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Li J, Wang D, Qi L, Yang Y, Pei J, Dong Y, Wang Y, Yao M, Zhang F, Lei Y, Cheng L, Ye W. Genomic sequencing revealed recombination event between clade 1 and clade 2 occurs in circulating varicella-zoster virus in China. Braz J Microbiol 2024; 55:125-132. [PMID: 38052769 PMCID: PMC10920497 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-023-01206-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Varicella-zoster virus (VZV), a member of the Alphaherpesvirinae subfamily, causes varicella in primary infections and establishing a latent stage in sensory ganglia. Upon reactivation, VZV causes herpes zoster with severe neuralgia, especially in elderly patients. The mutation rate for VZV is comparatively lower than the other members of other alpha herpesviruses. Due to geographic isolation, different genotypes of VZV are circulating on separate continents. Here, we successfully isolated a VZV from the vesicular fluid of a youth zoster patient. Based on the single-nucleotide polymorphism profiles of different open reading frames that define the genotype, this newly isolated VZV primarily represents genotype clade 2 but also has characteristics of genotype clade 1. The next-generation sequencing provided a nearly full-length sequence, and further phylogenetic analysis revealed that this VZV isolate is distinct from clades 1 and 2. The Recombination Detection Program indicates that a possible recombinant event may occur between the VZV isolate and clade 1. In summary, we found that there is a circulating VZV isolate in China that may represent a recombinant between clade 1 and clade 2, providing new concerns that need to be considered in the future VZV vaccination program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Li
- Department of Neurology, Xi'an International Medical Center Hospital, Xi'an, 710100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Medical University, 167th Textile East Street, Xi'an, China
| | - Libin Qi
- Cadet Brigade, School of Preclinical Medicine, Airforce Medical University: Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Yuewu Yang
- Cadet Brigade, School of Preclinical Medicine, Airforce Medical University: Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Jiawei Pei
- Bone Metabolism Lab, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yangchao Dong
- Department of Microbiology, School of Preclinical Medicine, Airforce Medical University: Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- Department of Microbiology, School of Preclinical Medicine, Airforce Medical University: Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Min Yao
- Department of Microbiology, School of Preclinical Medicine, Airforce Medical University: Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Fanglin Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, School of Preclinical Medicine, Airforce Medical University: Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yingfeng Lei
- Department of Microbiology, School of Preclinical Medicine, Airforce Medical University: Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Linfeng Cheng
- Department of Microbiology, School of Preclinical Medicine, Airforce Medical University: Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Wei Ye
- Department of Microbiology, School of Preclinical Medicine, Airforce Medical University: Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
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2
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Liu Q, Wang W, Xu L, Zhang Q, Wang H. The host mannose-6-phosphate pathway and viral infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1349221. [PMID: 38357444 PMCID: PMC10865371 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1349221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Viruses, despite their simple structural composition, engage in intricate and complex interactions with their hosts due to their parasitic nature. A notable demonstration of viral behavior lies in their exploitation of lysosomes, specialized organelles responsible for the breakdown of biomolecules and clearance of foreign substances, to bolster their own replication. The man-nose-6-phosphate (M6P) pathway, crucial for facilitating the proper transport of hydrolases into lysosomes and promoting lysosome maturation, is frequently exploited for viral manipulation in support of replication. Recently, the discovery of lysosomal enzyme trafficking factor (LYSET) as a pivotal regulator within the lysosomal M6P pathway has introduced a fresh perspective on the intricate interplay between viral entry and host factors. This groundbreaking revelation illuminates unexplored dimensions of these interactions. In this review, we endeavor to provide a thorough overview of the M6P pathway and its intricate interplay with viral factors during infection. By consolidating the current understanding in this field, our objective is to establish a valuable reference for the development of antiviral drugs that selectively target the M6P pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qincheng Liu
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory for Cell Homeostasis and Cancer Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weiqi Wang
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory for Cell Homeostasis and Cancer Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liwei Xu
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory for Cell Homeostasis and Cancer Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qisheng Zhang
- Shanghai Sino Organoid Lifesciences Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Hongna Wang
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory for Cell Homeostasis and Cancer Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Guangzhou, China
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3
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Simonetti B, Daly JL, Cullen PJ. Out of the ESCPE room: Emerging roles of endosomal SNX-BARs in receptor transport and host-pathogen interaction. Traffic 2023; 24:234-250. [PMID: 37089068 PMCID: PMC10768393 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
Several functions of the human cell, such as sensing nutrients, cell movement and interaction with the surrounding environment, depend on a myriad of transmembrane proteins and their associated proteins and lipids (collectively termed "cargoes"). To successfully perform their tasks, cargo must be sorted and delivered to the right place, at the right time, and in the right amount. To achieve this, eukaryotic cells have evolved a highly organized sorting platform, the endosomal network. Here, a variety of specialized multiprotein complexes sort cargo into itineraries leading to either their degradation or their recycling to various organelles for further rounds of reuse. A key sorting complex is the Endosomal SNX-BAR Sorting Complex for Promoting Exit (ESCPE-1) that promotes the recycling of an array of cargos to the plasma membrane and/or the trans-Golgi network. ESCPE-1 recognizes a hydrophobic-based sorting motif in numerous cargoes and orchestrates their packaging into tubular carriers that pinch off from the endosome and travel to the target organelle. A wide range of pathogens mimic this sorting motif to hijack ESCPE-1 transport to promote their invasion and survival within infected cells. In other instances, ESCPE-1 exerts restrictive functions against pathogens by limiting their replication and infection. In this review, we discuss ESCPE-1 assembly and functions, with a particular focus on recent advances in the understanding of its role in membrane trafficking, cellular homeostasis and host-pathogen interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Simonetti
