1
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Lim SE, Vicente-Munuera P, Mao Y. Forced back into shape: Mechanics of epithelial wound repair. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2024; 87:102324. [PMID: 38290420 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2024.102324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Wound repair, the closing of a hole, is inherently a physical process that requires the change of shape of materials, in this case, cells and tissues. Not only is efficient and accurate wound repair critical for restoring barrier function and reducing infection, but it is also critical for restoring the complex three-dimensional architecture of an organ. This re-sculpting of tissues requires the complex coordination of cell behaviours in multiple dimensions, in space and time, to ensure that the repaired structure can continue functioning optimally. Recent evidence highlights the importance of cell and tissue mechanics in 2D and 3D to achieve such seamless wound repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu En Lim
- Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK; Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Pablo Vicente-Munuera
- Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK; Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Yanlan Mao
- Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK; Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
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2
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Pozzi G, Ciarletta P. Geometric control by active mechanics of epithelial gap closure. SOFT MATTER 2024; 20:900-908. [PMID: 38180343 DOI: 10.1039/d3sm01419c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Epithelial wound healing is one of the most important biological processes occurring during the lifetime of an organism. It is a self-repair mechanism closing wounds or gaps within tissues to restore their functional integrity. In this work we derive a new diffuse interface approach for modelling the gap closure by means of a variational principle in the framework of non-equilibrium thermodynamics. We investigate the interplay between the crawling with lamellipodia protrusions and the supracellular tension exerted by the actomyosin cable on the closure dynamics. These active features are modeled as Korteweg forces into a generalised chemical potential. From an asymptotic analysis, we derive a pressure jump across the gap edge in the sharp interface limit. Moreover, the chemical potential diffuses as a Mullins-Sekerka system, and its interfacial value is given by a Gibbs-Thompson relation for its local potential driven by the curvature-dependent purse-string tension. The finite element simulations show an excellent quantitative agreement between the closure dynamics and the morphology of the edge with respect to existing biological experiments. The resulting force patterns are also in good qualitative agreement with existing traction force microscopy measurements. Our results shed light on the geometrical control of the gap closure dynamics resulting from the active forces that are chemically activated around the gap edge.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Pozzi
- MOX, Dipartimento di Matematica, Politecnico di Milano, piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - P Ciarletta
- MOX, Dipartimento di Matematica, Politecnico di Milano, piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy.
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3
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Abedrabbo M, Sloomy S, Abu-Leil R, Kfir-Cohen E, Ravid S. Scribble, Lgl1, and myosin IIA interact with α-/β-catenin to maintain epithelial junction integrity. Cell Adh Migr 2023; 17:1-23. [PMID: 37743653 PMCID: PMC10761038 DOI: 10.1080/19336918.2023.2260645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
E-cadherin-catenin complex together with the cytoskeleton, builds the core of Adherens junctions (AJs). It has been reported that Scribble stabilizes the coupling of E-cadherin with catenins promoting epithelial cell adhesion, but the mechanism remains unknown. We show that Scribble, Lgl1, and NMII-A reside in a complex with E-cadherin-catenin complex. Depletion of either Scribble or Lgl1 disrupts the localization of E-cadherin-catenin complex to AJs. aPKCζ phosphorylation of Lgl1 regulates AJ localization of Lgl1 and E-cadherin-catenin complexes. Both Scribble and Lgl1 regulate the activation and recruitment of NMII-A at AJs. Finally, Scribble and Lgl1 are downregulated by TGFβ-induced EMT, and their re-expression during EMT impedes its progression. Our results provide insight into the mechanism regulating AJ integrity by Scribble, Lgl1, and NMII-A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maha Abedrabbo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Institute of Medical Research Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Shirel Sloomy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Institute of Medical Research Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Reham Abu-Leil
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Institute of Medical Research Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Einav Kfir-Cohen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Institute of Medical Research Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Shoshana Ravid
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Institute of Medical Research Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
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4
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Lee EEL, O'Malley-Krohn I, Edsinger E, Wu S, Malamy J. Epithelial wound healing in Clytia hemisphaerica provides insights into extracellular ATP signaling mechanisms and P2XR evolution. Sci Rep 2023; 13:18819. [PMID: 37914720 PMCID: PMC10620158 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-45424-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial wound healing involves the collective responses of many cells, including those at the wound margin (marginal cells) and those that lack direct contact with the wound (submarginal cells). How these responses are induced and coordinated to produce rapid, efficient wound healing remains poorly understood. Extracellular ATP (eATP) is implicated as a signal in epithelial wound healing in vertebrates. However, the role of eATP in wound healing in vivo and the cellular responses to eATP are unclear. Almost nothing is known about eATP signaling in non-bilaterian metazoans (Cnidaria, Ctenophora, Placozoa, and Porifera). Here, we show that eATP promotes closure of epithelial wounds in vivo in the cnidarian Clytia hemisphaerica (Clytia) indicating that eATP signaling is an evolutionarily ancient strategy in wound healing. Furthermore, eATP increases F-actin accumulation at the edges of submarginal cells. In Clytia, this indicates eATP is involved in coordinating cellular responses during wound healing, acting in part by promoting actin remodeling in cells at a distance from the wound. We also present evidence that eATP activates a cation channel in Clytia epithelial cells. This implies that the eATP signal is transduced through a P2X receptor (P2XR). Phylogenetic analyses identified four Clytia P2XR homologs and revealed two deeply divergent major branches in P2XR evolution, necessitating revision of current models. Interestingly, simple organisms such as cellular slime mold appear exclusively on one branch, bilaterians are found exclusively on the other, and many non-bilaterian metazoans, including Clytia, have P2XR sequences from both branches. Together, these results re-draw the P2XR evolutionary tree, provide new insights into the origin of eATP signaling in wound healing, and demonstrate that the cytoskeleton of submarginal cells is a target of eATP signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth E L Lee
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Isabel O'Malley-Krohn
- Biological Sciences Collegiate Division, The University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Eric Edsinger
- Whitney Laboratory for Marine Biosciences, University of Florida, 9505 N Ocean Shore Blvd, St. Augustine, FL, 32080, USA
| | - Stephanie Wu
- Biological Sciences Collegiate Division, The University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Jocelyn Malamy
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
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5
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Su CY, Matsubara T, Wu A, Ahn EH, Kim DH. Matrix Anisotropy Promotes a Transition of Collective to Disseminated Cell Migration via a Collective Vortex Motion. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2023; 7:e2300026. [PMID: 36932886 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202300026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
Cells detached and disseminated away from collectively migrating cells are frequently found during tumor invasion at the invasion front, where extracellular matrix (ECM) fibers are parallel to the cell migration direction. However, it remains unclear how anisotropic topography promotes the transition of collective to disseminated cell migration. This study applies a collective cell migration model with and without 800 nm wide aligned nanogrooves parallel, perpendicular, or diagonal to the cell migration direction. After 120 hour migration, MCF7-GFP-H2B-mCherry breast cancer cells display more disseminated cells at the migration front on parallel topography than on other topographies. Notably, a fluid-like collective motion with high vorticity is enhanced at the migration front on parallel topography. Furthermore, high vorticity but not velocity is correlated with disseminated cell numbers on parallel topography. Enhanced collective vortex motion colocalizes with cell monolayer defects where cells extend protrusions into the free space, suggesting that topography-driven cell crawling for defect closure promotes the collective vortex motion. In addition, elongated cell morphology and frequent protrusions induced by topography may further contribute to the collective vortex motion. Overall, a high-vorticity collective motion at the migration front promoted by parallel topography suggests a cause of the transition of collective to disseminated cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Yi Su
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Tatsuya Matsubara
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Alex Wu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Eun Hyun Ahn
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Deok-Ho Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
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6
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Feng L, Zhao T, Xu H, Shi X, Li C, Hsia KJ, Zhang S. Physical forces guide curvature sensing and cell migration mode bifurcating. PNAS NEXUS 2023; 2:pgad237. [PMID: 37680491 PMCID: PMC10482382 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgad237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
The ability of cells to sense and adapt to curvy topographical features has been implicated in organ morphogenesis, tissue repair, and tumor metastasis. However, how individual cells or multicellular assemblies sense and differentiate curvatures remains elusive. Here, we reveal a curvature sensing mechanism in which surface tension can selectively activate either actin or integrin flows, leading to bifurcating cell migration modes: focal adhesion formation that enables cell crawling at convex front edges and actin cable assembly that pulls cells forward at concave front edges. The molecular flows and curved front morphogenesis are sustained by coordinated cellular tension generation and transmission. We track the molecular flows and mechanical force transduction pathways by a phase-field model, which predicts that multicellular curvature sensing is more efficient than individual cells, suggesting collective intelligence of cells. The unique ability of cells in curvature sensing and migration mode bifurcating may offer insights into emergent collective patterns and functions of living active systems at different length scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luyi Feng
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Tiankai Zhao
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Hongmei Xu
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Xuechen Shi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Changhao Li
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - K Jimmy Hsia
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Sulin Zhang
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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7
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Xu J, Wang Q, Li X, Zheng Y, Ji B. Cellular mechanisms of wound closure under cyclic stretching. Biophys J 2023; 122:2404-2420. [PMID: 36966361 PMCID: PMC10322892 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2023.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Wound closure is a fundamental process in many physiological and pathological processes, but the regulating effects of external force on the closure process are still unclear. Here, we systematically studied the closure process of wounds of different shape under cyclic stretching. We found that the stretching amplitude and direction had significant effect on the healing speed and healing mode. For instance, there was a biphasic dependence of the healing speed on the stretching amplitude. That is, the wound closure was faster under relatively small and large amplitude, while it was slower under intermediate amplitude. At the same time, the stretching could regulate the healing pattern. We showed that the stretching would increase the healing speed along the direction perpendicular to the stretching direction. Specifically, when the stretching was along the major axis of the wound, it accelerated the healing speed along the short axis, which induced a rosette to stitching-line mode transition. In contrast, stretching along the minor axis accelerated the healing speed along the long axis, inducing a stitching-line to rosette mode transition. Our theoretical analyses demonstrated that the wound closure process was coregulated by the mechanical factors including prestress in the cytoskeleton, the protrusion of cells, and the contraction of the actin ring, as well as the geometry of the wound. The cyclic stretch could further modulate the roles of these factors. For example, the stretching changed the stress field in the cell layer, and switched the direction of cell protrusions. This article reveals important cellular mechanisms of the wound healing process under cyclic stretching, and provides an insight into possible approaches of regulating cell collective behaviors via mechanical forces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Xu
- Department of Applied Mechanics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China; Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Biophysics, Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, China
| | - Qianchun Wang
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Biophysics, Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiaojun Li
- Department of Applied Mechanics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Yifei Zheng
- Institute of Biomechanics and Applications, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Baohua Ji
- Institute of Biomechanics and Applications, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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8
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Dow LP, Parmar T, Marchetti MC, Pruitt BL. Engineering tools for quantifying and manipulating forces in epithelia. BIOPHYSICS REVIEWS 2023; 4:021303. [PMID: 38510344 PMCID: PMC10903508 DOI: 10.1063/5.0142537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
