pseudopod collapse (Gö6976, wortmannin); and (iv) activating exposures yielded pseudopod expansion (PDGF). The novel observation of adaptive exposures leads us to hypothesize that rapid addition of an adaptive drug overwhelms an intrinsic or extrinsic adaptation system yielding temporary collapse followed by adaptive recovery, while slow addition enables gradual adaptation to counteract the drug perturbation in real time. Overall, the results illustrate an approach that may help identify therapeutic drugs that temporarily inhibit the leading edge pseudopod during extreme inflammation events, and toxic drugs that yield long term inhibition of the pseudopod with negative consequences for innate immunity. Future studies are needed to elucidate the mechanisms of drug-induced pseudopod collapse, as well as the mechanisms of adaptation and recovery following some inhibitory drug exposures.
Collapse
|
12
|
Ghose D, Lew D. Mechanistic insights into actin-driven polarity site movement in yeast. Mol Biol Cell 2020; 31:1085-1102. [PMID: 32186970 PMCID: PMC7346724 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e20-01-0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Directed cell growth or migration are critical for the development and function of many eukaryotic cells. These cells develop a dynamic "front" (also called "polarity site") that can change direction. Polarity establishment involves autocatalytic accumulation of polarity regulators, including the conserved Rho-family GTPase Cdc42, but the mechanisms underlying polarity reorientation remain poorly understood. The tractable model yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, relocates its polarity site when searching for mating partners. Relocation requires polymerized actin, and is thought to involve actin-mediated vesicle traffic to the polarity site. In this study, we provide a quantitative characterization of spontaneous polarity site movement as a search process and use a mechanistic computational model that combines polarity protein biochemical interactions with vesicle trafficking to probe how various processes might affect polarity site movement. Our findings identify two previously documented features of yeast vesicle traffic as being particularly relevant to such movement: tight spatial focusing of exocytosis enhances the directional persistence of movement, and association of Cdc42-directed GTPase-Activating Proteins with secretory vesicles increases the distance moved. Furthermore, we suggest that variation in the rate of exocytosis beyond simple Poisson dynamics may be needed to fully account for the characteristics of polarity site movement in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Debraj Ghose
- Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Daniel Lew
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Schoentgen F, Jonic S. PEBP1/RKIP behavior: a mirror of actin-membrane organization. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:859-874. [PMID: 31960115 PMCID: PMC11105014 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03455-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Phosphatidylethanolamine-binding protein 1 (PEBP1), a small 21 kDa protein, is implicated in several key processes of the living cell. The deregulation of PEBP1, especially its downregulation, leads to major diseases such as cancer and Alzheimer's disease. PEBP1 was found to interact with numerous proteins, especially kinases and GTPases, generally inhibiting their activity. To understand the basic functionality of this amazing small protein, we have considered several known processes that it modulates and we have discussed the role of each molecular target in these processes. Here, we propose that cortical actin organization, associated with membrane changes, is involved in the majority of the processes modulated by PEBP1. Furthermore, based on recent data, we summarize some key PEBP1-interacting proteins, and we report their respective functions and focus on their relationships with actin organization. We suggest that, depending on the cell status and environment, PEBP1 is an organizer of the actin-membrane composite material.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Françoise Schoentgen
- UMR CNRS 7590, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, IRD, Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie, IMPMC, Sorbonne Université, 75005, Paris, France.
| | - Slavica Jonic
- UMR CNRS 7590, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, IRD, Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie, IMPMC, Sorbonne Université, 75005, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Ren C, Yuan Q, Jian X, Randazzo PA, Tang W, Wu D. Small GTPase ARF6 Is a Coincidence-Detection Code for RPH3A Polarization in Neutrophil Polarization. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2020; 204:1012-1021. [PMID: 31924649 PMCID: PMC6994837 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1901080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cell polarization is a key step for leukocytes adhesion and transmigration during leukocytes' inflammatory infiltration. Polarized localization of plasma membrane (PM) phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate (PtdIns4P) directs the polarization of RPH3A, which contains a PtdIns4P binding site. Consequently, RPH3A mediates the RAB21 and PIP5K1C90 polarization, which is important for neutrophil adhesion to endothelia during inflammation. However, the mechanism by which RPH3A is recruited only to PM PtdIns4P rather than Golgi PtdIns4P remains unclear. By using ADP-ribosylation factor 6 (ARF6) small interfering RNA, ARF6 dominant-negative mutant ARF6(T27N), and ARF6 activation inhibitor SecinH3, we demonstrate that ARF6 plays an important role in the polarization of RPH3A, RAB21, and PIP5K1C90 in murine neutrophils. PM ARF6 is polarized and colocalized with RPH3A, RAB21, PIP5K1C90, and PM PtdIns4P in mouse and human neutrophils upon integrin stimulation. Additionally, ARF6 binds to RPH3A and enhances the interaction between the PM PtdIns4P and RPH3A. Consistent with functional roles of polarization of RPH3A, Rab21, and PIP5K1C90, ARF6 is also required for neutrophil adhesion on the inflamed endothelial layer. Our study reveals a previously unknown role of ARF6 in neutrophil polarization as being the coincidence-detection code with PM PtdIns4P. Cooperation of ARF6 and PM PtdIns4P direct RPH3A polarization, which is important for neutrophil firm adhesion to endothelia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunguang Ren
- Department of Pharmacology, Vascular Biology and Therapeutic Program, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520; and
| | - Qianying Yuan
- Department of Pharmacology, Vascular Biology and Therapeutic Program, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520; and
| | - Xiaoying Jian
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Paul A Randazzo
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Wenwen Tang
- Department of Pharmacology, Vascular Biology and Therapeutic Program, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520; and
| | - Dianqing Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, Vascular Biology and Therapeutic Program, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520; and
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Lee RM, Campanello L, Hourwitz MJ, Alvarez P, Omidvar A, Fourkas JT, Losert W. Quantifying topography-guided actin dynamics across scales using optical flow. Mol Biol Cell 2020; 31:1753-1764. [PMID: 32023172 PMCID: PMC7521856 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e19-11-0614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The dynamic rearrangement of the actin cytoskeleton is an essential component of many mechanotransduction and cellular force generation pathways. Here we use periodic surface topographies with feature sizes comparable to those of in vivo collagen fibers to measure and compare actin dynamics for two representative cell types that have markedly different migratory modes and physiological purposes: slowly migrating epithelial MCF10A cells and polarizing, fast-migrating, neutrophil-like HL60 cells. Both cell types exhibit reproducible guidance of actin waves (esotaxis) on these topographies, enabling quantitative comparisons of actin dynamics. We adapt a computer-vision algorithm, optical flow, to measure the directions of actin waves at the submicron scale. Clustering the optical flow into regions that move in similar directions enables micron-scale measurements of actin-wave speed and direction. Although the speed and morphology of actin waves differ between MCF10A and HL60 cells, the underlying actin guidance by nanotopography is similar in both cell types at the micron and submicron scales.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel M Lee
- Institute for Physical Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742.,University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | | | - Matt J Hourwitz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742
| | - Phillip Alvarez
- Institute for Physical Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742
| | - Ava Omidvar
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742
| | - John T Fourkas
- Institute for Physical Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742
| | - Wolfgang Losert
- Institute for Physical Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742.,Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742.,University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Optogenetics reveals Cdc42 local activation by scaffold-mediated positive feedback and Ras GTPase. PLoS Biol 2020; 18:e3000600. [PMID: 31978045 PMCID: PMC7002011 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Local activity of the small GTPase Cdc42 is critical for cell polarization. Whereas scaffold-mediated positive feedback was proposed to break symmetry of budding yeast cells and produce a single zone of Cdc42 activity, the existence of similar regulation has not been probed in other organisms. Here, we address this problem using rod-shaped cells of fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, which exhibit zones of active Cdc42-GTP at both cell poles. We implemented the CRY2-CIB1 optogenetic system for acute light-dependent protein recruitment to the plasma membrane, which allowed to directly demonstrate positive feedback. Indeed, optogenetic recruitment of constitutively active Cdc42 leads to co-recruitment of the guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) Scd1 and endogenous Cdc42, in a manner dependent on the scaffold protein Scd2. We show that Scd2 function is dispensable when the positive feedback operates through an engineered interaction between the GEF and a Cdc42 effector, the p21-activated kinase 1 (Pak1). Remarkably, this rewired positive feedback confers viability and allows cells to form 2 zones of active Cdc42 even when otherwise essential Cdc42 activators are lacking. These cells further revealed that the small GTPase Ras1 plays a role in both localizing the GEF Scd1 and promoting its activity, which potentiates the positive feedback. We conclude that scaffold-mediated positive feedback, gated by Ras activity, confers robust polarization for rod-shape formation. The small GTPase Cdc42 is a key regulator of cell polarization. This study uses optogenetic and genetic strategies to show that Cdc42 is under positive feedback regulation potentiated by Ras GTPase activity.