- Charles River Laboratories, Discovery House, Quays Office ParkConference Avenue, PortisheadBristolUK
| | - James L. Daly
- Department of Infectious DiseasesSchool of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, Guy's Hospital, King's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Peter J. Cullen
- School of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Biomedical Sciences BuildingUniversity of BristolBristolUK
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4
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Dillard LR, Glass EM, Lewis AL, Thomas-White K, Papin JA. Metabolic Network Models of the Gardnerella Pangenome Identify Key Interactions with the Vaginal Environment. mSystems 2023; 8:e0068922. [PMID: 36511689 PMCID: PMC9948698 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00689-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Gardnerella is the primary pathogenic bacterial genus present in the polymicrobial condition known as bacterial vaginosis (BV). Despite BV's high prevalence and associated chronic and acute women's health impacts, the Gardnerella pangenome is largely uncharacterized at both the genetic and functional metabolic levels. Here, we used genome-scale metabolic models to characterize in silico the Gardnerella pangenome metabolic content. We also assessed the metabolic functional capacity in a BV-positive cervicovaginal fluid context. The metabolic capacity varied widely across the pangenome, with 38.15% of all reactions being core to the genus, compared to 49.60% of reactions identified as being unique to a smaller subset of species. We identified 57 essential genes across the pangenome via in silico gene essentiality screens within two simulated vaginal metabolic environments. Four genes, gpsA, fas, suhB, and psd, were identified as core essential genes critical for the metabolic function of all analyzed bacterial species of the Gardnerella genus. Further understanding these core essential metabolic functions could inform novel therapeutic strategies to treat BV. Machine learning applied to simulated metabolic network flux distributions showed limited clustering based on the sample isolation source, which further supports the presence of extensive core metabolic functionality across this genus. These data represent the first metabolic modeling of the Gardnerella pangenome and illustrate strain-specific interactions with the vaginal metabolic environment across the pangenome. IMPORTANCE Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is the most common vaginal infection among reproductive-age women. Despite its prevalence and associated chronic and acute women's health impacts, the diverse bacteria involved in BV infection remain poorly characterized. Gardnerella is the genus of bacteria most commonly and most abundantly represented during BV. In this paper, we use metabolic models, which are a computational representation of the possible functional metabolism of an organism, to investigate metabolic conservation, gene essentiality, and pathway utilization across 110 Gardnerella strains. These models allow us to investigate in silico how strains may differ with respect to their metabolic interactions with the vaginal-host environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lillian R. Dillard
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Emma M. Glass
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Amanda L. Lewis
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California—San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | | | - Jason A. Papin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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5
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Vezzani G, Pimazzoni S, Ferranti R, Calò S, Monda G, Amendola D, Frigimelica E, Maione D, Cortese M, Merola M. Human immunoglobulins are transported to HCMV viral envelope by viral Fc gamma receptors-dependent and independent mechanisms. Front Microbiol 2023; 13:1106401. [PMID: 36726564 PMCID: PMC9885202 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1106401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegaloviruses (HCMVs) employ many different mechanisms to escape and subvert the host immune system, including expression of the viral IgG Fcγ receptors (vFcγRs) RL11 (gp34), RL12 (gp95), RL13 (gpRL13), and UL119 (gp68) gene products. The role of vFcγRs in HCMV pathogenesis has been reported to operate in infected cells by interfering with IgG-mediated effector functions. We found that gp34 and gp68 are envelope proteins that bind and internalize human IgGs on the surface of infected cells. Internalized IgGs are then transported on the envelope of viral particles in a vFcR-dependent mechanism. This mechanism is also responsible for the incorporation on the virions of the anti-gH neutralizing antibody MSL-109. Intriguingly, we show that gp68 is responsible for MSL-109 incorporation, but it is dispensable for other anti-HCMV antibodies that do not need this function to be transported on mature virions. HCMV-infected cells grown in presence of anti-HCMV monoclonal antibodies generate a viral progeny still infective and possible to be neutralized. This is the first example of a virus carrying neutralizing IgGs on its surface and their possible role is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Mirko Cortese
- GSK, Siena, Italy,Department of Environmental Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Caserta, Italy,Mirko Cortese, ✉
| | - Marcello Merola
- GSK, Siena, Italy,Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy,*Correspondence: Marcello Merola, ✉
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6
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Guo C, Tsai SJ, Ai Y, Li M, Anaya E, Pekosz A, Cox A, Gould SJ. The D614G mutation redirects SARS-CoV-2 spike to lysosomes and suppresses deleterious traits of the furin cleavage site insertion mutation. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eade5085. [PMID: 36563151 PMCID: PMC9788772 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ade5085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) egress occurs by lysosomal exocytosis. We show that the Spike D614G mutation enhances Spike trafficking to lysosomes, drives Spike-mediated reprogramming of lysosomes, and reduces cell surface Spike expression by ~3-fold. D614G is not a human-specific adaptation. Rather, it is an adaptation to the earlier furin cleavage site insertion (FCSI) mutation that occurred at the genesis of SARS-CoV-2. While advantageous to the virus, furin cleavage of spike has deleterious effects on spike structure and function, inhibiting its trafficking to lysosomes and impairing its infectivity by the transmembrane serine protease 2(TMPRSS2)-independent, endolysosomal pathway. D614G restores spike trafficking to lysosomes and enhances the earliest events in SARS-CoV-2 infectivity, while spike mutations that restore SARS-CoV-2's TMPRSS2-independent infectivity restore spike's trafficking to lysosomes. Together, these and other results show that D614G is an intragenic suppressor of deleterious traits linked to the FCSI and lend additional support to the endolysosomal model of SARS-CoV-2 egress and entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxu Guo