The integrity of epithelia is maintained within dynamic mechanical environments during tissue development and homeostasis. Understanding how epithelial cells mechanosignal and respond collectively or individually is critical to providing insight into developmental and (patho)physiological processes. Yet, inferring or mimicking mechanical forces and downstream mechanical signaling as they occur in epithelia presents unique challenges. A variety of in vitro approaches have been used to dissect the role of mechanics in regulating epithelia organization. Here, we review approaches and results from research into how epithelial cells communicate through mechanical cues to maintain tissue organization and integrity. We summarize the unique advantages and disadvantages of various reduced-order model systems to guide researchers in choosing appropriate experimental systems. These model systems include 3D, 2D, and 1D micromanipulation methods, single cell studies, and noninvasive force inference and measurement techniques. We also highlight a number of in silico biophysical models that are informed by in vitro and in vivo observations. Together, a combination of theoretical and experimental models will aid future experiment designs and provide predictive insight into mechanically driven behaviors of epithelial dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Toshi Parmar
- Department of Physics, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
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9
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Zhao T, Yuan H. The analytical solution to the migration of an epithelial monolayer with a circular spreading front and its implications in the gap closure process. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2023:10.1007/s10237-023-01723-4. [PMID: 37149822 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-023-01723-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The coordinated behaviors of epithelial cells are widely observed in tissue development, such as re-epithelialization, tumor growth, and morphogenesis. In these processes, cells either migrate collectively or organize themselves into specific structures to serve certain purposes. In this work, we study a spreading epithelial monolayer whose migrating front encloses a circular gap in the monolayer center. Such tissue is usually used to mimic the wound healing process in vitro. We model the epithelial sheet as a layer of active viscous polar fluid. With an axisymmetric assumption, the model can be analytically solved under two special conditions, suggesting two possible spreading modes for the epithelial monolayer. Based on these two sets of analytical solutions, we assess the velocity of the spreading front affected by the gap size, the active intercellular contractility, and the purse-string contraction acting on the spreading edge. Several critical values exist in the model parameters for the initiation of the gap closure process, and the purse-string contraction plays a vital role in governing the gap closure kinetics. Finally, the instability of the morphology of the spreading front was studied. Numerical calculations show how the perturbated velocities and the growth rates vary with respect to different model parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiankai Zhao
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Soft Mechanics & Smart Manufacturing, Department of Mechanics and Aerospace Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Hongyan Yuan
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Soft Mechanics & Smart Manufacturing, Department of Mechanics and Aerospace Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
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10
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Bai J, Zeng X. Computational modeling and simulation of epithelial wound closure. Sci Rep 2023; 13:6265. [PMID: 37069231 PMCID: PMC10110613 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-33111-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Wounds in the epithelium may lead to serious injurious events or chronic inflammatory diseases, however, multicellular organisms have the ability to self-repair wounds through the movement of epithelial cell toward the wound area. Despite intensive studies exploring the mechanism of wound closure, the role of mechanics in epithelial wound closure is still not well explained. In order to investigate the role of mechanical properties on wound closure process, a three-dimensional continuum physics-based computational model is presented in this study. The model takes into account the material property of the epithelial cell, intercellular interactions between neighboring cells at cell-cell junctions, and cell-substrate adhesion between epithelial cells and ECM. Through finite element simulation, it is found that the closure efficiency is related to the initial gap size and the intensity of lamellipodial protrusion. It is also shown that cells at the wound edge undergo higher stress compared with other cells in the epithelial monolayer, and the cellular normal stress dominates over the cellular shear stress. The model presented in this study can be employed as a numerical tool to unravel the mechanical principles behind the complex wound closure process. These results might have the potential to improve effective wound management and optimize the treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Bai
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX, 78249, USA
| | - Xiaowei Zeng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX, 78249, USA.
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11
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Baraban M, Gordillo Pi C, Bonnet I, Gilles JF, Lejeune C, Cabrera M, Tep F, Breau MA. Actomyosin contractility in olfactory placode neurons opens the skin epithelium to form the zebrafish nostril. Dev Cell 2023; 58:361-375.e5. [PMID: 36841243 PMCID: PMC10023511 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2023.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
Abstract
Despite their barrier function, epithelia can locally lose their integrity to create physiological openings during morphogenesis. The mechanisms driving the formation of these epithelial breaks are only starting to be investigated. Here, we study the formation of the zebrafish nostril (the olfactory orifice), which opens in the skin epithelium to expose the olfactory neurons to external odorant cues. Combining live imaging, drug treatments, laser ablation, and tissue-specific functional perturbations, we characterize a mechanical interplay between olfactory placode neurons and the skin, which plays a crucial role in the formation of the orifice: the neurons pull on the overlying skin cells in an actomyosin-dependent manner which, in combination with a local reorganization of the skin epithelium, triggers the opening of the orifice. This work identifies an original mechanism to break an epithelial sheet, in which an adjacent group of cells mechanically assists the epithelium to induce its local rupture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Baraban
- Sorbonne Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS), Developmental Biology Laboratory, 75005 Paris, France; Laboratoire Jean Perrin, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Clara Gordillo Pi
- Sorbonne Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS), Developmental Biology Laboratory, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Bonnet
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR168, Laboratoire Physico Chimie Curie, 75005 Paris, France
| | | | - Camille Lejeune
- Sorbonne Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS), Developmental Biology Laboratory, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Mélody Cabrera
- Sorbonne Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS), Developmental Biology Laboratory, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Florian Tep
- Sorbonne Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS), Developmental Biology Laboratory, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Marie Anne Breau
- Sorbonne Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS), Developmental Biology Laboratory, 75005 Paris, France; Laboratoire Jean Perrin, 75005 Paris, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Paris, France.
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12
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The cellular dynamics of neural tube formation. Biochem Soc Trans 2023; 51:343-352. [PMID: 36794768 PMCID: PMC9987952 DOI: 10.1042/bst20220871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
The vertebrate brain and spinal cord arise from a common precursor, the neural tube, which forms very early during embryonic development. To shape the forming neural tube, changes in cellular architecture must be tightly co-ordinated in space and time. Live imaging of different animal models has provided valuable insights into the cellular dynamics driving neural tube formation. The most well-characterised morphogenetic processes underlying this transformation are convergent extension and apical constriction, which elongate and bend the neural plate. Recent work has focused on understanding how these two processes are spatiotemporally integrated from the tissue- to the subcellular scale. Various mechanisms of neural tube closure have also been visualised, yielding a growing understanding of how cellular movements, junctional remodelling and interactions with the extracellular matrix promote fusion and zippering of the neural tube. Additionally, live imaging has also now revealed a mechanical role for apoptosis in neural plate bending, and how cell intercalation forms the lumen of the secondary neural tube. Here, we highlight the latest research on the cellular dynamics underlying neural tube formation and provide some perspectives for the future.
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13
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Hernández JA, Chifflet S, Justet C, Torriglia A. A mathematical model of wound healing in bovine corneal endothelium. J Theor Biol 2023; 559:111374. [PMID: 36460056 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2022.111374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We developed a mathematical model to describe healing processes in bovine corneal endothelial (BCE) cells in culture, triggered by mechanical wounds with parallel edges. Previous findings from our laboratory show that, in these cases, BCE monolayers exhibit an approximately constant healing velocity. Also, that caspase-dependent apoptosis occurs, with the fraction of apoptotic cells increasing with the distance traveled by the healing edge. In addition, in this study we report the novel findings that, for wound scratch assays performed preserving the basal extracellular matrix: i) the healing cells increase their en face surface area in a characteristic fashion, and ii) the average length of the segments of the cell columns actively participating in the healing process increases linearly with time. These latter observations preclude the utilization of standard traveling wave formalisms to model wound healing in BCE cells. Instead, we developed and studied a simple phenomenological model based on a plausible formula for the spreading dynamics of the individual healing cells, that incorporates original evidence about the process in BCE cells. The model can be simulated to: i) obtain an approximately constant healing velocity; ii) reproduce the profile of the healing cell areas, and iii) obtain approximately linear time dependences of the mean cell area and average length of the front active segments per column. In view of its accuracy to account for the experimental observations, the model can also be acceptably employed to quantify the appearance of apoptotic cells during BCE wound healing. The strategy utilized here could offer a novel formal framework to represent modifications undergone by some epithelial cell lines during wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio A Hernández
- Sección Biofísica y Biología de Sistemas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Iguá s/n esq. Mataojo, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay.
| | - Silvia Chifflet
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Gral. Flores 2125, 11800 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Cristian Justet
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Gral. Flores 2125, 11800 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Alicia Torriglia
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Université de Paris, F-75006 Paris, France
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14
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Villedieu A, Alpar L, Gaugué I, Joudat A, Graner F, Bosveld F, Bellaïche Y. Homeotic compartment curvature and tension control spatiotemporal folding dynamics. Nat Commun 2023; 14:594. [PMID: 36737611 PMCID: PMC9898526 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36305-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Shape is a conspicuous and fundamental property of biological systems entailing the function of organs and tissues. While much emphasis has been put on how tissue tension and mechanical properties drive shape changes, whether and how a given tissue geometry influences subsequent morphogenesis remains poorly characterized. Here, we explored how curvature, a key descriptor of tissue geometry, impinges on the dynamics of epithelial tissue invagination. We found that the morphogenesis of the fold separating the adult Drosophila head and thorax segments is driven by the invagination of the Deformed (Dfd) homeotic compartment. Dfd controls invagination by modulating actomyosin organization and in-plane epithelial tension via the Tollo and Dystroglycan receptors. By experimentally introducing curvature heterogeneity within the homeotic compartment, we established that a curved tissue geometry converts the Dfd-dependent in-plane tension into an inward force driving folding. Accordingly, the interplay between in-plane tension and tissue curvature quantitatively explains the spatiotemporal folding dynamics. Collectively, our work highlights how genetic patterning and tissue geometry provide a simple design principle driving folding morphogenesis during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélien Villedieu
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR 3215, INSERM U934, F-75248 Paris Cedex 05, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, CNRS UMR 3215, INSERM U934, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Lale Alpar
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR 3215, INSERM U934, F-75248 Paris Cedex 05, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, CNRS UMR 3215, INSERM U934, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Gaugué
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR 3215, INSERM U934, F-75248 Paris Cedex 05, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, CNRS UMR 3215, INSERM U934, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Amina Joudat
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR 3215, INSERM U934, F-75248 Paris Cedex 05, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, CNRS UMR 3215, INSERM U934, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - François Graner
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Matière et Systèmes Complexes, F-75006, Paris, France
| | - Floris Bosveld
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR 3215, INSERM U934, F-75248 Paris Cedex 05, Paris, France. .,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, CNRS UMR 3215, INSERM U934, F-75005, Paris, France.
| | - Yohanns Bellaïche
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR 3215, INSERM U934, F-75248 Paris Cedex 05, Paris, France. .,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, CNRS UMR 3215, INSERM U934, F-75005, Paris, France.