Collapse
|
17
|
Stankevicins L, Ecker N, Terriac E, Maiuri P, Schoppmeyer R, Vargas P, Lennon-Duménil AM, Piel M, Qu B, Hoth M, Kruse K, Lautenschläger F. Deterministic actin waves as generators of cell polarization cues. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:826-835. [PMID: 31882452 PMCID: PMC6969493 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1907845117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells "patrol" the human body to detect pathogens. In their search, dendritic cells perform a random walk by amoeboid migration. The efficiency of pathogen detection depends on the properties of the random walk. It is not known how the dendritic cells control these properties. Here, we quantify dendritic cell migration under well-defined 2-dimensional confinement and in a 3-dimensional collagen matrix through recording their long-term trajectories. We find 2 different migration states: persistent migration, during which the dendritic cells move along curved paths, and diffusive migration, which is characterized by successive sharp turns. These states exhibit differences in the actin distributions. Our theoretical and experimental analyses indicate that this kind of motion can be generated by spontaneous actin polymerization waves that contribute to dendritic cell polarization and migration. The relative distributions of persistent and diffusive migration can be changed by modification of the molecular actin filament nucleation and assembly rates. Thus, dendritic cells can control their migration patterns and adapt to specific environments. Our study offers an additional perspective on how dendritic cells tune their searches for pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luiza Stankevicins
- Bio Interfaces, Leibniz Institute for New Materials, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Nicolas Ecker
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Theoretical Physics, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Emmanuel Terriac
- Bio Interfaces, Leibniz Institute for New Materials, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Paolo Maiuri
- International Foundations of Medicine (IFOM), The Fondazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro (FIRC) Institute of Molecular Oncology, 20139 Milano, Italy
| | - Rouven Schoppmeyer
- Department of Biophysics, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Pablo Vargas
- INSERM U932, Institut Curie, 75005 Paris, France
- CNRS UMR144, Institut Curie, 75005 Paris, France
| | | | - Matthieu Piel
- Institut Curie, CNRS, UMR 144, Université Paris Sciences et Lettres (PSL) Research University, 75005 Paris, France
- Institut Pierre-Gilles de Gennes, PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Bin Qu
- International Foundations of Medicine (IFOM), The Fondazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro (FIRC) Institute of Molecular Oncology, 20139 Milano, Italy
| | - Markus Hoth
- Department of Biophysics, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Karsten Kruse
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Theoretical Physics, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- National Center for Competence in Research Chemical Biology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Franziska Lautenschläger
- Bio Interfaces, Leibniz Institute for New Materials, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany;
- Department of Natural Sciences, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Jeon TJ, Gao R, Kim H, Lee A, Jeon P, Devreotes PN, Zhao M. Cell migration directionality and speed are independently regulated by RasG and Gβ in Dictyostelium cells in electrotaxis. Biol Open 2019; 8:bio.042457. [PMID: 31221628 PMCID: PMC6679393 DOI: 10.1242/bio.042457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Motile cells manifest increased migration speed and directionality in gradients of stimuli, including chemoattractants, electrical potential and substratum stiffness. Here, we demonstrate that Dictyostelium cells move directionally in response to an electric field (EF) with specific acceleration/deceleration kinetics of directionality and migration speed. Detailed analyses of the migration kinetics suggest that migration speed and directionality are separately regulated by Gβ and RasG, respectively, in EF-directed cell migration. Cells lacking Gβ, which is essential for all chemotactic responses in Dictyostelium, showed EF-directed cell migration with the same increase in directionality in an EF as wild-type cells. However, these cells failed to show induction of the migration speed upon EF stimulation as much as wild-type cells. Loss of RasG, a key regulator of chemoattractant-directed cell migration, resulted in almost complete loss of directionality, but similar acceleration/deceleration kinetics of migration speed as wild-type cells. These results indicate that Gβ and RasG are required for the induction of migration speed and directionality, respectively, in response to an EF, suggesting separation of migration speed and directionality even with intact feedback loops between mechanical and signaling networks. Summary: Cell migration directionality and speed are independently regulated by RasG and Gβ, respectively, in electric field-directed cell migration in Dictyostelium, suggesting the points of molecular divergence of the two characteristics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taeck J Jeon
- Department of Biology & BK21-Plus Research Team for Bioactive Control Technology, College of Natural Sciences, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea
| | - Runchi Gao
- School of life science, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Hyeseon Kim
- Department of Biology & BK21-Plus Research Team for Bioactive Control Technology, College of Natural Sciences, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea
| | - Ara Lee
- Department of Biology & BK21-Plus Research Team for Bioactive Control Technology, College of Natural Sciences, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea
| | - Pyeonghwa Jeon
- Department of Biology & BK21-Plus Research Team for Bioactive Control Technology, College of Natural Sciences, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea
| | - Peter N Devreotes
- Department of Cell Biology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Min Zhao