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, 725 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Shang-Jui Tsai
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, 725 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Yiwei Ai
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, 725 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Maggie Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University, School of Public Health, 615 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Eduardo Anaya
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University, School of Public Health, 615 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Andrew Pekosz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University, School of Public Health, 615 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Andrea Cox
- Department of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, 725 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Stephen J. Gould
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, 725 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
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7
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Hertzog J, Zhou W, Fowler G, Rigby RE, Bridgeman A, Blest HTW, Cursi C, Chauveau L, Davenne T, Warner BE, Kinchington PR, Kranzusch PJ, Rehwinkel J. Varicella-Zoster virus ORF9 is an antagonist of the DNA sensor cGAS. EMBO J 2022; 41:e109217. [PMID: 35670106 PMCID: PMC9289529 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2021109217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Varicella-Zoster virus (VZV) causes chickenpox and shingles. Although the infection is associated with severe morbidity in some individuals, molecular mechanisms that determine innate immune responses remain poorly defined. We found that the cGAS/STING DNA sensing pathway was required for type I interferon (IFN) induction during VZV infection and that recognition of VZV by cGAS restricted its replication. Screening of a VZV ORF expression library identified the essential VZV tegument protein ORF9 as a cGAS antagonist. Ectopically or virally expressed ORF9 bound to endogenous cGAS leading to reduced type I IFN responses to transfected DNA. Confocal microscopy revealed co-localisation of cGAS and ORF9. ORF9 and cGAS also interacted directly in a cell-free system and phase-separated together with DNA. Furthermore, ORF9 inhibited cGAMP production by cGAS. Taken together, these results reveal the importance of the cGAS/STING DNA sensing pathway for VZV recognition and identify a VZV immune antagonist that partially but directly interferes with DNA sensing via cGAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonny Hertzog
- MRC Human Immunology UnitMRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular MedicineRadcliffe Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK,Present address:
Clinical Cooperation Unit VirotherapyGerman Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)HeidelbergGermany
| | - Wen Zhou
- Department of MicrobiologyHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA,Department of Cancer Immunology and VirologyDana‐Farber Cancer InstituteBostonMAUSA,Present address:
School of Life SciencesSouthern University of Science and TechnologyShenzhenChina
| | - Gerissa Fowler
- MRC Human Immunology UnitMRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular MedicineRadcliffe Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Rachel E Rigby
- MRC Human Immunology UnitMRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular MedicineRadcliffe Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Anne Bridgeman
- MRC Human Immunology UnitMRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular MedicineRadcliffe Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Henry TW Blest
- MRC Human Immunology UnitMRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular MedicineRadcliffe Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Chiara Cursi
- MRC Human Immunology UnitMRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular MedicineRadcliffe Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Lise Chauveau
- MRC Human Immunology UnitMRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular MedicineRadcliffe Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Tamara Davenne
- MRC Human Immunology UnitMRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular MedicineRadcliffe Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | | | - Paul R Kinchington
- Department of OphthalmologyUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPAUSA,Department of Microbiology and Molecular GeneticsUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPAUSA
| | - Philip J Kranzusch
- Department of MicrobiologyHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA,Department of Cancer Immunology and VirologyDana‐Farber Cancer InstituteBostonMAUSA,Parker Institute for Cancer ImmunotherapyDana‐Farber Cancer InstituteBostonMAUSA
| | - Jan Rehwinkel
- MRC Human Immunology UnitMRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular MedicineRadcliffe Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
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8
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Suenaga T, Mori Y, Suzutani T, Arase H. Siglec-7 mediates varicella-zoster virus infection by associating with glycoprotein B. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 607:67-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.03.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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9
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Tommasi C, Breuer J. The Biology of Varicella-Zoster Virus Replication in the Skin. Viruses 2022; 14:982. [PMID: 35632723 PMCID: PMC9147561 DOI: 10.3390/v14050982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The replication of varicella-zoster virus (VZV) in skin is critical to its pathogenesis and spread. Primary infection causes chickenpox, which is characterised by centrally distributed skin blistering lesions that are rich in infectious virus. Cell-free virus in the cutaneous blistering lesions not only spreads to cause further cases, but infects sensory nerve endings, leading to the establishment of lifelong latency in sensory and autonomic ganglia. The reactivation of virus to cause herpes zoster is again characterised by localised painful skin blistering rash containing infectious virus. The development of in vitro and in vivo models of VZV skin replication has revealed aspects of VZV replication and pathogenesis in this important target organ and improved our understanding of the vaccine strain vOKa attenuation. In this review, we outline the current knowledge on VZV interaction with host signalling pathways, the viral association with proteins associated with epidermal terminal differentiation, and how these interconnect with the VZV life cycle to facilitate viral replication and shedding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Tommasi
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Judith Breuer
- Department of Infection, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK
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10