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15
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Martínez-Sánchez LDC, Ngo PA, Pradhan R, Becker LS, Boehringer D, Soteriou D, Kubankova M, Schweitzer C, Koch T, Thonn V, Erkert L, Stolzer I, Günther C, Becker C, Weigmann B, Klewer M, Daniel C, Amann K, Tenzer S, Atreya R, Bergo M, Brakebusch C, Watson AJM, Guck J, Fabry B, Atreya I, Neurath MF, López-Posadas R. Epithelial RAC1-dependent cytoskeleton dynamics controls cell mechanics, cell shedding and barrier integrity in intestinal inflammation. Gut 2023; 72:275-294. [PMID: 35241625 PMCID: PMC9872254 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2021-325520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Increased apoptotic shedding has been linked to intestinal barrier dysfunction and development of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). In contrast, physiological cell shedding allows the renewal of the epithelial monolayer without compromising the barrier function. Here, we investigated the role of live cell extrusion in epithelial barrier alterations in IBD. DESIGN Taking advantage of conditional GGTase and RAC1 knockout mice in intestinal epithelial cells (Pggt1b iΔIEC and Rac1 iΔIEC mice), intravital microscopy, immunostaining, mechanobiology, organoid techniques and RNA sequencing, we analysed cell shedding alterations within the intestinal epithelium. Moreover, we examined human gut tissue and intestinal organoids from patients with IBD for cell shedding alterations and RAC1 function. RESULTS Epithelial Pggt1b deletion led to cytoskeleton rearrangement and tight junction redistribution, causing cell overcrowding due to arresting of cell shedding that finally resulted in epithelial leakage and spontaneous mucosal inflammation in the small and to a lesser extent in the large intestine. Both in vivo and in vitro studies (knockout mice, organoids) identified RAC1 as a GGTase target critically involved in prenylation-dependent cytoskeleton dynamics, cell mechanics and epithelial cell shedding. Moreover, inflamed areas of gut tissue from patients with IBD exhibited funnel-like structures, signs of arrested cell shedding and impaired RAC1 function. RAC1 inhibition in human intestinal organoids caused actin alterations compatible with arresting of cell shedding. CONCLUSION Impaired epithelial RAC1 function causes cell overcrowding and epithelial leakage thus inducing chronic intestinal inflammation. Epithelial RAC1 emerges as key regulator of cytoskeletal dynamics, cell mechanics and intestinal cell shedding. Modulation of RAC1 might be exploited for restoration of epithelial integrity in the gut of patients with IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luz del Carmen Martínez-Sánchez
- Department of Medicine 1, Friedrich-Alexander-Universitat Erlangen-Nurnberg, Erlangen, Bayern, Germany,Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Phuong Anh Ngo
- Department of Medicine 1, Friedrich-Alexander-Universitat Erlangen-Nurnberg, Erlangen, Bayern, Germany,Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Rashmita Pradhan
- Department of Medicine 1, Friedrich-Alexander-Universitat Erlangen-Nurnberg, Erlangen, Bayern, Germany,Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lukas-Sebastian Becker
- Department of Medicine 1, Friedrich-Alexander-Universitat Erlangen-Nurnberg, Erlangen, Bayern, Germany,Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), Erlangen, Germany
| | - David Boehringer
- Department of Physics, University of Erlangen Nuremberg, Erlangen, Bayern, Germany
| | - Despina Soteriou
- Max-Planck Zentrum für Physik und Medizin, Erlangen, Germany,Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Erlangen, Bayern, Germany
| | - Marketa Kubankova
- Max-Planck Zentrum für Physik und Medizin, Erlangen, Germany,Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Erlangen, Bayern, Germany
| | - Christine Schweitzer
- Max-Planck Zentrum für Physik und Medizin, Erlangen, Germany,Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Erlangen, Bayern, Germany
| | - Tatyana Koch
- Department of Medicine 1, Friedrich-Alexander-Universitat Erlangen-Nurnberg, Erlangen, Bayern, Germany
| | - Veronika Thonn
- Department of Medicine 1, Friedrich-Alexander-Universitat Erlangen-Nurnberg, Erlangen, Bayern, Germany,Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lena Erkert
- Department of Medicine 1, Friedrich-Alexander-Universitat Erlangen-Nurnberg, Erlangen, Bayern, Germany,Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Iris Stolzer
- Department of Medicine 1, Friedrich-Alexander-Universitat Erlangen-Nurnberg, Erlangen, Bayern, Germany,Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Claudia Günther
- Department of Medicine 1, Friedrich-Alexander-Universitat Erlangen-Nurnberg, Erlangen, Bayern, Germany,Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christoph Becker
- Department of Medicine 1, Friedrich-Alexander-Universitat Erlangen-Nurnberg, Erlangen, Bayern, Germany,Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Benno Weigmann
- Department of Medicine 1, Friedrich-Alexander-Universitat Erlangen-Nurnberg, Erlangen, Bayern, Germany,Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Monika Klewer
- Department of Nephropathology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Bayern, Germany
| | - Christoph Daniel
- Department of Nephropathology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Bayern, Germany
| | - Kerstin Amann
- Department of Nephropathology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Bayern, Germany
| | - Stefan Tenzer
- University Medical Center Mainz, University Medical Centre of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Rheinland-Pfalz, Germany
| | - Raja Atreya
- Department of Medicine 1, Friedrich-Alexander-Universitat Erlangen-Nurnberg, Erlangen, Bayern, Germany,Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Martin Bergo
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Cord Brakebusch
- Biotech Research & Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, Kobenhavn, Hovedstaden, Denmark
| | | | - Jochen Guck
- Department of Physics, University of Erlangen Nuremberg, Erlangen, Bayern, Germany,Max-Planck Zentrum für Physik und Medizin, Erlangen, Germany,Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Erlangen, Bayern, Germany
| | - Ben Fabry
- Department of Physics, University of Erlangen Nuremberg, Erlangen, Bayern, Germany
| | - Imke Atreya
- Department of Medicine 1, Friedrich-Alexander-Universitat Erlangen-Nurnberg, Erlangen, Bayern, Germany,Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Markus F Neurath
- Department of Medicine 1, Friedrich-Alexander-Universitat Erlangen-Nurnberg, Erlangen, Bayern, Germany,Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Rocío López-Posadas
- Department of Medicine 1, Friedrich-Alexander-Universitat Erlangen-Nurnberg, Erlangen, Bayern, Germany .,Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), Erlangen, Germany
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16
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Molè MA, Galea GL, Copp AJ. Live-Imaging Analysis of Epithelial Zippering During Mouse Neural Tube Closure. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2608:147-162. [PMID: 36653707 PMCID: PMC7614165 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2887-4_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Zippering is a phenomenon of tissue morphogenesis whereby fusion between opposing epithelia progresses unidirectionally over significant distances, similar to the travel of a zip fastener, to ultimately ensure closure of an opening. A comparable process can be observed during Drosophila dorsal closure and mammalian wound healing, while zippering is employed by numerous organs such as the optic fissure, palatal shelves, tracheoesophageal foregut, and presumptive genitalia to mediate tissue sealing during normal embryonic development. Particularly striking is zippering propagation during neural tube morphogenesis, where the fusion point travels extensively along the embryonic axis to ensure closure of the neural tube. Advances in time-lapse microscopy and culture conditions have opened the opportunity for successful imaging of whole-mouse embryo development over time, providing insights into the precise cellular behavior underlying zippering propagation. Studies in mouse and the ascidian Ciona have revealed the fine-tuned cell shape changes and junction remodeling which occur at the site of zippering during neural tube morphogenesis. Here, we describe a step-by-step method for imaging at single-cell resolution the process of zippering and tissue remodeling which occurs during closure of the spinal neural tube in mouse. We also provide instructions and suggestions for quantitative morphometric analysis of cell behavior during zippering progression. This procedure can be further combined with genetic mutant models (e.g., knockouts), offering the possibility of studying the dynamics of tissue fusion and zippering propagation, which underlie a wide range of open neural tube defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo A Molè
- Newlife Birth Defects Research Centre, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
- Babraham Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Gabriel L Galea
- Newlife Birth Defects Research Centre, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
- Comparative Bioveterinary Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
| | - Andrew J Copp
- Newlife Birth Defects Research Centre, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK.