- Departments of Dermatology and Ophthalmology, Institute for Regenerative Cures, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, CA 95817, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Ren C, Yuan Q, Braun M, Zhang X, Petri B, Zhang J, Kim D, Guez-Haddad J, Xue W, Pan W, Fan R, Kubes P, Sun Z, Opatowsky Y, Polleux F, Karatekin E, Tang W, Wu D. Leukocyte Cytoskeleton Polarization Is Initiated by Plasma Membrane Curvature from Cell Attachment. Dev Cell 2019; 49:206-219.e7. [PMID: 30930167 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2019.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Cell polarization is important for various biological processes. However, its regulation, particularly initiation, is incompletely understood. Here, we investigated mechanisms by which neutrophils break their symmetry and initiate their cytoskeleton polarization from an apolar state in circulation for their extravasation during inflammation. We show here that a local increase in plasma membrane (PM) curvature resulting from cell contact to a surface triggers the initial breakage of the symmetry of an apolar neutrophil and is required for subsequent polarization events induced by chemical stimulation. This local increase in PM curvature recruits SRGAP2 via its F-BAR domain, which in turn activates PI4KA and results in PM PtdIns4P polarization. Polarized PM PtdIns4P is targeted by RPH3A, which directs PIP5K1C90 and subsequent phosphorylated myosin light chain polarization, and this polarization signaling axis regulates neutrophil firm attachment to endothelium. Thus, this study reveals a mechanism for the initiation of cell cytoskeleton polarization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunguang Ren
- Department of Pharmacology, Vascular Biology and Therapeutic Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Qianying Yuan
- Department of Pharmacology, Vascular Biology and Therapeutic Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Martha Braun
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Nanobiology Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Xia Zhang
- Department of Geriatrics, the First affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Björn Petri
- Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases Mouse Phenomics Resource Laboratory, University of Calgary, Calgary AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Jiasheng Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Dongjoo Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Julia Guez-Haddad
- The Mina & Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Wenzhi Xue
- Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, China
| | - Weijun Pan
- Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, China
| | - Rong Fan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Paul Kubes
- Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases Mouse Phenomics Resource Laboratory, University of Calgary, Calgary AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, and Calvin, Phoebe, and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Zhaoxia Sun
- Department of Genetics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Yarden Opatowsky
- The Mina & Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Franck Polleux
- Department of Neuroscience, Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10025, USA
| | - Erdem Karatekin
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Nanobiology Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paris, France.
| | - Wenwen Tang
- Department of Pharmacology, Vascular Biology and Therapeutic Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
| | - Dianqing Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, Vascular Biology and Therapeutic Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Yang Y, Wu M. Rhythmicity and waves in the cortex of single cells. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2019; 373:rstb.2017.0116. [PMID: 29632268 PMCID: PMC5904302 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2017.0116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Emergence of dynamic patterns in the form of oscillations and waves on the cortex of single cells is a fascinating and enigmatic phenomenon. Here we outline various theoretical frameworks used to model pattern formation with the goal of reducing complex, heterogeneous patterns into key parameters that are biologically tractable. We also review progress made in recent years on the quantitative and molecular definitions of these terms, which we believe have begun to transform single-cell dynamic patterns from a purely observational and descriptive subject to more mechanistic studies. Specifically, we focus on the nature of local excitable and oscillation events, their spatial couplings leading to propagating waves and the role of active membrane. Instead of arguing for their functional importance, we prefer to consider such patterns as basic properties of dynamic systems. We discuss how knowledge of these patterns could be used to dissect the structure of cellular organization and how the network-centric view could help define cellular functions as transitions between different dynamical states. Last, we speculate on how these patterns could encode temporal and spatial information. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Self-organization in cell biology’.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Centre for Bioimaging Sciences, Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Min Wu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Centre for Bioimaging Sciences, Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Nichols JME, Paschke P, Peak-Chew S, Williams TD, Tweedy L, Skehel M, Stephens E, Chubb JR, Kay RR. The Atypical MAP Kinase ErkB Transmits Distinct Chemotactic Signals through a Core Signaling Module. Dev Cell 2019; 48:491-505.e9. [PMID: 30612939 PMCID: PMC6397043 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Signaling from chemoattractant receptors activates the cytoskeleton of crawling cells for chemotaxis. We show using phosphoproteomics that different chemoattractants cause phosphorylation of the same core set of around 80 proteins in Dictyostelium cells. Strikingly, the majority of these are phosphorylated at an [S/T]PR motif by the atypical MAP kinase ErkB. Unlike most chemotactic responses, ErkB phosphorylations are persistent and do not adapt to sustained stimulation with chemoattractant. ErkB integrates dynamic autophosphorylation with chemotactic signaling through G-protein-coupled receptors. Downstream, our phosphoproteomics data define a broad panel of regulators of chemotaxis. Surprisingly, targets are almost exclusively other signaling proteins, rather than cytoskeletal components, revealing ErkB as a regulator of regulators rather than acting directly on the motility machinery. ErkB null cells migrate slowly and orientate poorly over broad dynamic ranges of chemoattractant. Our data indicate a central role for ErkB and its substrates in directing chemotaxis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John M E Nichols
- Cell Biology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK; MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower St., London WC1E 6BT, UK.
| | - Peggy Paschke
- Cell Biology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK; Cancer Research UK (CRUK) Beatson Institute, University of Glasgow, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK.