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Zhang J, Han X, Su D, Gu X, Yu W. Research Trends and Hotspots on Herpes Zoster: A 10-Year Bibliometric Analysis (2012-2021). Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:850762. [PMID: 35559334 PMCID: PMC9089455 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.850762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Herpes zoster infection, with its considerable burden to individuals and society, remains a challenge around the world. However, to the knowledge of the authors, little bibliometric quantitative or qualitative analysis has been carried out to evaluate herpes zoster research. This study aimed to use a bibliometric analysis to evaluate current publication trends and hotspots on herpes zoster research worldwide, in order to advance research in this field. Methods Relevant publications from January 2012 to December 2021 were collected from the Web of Science Core Collection database. Citespace (V5.8.R3) was used to analyze the research points, including publication countries, institutions and authors, cited author, cited reference and their clustering, and keyword co-occurrence, and burst keyword to acquire research trends and hotspots. Results A total of 9,259 publications were obtained, with a steady increase in the number of annual publications during the decade. Articles were the main type of publication. The United States is the leading country in this research, and the University of Colorado has the highest influence in this field. Oxman is the most representative author, with a main research interest in herpes zoster vaccines. The top five cited authors' publications focused on herpes zoster vaccines, molecular mechanisms, and postherpetic neuralgia. A co-citation map resulted 19 main clusters, and revealed that vaccines, postherpetic neuralgia, treatments, varicella zoster virus and its mechanisms, and epidemiology of herpes zoster were the current research focus after clustering co-cited publications. Human herpesviruses, antiviral prophylaxis, rheumatoid arthritis, recombinant zoster vaccine, varicella vaccination and postherpetic neuralgia were the top clusters after co-occurrence keywords analysis. Moreover, burst keywords detection showed that the subunit vaccine was the new hotspot in the field of herpes zoster. Conclusion This bibliometric study defined the overall prospects in the field of herpes zoster and provided valuable instruction for the ongoing research. The keyword "subunit vaccine" indicated that a vaccine for herpes zoster prevention was the hotspot. Efforts to prevent varicella zoster virus infection will be essential to improve herpes zoster outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Narcotic and Psychotropic Drugs, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Jiangsu Province Key laboratory of Anesthesia and Analgesia, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Department of Radiology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xu Han
- Department of Anesthesiology, Department of Radiology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Diansan Su
- Department of Anesthesiology, Department of Radiology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiyao Gu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Department of Radiology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Weifeng Yu
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Narcotic and Psychotropic Drugs, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Jiangsu Province Key laboratory of Anesthesia and Analgesia, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Department of Radiology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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11
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Rice SA. Release of HSV-1 Cell-Free Virions: Mechanisms, Regulation, and Likely Role in Human-Human Transmission. Viruses 2021; 13:v13122395. [PMID: 34960664 PMCID: PMC8704881 DOI: 10.3390/v13122395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1, or HSV-1, is a widespread human pathogen that replicates in epithelial cells of the body surface and then establishes latent infection in peripheral neurons. When HSV-1 replicates, viral progeny must be efficiently released to spread infection to new target cells. Viral spread occurs via two major routes. In cell-cell spread, progeny virions are delivered directly to cellular junctions, where they infect adjacent cells. In cell-free release, progeny virions are released into the extracellular milieu, potentially allowing the infection of distant cells. Cell-cell spread of HSV-1 has been well studied and is known to be important for in vivo infection and pathogenesis. In contrast, HSV-1 cell-free release has received less attention, and its significance to viral biology is unclear. Here, I review the mechanisms and regulation of HSV-1 cell-free virion release. Based on knowledge accrued in other herpesviral systems, I argue that HSV-1 cell-free release is likely to be tightly regulated in vivo. Specifically, I hypothesize that this process is generally suppressed as the virus replicates within the body, but activated to high levels at sites of viral reactivation, such as the oral mucosa and skin, in order to promote efficient transmission of HSV-1 to new human hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A Rice
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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12
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Abstract
Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) maintains lifelong latency in neurons following initial infection and can subsequently be reactivated to result in herpes zoster or severe neurological manifestations such as encephalitis. Mechanisms of VZV neuropathogenesis have been challenging to study due to the strict human tropism of the virus. Although neuronal entry mediators of other herpesviruses, including herpes simplex virus, have been identified, little is known regarding how VZV enters neurons. Here, we utilize a human stem cell-based neuronal model to characterize cellular factors that mediate entry. Through transcriptional profiling of infected cells, we identify the cell adhesion molecule nectin-1 as a candidate mediator of VZV entry. Nectin-1 is highly expressed in the cell bodies and axons of neurons. Either knockdown of endogenous nectin-1 or incubation with soluble forms of nectin-1 produced in mammalian cells results in a marked decrease in infectivity of neurons. Notably, while addition of soluble nectin-1 during viral infection inhibits infectivity, addition after infection has no effect on infectivity. Ectopic expression of human nectin-1 in a cell line resistant to productive VZV infection confers susceptibility to infection. In summary, we have identified nectin-1 as a neuronal entry mediator of VZV. IMPORTANCE Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) causes chickenpox, gains access to neurons during primary infection where it resides lifelong, and can later be reactivated. Reactivation is associated with shingles and postherpetic neuralgia, as well as with severe neurologic complications, including vasculitis and encephalitis. Although the varicella vaccine substantially decreases morbidity and mortality associated with primary infection, the vaccine cannot prevent the development of neuronal latency, and vaccinated populations are still at risk for reactivation. Furthermore, immunocompromised individuals are at higher risk for VZV reactivation and associated complications. Little is known regarding how VZV enters neurons. Here, we identify nectin-1 as an entry mediator of VZV in human neurons. Identification of nectin-1 as a neuronal VZV entry mediator could lead to improved treatments and preventative measures to reduce VZV related morbidity and mortality.