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17
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Khuntia P, Das T. Prediction of Golgi Polarity in Collectively Migrating Epithelial Cells Using Graph Neural Network. Cells Tissues Organs 2022; 213:108-119. [PMID: 36455516 DOI: 10.1159/000528354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
In the stationary epithelium, the Golgi apparatus assumes an apical position, above the cell nucleus. However, during wound healing and morphogenesis, as the epithelial cells start migrating, it relocalizes closer to the basal plane. On this plane, the position of Golgi with respect to the cell nucleus defines the organizational polarity of a migrating epithelial cell, which is crucial for an efficient collective migration. Yet, factors influencing the Golgi polarity remain elusive. Here, we constructed a graph neural network-based deep learning model to systematically analyze the dependency of Golgi polarity on multiple geometric and physical factors. In spite of the complexity of a migrating epithelial monolayer, our simple model was able to predict the Golgi polarity with 75% accuracy. Moreover, the model predicted that Golgi polarity predominantly correlates with the orientation of maximum principal stress. Finally, we found that this correlation operates locally since progressive coarsening of the stress field over multiple cell-lengths reduced the stress polarity-Golgi polarity correlation as well as the predictive accuracy of the neural network model. Taken together, our results demonstrate that graph neural networks could be a powerful tool toward understanding how different physical factors influence collective cell migration. They also highlight a previously unknown role of physical cues in defining the intracellular organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Purnati Khuntia
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad (TIFR-H), Hyderabad, India
| | - Tamal Das
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad (TIFR-H), Hyderabad, India
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18
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Zhang YX, Liu CY, Chen HY, I L. Spontaneous multi-scale void formation and closure in densifying epithelial and fibroblast monolayers from the sub-confluent state. THE EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL. E, SOFT MATTER 2022; 45:89. [PMID: 36346482 DOI: 10.1140/epje/s10189-022-00242-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Using time-lapse phase contrast microscopy, the formation and closure of spontaneously generated voids in the densifying monolayers of isotropic epithelial cells (ECs) and elongated fibroblast cells (FCs) through proliferation from the sub-confluent state are investigated. It is found that, in both types of monolayers after forming a connected network composed of nematic patches with different orientations, numerous multi-scale voids can be spontaneously formed and gradually close with increasing time. The isotropic fluctuations of deformation and crawling of ECs and the anisotropic axial motion/alignment polarizations of FCs are the two keys leading to the following different generic dynamical behaviors. In EC monolayers, voids exhibit irregular boundary fluctuations and easier cell re-orientation of front layer cells (FLCs) surrounding void boundaries. Void closures are mainly through pinching the gap between the opposite fluctuating void boundaries, and the inward crawling of FLCs to reduce void area associated with topological rearrangement to reduce FLC number. In FC monolayers, large voids have piecewise smooth convex boundaries, and cusp-shaped concave boundaries with cells orienting toward the void at cusp tips. The extension of a thin cell bridge from the cusp tip can bisect a large void into smaller voids. For smaller FC voids dominated by convex boundaries, along which cell alignment prohibits inward crawling, the reduction of FLC number through successive outward squeezing of single FLCs by neighboring FLCs sliding along the void boundary plays an important role for topological rearrangement and void closure. Unlike those surrounding artificial wounds in dense EC monolayers, the absence of ring-like purse-strings surrounding EC and FC voids allows topological rearrangements for reducing void perimeter and void area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Xuan Zhang
- Department of Physics and Center for Complex Systems, National Central University, Jhongli, 32001, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Yu Liu
- Department of Physics and Center for Complex Systems, National Central University, Jhongli, 32001, Taiwan
| | - Hsiang-Ying Chen
- Department of Physics and Center for Complex Systems, National Central University, Jhongli, 32001, Taiwan
| | - Lin I
- Department of Physics and Center for Complex Systems, National Central University, Jhongli, 32001, Taiwan.
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19
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Martin E, Suzanne M. Functions of Arp2/3 Complex in the Dynamics of Epithelial Tissues. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:886288. [PMID: 35557951 PMCID: PMC9089454 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.886288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelia are sheets of cells that communicate and coordinate their behavior in order to ensure their barrier function. Among the plethora of proteins involved in epithelial dynamics, actin nucleators play an essential role. The branched actin nucleation complex Arp2/3 has numerous functions, such as the regulation of cell-cell adhesion, intracellular trafficking, the formation of protrusions, that have been well described at the level of individual cells. Here, we chose to focus on its role in epithelial tissue, which is rising attention in recent works. We discuss how the cellular activities of the Arp2/3 complex drive epithelial dynamics and/or tissue morphogenesis. In the first part, we examined how this complex influences cell-cell cooperation at local scale in processes such as cell-cell fusion or cell corpses engulfment. In the second part, we summarized recent papers dealing with the impact of the Arp2/3 complex at larger scale, focusing on different morphogenetic events, including cell intercalation, epithelial tissue closure and epithelial folding. Altogether, this review highlights the central role of Arp2/3 in a diversity of epithelial tissue reorganization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Martin
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology (MCD), Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse, France.,FR3743 Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Toulouse, France
| | - Magali Suzanne
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology (MCD), Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse, France.,FR3743 Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Toulouse, France
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20
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Lehne F, Pokrant T, Parbin S, Salinas G, Großhans J, Rust K, Faix J, Bogdan S. Calcium bursts allow rapid reorganization of EFhD2/Swip-1 cross-linked actin networks in epithelial wound closure. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2492. [PMID: 35524157 PMCID: PMC9076686 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30167-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Changes in cell morphology require the dynamic remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton. Calcium fluxes have been suggested as an important signal to rapidly relay information to the actin cytoskeleton, but the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Here, we identify the EF-hand domain containing protein EFhD2/Swip-1 as a conserved lamellipodial protein strongly upregulated in Drosophila macrophages at the onset of metamorphosis when macrophage behavior shifts from quiescent to migratory state. Loss- and gain-of-function analysis confirm a critical function of EFhD2/Swip-1 in lamellipodial cell migration in fly and mouse melanoma cells. Contrary to previous assumptions, TIRF-analyses unambiguously demonstrate that EFhD2/Swip-1 proteins efficiently cross-link actin filaments in a calcium-dependent manner. Using a single-cell wounding model, we show that EFhD2/Swip-1 promotes wound closure in a calcium-dependent manner. Mechanistically, our data suggest that transient calcium bursts reduce EFhD2/Swip-1 cross-linking activity and thereby promote rapid reorganization of existing actin networks to drive epithelial wound closure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Lehne
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Department of Molecular Cell Physiology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Pokrant
- Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Sabnam Parbin
- NGS-Integrative Genomics Core Unit, Department of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Gabriela Salinas
- NGS-Integrative Genomics Core Unit, Department of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jörg Großhans
- Department of Biology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Katja Rust
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Department of Molecular Cell Physiology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Jan Faix
- Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Sven Bogdan
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Department of Molecular Cell Physiology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany.
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21
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Okimura C, Iwanaga M, Sakurai T, Ueno T, Urano Y, Iwadate Y. Leading-edge elongation by follower cell interruption in advancing epithelial cell sheets. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2119903119. [PMID: 35476514 PMCID: PMC9170137 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2119903119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Collective cell migration is seen in many developmental and pathological processes, such as morphogenesis, wound closure, and cancer metastasis. When a fish scale is detached and adhered to a substrate, epithelial keratocyte sheets crawl out from it, building a semicircular pattern. All the keratocytes at the leading edge of the sheet have a single lamellipodium, and are interconnected with each other via actomyosin cables. The leading edge of the sheet becomes gradually longer as it crawls out from the scale, regardless of the cell-to-cell connections. In this study, we found leading-edge elongation to be realized by the interruption of follower cells into the leading edge. The follower cell and the two adjacent leader cells are first connected by newly emerging actomyosin cables. Then, the contractile forces along the cables bring the follower cell forward to make it a leader cell. Finally, the original cables between the two leader cells are stretched to tear by the interruption and the lamellipodium extension from the new leader cell. This unique actomyosin-cable reconnection between a follower cell and adjacent leaders offers insights into the mechanisms of collective cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chika Okimura
- Department of Biology, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8512, Japan
| | - Misaki Iwanaga
- Department of Biology, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8512, Japan
| | - Tatsunari Sakurai
- Department of Mathematical Engineering, Musashino University, Tokyo 135-8181, Japan
| | - Tasuku Ueno
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yasuteru Urano
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Iwadate
- Department of Biology, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8512, Japan
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22
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Vazquez K, Saraswathibhatla A, Notbohm J. Effect of substrate stiffness on friction in collective cell migration. Sci Rep 2022; 12:2474. [PMID: 35169196 PMCID: PMC8847350 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-06504-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In collective cell migration, the motion results from forces produced by each cell and transmitted to the neighboring cells and to the substrate. Because inertia is negligible and the migration occurs over long time scales, the cell layer exhibits viscous behavior, where force and motion are connected by an apparent friction that results from the breaking and forming of adhesive bonds at the cell–cell and cell–substrate interfaces. Most theoretical models for collective migration include an apparent friction to connect force and motion, with many models making predictions that depend on the ratio of cell–cell and cell–substrate friction. However, little is known about factors that affect friction, leaving predictions of many theoretical models untested. Here, we considered how substrate stiffness and the number of adhesions affected friction at the cell–substrate interface. The experimental data were interpreted through prior theoretical models, which led to the same conclusion, that increased substrate stiffness increased the number of cell–substrate adhesions and caused increased cell–substrate friction. In turn, the friction affected the collective migration by altering the curvature at the edge of the cell layer. By revealing underlying factors affecting friction and demonstrating how friction perturbs the collective migration, this work provides experimental evidence supporting prior theoretical models and motivates the study of other ways to alter the collective migration by changing friction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Vazquez
- Department of Engineering Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | | | - Jacob Notbohm
- Department of Engineering Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA. .,Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
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23
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Athilingam T, Parihar SS, Bhattacharya R, Rizvi MS, Kumar A, Sinha P. Proximate larval epidermal cell layer generates forces for Pupal thorax closure in Drosophila. Genetics 2022; 221:6528854. [PMID: 35166774 PMCID: PMC9071563 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyac030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
During tissue closures, such as embryonic dorsal closure in Drosophila melanogaster, a proximate extra-embryonic layer, amnioserosa, generates forces that drive migration of the flanking lateral embryonic epidermis, thereby zip-shutting the embryo. Arguably, this paradigm of tissue closure is also recapitulated in mammalian wound healing wherein proximate fibroblasts transform into contractile myofibroblasts, develop cell junctions, and form a tissue layer de novo: contraction of the latter then aids in wound closure. Given this parallelism between disparate exemplars, we posit a general principle of tissue closure via proximate cell layer-generated forces. Here, we have tested this hypothesis in pupal thorax closure wherein 2 halves of the presumptive adult thorax of Drosophila, the contralateral heminotal epithelia, migrate over an underlying larval epidermal cell layer. We show that the proximate larval epidermal cell layer promotes thorax closure by its active contraction, orchestrated by its elaborate actomyosin network-driven epithelial cell dynamics, cell delamination, and death-the latter being prefigured by the activation of caspases. Larval epidermal cell dynamics generate contraction forces, which when relayed to the flanking heminota-via their mutual integrin-based adhesions-mediate thorax closure. Compromising any of these contraction force-generating mechanisms in the larval epidermal cell layer slows down heminotal migration, while loss of its relay to the flanking heminota abrogates the thorax closure altogether. Mathematical modeling further reconciles the biophysical underpinning of this emergent mechanism of thorax closure. Revealing mechanism of thorax closure apart, these findings show conservation of an essential principle of a proximate cell layer-driven tissue closure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thamarailingam Athilingam
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Saurabh S Parihar
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Rachita Bhattacharya
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Mohd S Rizvi
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Amit Kumar
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Pradip Sinha
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India,Corresponding author: Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, 208016, India.