| | - Sew Peak-Chew
- Cell Biology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Thomas D Williams
- Cell Biology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Luke Tweedy
- Cancer Research UK (CRUK) Beatson Institute, University of Glasgow, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Mark Skehel
- Cell Biology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Elaine Stephens
- Cell Biology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK; Pfizer Inc, 1 Burtt Road, Andover, MA 01810, USA
| | - Jonathan R Chubb
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower St., London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Robert R Kay
- Cell Biology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Chen YL, Wu WL, Jang CW, Yen YC, Wang SH, Tsai FY, Shen YY, Chen YW. Interferon-stimulated gene 15 modulates cell migration by interacting with Rac1 and contributes to lymph node metastasis of oral squamous cell carcinoma cells. Oncogene 2019; 38:4480-4495. [PMID: 30765861 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-019-0731-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 12/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In an effort to understand the underlying mechanisms of lymph node metastasis in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), through in vivo selection, LN1-1 cells were previously established from OEC-M1 cells and showed enhanced lymphangiogenesis and lymphatic metastasis capabilities. In the current study, we use a stable isotope labeling with amino acids in cell culture (SILAC) and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)-based proteomic platform to compare LN1-1 to OEC-M1 cells. Interferon-stimulated gene 15 (ISG15) was found highly expressed in LN1-1 cells. Immunohistochemical analysis and meta-analysis of publicly available microarray datasets revealed that the ISG15 level was increased in human OSCC tissues and associated with poor disease outcome. Knockdown of ISG15 had minimal effects on tumor growth but did decrease tumor lymphangiogenesis and lymphatic metastasis of LN1-1 cells. Consistent with the in vivo assay, ISG15 knockdown did not impair cell growth but diminished cell migration, invasion, and transendothelial migration in vitro. ISG15-induced cell migration was independent of ISGylation and associated with membrane protrusion. Ectopic expression of ISG15 increased Rac1 activity and knockdown of Rac1 impaired ISG15-enhanced migration. Furthermore, Rac1 colocalized with ISG15 to a region of membrane protrusion and ISG15 coimmunoprecipitated with Rac1, especially with the Rac1-GDP form. Importantly, as shown by proximity ligation assays, ISG15 and Rac1 physically interacted with each other. Our results indicated that ISG15 affects cell migration by interacting with Rac1 and regulating Rac1 activity and contributes to lymphatic metastasis in OSCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Lin Chen
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Lin Wu
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Chuan-Wei Jang
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chen Yen
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Ssu-Han Wang
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Fang-Yu Tsai
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Ying Shen
- Pathology Core Laboratory, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Wen Chen
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan. .,Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Abstract
In macropinocytosis, cells take up micrometre-sized droplets of medium into internal vesicles. These vesicles are acidified and fused to lysosomes, their contents digested and useful compounds extracted. Indigestible contents can be exocytosed. Macropinocytosis has been known for approaching 100 years and is described in both metazoa and amoebae, but not in plants or fungi. Its evolutionary origin goes back to at least the common ancestor of the amoebozoa and opisthokonts, with apparent secondary loss from fungi. The primary function of macropinocytosis in amoebae and some cancer cells is feeding, but the conserved processing pathway for macropinosomes, which involves shrinkage and the retrieval of membrane to the cell surface, has been adapted in immune cells for antigen presentation. Macropinocytic cups are large actin-driven processes, closely related to phagocytic cups and pseudopods and appear to be organized around a conserved signalling patch of PIP3, active Ras and active Rac that directs actin polymerization to its periphery. Patches can form spontaneously and must be sustained by excitable kinetics with strong cooperation from the actin cytoskeleton. Growth-factor signalling shares core components with macropinocytosis, based around phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-kinase), and we suggest that it evolved to take control of ancient feeding structures through a coupled growth factor receptor. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue 'Macropinocytosis'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason S. King
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Robert R. Kay
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Wadsworth WG. A perspective on SOAL, a stochastic model of neuronal outgrowth. Dev Biol 2018; 443:92-101. [PMID: 30201437 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A functional nervous system requires neuronal connections to be made in a highly detailed and stereotypic manner. During development, neurons extend processes that can branch, travel in different directions, and form elaborate patterns. These patterns are essential for forming proper connections. Patterns of outgrowth are produced by complex molecular events that cause a fluid membrane to move. The collective impact of dynamic fluctuating events at the microscale cause the patterns of outgrowth observed at the macroscale. Patterning is genetically controlled, but the effects genes have on membrane movement and patterning are not well understood. To better understand how genes control outgrowth patterns, I propose a statistically-oriented asymmetric localization (SOAL) model. This model is based on the theory that receptor-mediated outgrowth activity is stochastically oriented and when the system is at equilibrium there is an equal probability of outgrowth being oriented in any direction. This concept allows a statistical mechanics approach that can correlate the microscale events of outgrowth to the observed macroscale patterns. Proof-of-concept experiments suggest this approach can be used to study the effect genes have on outgrowth patterns. The SOAL model also provides a new theoretical framework for conceptualizing guidance. According to the model, outgrowth activity becomes asymmetrically localized to the neuron's surface in a statistically dependent manner. Extracellular cues regulate the probability of outgrowth along the surface and the orientation of outgrowth fluctuates across the surface over time. This creates a directional bias that allows the growth cone to navigate in reference to the composition of extracellular cues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William G Wadsworth
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Fort L, Batista JM, Thomason PA, Spence HJ, Whitelaw JA, Tweedy L, Greaves J, Martin KJ, Anderson KI, Brown P, Lilla S, Neilson MP, Tafelmeyer P, Zanivan S, Ismail S, Bryant DM, Tomkinson NCO, Chamberlain LH, Mastick GS, Insall RH, Machesky LM. Fam49/CYRI interacts with Rac1 and locally suppresses protrusions. Nat Cell Biol 2018; 20:1159-1171. [PMID: 30250061 PMCID: PMC6863750 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-018-0198-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Actin-based protrusions are reinforced through positive feedback, but it is unclear what restricts their size, or limits positive signals when they retract or split. We identify an evolutionarily conserved regulator of actin-based protrusion: CYRI (CYFIP-related Rac interactor) also known as Fam49 (family of unknown function 49). CYRI binds activated Rac1 via a domain of unknown function (DUF1394) shared with CYFIP, defining DUF1394 as a Rac1-binding module. CYRI-depleted cells have broad lamellipodia enriched in Scar/WAVE, but reduced protrusion-retraction dynamics. Pseudopods induced by optogenetic Rac1 activation in CYRI-depleted cells are larger and longer lived. Conversely, CYRI overexpression suppresses recruitment of active Scar/WAVE to the cell edge, resulting in short-lived, unproductive protrusions. CYRI thus focuses protrusion signals and regulates pseudopod complexity by inhibiting Scar/WAVE-induced actin polymerization. It thus behaves like a 'local inhibitor' as predicted in widely accepted mathematical models, but not previously identified in cells. CYRI therefore regulates chemotaxis, cell migration and epithelial polarization by controlling the polarity and plasticity of protrusions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Loic Fort
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
- University of Glasgow Institute of Cancer Sciences, Glasgow, UK
| | - José Miguel Batista
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
- University of Glasgow Institute of Cancer Sciences, Glasgow, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Jennifer Greaves
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Kurt I Anderson
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
- Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Shehab Ismail
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
- University of Glasgow Institute of Cancer Sciences, Glasgow, UK
| | - David M Bryant
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
- University of Glasgow Institute of Cancer Sciences, Glasgow, UK
| | - Nicholas C O Tomkinson
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Luke H Chamberlain
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Robert H Insall
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK.
- University of Glasgow Institute of Cancer Sciences, Glasgow, UK.
| | - Laura M Machesky
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK.
- University of Glasgow Institute of Cancer Sciences, Glasgow, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Huebner RJ, Wallingford JB. Coming to Consensus: A Unifying Model Emerges for Convergent Extension. Dev Cell 2018; 46:389-396. [PMID: 30130529 PMCID: PMC6140352 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2018.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cell motility is a widespread biological property that is best understood in the context of individual cell migration. Indeed, studies of migration in culture have provided tremendous insight into the signals and mechanics involved and have laid the foundation for our understanding of similar migrations by larger cellular collectives. By contrast, our understanding of another flavor of movement, cell intercalation during convergent extension, is only now emerging. Here, we integrate divergent findings related to intercalation in different settings into a unifying model, paying attention to how this model does and does not resemble current models for directed cell migration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Huebner
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - John B Wallingford
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
The threshold of an excitable system serves as a control mechanism for noise filtering during chemotaxis. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0201283. [PMID: 30059517 PMCID: PMC6066244 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0201283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemotaxis, the migration of cells in the direction of a chemical gradient, is of utmost importance in various biological processes. In recent years, research has demonstrated that the underlying mechanism that controls cell migration is an excitable network. One of the properties that characterizes excitability is the presence of a threshold for activation. Here, we show that excitable systems possess noise filtering capabilities that enable faster and more efficient directed migration compared to other systems that also include a threshold, such as ultrasensitive switches. We demonstrate that this filtering ability is a consequence of the varying responses of excitable systems to step and pulse stimuli. Whereas the response to step inputs is determined solely by the magnitude of the stimulus, for pulse stimuli, the response depends on both the magnitude and duration of the stimulus. We then show that these two forms of threshold behavior can be decoupled from one another, allowing finer control in chemotaxis. Finally, we use a simple model of chemotaxis to demonstrate that cells that rely on an excitable system display faster and more effective directed migration that a hypothetical cell guided by an ultra-sensitive switch.