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Inan Yuksel E, Kara Polat A, Gore Karaali M, Koku Aksu AE, Gurel MS. Effect of the varicella vaccination implementation on the development of herpes zoster in children and adolescents. Dermatol Ther 2021; 34:e14995. [PMID: 34031954 DOI: 10.1111/dth.14995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Herpes zoster (HZ) is an infectious disease caused by latent varicella-zoster virus reactivation. There are conflicting reports on the varicella vaccine's effect on the incidence of HZ in children and adolescents. This study aimed to determine the impact of the single dose of varicella vaccination on HZ prevalence during childhood and adolescence. The study included children and adolescents aged <18 years who presented to the dermatology outpatient clinic between 2005 and 2019 and were diagnosed with HZ. Considering that the universal vaccination program started to be implemented in Turkey in 2013, non-vaccinated cases in the prevaccination period, vaccinated cases in the postvaccination period, and non-vaccinated patients in the postvaccination period were compared in terms of HZ prevalence and demographic features. After the initiation of the varicella vaccination program, the prevalence of HZ was found to decrease by 24.7% in all. The HZ prevalence was significantly reduced in vaccinated children, while the rate of decrease in non-vaccinated children was low (58.6% and 16.4%, respectively). The median age of the non-vaccinated cases in the postvaccination period (10 [min 0.5-max 17] years) was significantly higher compared to the other groups (p < 0.001). The number of cases aged <2 years was the highest in the vaccinated group (p < 0.001). Administration of a single dose of varicella vaccine was insufficient to decrease the prevalence of HZ <18 years of age. In the post-vaccination period, the frequency of HZ in unvaccinated cases increased in adolescence. In vaccinated children, HZ seems to develop at an earlier age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esma Inan Yuksel
- Department of Dermatology, Firat University Faculty of Medicine, Elazıg, Turkey
| | - Asude Kara Polat
- Department of Dermatology, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Muge Gore Karaali
- Department of Dermatology, Erzincan Binali Yıldırım University Faculty of Medicine, Mengücek Gazi Training and Research Hospital, Erzincan, Turkey
| | - Ayse Esra Koku Aksu
- Department of Dermatology, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Salih Gurel
- Department of Dermatology, Medeniyet University, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
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Viral Interactions with Adaptor-Protein Complexes: A Ubiquitous Trait among Viral Species. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22105274. [PMID: 34067854 PMCID: PMC8156722 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous viruses hijack cellular protein trafficking pathways to mediate cell entry or to rearrange membrane structures thereby promoting viral replication and antagonizing the immune response. Adaptor protein complexes (AP), which mediate protein sorting in endocytic and secretory transport pathways, are one of the conserved viral targets with many viruses possessing AP-interacting motifs. We present here different mechanisms of viral interference with AP complexes and the functional consequences that allow for efficient viral propagation and evasion of host immune defense. The ubiquity of this phenomenon is evidenced by the fact that there are representatives for AP interference in all major viral families, covered in this review. The best described examples are interactions of human immunodeficiency virus and human herpesviruses with AP complexes. Several other viruses, like Ebola, Nipah, and SARS-CoV-2, are pointed out as high priority disease-causative agents supporting the need for deeper understanding of virus-AP interplay which can be exploited in the design of novel antiviral therapies.
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Abstract
Varicella poses an occupational risk and a nosocomial risk for susceptible healthcare personnel and patients, respectively. Patients with varicella are thought to be infectious from 1 to 2 days before rash onset until all lesions are crusted, typically 4–7 days after onset of rash. We searched Medline, Embase, Cochrane Library and CINAHL databases to assess evidence of varicella-zoster virus (VZV) transmission before varicella rash onset. Few articles (7) contributed epidemiologic evidence; no formal studies were found. Published articles reported infectiousness at variable intervals before rash onset, between <1 day to 4 days prior to rash, with 1–2 patients for each interval. Laboratory assessment of transmission before rash was also limited (10 articles). No culture-positive results were reported. VZV DNA was identified by PCR before rash onset in only one study however, PCR does not indicate infectivity of the virus. Based on available medical literature, VZV transmission before rash onset seems unlikely, although the possibility of pre-rash, respiratory transmission cannot be entirely ruled out.
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Tognarelli EI, Reyes A, Corrales N, Carreño LJ, Bueno SM, Kalergis AM, González PA. Modulation of Endosome Function, Vesicle Trafficking and Autophagy by Human Herpesviruses. Cells 2021; 10:cells10030542. [PMID: 33806291 PMCID: PMC7999576 DOI: 10.3390/cells10030542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Human herpesviruses are a ubiquitous family of viruses that infect individuals of all ages and are present at a high prevalence worldwide. Herpesviruses are responsible for a broad spectrum of diseases, ranging from skin and mucosal lesions to blindness and life-threatening encephalitis, and some of them, such as Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) and Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), are known to be oncogenic. Furthermore, recent studies suggest that some herpesviruses may be associated with developing neurodegenerative diseases. These viruses can establish lifelong infections in the host and remain in a latent state with periodic reactivations. To achieve infection and yield new infectious viral particles, these viruses require and interact with molecular host determinants for supporting their replication and spread. Important sets of cellular factors involved in the lifecycle of herpesviruses are those participating in intracellular membrane trafficking pathways, as well as autophagic-based organelle recycling processes. These cellular processes are required by these viruses for cell entry and exit steps. Here, we review and discuss recent findings related to how herpesviruses exploit vesicular trafficking and autophagy components by using both host and viral gene products to promote the import and export of infectious viral particles from and to the extracellular environment. Understanding how herpesviruses modulate autophagy, endolysosomal and secretory pathways, as well as other prominent trafficking vesicles within the cell, could enable the engineering of novel antiviral therapies to treat these viruses and counteract their negative health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo I. Tognarelli
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago 8330025, Chile; (E.I.T.); (A.R.); (N.C.); (L.J.C.); (S.M.B.); (A.M.K.)