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24
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Kozyrska K, Pilia G, Vishwakarma M, Wagstaff L, Goschorska M, Cirillo S, Mohamad S, Gallacher K, Carazo Salas RE, Piddini E. p53 directs leader cell behavior, migration, and clearance during epithelial repair. Science 2022; 375:eabl8876. [PMID: 35143293 DOI: 10.1126/science.abl8876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial cells migrate across wounds to repair injured tissue. Leader cells at the front of migrating sheets often drive this process. However, it is unclear how leaders emerge from an apparently homogeneous epithelial cell population. We characterized leaders emerging from epithelial monolayers in cell culture and found that they activated the stress sensor p53, which was sufficient to initiate leader cell behavior. p53 activated the cell cycle inhibitor p21WAF1/CIP1, which in turn induced leader behavior through inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinase activity. p53 also induced crowding hypersensitivity in leader cells such that, upon epithelial closure, they were eliminated by cell competition. Thus, mechanically induced p53 directs emergence of a transient population of leader cells that drive migration and ensures their clearance upon epithelial repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasia Kozyrska
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
- The Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute and Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK
| | - Giulia Pilia
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Medhavi Vishwakarma
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Laura Wagstaff
- The Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute and Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK
| | - Maja Goschorska
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Silvia Cirillo
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Saad Mohamad
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Kelli Gallacher
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Rafael E Carazo Salas
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Eugenia Piddini
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
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25
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Selvaggi L, Ackermann M, Pasakarnis L, Brunner D, Aegerter CM. Force measurements of Myosin II waves at the yolk surface during Drosophila dorsal closure. Biophys J 2022; 121:410-420. [PMID: 34971619 PMCID: PMC8822616 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2021.12.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanical properties and the forces involved during tissue morphogenesis have been the focus of much research in the last years. Absolute values of forces during tissue closure events have not yet been measured. This is also true for a common force-producing mechanism involving Myosin II waves that results in pulsed cell surface contractions. Our patented magnetic tweezer, CAARMA, integrated into a spinning disk confocal microscope, provides a powerful explorative tool for quantitatively measuring forces during tissue morphogenesis. Here, we used this tool to quantify the in vivo force production of Myosin II waves that we observed at the dorsal surface of the yolk cell in stage 13 Drosophila melanogaster embryos. In addition to providing for the first time to our knowledge quantitative values on an active Myosin-driven force, we elucidated the dynamics of the Myosin II waves by measuring their periodicity in both absence and presence of external perturbations, and we characterized the mechanical properties of the dorsal yolk cell surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Selvaggi
- Physik-Institut, Universität Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland,Department of Molecular Life Science, Universität Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Laurynas Pasakarnis
- Department of Molecular Life Science, Universität Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Damian Brunner
- Department of Molecular Life Science, Universität Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Christof M. Aegerter
- Physik-Institut, Universität Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland,Department of Molecular Life Science, Universität Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland,Corresponding author
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26
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Paci G, Mao Y. Forced into shape: Mechanical forces in Drosophila development and homeostasis. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 120:160-170. [PMID: 34092509 PMCID: PMC8681862 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical forces play a central role in shaping tissues during development and maintaining epithelial integrity in homeostasis. In this review, we discuss the roles of mechanical forces in Drosophila development and homeostasis, starting from the interplay of mechanics with cell growth and division. We then discuss several examples of morphogenetic processes where complex 3D structures are shaped by mechanical forces, followed by a closer look at patterning processes. We also review the role of forces in homeostatic processes, including cell elimination and wound healing. Finally, we look at the interplay of mechanics and developmental robustness and discuss open questions in the field, as well as novel approaches that will help tackle them in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Paci
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK; Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Yanlan Mao
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK; Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
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27
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Liu H, Zhou D, Zhang L, Lubensky DK, Mao X. Topological floppy modes in models of epithelial tissues. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:8624-8641. [PMID: 34505853 DOI: 10.1039/d1sm00637a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in topological mechanics have revealed unusual phenomena such as topologically protected floppy modes and states of self-stress that are exponentially localized at boundaries and interfaces of mechanical networks. In this paper, we explore the topological mechanics of epithelial tissues, where the appearance of these boundary and interface modes could lead to localized soft or stressed spots and play a role in morphogenesis. We consider both a simple vertex model (VM) governed by an effective elastic energy and its generalization to an active tension network (ATN) which incorporates active adaptation of the cytoskeleton. By analyzing spatially periodic lattices at the Maxwell point of mechanical instability, we find topologically polarized phases with exponential localization of floppy modes and states of self-stress in the ATN when cells are allowed to become concave, but not in the VM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry Liu
- Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1040, USA.
| | - Di Zhou
- Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1040, USA.
- School of Physics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Leyou Zhang
- Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1040, USA.
| | - David K Lubensky
- Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1040, USA.
| | - Xiaoming Mao
- Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1040, USA.
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28
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Trenado C, Bonilla LL, Martínez-Calvo A. Fingering instability in spreading epithelial monolayers: roles of cell polarisation, substrate friction and contractile stresses. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:8276-8290. [PMID: 34374406 DOI: 10.1039/d1sm00626f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Collective cell migration plays a crucial role in many developmental processes that underlie morphogenesis, wound healing, or cancer progression. In such coordinated behaviours, cells are organised in coherent structures and actively migrate to serve different biological purposes. In some contexts, namely during epithelial wound healing, it is well known that a migrating free-edge monolayer develops finger-like instabilities, yet the onset is still under debate. Here, by means of theory and numerical simulations, we shed light on the main mechanisms driving the instability process, analysing the linear and nonlinear dynamics of a continuum compressible polar fluid. In particular, we assess the role of cell polarisation, substrate friction, and contractile stresses. Linear theory shows that it is crucial to analyse the perturbation transient dynamics, since we unravel a plethora of crossovers between different exponential growth rates during the linear regime. Numerical simulations suggest that cell-substrate friction could be the mechanism responsible for the formation of complex finger-like structures at the edge, since it triggers secondary fingering instabilities and tip-splitting phenomena. Finally, we obtain a critical contractile stress that depends on cell-substrate friction and the initial-to-nematic length ratio, characterising an active wetting-dewetting transition. In the dewetting scenario, the monolayer retracts and becomes stable without developing finger-like structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Trenado
- Department of Mathematics, Gregorio Millán Institute, Fluid Dynamics, Nanoscience and Industrial Mathematics, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, 28911 Leganés, Spain.
| | - Luis L Bonilla
- Department of Mathematics, Gregorio Millán Institute, Fluid Dynamics, Nanoscience and Industrial Mathematics, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, 28911 Leganés, Spain.
| | - Alejandro Martínez-Calvo
- Grupo de Mecánica de Fluidos, Gregorio Millán Institute, Fluid Dynamics, Nanoscience and Industrial Mathematics, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, 28911 Leganés, Spain.
- Princeton Center for Theoretical Science, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
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29
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Panzade S, Matis M. The Microtubule Minus-End Binding Protein Patronin Is Required for the Epithelial Remodeling in the Drosophila Abdomen. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:682083. [PMID: 34368132 PMCID: PMC8335404 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.682083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In the developing Drosophila abdomen, the epithelial tissue displays extensive cytoskeletal remodeling. In stark contrast to the spatio-temporal control of the actin cytoskeleton, the regulation of microtubule architecture during epithelial morphogenesis has remained opaque. In particular, its role in cell motility remains unclear. Here, we show that minus-end binding protein Patronin is required for organizing microtubule arrays in histoblast cells that form the Drosophila abdomen. Loss of Patronin results in a dorsal cleft, indicating the compromised function of histoblasts. We further show that Patronin is polarized in these cells and is required for the formation of highly dynamic non-centrosomal microtubules in the migrating histoblasts. Thus, our study demonstrates that regulation of microtubule cytoskeleton through Patronin mediates epithelium remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadhana Panzade
- Interfaculty Centre 'Cells in Motion,' University of Münster, Münster, Germany.,Institute of Cell Biology, Medical Faculty, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Maja Matis
- Interfaculty Centre 'Cells in Motion,' University of Münster, Münster, Germany.,Institute of Cell Biology, Medical Faculty, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
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30
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Maniou E, Staddon MF, Marshall AR, Greene NDE, Copp AJ, Banerjee S, Galea GL. Hindbrain neuropore tissue geometry determines asymmetric cell-mediated closure dynamics in mouse embryos. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2023163118. [PMID: 33941697 PMCID: PMC8126771 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2023163118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Gap closure is a common morphogenetic process. In mammals, failure to close the embryonic hindbrain neuropore (HNP) gap causes fatal anencephaly. We observed that surface ectoderm cells surrounding the mouse HNP assemble high-tension actomyosin purse strings at their leading edge and establish the initial contacts across the embryonic midline. Fibronectin and laminin are present, and tensin 1 accumulates in focal adhesion-like puncta at this leading edge. The HNP gap closes asymmetrically, faster from its rostral than caudal end, while maintaining an elongated aspect ratio. Cell-based physical modeling identifies two closure mechanisms sufficient to account for tissue-level HNP closure dynamics: purse-string contraction and directional cell motion implemented through active crawling. Combining both closure mechanisms hastens gap closure and produces a constant rate of gap shortening. Purse-string contraction reduces, whereas crawling increases gap aspect ratio, and their combination maintains it. Closure rate asymmetry can be explained by asymmetric embryo tissue geometry, namely a narrower rostral gap apex, whereas biomechanical tension inferred from laser ablation is equivalent at the gaps' rostral and caudal closure points. At the cellular level, the physical model predicts rearrangements of cells at the HNP rostral and caudal extremes as the gap shortens. These behaviors are reproducibly live imaged in mouse embryos. Thus, mammalian embryos coordinate cellular- and tissue-level mechanics to achieve this critical gap closure event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eirini Maniou