Collapse
|
28
|
A RAB35-p85/PI3K axis controls oscillatory apical protrusions required for efficient chemotactic migration. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1475. [PMID: 29662076 PMCID: PMC5902610 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03571-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
How cells move chemotactically remains a major unmet challenge in cell biology. Emerging evidence indicates that for interpreting noisy, shallow gradients of soluble cues a system must behave as an excitable process. Here, through an RNAi-based, high-content screening approach, we identify RAB35 as necessary for the formation of growth factors (GFs)-induced waves of circular dorsal ruffles (CDRs), apically restricted actin-rich migratory protrusions. RAB35 is sufficient to induce recurrent and polarized CDRs that travel as propagating waves, thus behaving as an excitable system that can be biased to control cell steering. Consistently, RAB35 is essential for promoting directed chemotactic migration and chemoinvasion of various cells in response to gradients of motogenic GFs. Molecularly, RAB35 does so by directly regulating the activity of p85/PI3K polarity axis. We propose that RAB35 is a molecular determinant for the control of an excitable, oscillatory system that acts as a steering wheel for GF-mediated chemotaxis and chemoinvasion. Circular dorsal ruffles (CDRs) are apical actin enriched structures involved in the interpretation of growth factor gradients during cell migration. Here, the authors find that a RAB35/PI3K axis is necessary and sufficient for the formation and stabilization of polarized CDRs and persistent directional migration.
Collapse
|
29
|
Abstract
Adaptation refers to the biological phenomenon where living systems change their internal states in response to changes in their environments in order to maintain certain key functions critical for their survival and fitness. Adaptation is one of the most ubiquitous and arguably one of the most fundamental properties of living systems. It occurs throughout all biological scales, from adaptation of populations of species over evolutionary time to adaptation of a single cell to different environmental stresses during its life span. In this article, we review some of the recent progress made in understanding molecular mechanisms of cellular level adaptation. We take the minimalist (or the physicist) approach and study the simplest systems that exhibit generic adaptive behaviors. We focus on understanding the basic biochemical interaction networks in living matter that are responsible for adaptation dynamics. By combining theoretical modeling with quantitative experimentation, we demonstrate universal features in adaptation as well as important differences in different cellular systems, including chemotaxis in bacterium cells (Escherichia coli) and eukaryotic cells (Dictyostelium). Future work in extending the modeling framework to study adaptation in more complex systems such as sensory neurons are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuhai Tu
- IBM T. J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY 10598
| | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Limerick G, Tang X, Lee WS, Mohamed A, Al-Aamiri A, Wadsworth WG. A Statistically-Oriented Asymmetric Localization (SOAL) Model for Neuronal Outgrowth Patterning by Caenorhabditis elegans UNC-5 (UNC5) and UNC-40 (DCC) Netrin Receptors. Genetics 2018; 208:245-272. [PMID: 29092889 PMCID: PMC5753861 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.117.300460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurons extend processes that vary in number, length, and direction of "outgrowth". Extracellular cues help determine outgrowth patterns. In Caenorhabditis elegans, neurons respond to the extracellular UNC-6 (netrin) cue via UNC-40 (DCC) and UNC-5 (UNC5) receptors. Previously, we presented evidence that UNC-40 asymmetric localization at the plasma membrane is self-organizing, and that UNC-40 can localize and mediate outgrowth at randomly selected sites. Here, we provide further evidence for a statistically-oriented asymmetric localization (SOAL) model in which UNC-5 receptor activity affects patterns of axon outgrowth by regulating UNC-40 asymmetric localization. According to the SOAL model, the direction of outgrowth activity fluctuates across the membrane over time. Random walk modeling predicts that increasing the degree to which the direction of outgrowth fluctuates will decrease the outward displacement of the membrane. By differentially affecting the degree to which the direction of outgrowth activity fluctuates over time, extracellular cues can produce different rates of outgrowth along the surface and create patterns of "extension". Consistent with the SOAL model, we show that unc-5 mutations alter UNC-40 asymmetric localization, increase the degree to which the direction of outgrowth fluctuates, and reduce the extent of outgrowth in multiple directions relative to the source of UNC-6 These results are inconsistent with current models, which predict that UNC-5 mediates a "repulsive" response to UNC-6 Genetic interactions suggest that UNC-5 acts through the UNC-53 (NAV2) cytoplasmic protein to regulate UNC-40 asymmetric localization in response to both the UNC-6 and EGL-20 (Wnt) extracellular cues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gerard Limerick
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854
| | - Xia Tang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854
| | - Won Suk Lee
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854
| | - Ahmed Mohamed
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854
| | - Aseel Al-Aamiri
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854
| | - William G Wadsworth
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Load Adaptation of Lamellipodial Actin Networks. Cell 2017; 171:188-200.e16. [PMID: 28867286 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2017.07.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Revised: 05/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Actin filaments polymerizing against membranes power endocytosis, vesicular traffic, and cell motility. In vitro reconstitution studies suggest that the structure and the dynamics of actin networks respond to mechanical forces. We demonstrate that lamellipodial actin of migrating cells responds to mechanical load when membrane tension is modulated. In a steady state, migrating cell filaments assume the canonical dendritic geometry, defined by Arp2/3-generated 70° branch points. Increased tension triggers a dense network with a broadened range of angles, whereas decreased tension causes a shift to a sparse configuration dominated by filaments growing perpendicularly to the plasma membrane. We show that these responses emerge from the geometry of branched actin: when load per filament decreases, elongation speed increases and perpendicular filaments gradually outcompete others because they polymerize the shortest distance to the membrane, where they are protected from capping. This network-intrinsic geometrical adaptation mechanism tunes protrusive force in response to mechanical load.