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
| | - Antonia Reyes
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago 8330025, Chile; (E.I.T.); (A.R.); (N.C.); (L.J.C.); (S.M.B.); (A.M.K.)
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
| | - Nicolás Corrales
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago 8330025, Chile; (E.I.T.); (A.R.); (N.C.); (L.J.C.); (S.M.B.); (A.M.K.)
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
| | - Leandro J. Carreño
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago 8330025, Chile; (E.I.T.); (A.R.); (N.C.); (L.J.C.); (S.M.B.); (A.M.K.)
- Programa de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - Susan M. Bueno
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago 8330025, Chile; (E.I.T.); (A.R.); (N.C.); (L.J.C.); (S.M.B.); (A.M.K.)
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
| | - Alexis M. Kalergis
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago 8330025, Chile; (E.I.T.); (A.R.); (N.C.); (L.J.C.); (S.M.B.); (A.M.K.)
- Departamento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile
| | - Pablo A. González
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago 8330025, Chile; (E.I.T.); (A.R.); (N.C.); (L.J.C.); (S.M.B.); (A.M.K.)
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
- Correspondence:
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Wang H, Tang X, Sheng X, Xing J, Chi H, Zhan W. Transcriptome analysis reveals temperature-dependent early immune response in flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) after Hirame novirhabdovirus (HIRRV) infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 107:367-378. [PMID: 33091595 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Hirame novirhabdovirus (HIRRV), as a highly pathogenic fish virus, is frequently prevalent in a variety of aquaculture fish in recent years, which seriously threatens the healthy development of aquaculture industry. Epidemiological studies show that the outbreak of HIRRV is obviously temperature dependent. Virus proliferation experiments in vitro and in vivo at different temperatures indicate the antiviral response of flounder is a main reason affect the replication of HIRRV. The RNA-Seq was used to analyze the different antiviral response in flounder which infected with HIRRV at different temperatures, the experiment set two temperatures of 10 °C and 20 °C. The flounder infected with HIRRV by artificial injection, and the spleens were collected at 24 h after infection. Meanwhile, the fish injected with EPC supernatant at different temperatures were set as control groups. It can obtain four pairwise comparison groups if determine a single variable, and the differentially expressed genes were further selected. The results showed that after infection with HIRRV at 10 °C and 20 °C, the differentially expressed genes in spleen were significantly enriched in inflammatory and immune-related pathways like Arachidonic acid metabolism, Cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathway, RIG-I-like receptor (RLRs) signaling pathway, NOD-like receptor (NLR) signaling pathway and Cytosolic DNA-sensing pathway etc. In addition, the expression of phagocytes, lysosomes, endocytosis related genes were significantly upregulated at high temperature whether HIRRV positive or not. But compared to the infected flounder at 10 °C, some genes of RLRs signaling pathway were significantly upregulated at 20 °C, it can be speculated that RLRs pathway may be related to the anti-HIRRV response of flounder. Therefore, key genes of RLRs signaling pathway including mda5, lgp2, mita, mavs, irf3, irf7, ifn I-3 and ifn-γ were selected, and the temporal expression patterns of these genes in infected flounder at different temperatures were further detected by qRT-PCR. The results showed that HIRRV infection can significantly stimulate and activate the RLRs pathway of flounder, and the response level of this pathway was significantly higher at 20 °C than 10 °C. In general, this study provides important data for the further study about the pathogenesis of HIRRV infection in flounder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxiang Wang
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, KLMME, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Xiaoqian Tang
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, KLMME, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China.
| | - Xiuzhen Sheng
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, KLMME, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Jing Xing
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, KLMME, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Heng Chi
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, KLMME, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Wenbin Zhan
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, KLMME, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China
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18
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Near-atomic cryo-electron microscopy structures of varicella-zoster virus capsids. Nat Microbiol 2020; 5:1542-1552. [PMID: 32895526 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-020-0785-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) is a medically important human herpesvirus that causes chickenpox and shingles, but its cell-associated nature has hindered structure studies. Here we report the cryo-electron microscopy structures of purified VZV A-capsid and C-capsid, as well as of the DNA-containing capsid inside the virion. Atomic models derived from these structures show that, despite enclosing a genome that is substantially smaller than those of other human herpesviruses, VZV has a similarly sized capsid, consisting of 955 major capsid protein (MCP), 900 small capsid protein (SCP), 640 triplex dimer (Tri2) and 320 triplex monomer (Tri1) subunits. The VZV capsid has high thermal stability, although with relatively fewer intra- and inter-capsid protein interactions and less stably associated tegument proteins compared with other human herpesviruses. Analysis with antibodies targeting the N and C termini of the VZV SCP indicates that the hexon-capping SCP-the largest among human herpesviruses-uses its N-terminal half to bridge hexon MCP subunits and possesses a C-terminal flexible half emanating from the inner rim of the upper hexon channel into the tegument layer. Correlation of these structural features and functional observations provide insights into VZV assembly and pathogenesis and should help efforts to engineer gene delivery and anticancer vectors based on the currently available VZV vaccine.