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Researching and Teaching, University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, WC1N 1EH London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael F Staddon
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, WC1E 6BT London, United Kingdom
| | - Abigail R Marshall
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Researching and Teaching, University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, WC1N 1EH London, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas D E Greene
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Researching and Teaching, University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, WC1N 1EH London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J Copp
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Researching and Teaching, University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, WC1N 1EH London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Gabriel L Galea
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Researching and Teaching, University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, WC1N 1EH London, United Kingdom;
- Department of Comparative Bioveterinary Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, NW1 0TU London, United Kingdom
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31
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Chánez-Paredes S, Montoya-García A, Castro-Ochoa KF, García-Cordero J, Cedillo-Barrón L, Shibayama M, Nava P, Flemming S, Schlegel N, Gautreau AM, Vargas-Robles H, Mondragón-Flores R, Schnoor M. The Arp2/3 Inhibitory Protein Arpin Is Required for Intestinal Epithelial Barrier Integrity. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:625719. [PMID: 34012961 PMCID: PMC8128147 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.625719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal epithelial barrier (IEB) depends on stable interepithelial protein complexes such as tight junctions (TJ), adherens junctions (AJ), and the actin cytoskeleton. During inflammation, the IEB is compromised due to TJ protein internalization and actin remodeling. An important actin regulator is the actin-related protein 2/3 (Arp2/3) complex, which induces actin branching. Activation of Arp2/3 by nucleation-promoting factors is required for the formation of epithelial monolayers, but little is known about the relevance of Arp2/3 inhibition and endogenous Arp2/3 inhibitory proteins for IEB regulation. We found that the recently identified Arp2/3 inhibitory protein arpin was strongly expressed in intestinal epithelial cells. Arpin expression decreased in response to tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α and interferon (IFN)γ treatment, whereas the expression of gadkin and protein interacting with protein C-kinase α-subunit 1 (PICK1), other Arp2/3 inhibitors, remained unchanged. Of note, arpin coprecipitated with the TJ proteins occludin and claudin-1 and the AJ protein E-cadherin. Arpin depletion altered the architecture of both AJ and TJ, increased actin filament content and actomyosin contractility, and significantly increased epithelial permeability, demonstrating that arpin is indeed required for maintaining IEB integrity. During experimental colitis in mice, arpin expression was also decreased. Analyzing colon tissues from ulcerative colitis patients by Western blot, we found different arpin levels with overall no significant changes. However, in acutely inflamed areas, arpin was significantly reduced compared to non-inflamed areas. Importantly, patients receiving mesalazine had significantly higher arpin levels than untreated patients. As arpin depletion (theoretically meaning more active Arp2/3) increased permeability, we wanted to know whether Arp2/3 inhibition would show the opposite. Indeed, the specific Arp2/3 inhibitor CK666 ameliorated TNFα/IFNγ-induced permeability in established Caco-2 monolayers by preventing TJ disruption. CK666 treatment also attenuated colitis development, colon tissue damage, TJ disruption, and permeability in dextran sulphate sodium (DSS)-treated mice. Our results demonstrate that loss of arpin triggers IEB dysfunction during inflammation and that low arpin levels can be considered a novel hallmark of acute inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Mineko Shibayama
- Department of Infectomics and Molecular Pathogenesis, CINVESTAV-IPN, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Porfirio Nava
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neurosciences, CINVESTAV-IPN, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Sven Flemming
- Department of Surgery I, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Nicolas Schlegel
- Department of Surgery I, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Michael Schnoor
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine, CINVESTAV-IPN, Mexico City, Mexico
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32
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Tomizawa RR, Tabin CJ, Atsuta Y. In ovo electroporation of chicken limb bud ectoderm: Electroporation to chick limb ectoderm. Dev Dyn 2021; 251:1628-1638. [PMID: 33899315 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deciphering how ectodermal tissues form, and how they maintain their integrity, is crucial for understanding epidermal development and pathogenesis. However, lack of simple and rapid gene manipulation techniques limits genetic studies to elucidate mechanisms underlying these events. RESULTS Here we describe an easy method for electroporation of chick limb bud ectoderm enabling gene manipulation during ectoderm development and wound healing. Taking advantage of a small parafilm well that constrains DNA plasmids locally and the fact that the limb ectoderm arises from a defined site, we target the limb ectoderm forming region by in ovo electroporation. This approach results in focal and efficient transgenesis of the limb ectodermal cells. Further, using a previously described Msx2 promoter, gene manipulation can be specifically targeted to the apical ectodermal ridge (AER), a signaling center regulating limb development. Using the electroporation technique to deliver a fluorescent marker into the embryonic limb ectoderm, we show its utility in performing time-lapse imaging during wound healing. This analysis revealed previously unrecognized dynamic remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton and lamellipodia formation at the edges of the wound. We find that the lamellipodia formation requires activity of Rac1 GTPase, suggesting its necessity for wound closure. CONCLUSION Our method is simple and easy. Thus, it would permit high throughput tests for gene function during limb ectodermal development and wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yuji Atsuta
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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33
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Versaevel M, Alaimo L, Seveau V, Luciano M, Mohammed D, Bruyère C, Vercruysse E, Théodoly O, Gabriele S. Collective migration during a gap closure in a two-dimensional haptotactic model. Sci Rep 2021; 11:5811. [PMID: 33712641 PMCID: PMC7954790 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84998-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability of cells to respond to substrate-bound protein gradients is crucial for many physiological processes, such as immune response, neurogenesis and cancer cell migration. However, the difficulty to produce well-controlled protein gradients has long been a limitation to our understanding of collective cell migration in response to haptotaxis. Here we use a photopatterning technique to create circular, square and linear fibronectin (FN) gradients on two-dimensional (2D) culture substrates. We observed that epithelial cells spread preferentially on zones of higher FN density, creating rounded or elongated gaps within epithelial tissues over circular or linear FN gradients, respectively. Using time-lapse experiments, we demonstrated that the gap closure mechanism in a 2D haptotaxis model requires a significant increase of the leader cell area. In addition, we found that gap closures are slower on decreasing FN densities than on homogenous FN-coated substrate and that fresh closed gaps are characterized by a lower cell density. Interestingly, our results showed that cell proliferation increases in the closed gap region after maturation to restore the cell density, but that cell–cell adhesive junctions remain weaker in scarred epithelial zones. Taken together, our findings provide a better understanding of the wound healing process over protein gradients, which are reminiscent of haptotaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Versaevel
- Mechanobiology & Soft Matter Group, Interfaces and Complex Fluids Laboratory, Research Institute for Biosciences, CIRMAP, University of Mons, 20 Place du Parc, 7000, Mons, Belgium
| | - Laura Alaimo
- Mechanobiology & Soft Matter Group, Interfaces and Complex Fluids Laboratory, Research Institute for Biosciences, CIRMAP, University of Mons, 20 Place du Parc, 7000, Mons, Belgium
| | - Valentine Seveau
- Adhesion and Inflammation Laboratory, INSERM U1067, UMR 7333, CNRS, 163 avenue de Luminy-Case 937, 13288, Marseille Cedex 09, France
| | - Marine Luciano
- Mechanobiology & Soft Matter Group, Interfaces and Complex Fluids Laboratory, Research Institute for Biosciences, CIRMAP, University of Mons, 20 Place du Parc, 7000, Mons, Belgium
| | - Danahe Mohammed
- Mechanobiology & Soft Matter Group, Interfaces and Complex Fluids Laboratory, Research Institute for Biosciences, CIRMAP, University of Mons, 20 Place du Parc, 7000, Mons, Belgium
| | - Céline Bruyère
- Mechanobiology & Soft Matter Group, Interfaces and Complex Fluids Laboratory, Research Institute for Biosciences, CIRMAP, University of Mons, 20 Place du Parc, 7000, Mons, Belgium
| | - Eléonore Vercruysse
- Mechanobiology & Soft Matter Group, Interfaces and Complex Fluids Laboratory, Research Institute for Biosciences, CIRMAP, University of Mons, 20 Place du Parc, 7000, Mons, Belgium
| | - Olivier Théodoly
- Adhesion and Inflammation Laboratory, INSERM U1067, UMR 7333, CNRS, 163 avenue de Luminy-Case 937, 13288, Marseille Cedex 09, France
| | - Sylvain Gabriele
- Mechanobiology & Soft Matter Group, Interfaces and Complex Fluids Laboratory, Research Institute for Biosciences, CIRMAP, University of Mons, 20 Place du Parc, 7000, Mons, Belgium.
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34
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Bischoff MC, Lieb S, Renkawitz-Pohl R, Bogdan S. Filopodia-based contact stimulation of cell migration drives tissue morphogenesis. Nat Commun 2021; 12:791. [PMID: 33542237 PMCID: PMC7862658 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20362-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells migrate collectively to form tissues and organs during morphogenesis. Contact inhibition of locomotion (CIL) drives collective migration by inhibiting lamellipodial protrusions at cell-cell contacts and promoting polarization at the leading edge. Here, we report a CIL-related collective cell behavior of myotubes that lack lamellipodial protrusions, but instead use filopodia to move as a cohesive cluster in a formin-dependent manner. We perform genetic, pharmacological and mechanical perturbation analyses to reveal the essential roles of Rac2, Cdc42 and Rho1 in myotube migration. These factors differentially control protrusion dynamics and cell-matrix adhesion formation. We also show that active Rho1 GTPase localizes at retracting free edge filopodia and that Rok-dependent actomyosin contractility does not mediate a contraction of protrusions at cell-cell contacts, but likely plays an important role in the constriction of supracellular actin cables. Based on these findings, we propose that contact-dependent asymmetry of cell-matrix adhesion drives directional movement, whereas contractile actin cables contribute to the integrity of the migrating cell cluster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maik C Bischoff
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Department of Molecular Cell Physiology, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Lieb
- Computer Graphics and Multimedia Programming, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany
| | | | - Sven Bogdan
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Department of Molecular Cell Physiology, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany.