Collapse
|
32
|
Actin Waves: Origin of Cell Polarization and Migration? Trends Cell Biol 2017; 27:515-526. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2017.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
|
33
|
Yuan Q, Ren C, Xu W, Petri B, Zhang J, Zhang Y, Kubes P, Wu D, Tang W. PKN1 Directs Polarized RAB21 Vesicle Trafficking via RPH3A and Is Important for Neutrophil Adhesion and Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. Cell Rep 2017; 19:2586-2597. [PMID: 28636945 PMCID: PMC5548392 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.05.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Polarized vesicle transport plays an important role in cell polarization, but the mechanisms underlying this process and its role in innate immune responses are not well understood. Here, we describe a phosphorylation-regulated polarization mechanism that is important for neutrophil adhesion to endothelial cells during inflammatory responses. We show that the protein kinase PKN1 phosphorylates RPH3A, which enhances binding of RPH3A to guanosine triphosphate (GTP)-bound RAB21. These interactions are important for polarized localization of RAB21 and RPH3A in neutrophils, which leads to PIP5K1C90 polarization. Consistent with the roles of PIP5K1C90 polarization, the lack of PKN1 or RPH3A impairs neutrophil integrin activation, adhesion to endothelial cells, and infiltration in inflammatory models. Furthermore, myeloid-specific loss of PKN1 decreases tissue injury in a renal ischemia-reperfusion model. Thus, this study characterizes a mechanism for protein polarization in neutrophils and identifies a potential protein kinase target for therapeutic intervention in reperfusion-related tissue injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qianying Yuan
- Department of Pharmacology, Vascular Biology and Therapeutic Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Chunguang Ren
- Department of Pharmacology, Vascular Biology and Therapeutic Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Wenwen Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, Vascular Biology and Therapeutic Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Björn Petri
- Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases Mouse Phenomics Resource Laboratory, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Jiasheng Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Vascular Biology and Therapeutic Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Paul Kubes
- Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases Mouse Phenomics Resource Laboratory, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Dianqing Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, Vascular Biology and Therapeutic Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
| | - Wenwen Tang
- Department of Pharmacology, Vascular Biology and Therapeutic Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Neutrophil migration in infection and wound repair: going forward in reverse. Nat Rev Immunol 2017; 16:378-91. [PMID: 27231052 DOI: 10.1038/nri.2016.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 651] [Impact Index Per Article: 93.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophil migration and its role during inflammation has been the focus of increased interest in the past decade. Advances in live imaging and the use of new model systems have helped to uncover the behaviour of neutrophils in injured and infected tissues. Although neutrophils were considered to be short-lived effector cells that undergo apoptosis in damaged tissues, recent evidence suggests that neutrophil behaviour is more complex and, in some settings, neutrophils might leave sites of tissue injury and migrate back into the vasculature. The role of reverse migration and its contribution to resolution of inflammation remains unclear. In this Review, we discuss the different cues within tissues that mediate neutrophil forward and reverse migration in response to injury or infection and the implications of these mechanisms to human disease.
Collapse
|
35
|
Buckley CM, King JS. Drinking problems: mechanisms of macropinosome formation and maturation. FEBS J 2017; 284:3778-3790. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.14115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine M. Buckley
- Department of Biomedical Sciences Centre for Membrane Interactions and Dynamics University of Sheffield UK
- Bateson Centre University of Sheffield UK
| | - Jason S. King
- Department of Biomedical Sciences Centre for Membrane Interactions and Dynamics University of Sheffield UK
- Bateson Centre University of Sheffield UK
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Meena NP, Kimmel AR. Chemotactic network responses to live bacteria show independence of phagocytosis from chemoreceptor sensing. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28541182 PMCID: PMC5476428 DOI: 10.7554/elife.24627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspects of innate immunity derive from characteristics inherent to phagocytes, including chemotaxis toward and engulfment of unicellular organisms or cell debris. Ligand chemotaxis has been biochemically investigated using mammalian and model systems, but precision of chemotaxis towards ligands being actively secreted by live bacteria is not well studied, nor has there been systematic analyses of interrelationships between chemotaxis and phagocytosis. The genetic/molecular model Dictyostelium and mammalian phagocytes share mechanistic pathways for chemotaxis and phagocytosis; Dictyostelium chemotax toward bacteria and phagocytose them as food sources. We quantified Dictyostelium chemotaxis towards live gram positive and gram negative bacteria and demonstrate high sensitivity to multiple bacterially-secreted chemoattractants. Additive/competitive assays indicate that intracellular signaling-networks for multiple ligands utilize independent upstream adaptive mechanisms, but common downstream targets, thus amplifying detection at low signal propagation, but strengthening discrimination of multiple inputs. Finally, analyses of signaling-networks for chemotaxis and phagocytosis indicate that chemoattractant receptor-signaling is not essential for bacterial phagocytosis. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.24627.001
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Netra Pal Meena
- Laboratory of Cellular and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, The National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Alan R Kimmel
- Laboratory of Cellular and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, The National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Feng G, Zhu Z, Li WJ, Lin Q, Chai Y, Dong MQ, Ou G. Hippo kinases maintain polarity during directional cell migration in Caenorhabditis elegans. EMBO J 2016; 36:334-345. [PMID: 28011581 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201695734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Precise positioning of cells is crucial for metazoan development. Despite immense progress in the elucidation of the attractive cues of cell migration, the repulsive mechanisms that prevent the formation of secondary leading edges remain less investigated. Here, we demonstrate that Caenorhabditis elegans Hippo kinases promote cell migration along the anterior-posterior body axis via the inhibition of dorsal-ventral (DV) migration. Ectopic DV polarization was also demonstrated in gain-of-function mutant animals for C. elegans RhoG MIG-2. We identified serine 139 of MIG-2 as a novel conserved Hippo kinase phosphorylation site and demonstrated that purified Hippo kinases directly phosphorylate MIG-2S139 Live imaging analysis of genome-edited animals indicates that MIG-2S139 phosphorylation impedes actin assembly in migrating cells. Intriguingly, Hippo kinases are excluded from the leading edge in wild-type cells, while MIG-2 loss induces uniform distribution of Hippo kinases. We provide evidence that Hippo kinases inhibit RhoG activity locally and are in turn restricted to the cell body by RhoG-mediated polarization. Therefore, we propose that the Hippo-RhoG feedback regulation maintains cell polarity during directional cell motility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guoxin Feng
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences and MOE Key Laboratory for Protein Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiwen Zhu
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences and MOE Key Laboratory for Protein Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Wen-Jun Li
- National Institute of Biological Science, Beijing, China
| | - Qirong Lin
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences and MOE Key Laboratory for Protein Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yongping Chai
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences and MOE Key Laboratory for Protein Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Meng-Qiu Dong
- National Institute of Biological Science, Beijing, China
| | - Guangshuo Ou
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences and MOE Key Laboratory for Protein Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Ross CL. The use of electric, magnetic, and electromagnetic field for directed cell migration and adhesion in regenerative medicine. Biotechnol Prog 2016; 33:5-16. [PMID: 27797153 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Revised: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Directed cell migration and adhesion is essential to embryonic development, tissue formation and wound healing. For decades it has been reported that electric field (EF), magnetic field (MF) and electromagnetic field (EMF) can play important roles in determining cell differentiation, migration, adhesion, and evenwound healing. Combinations of these techniques have revealed new and exciting explanations for how cells move and adhere to surfaces; how the migration of multiple cells are coordinated and regulated; how cellsinteract with neighboring cells, and also to changes in their microenvironment. In some cells, speed and direction are voltage dependent. Data suggests that the use of EF, MF and EMF could advance techniques in regenerative medicine, tissue engineering and wound healing. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 33:5-16, 2017.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christina L Ross
- The Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest Center for Integrative Medicine, Medical Center Blvd, Winston-Salem, NC
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Iida T, Saito K, Katagiri K, Kinashi T, Ohta Y. The RacGAP protein FilGAP is a negative regulator of chemokine-promoted lymphocyte migration. FEBS Lett 2016; 590:1395-408. [PMID: 27130700 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Rho family small GTPases regulate lymphocyte migration induced by chemokines. However, how lymphocyte migration is regulated by Rho GTPases remains to be elucidated. Here, we identified FilGAP, a Rac-specific GAP, as a negative regulator of lymphocyte polarization and migration. Depletion of FilGAP in mouse pro-B BAF cells increased cellular elongation and membrane protrusion after stimulation of the cells with SDF-1α, which caused increased migration speed. Although FilGAP is detectable both at the front and rear of polarized cells, FilGAP appears to be concentrated at the tip of retracting lamellae of moving lymphocytes. Moreover, depletion of FilGAP increased activation of Rac at the front of polarized cells. Thus, FilGAP may inhibit lamellae extension at the front of moving lymphocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Toru Iida