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19
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Exocytosis of Progeny Infectious Varicella-Zoster Virus Particles via a Mannose-6-Phosphate Receptor Pathway without Xenophagy following Secondary Envelopment. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.00800-20. [PMID: 32493818 PMCID: PMC7394889 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00800-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The literature on the egress of different herpesviruses after secondary envelopment is contradictory. In this report, we investigated varicella-zoster virus (VZV) egress in a cell line from a child with Pompe disease, a glycogen storage disease caused by a defect in the enzyme required for glycogen digestion. In Pompe cells, both the late autophagy pathway and the mannose-6-phosphate receptor (M6PR) pathway are interrupted. We have postulated that intact autophagic flux is required for higher recoveries of VZV infectivity. To test that hypothesis, we infected Pompe cells and then assessed the VZV infectious cycle. We discovered that the infectious cycle in Pompe cells was remarkably different from that of either fibroblasts or melanoma cells. No large late endosomes filled with VZV particles were observed in Pompe cells; only individual viral particles in small vacuoles were seen. The distribution of the M6PR pathway (trans-Golgi network to late endosomes) was constrained in infected Pompe cells. When cells were analyzed with two different anti-M6PR antibodies, extensive colocalization of the major VZV glycoprotein gE (known to contain M6P residues) and the M6P receptor (M6PR) was documented in the viral highways at the surfaces of non-Pompe cells after maximum-intensity projection of confocal z-stacks, but neither gE nor the M6PR was seen in abundance at the surfaces of infected Pompe cells. Taken together, our results suggested that (i) Pompe cells lack a VZV trafficking pathway within M6PR-positive large endosomes and (ii) most infectious VZV particles in conventional cell substrates are transported via large M6PR-positive vacuoles without degradative xenophagy to the plasma membrane.IMPORTANCE The long-term goal of this research has been to determine why VZV, when grown in cultured cells, invariably is more cell associated and has a lower titer than other alphaherpesviruses, such as herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV1) or pseudorabies virus (PRV). Data from both HSV1 and PRV laboratories have identified a Rab6 secretory pathway for the transport of single enveloped viral particles from the trans-Golgi network within small vacuoles to the plasma membrane. In contrast, after secondary envelopment in fibroblasts or melanoma cells, multiple infectious VZV particles accumulated within large M6PR-positive late endosomes that were not degraded en route to the plasma membrane. We propose that this M6PR pathway is most utilized in VZV infection and least utilized in HSV1 infection, with PRV's usage being closer to HSV1's usage. Supportive data from other VZV, PRV, and HSV1 laboratories about evidence for two egress pathways are included.
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20
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Approximately 1 million new cases of herpes zoster (HZ) occur in the United States annually, including 10%-20% with herpes zoster ophthalmicus (HZO). Postherpetic neuralgia, a debilitating pain syndrome occurs in 30% HZ, whereas 50% HZO develop ophthalmic complications. Diplopia from cranial nerve palsy occurs in less than 30% HZO, whereas optic neuropathy is seen in less than 1% HZO. We reviewed recent developments in the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of HZ as well as neurological and ophthalmological complications of relevance to the neuro-ophthalmologist. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION We searched the English language literature on Pubmed and Google scholar for articles relevant to the various sections of this review. RESULTS Antiviral treatment should be initiated within 48-72 hours of onset of HZ and HZO to decrease pain and reduce complications. We recommend neuroimaging in all patients with neuro-ophthalmic manifestations such as diplopia and acute vision loss. Diagnostic confirmation using polymerase chain reaction and serology on paired serum and cerebrospinal fluid samples should be obtained in those with neurological signs and symptoms or abnormal imaging. Patients with neurological and/or retinal varicella zoster virus (VZV) infection should be treated promptly with intravenous acyclovir. Patients with isolated optic neuropathy or cranial nerve palsy can be managed with oral antivirals. The prognosis for visual recovery is good for patients with isolated optic neuropathy and excellent for patients with isolated ocular motor cranial nerve palsy. CONCLUSIONS HZ produces a spectrum of potentially blinding and life-threatening complications that adversely affect quality of life and increase health care costs. Individuals at risk for HZ, such as the elderly and immunocompromised, should be encouraged to receive the highly effective VZV vaccine to prevent HZ and its complications.
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21
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Caucheteux SM, Piguet V. Kallikrein-6-Regulated Pathways Shed Light on New Potential Targets in Varicella Zoster Virus Infection. J Invest Dermatol 2020; 140:741-742. [PMID: 32200876 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2019.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Varicella zoster virus, the worldwide infectious human virus responsible for acute varicella and chickenpox, commonly spreads from exposure through contact with a skin lesion or airborne respiratory droplets. Keratinocytes, major targets and source of transmission of the virus present in the skin, represent an ideal choice of cell to stop early virus progression. In their recent study, Tommasi et al. show regulatory mechanisms of cytokeratin 10 through the protease kallikrein-6 as a suitable and druggable pathway to reduce varicella zoster virus dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan M Caucheteux
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Vincent Piguet
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Division of Dermatology, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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22
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Duchon JM, Levin MJ, Gershon AA. Safety and Varicella Outcomes in In Utero-Exposed Newborns and Preterm Infants Treated With Varicella Zoster Immune Globulin (VARIZIG): A Subgroup Analysis of an Expanded-Access Program. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc 2019; 9:449-453. [PMID: 31774916 PMCID: PMC7495903 DOI: 10.1093/jpids/piz070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infants exposed to varicella zoster virus (VZV) in utero ≤5 days before or ≤48 hours after delivery and preterm infants are at high risk for varicella complications. An expanded-access program assessed varicella outcomes after administration of varicella zoster immune globulin (human) (VARIZIG) in a real-world setting. METHODS In this open-label, expanded-access program, high-risk infants received ≤125 IU/10 kg of VARIZIG (NCT00338442). VZV outcomes and safety were assessed. RESULTS There were 43 newborns exposed to VZV in utero and 80 preterm infants exposed to VZV; >80% received VARIZIG within 96 hours of reported exposure. When varicella outcomes were available, varicella occurred in 7 of 38 (18%) in utero-exposed newborns and zero of 65 preterm infants. Varicella-related complications were reported in 3 in utero-exposed newborns (3 with >100 lesions, 1 each with encephalitis and pneumonia). Adverse events were reported for 16% of in utero-exposed newborns and 25% of preterm infants, but few were considered related to VARIZIG. There were no deaths attributable to varicella or VARIZIG. CONCLUSIONS Varicella incidence and morbidity were low in in utero-exposed infants and zero in preterm infants who received prophylactic VARIZIG. There were few VARIZIG-related safety concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Duchon
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Tufts Floating Hospital for Children, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Division of Newborn Medicine, Tufts Floating Hospital for Children, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Corresponding Author: Jennifer M. Duchon, MDCM, MPH, Tufts Floating Hospital for Children, Boston, MA 02111.