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35
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Bao M, Xie J, Piruska A, Hu X, Huck WTS. Microfabricated Gaps Reveal the Effect of Geometrical Control in Wound Healing. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2000630. [PMID: 32761769 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202000630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The geometry (size and shape) of gaps is a key determinant in controlling gap closure during wound healing. However, conventional methods for creating gaps result in un-defined geometries and poorly characterized conditions (cell death factors and cell debris), which can influence the gap closure process. To overcome these limitations, a novel method to create well-defined geometrical gaps is developed. First, smooth muscle cells (SMCs) are seeded in variously shaped micro-containers made out of hyaluronic acid hydrogels. Cell proliferation and cell tension induce fibrous collagen production by SMCs predominantly around the edges of the micro-containers. Upon removal of SMCs, the selectively deposited collagen results in micro-containers with cell-adhesive regions along the edges and walls. Fibroblasts are seeded in these micro-containers, and upon attaching and spreading, they naturally form gaps with different geometries. The rapid proliferation of fibroblasts from the edge results in filling and closure of the gaps. It is demonstrated that gap closure rate as well as closure mechanism is strongly influenced by geometrical features, which points to an important role for cellular tension and cell proliferation in gap closure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Bao
- Institute for Molecules and Materials Radboud University Heyendaalseweg 135 Nijmegen 6525 AJ The Netherlands
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering California Institute of Technology 1200 E. California Boulevard Pasadena CA 91125 USA
| | - Jing Xie
- Institute for Molecules and Materials Radboud University Heyendaalseweg 135 Nijmegen 6525 AJ The Netherlands
| | - Aigars Piruska
- Institute for Molecules and Materials Radboud University Heyendaalseweg 135 Nijmegen 6525 AJ The Netherlands
| | - Xinyu Hu
- Institute for Molecules and Materials Radboud University Heyendaalseweg 135 Nijmegen 6525 AJ The Netherlands
| | - Wilhelm T. S. Huck
- Institute for Molecules and Materials Radboud University Heyendaalseweg 135 Nijmegen 6525 AJ The Netherlands
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36
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The Actomyosin Cortex of Cells: A Thin Film of Active Matter. J Indian Inst Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s41745-020-00220-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Le AP, Rupprecht JF, Mège RM, Toyama Y, Lim CT, Ladoux B. Adhesion-mediated heterogeneous actin organization governs apoptotic cell extrusion. Nat Commun 2021; 12:397. [PMID: 33452264 PMCID: PMC7810754 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20563-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptotic extrusion is crucial in maintaining epithelial homeostasis. Current literature supports that epithelia respond to extrusion by forming a supracellular actomyosin purse-string in the neighbors. However, whether other actin structures could contribute to extrusion and how forces generated by these structures can be integrated are unknown. Here, we found that during extrusion, a heterogeneous actin network composed of lamellipodia protrusions and discontinuous actomyosin cables, was reorganized in the neighboring cells. The early presence of basal lamellipodia protrusion participated in both basal sealing of the extrusion site and orienting the actomyosin purse-string. The co-existence of these two mechanisms is determined by the interplay between the cell-cell and cell-substrate adhesions. A theoretical model integrates these cellular mechanosensitive components to explain why a dual-mode mechanism, which combines lamellipodia protrusion and purse-string contractility, leads to more efficient extrusion than a single-mode mechanism. In this work, we provide mechanistic insight into extrusion, an essential epithelial homeostasis process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anh Phuong Le
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- National University of Singapore Graduate School of Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jean-François Rupprecht
- Aix-Marseille Université, Université de Toulon, CNRS, CPT, Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille, France.
| | - René-Marc Mège
- Université de Paris, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod (IJM), Paris, France
| | - Yusuke Toyama
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chwee Teck Lim
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
- National University of Singapore Graduate School of Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Benoît Ladoux
- Université de Paris, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod (IJM), Paris, France.
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Weberling A, Zernicka-Goetz M. Trophectoderm mechanics direct epiblast shape upon embryo implantation. Cell Rep 2021; 34:108655. [PMID: 33472064 PMCID: PMC7816124 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Implantation is a hallmark of mammalian embryogenesis during which embryos establish their contacts with the maternal endometrium, remodel, and undertake growth and differentiation. The mechanisms and sequence of events through which embryos change their shape during this transition are largely unexplored. Here, we show that the first extraembryonic lineage, the polar trophectoderm, is the key regulator for remodeling the embryonic epiblast. Loss of its function after immuno-surgery or inhibitor treatments prevents the epiblast shape transitions. In the mouse, the polar trophectoderm exerts physical force upon the epiblast, causing it to transform from an oval into a cup shape. In human embryos, the polar trophectoderm behaves in the opposite manner, exerting a stretching force. By mimicking this stretching behavior in mouse embryogenesis, we could direct the epiblast to adopt the disc-like shape characteristic of human embryos at this stage. Thus, the polar trophectoderm acts as a conserved regulator of epiblast shape. Mouse epiblast remodeling from blastocyst to egg cylinder is achieved in five stages Epiblast remodeling upon implantation is not inherent to the embryonic lineage The polar trophectoderm mediates epiblast shape acquisition Epiblast shape regulation by the polar trophectoderm appears conserved in evolution
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Weberling
- Mammalian Embryo and Stem Cell Group, University of Cambridge, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK
| | - Magdalena Zernicka-Goetz
- Mammalian Embryo and Stem Cell Group, University of Cambridge, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK; Plasticity and Self-Organization Group, California Institute of Technology, Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, 1200 E. California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
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39
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Wang XH, Yang F, Pan JB, Kang B, Xu JJ, Chen HY. Quantitative Imaging of pN Intercellular Force and Energetic Costs during Collective Cell Migration in Epithelial Wound Healing. Anal Chem 2020; 92:16180-16187. [PMID: 33253543 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c03935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Collective cell migration plays a key role in tissue repair, metastasis, and development. Cellular tension is a vital mechanical regulator during the force-driven cell movements. However, the contribution and mechanism of cell-cell force interaction and energetic costs during cell migration are yet to be understood. Here, we attempted to unfold the mechanism of collective cell movement through quantification of the intercellular tension and energetic costs. The measurement of pN intercellular force is based on a "spring-like" DNA-probe and a molecular tension fluorescence microscopy. During the process of wound healing, the intercellular force along with the cell monolayer mainly originates from actin polymerization, which is strongly related to the cellular energy metabolism level. Intracellular force at different spatial regions of wound and the energetic costs of leader and follower cells were measured. The maximum force and energy consumption are mainly concentrated at the wound edge and dynamically changed along with different stages of wound healing. These results indicated the domination of leader cells other than follower cells during the collective cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Hong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Fan Yang
- College of Textile and Clothing, Dezhou University, Dezhou 253023, China
| | - Jian-Bin Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Bin Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jing-Juan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Hong-Yuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
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40
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Kennard AS, Theriot JA. Osmolarity-independent electrical cues guide rapid response to injury in zebrafish epidermis. eLife 2020; 9:e62386. [PMID: 33225997 PMCID: PMC7721437 DOI: 10.7554/elife.62386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability of epithelial tissues to heal after injury is essential for animal life, yet the mechanisms by which epithelial cells sense tissue damage are incompletely understood. In aquatic organisms such as zebrafish, osmotic shock following injury is believed to be an early and potent activator of a wound response. We find that, in addition to sensing osmolarity, basal skin cells in zebrafish larvae are also sensitive to changes in the particular ionic composition of their surroundings after wounding, specifically the concentration of sodium chloride in the immediate vicinity of the wound. This sodium chloride-specific wound detection mechanism is independent of cell swelling, and instead is suggestive of a mechanism by which cells sense changes in the transepithelial electrical potential generated by the transport of sodium and chloride ions across the skin. Consistent with this hypothesis, we show that electric fields directly applied within the skin are sufficient to initiate actin polarization and migration of basal cells in their native epithelial context in vivo, even overriding endogenous wound signaling. This suggests that, in order to mount a robust wound response, skin cells respond to both osmotic and electrical perturbations arising from tissue injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S Kennard
- Biophysics Program, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
- Department of Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | - Julie A Theriot
- Department of Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
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Boolean model of anchorage dependence and contact inhibition points to coordinated inhibition but semi-independent induction of proliferation and migration. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2020; 18:2145-2165. [PMID: 32913583 PMCID: PMC7451872 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2020.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2019] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial cells respond to their physical neighborhood with mechano-sensitive behaviors required for development and tissue maintenance. These include anchorage dependence, matrix stiffness-dependent proliferation, contact inhibition of proliferation and migration, and collective migration that balances cell crawling with the maintenance of cell junctions. While required for development and tissue repair, these coordinated responses to the microenvironment also contribute to cancer metastasis. Predictive models of the signaling networks that coordinate these behaviors are critical in controlling cell behavior to halt disease. Here we propose a Boolean regulatory network model that synthesizes mechanosensitive signaling that links anchorage to a matrix of varying stiffness and cell density sensing to contact inhibition, proliferation, migration, and apoptosis. Our model can reproduce anchorage dependence and anoikis, detachment-induced cytokinesis errors, the effect of matrix stiffness on proliferation, and contact inhibition of proliferation and migration by two mechanisms that converge on the YAP transcription factor. In addition, we offer testable predictions related to cell cycle-dependent anoikis sensitivity, the molecular requirements for abolishing contact inhibition, and substrate stiffness dependent expression of the catalytic subunit of PI3K. Moreover, our model predicts heterogeneity in migratory vs. non-migratory phenotypes in sub-confluent monolayers, and co-inhibition but semi-independent induction of proliferation vs. migration as a function of cell density and mitogenic stimulation. Our model serves as a stepping-stone towards modeling mechanosensitive routes to the epithelial to mesenchymal transition, capturing the effects of the mesenchymal state on anoikis resistance, and understanding the balance between migration versus proliferation at each stage of the epithelial to mesenchymal transition.