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Koji Saito
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Koko Katagiri
- Division of Immunology, Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Kinashi
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Biomedical Science, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yasutaka Ohta
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Senoo H, Cai H, Wang Y, Sesaki H, Iijima M. The novel RacE-binding protein GflB sharpens Ras activity at the leading edge of migrating cells. Mol Biol Cell 2016; 27:1596-605. [PMID: 27009206 PMCID: PMC4865317 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e15-11-0796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel protein, GflB, is found to control both Ras and Rho to optimize the reorganization of actin cytoskeletons for directed cell migration. GflB is subjected to feedback regulation from actin cytoskeletons, allowing cells to detect and control the size of actin-rich pseudopods and navigate their movements with extremely high precision. Directional sensing, a process in which cells convert an external chemical gradient into internal signaling events, is essential in chemotaxis. We previously showed that a Rho GTPase, RacE, regulates gradient sensing in Dictyostelium cells. Here, using affinity purification and mass spectrometry, we identify a novel RacE-binding protein, GflB, which contains a Ras GEF domain and a Rho GAP domain. Using biochemical and gene knockout approaches, we show that GflB balances the activation of Ras and Rho GTPases, which enables cells to precisely orient signaling events toward higher concentrations of chemoattractants. Furthermore, we find that GflB is located at the leading edge of migrating cells, and this localization is regulated by the actin cytoskeleton and phosphatidylserine. Our findings provide a new molecular mechanism that connects directional sensing and morphological polarization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Senoo
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Huaqing Cai
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 State Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Hiromi Sesaki
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Miho Iijima
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Zhang SX, Duan LH, Qian H, Yu X. Actin Aggregations Mark the Sites of Neurite Initiation. Neurosci Bull 2016; 32:1-15. [PMID: 26779918 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-016-0012-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A salient feature of neurons is their intrinsic ability to grow and extend neurites, even in the absence of external cues. Compared to the later stages of neuronal development, such as neuronal polarization and dendrite morphogenesis, the early steps of neuritogenesis remain relatively unexplored. Here we showed that redistribution of cortical actin into large aggregates preceded neuritogenesis and determined the site of neurite initiation. Enhancing actin polymerization by jasplakinolide treatment effectively blocked actin redistribution and neurite initiation, while treatment with the actin depolymerizing agents latrunculin A or cytochalasin D accelerated neurite formation. Together, these results demonstrate a critical role of actin dynamics and reorganization in neurite initiation. Further experiments showed that microtubule dynamics and protein synthesis are not required for neurite initiation, but are required for later neurite stabilization. The redistribution of actin during early neuronal development was also observed in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Xin Zhang
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Li-Hui Duan
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Hong Qian
- Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195, USA
| | - Xiang Yu
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Mao Q, Lecuit T. Mechanochemical Interplay Drives Polarization in Cellular and Developmental Systems. Curr Top Dev Biol 2016; 116:633-57. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2015.11.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
|
43
|
Bao Y, Ledderose C, Graf AF, Brix B, Birsak T, Lee A, Zhang J, Junger WG. mTOR and differential activation of mitochondria orchestrate neutrophil chemotaxis. J Cell Biol 2015; 210:1153-64. [PMID: 26416965 PMCID: PMC4586745 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201503066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil chemotaxis is regulated by opposing autocrine purinergic signaling mechanisms, which are stimulated by mitochondrial ATP formation that is up-regulated via mTOR and P2Y2 receptors at the front and down-regulated via A2a receptors and cAMP/PKA signaling at the back of cells. Neutrophils use chemotaxis to locate invading bacteria. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) release and autocrine purinergic signaling via P2Y2 receptors at the front and A2a receptors at the back of cells regulate chemotaxis. Here, we examined the intracellular mechanisms that control these opposing signaling mechanisms. We found that mitochondria deliver ATP that stimulates P2Y2 receptors in response to chemotactic cues, and that P2Y2 receptors promote mTOR signaling, which augments mitochondrial activity near the front of cells. Blocking mTOR signaling with rapamycin or PP242 or mitochondrial ATP production (e.g., with CCCP) reduced mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake and membrane potential, and impaired cellular ATP release and neutrophil chemotaxis. Autocrine stimulation of A2a receptors causes cyclic adenosine monophosphate accumulation at the back of cells, which inhibits mTOR signaling and mitochondrial activity, resulting in uropod retraction. We conclude that mitochondrial, purinergic, and mTOR signaling regulates neutrophil chemotaxis and may be a pharmacological target in inflammatory diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Bao
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Carola Ledderose
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Amelie F Graf
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Bianca Brix
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Theresa Birsak
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Albert Lee
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Jingping Zhang
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Wolfgang G Junger
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215 Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Traumatology, Vienna A-1200, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Hegemann B, Unger M, Lee SS, Stoffel-Studer I, van den Heuvel J, Pelet S, Koeppl H, Peter M. A Cellular System for Spatial Signal Decoding in Chemical Gradients. Dev Cell 2015; 35:458-70. [PMID: 26585298 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2015.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Revised: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Directional cell growth requires that cells read and interpret shallow chemical gradients, but how the gradient directional information is identified remains elusive. We use single-cell analysis and mathematical modeling to define the cellular gradient decoding network in yeast. Our results demonstrate that the spatial information of the gradient signal is read locally within the polarity site complex using double-positive feedback between the GTPase Cdc42 and trafficking of the receptor Ste2. Spatial decoding critically depends on low Cdc42 activity, which is maintained by the MAPK Fus3 through sequestration of the Cdc42 activator Cdc24. Deregulated Cdc42 or Ste2 trafficking prevents gradient decoding and leads to mis-oriented growth. Our work discovers how a conserved set of components assembles a network integrating signal intensity and directionality to decode the spatial information contained in chemical gradients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Björn Hegemann
- Department of Biology, Institute of Biochemistry, ETH Zurich, Otto-Stern-Weg 3, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Michael Unger
- Department of Biology, Institute of Biochemistry, ETH Zurich, Otto-Stern-Weg 3, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland; Automatic Control Laboratory, ETH Zurich, Physikstrasse 3, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Sung Sik Lee
- Department of Biology, Institute of Biochemistry, ETH Zurich, Otto-Stern-Weg 3, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ingrid Stoffel-Studer
- Department of Biology, Institute of Biochemistry, ETH Zurich, Otto-Stern-Weg 3, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jasmin van den Heuvel
- Department of Biology, Institute of Biochemistry, ETH Zurich, Otto-Stern-Weg 3, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Serge Pelet
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, University of Lausanne, Biophore Building, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Heinz Koeppl
- Automatic Control Laboratory, ETH Zurich, Physikstrasse 3, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Rundeturmstrasse 12, 64283 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Matthias Peter
- Department of Biology, Institute of Biochemistry, ETH Zurich, Otto-Stern-Weg 3, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
How grow-and-switch gravitropism generates root coiling and root waving growth responses in Medicago truncatula. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:12938-43. [PMID: 26432881 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1509942112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental studies show that plant root morphologies can vary widely from straight gravity-aligned primary roots to fractal-like root architectures. However, the opaqueness of soil makes it difficult to observe how environmental factors modulate these patterns. Here, we combine a transparent hydrogel growth medium with a custom built 3D laser scanner to directly image the morphology of Medicago truncatula primary roots. In our experiments, root growth is obstructed by an inclined plane in the growth medium. As the tilt of this rigid barrier is varied, we find Medicago transitions between randomly directed root coiling, sinusoidal root waving, and normal gravity-aligned morphologies. Although these root phenotypes appear morphologically distinct, our analysis demonstrates the divisions are less well defined, and instead, can be viewed as a 2D biased random walk that seeks the path of steepest decent along the inclined plane. Features of this growth response are remarkably similar to the widely known run-and-tumble chemotactic behavior of Escherichia coli bacteria, where biased random walks are used as optimal strategies for nutrient uptake.