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Perez-Vale KZ, Peifer M. Orchestrating morphogenesis: building the body plan by cell shape changes and movements. Development 2020; 147:dev191049. [PMID: 32917667 PMCID: PMC7502592 DOI: 10.1242/dev.191049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
During embryonic development, a simple ball of cells re-shapes itself into the elaborate body plan of an animal. This requires dramatic cell shape changes and cell movements, powered by the contractile force generated by actin and myosin linked to the plasma membrane at cell-cell and cell-matrix junctions. Here, we review three morphogenetic events common to most animals: apical constriction, convergent extension and collective cell migration. Using the fruit fly Drosophila as an example, we discuss recent work that has revealed exciting new insights into the molecular mechanisms that allow cells to change shape and move without tearing tissues apart. We also point out parallel events at work in other animals, which suggest that the mechanisms underlying these morphogenetic processes are conserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kia Z Perez-Vale
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Mark Peifer
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB#3280, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3280, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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43
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Sinigaglia C, Peron S, Eichelbrenner J, Chevalier S, Steger J, Barreau C, Houliston E, Leclère L. Pattern regulation in a regenerating jellyfish. eLife 2020; 9:e54868. [PMID: 32894220 PMCID: PMC7524552 DOI: 10.7554/elife.54868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Jellyfish, with their tetraradial symmetry, offer a novel paradigm for addressing patterning mechanisms during regeneration. Here we show that an interplay between mechanical forces, cell migration and proliferation allows jellyfish fragments to regain shape and functionality rapidly, notably by efficient restoration of the central feeding organ (manubrium). Fragmentation first triggers actomyosin-powered remodeling that restores body umbrella shape, causing radial smooth muscle fibers to converge around 'hubs' which serve as positional landmarks. Stabilization of these hubs, and associated expression of Wnt6, depends on the configuration of the adjoining muscle fiber 'spokes'. Stabilized hubs presage the site of the manubrium blastema, whose growth is Wnt/β-catenin dependent and fueled by both cell proliferation and long-range cell recruitment. Manubrium morphogenesis is modulated by its connections with the gastrovascular canal system. We conclude that body patterning in regenerating jellyfish emerges mainly from local interactions, triggered and directed by the remodeling process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Sinigaglia
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-mer (LBDV)Villefranche-sur-merFrance
| | - Sophie Peron
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-mer (LBDV)Villefranche-sur-merFrance
| | - Jeanne Eichelbrenner
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-mer (LBDV)Villefranche-sur-merFrance
| | - Sandra Chevalier
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-mer (LBDV)Villefranche-sur-merFrance
| | - Julia Steger
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-mer (LBDV)Villefranche-sur-merFrance
| | - Carine Barreau
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-mer (LBDV)Villefranche-sur-merFrance
| | - Evelyn Houliston
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-mer (LBDV)Villefranche-sur-merFrance
| | - Lucas Leclère
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-mer (LBDV)Villefranche-sur-merFrance
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44
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Mechanical induction and competence in epithelial morphogenesis. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2020; 63:36-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2020.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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45
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46
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Ghosh D, Godeshala S, Nitiyanandan R, Islam MS, Yaron JR, DiCaudo D, Kilbourne J, Rege K. Copper-Eluting Fibers for Enhanced Tissue Sealing and Repair. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:27951-27960. [PMID: 32459949 PMCID: PMC9617570 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c04755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Copper ions play an important role in several physiological processes, including angiogenesis, growth factor induction and extracellular matrix remodeling, that modulate wound healing and tissue repair. In this work, copper-loaded alginate fibers were generated and used as surgical sutures for repair of incisional wounds in live mice. Approximately 95% of initially loaded copper ions were released from the sutures within the first 24 h following an initial burst release. This localized delivery of copper at the incision site resulted in significantly higher recovery in tissue biomechanical strengths compared to conventional nylon and calcium alginate sutures at early times following surgery. Irradiation of copper alginate sutures with near-infrared light resulted in a robust photothermal response and led to efficacies similar to those seen with nonirradiated sutures. Histopathology and immunohistological analyses indicated significantly reduced epithelial gap and higher number of CD31+ cells, which is indicative of increased angiogenesis around the incision site. Delivery of copper ions did not result in toxicity under the conditions employed. Our findings demonstrate that delivery of ionic copper from sutures resulted in efficacious approximation and healing of incisional wounds, and copper-eluting fibers may have translational potential for accelerating repair in surgical and trauma wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepanjan Ghosh
- Biological Design, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | | | | | - Md Saiful Islam
- Chemical Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Jordan R. Yaron
- Center for Personalized Diagnostics, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - David DiCaudo
- Division of Dermatopathology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ 85259, USA
| | - Jacquelyn Kilbourne
- Department of Animal Care and Technologies (DACT), Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Kaushal Rege
- Biological Design, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
- Chemical Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
- To whom the correspondence must be addressed: Prof. Kaushal Rege, Chemical Engineering, 501 E. Tyler Mall, ECG 303, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-6106 USA, , Phone: (480)-727-8616, Fax: 480-727-9321
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47
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Molè MA, Galea GL, Rolo A, Weberling A, Nychyk O, De Castro SC, Savery D, Fässler R, Ybot-González P, Greene NDE, Copp AJ. Integrin-Mediated Focal Anchorage Drives Epithelial Zippering during Mouse Neural Tube Closure. Dev Cell 2020; 52:321-334.e6. [PMID: 32049039 PMCID: PMC7008250 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2020.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial fusion is a key process of morphogenesis by which tissue connectivity is established between adjacent epithelial sheets. A striking and poorly understood feature of this process is "zippering," whereby a fusion point moves directionally along an organ rudiment. Here, we uncover the molecular mechanism underlying zippering during mouse spinal neural tube closure. Fusion is initiated via local activation of integrin β1 and focal anchorage of surface ectoderm cells to a shared point of fibronectin-rich basement membrane, where the neural folds first contact each other. Surface ectoderm cells undergo proximal junction shortening, establishing a transitory semi-rosette-like structure at the zippering point that promotes juxtaposition of cells across the midline enabling fusion propagation. Tissue-specific ablation of integrin β1 abolishes the semi-rosette formation, preventing zippering and causing spina bifida. We propose integrin-mediated anchorage as an evolutionarily conserved mechanism of general relevance for zippering closure of epithelial gaps whose disturbance can produce clinically important birth defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo A Molè
- Newlife Birth Defects Research Centre, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK; Department of Physiology, Development & Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK.
| | - Gabriel L Galea
- Newlife Birth Defects Research Centre, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Ana Rolo
- Newlife Birth Defects Research Centre, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Antonia Weberling
- Department of Physiology, Development & Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK
| | - Oleksandr Nychyk
- Newlife Birth Defects Research Centre, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK; Neuro-endocrinology/Nutrition, Food Bioscience Department, Teagasc Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - Sandra C De Castro
- Newlife Birth Defects Research Centre, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Dawn Savery
- Newlife Birth Defects Research Centre, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Reinhard Fässler
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Patricia Ybot-González
- Department of Neurology and Neurophysiology, Hospital Virgen de Macarena, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Nicholas D E Greene
- Newlife Birth Defects Research Centre, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Andrew J Copp
- Newlife Birth Defects Research Centre, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK.
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48
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Guzmán-Herrera A, Mao Y. Polarity during tissue repair, a multiscale problem. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2020; 62:31-36. [PMID: 31514044 PMCID: PMC7036748 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2019.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Tissue repair is essential for all organisms, as it protects the integrity and function of tissues and prevents infections and diseases. It takes place at multiple scales, from macroscopic to microscopic levels. Most mechanisms driving tissue repair rely on the correct polarisation of collective cell behaviours, such as migration and proliferation, and polarisation of cytoskeletal and junctional components. Furthermore, re-establishment and maintenance of cell polarity are fundamental for a tissue to be fully repaired and for withstanding mechanical stress during homeostasis and repair. Recent evidence highlights an important role for the interplay between cell polarity and tissue mechanics that are critical in tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Guzmán-Herrera
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK; Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, London, UK
| | - Yanlan Mao
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK; Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, London, UK; College of Information and Control, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210044, People's Republic of China.
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49
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Taffoni C, Omi S, Huber C, Mailfert S, Fallet M, Rupprecht JF, Ewbank JJ, Pujol N. Microtubule plus-end dynamics link wound repair to the innate immune response. eLife 2020; 9:e45047. [PMID: 31995031 PMCID: PMC7043892 DOI: 10.7554/elife.45047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The skin protects animals from infection and physical damage. In Caenorhabditis elegans, wounding the epidermis triggers an immune reaction and a repair response, but it is not clear how these are coordinated. Previous work implicated the microtubule cytoskeleton in the maintenance of epidermal integrity (Chuang et al., 2016). Here, by establishing a simple wounding system, we show that wounding provokes a reorganisation of plasma membrane subdomains. This is followed by recruitment of the microtubule plus end-binding protein EB1/EBP-2 around the wound and actin ring formation, dependent on ARP2/3 branched actin polymerisation. We show that microtubule dynamics are required for the recruitment and closure of the actin ring, and for the trafficking of the key signalling protein SLC6/SNF-12 toward the injury site. Without SNF-12 recruitment, there is an abrogation of the immune response. Our results suggest that microtubule dynamics coordinate the cytoskeletal changes required for wound repair and the concomitant activation of innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Taffoni
- CIML, Centre d’Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Turing Centre for Living SystemsAix Marseille Univ, INSERM, CNRSMarseilleFrance
| | - Shizue Omi
- CIML, Centre d’Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Turing Centre for Living SystemsAix Marseille Univ, INSERM, CNRSMarseilleFrance
| | - Caroline Huber
- CIML, Centre d’Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Turing Centre for Living SystemsAix Marseille Univ, INSERM, CNRSMarseilleFrance
| | - Sébastien Mailfert
- CIML, Centre d’Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Turing Centre for Living SystemsAix Marseille Univ, INSERM, CNRSMarseilleFrance
| | - Mathieu Fallet
- CIML, Centre d’Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Turing Centre for Living SystemsAix Marseille Univ, INSERM, CNRSMarseilleFrance
| | | | - Jonathan J Ewbank
- CIML, Centre d’Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Turing Centre for Living SystemsAix Marseille Univ, INSERM, CNRSMarseilleFrance
| | - Nathalie Pujol
- CIML, Centre d’Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Turing Centre for Living SystemsAix Marseille Univ, INSERM, CNRSMarseilleFrance
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50
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Yuan X, Xu Q, Zhang X, Van Brunt LA, Ticha P, Helms JA. Wnt-Responsive Stem Cell Fates in the Oral Mucosa. iScience 2019; 21:84-94. [PMID: 31655258 PMCID: PMC6820246 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2019.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelia of the oral cavity exhibit variations in morphologies and turnover rates. Are these differences related to environment or to region-specific stem cell populations? A lineage-tracing strategy allowed visualization of Wnt-responsive cells, and their progeny, in the hard and soft palates. In both anatomic locations, Wnt-responsive basal cells self-renewed and gave rise to supra-basal cells. Palatal injuries triggered an enlargement of this population, and their descendants were responsible for wound re-epithelialization. Compared with the hard palate, soft palate stem cells exhibited an earlier, more robust burst in proliferation, culminating in significantly faster repair. Thereafter, excess Wnt-responsive basal cells were removed, and stem cell numbers were restored back to homeostatic level. Thus, we uncovered a stem cell population in oral mucosa, and its relative abundance is correlate with the rate of oral wound healing. Besides the activation during injury, an endogenous mechanism exists to constrain the stem cell pool after repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Yuan
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, 1651 Page Mill Road, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA.
| | - Quanchen Xu
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, 1651 Page Mill Road, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA; The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Xiaohui Zhang
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, 1651 Page Mill Road, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA; State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Lauren A Van Brunt
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, 1651 Page Mill Road, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Pavla Ticha
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, 1651 Page Mill Road, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Jill A Helms
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, 1651 Page Mill Road, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA.
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