Collapse
|
46
|
Ridley AJ. Rho GTPase signalling in cell migration. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2015; 36:103-12. [PMID: 26363959 PMCID: PMC4728192 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2015.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 549] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Revised: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Cells migrate in multiple different ways depending on their environment, which includes the extracellular matrix composition, interactions with other cells, and chemical stimuli. For all types of cell migration, Rho GTPases play a central role, although the relative contribution of each Rho GTPase depends on the environment and cell type. Here, I review recent advances in our understanding of how Rho GTPases contribute to different types of migration, comparing lamellipodium-driven versus bleb-driven migration modes. I also describe how cells migrate across the endothelium. In addition to Rho, Rac and Cdc42, which are well known to regulate migration, I discuss the roles of other less-well characterized members of the Rho family.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne J Ridley
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Verkhovsky AB. The mechanisms of spatial and temporal patterning of cell-edge dynamics. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2015; 36:113-21. [PMID: 26432504 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2015.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Revised: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Adherent cells migrate and change their shape by means of protrusion and retraction at their edges. When and where these activities occur defines the shape of the cell and the way it moves. Despite a great deal of knowledge about the structural organization, components, and biochemical reactions involved in protrusion and retraction, the origins of their spatial and temporal patterns are still poorly understood. Chemical signaling circuitry is believed to be an important source of patterning, but recent studies highlighted mechanisms based on physical forces, motion, and mechanical feedback.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander B Verkhovsky
- Laboratory of Physics of Living Matter, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Abstract
Cells migrate in multiple different ways depending on their environment, which includes the extracellular matrix composition, interactions with other cells, and chemical stimuli. For all types of cell migration, Rho GTPases play a central role, although the relative contribution of each Rho GTPase depends on the environment and cell type. Here, I review recent advances in our understanding of how Rho GTPases contribute to different types of migration, comparing lamellipodium-driven versus bleb-driven migration modes. I also describe how cells migrate across the endothelium. In addition to Rho, Rac and Cdc42, which are well known to regulate migration, I discuss the roles of other less-well characterized members of the Rho family.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne J Ridley
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Lockley R, Ladds G, Bretschneider T. Image based validation of dynamical models for cell reorientation. Cytometry A 2015; 87:471-80. [PMID: 25492625 PMCID: PMC4890678 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.22600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2014] [Revised: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A key feature of directed cell movement is the ability of cells to reorient quickly in response to changes in the direction of an extracellular stimulus. Mathematical models have suggested quite different regulatory mechanisms to explain reorientation, raising the question of how we can validate these models in a rigorous way. In this study, we fit three reaction-diffusion models to experimental data of Dictyostelium amoebae reorienting in response to alternating gradients of mechanical shear flow. The experimental readouts we use to fit are spatio-temporal distributions of a fluorescent reporter for cortical F-actin labeling the cell front. Experiments performed under different conditions are fitted simultaneously to challenge the models with different types of cellular dynamics. Although the model proposed by Otsuji is unable to provide a satisfactory fit, those suggested by Meinhardt and Levchenko fit equally well. Further, we show that reduction of the three-variable Meinhardt model to a two-variable model also provides an excellent fit, but has the advantage of all parameters being uniquely identifiable. Our work demonstrates that model selection and identifiability analysis, commonly applied to temporal dynamics problems in systems biology, can be a powerful tool when extended to spatio-temporal imaging data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Lockley
- Warwick Systems Biology Centre, Senate House, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Graham Ladds
- Division of Biomedical Cell Biology, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Till Bretschneider
- Warwick Systems Biology Centre, Senate House, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Tsujita K, Takenawa T, Itoh T. Feedback regulation between plasma membrane tension and membrane-bending proteins organizes cell polarity during leading edge formation. Nat Cell Biol 2015; 17:749-58. [PMID: 25938814 DOI: 10.1038/ncb3162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Tension applied to the plasma membrane (PM) is a global mechanical parameter involved in cell migration. However, how membrane tension regulates actin assembly is unknown. Here, we demonstrate that FBP17, a membrane-bending protein and an activator of WASP/N-WASP-dependent actin nucleation, is a PM tension sensor involved in leading edge formation. In migrating cells, FBP17 localizes to short membrane invaginations at the leading edge, while diminishing from the cell rear in response to PM tension increase. Conversely, following reduced PM tension, FBP17 dots randomly distribute throughout the cell, correlating with loss of polarized actin assembly on PM tension reduction. Actin protrusive force is required for the polarized accumulation, indicating a role for FBP17-mediated activation of WASP/N-WASP in PM tension generation. In vitro experiments show that FBP17 membrane-bending activity depends on liposomal membrane tension. Thus, FBP17 is the local activator of actin polymerization that is inhibited by PM tension in the feedback loop that regulates cell migration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Tsujita
- Biosignal Research Center, Organization of Advanced Science and Technology, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan
| | - Tadaomi Takenawa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0017, Japan
| | - Toshiki Itoh
- Biosignal Research Center, Organization of Advanced Science and Technology, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan
| |
Collapse
|