| | - Myron J Levin
- Department of Pediatrics (Infectious Diseases), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA,Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Anne A Gershon
- Department of Pediatrics–Infectious Diseases, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, USA
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23
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Tommasi C, Rogerson C, Depledge DP, Jones M, Naeem AS, Venturini C, Frampton D, Tutill HJ, Way B, Breuer J, O'Shaughnessy RFL. Kallikrein-Mediated Cytokeratin 10 Degradation Is Required for Varicella Zoster Virus Propagation in Skin. J Invest Dermatol 2019; 140:774-784.e11. [PMID: 31626786 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2019.08.448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Varicella zoster virus (VZV) is a skin-tropic virus that infects epidermal keratinocytes and causes chickenpox. Although common, VZV infection can be life-threatening, particularly in the immunocompromized. Therefore, understanding VZV-keratinocyte interactions is important to find new treatments beyond vaccination and antiviral drugs. In VZV-infected skin, kallikrein 6 and the ubiquitin ligase MDM2 are upregulated concomitant with keratin 10 (KRT10) downregulation. MDM2 binds to KRT10, targeting it for degradation via the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Preventing KRT10 degradation reduced VZV propagation in culture and prevented epidermal disruption in skin explants. KRT10 knockdown induced expression of NR4A1 and enhanced viral propagation in culture. NR4A1 knockdown prevented viral propagation in culture, reduced LC3 levels, and increased LAMP2 expression. We therefore describe a drug-able pathway whereby MDM2 ubiquitinates and degrades KRT10, increasing NR4A1 expression and allowing VZV replication and propagation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Tommasi
- Livingstone Skin Research Centre, Immunobiology and Dermatology, University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Clare Rogerson
- Centre for Cell Biology and Cutaneous Research, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel P Depledge
- Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Microbiology, New York University, New York, New York
| | - Meleri Jones
- Centre for Cell Biology and Cutaneous Research, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom; Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Aishath S Naeem
- Livingstone Skin Research Centre, Immunobiology and Dermatology, University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Cristina Venturini
- Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dan Frampton
- Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Helena J Tutill
- Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin Way
- Livingstone Skin Research Centre, Immunobiology and Dermatology, University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Judith Breuer
- Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ryan F L O'Shaughnessy
- Livingstone Skin Research Centre, Immunobiology and Dermatology, University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom; Centre for Cell Biology and Cutaneous Research, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom.
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24
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Deback C, Rousseau A, Breckler M, Molet L, Boutolleau D, Burrel S, Roque-Afonso AM, Labetoulle M. Antiviral effects of Cacicol ®, a heparan sulfate biomimetic for corneal regeneration therapy, for herpes simplex virus type-1 and varicella zoster virus infection. Antivir Ther 2019; 23:665-675. [PMID: 30028308 DOI: 10.3851/imp3254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cacicol®, a topical eye biopolymer containing a poly-carboxymethylglucose sulfate solution that is a regenerating matrix therapy agent, intended for wound healing of persistent corneal epithelial defects. Based on the chemical composition, we hypothesized that Cacicol® may compete with natural heparan sulfate (HS) which initiates cell surface attachment of herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1), varicella zoster virus (VZV) and human adenovirus (HAdV), three viruses associated with corneal infections. METHODS Cacicol® was compared to vehicle in the following viral strains: HSV-1 SC16 strain and HSV-1 PSLR, a clinical isolate highly resistant to acyclovir and foscarnet; VZV ATH and VZV FLO, two VZV clinical isolates; and HAdV-D37 strain. Viruses in Cacicol® or vehicle were added to cells for 1 h during adsorption then viral replication was assessed by plaque reduction assays on Vero cells for HSV-1 and MeWo cells for VZV and by immunostaining assay on Hep-2 cells for HAdV-D37. RESULTS The vehicle had no effect, dose-dependent effects were demonstrated when HSV-1 SC16, HSV-1 PSLR, VZV ATH and VZV FLO were inoculated in the presence of Cacicol®, inhibiting viral replication by 98.4%, 98.9%, 90.1% and 89.0%, respectively. Cacicol® had no antiviral effect against HAdV-D37. CONCLUSIONS Cacicol® has a significant antiviral activity on HSV-1 and VZV, but not on HAdV-D37. The lack of effect on HAdV is probably because it is less dependent on HS interactions for cell entry. Clinical studies are necessary to determine Cacicol® for an adjunct or alternative therapy of corneal HSV-1 or VZV infection, particularly for the management of antiviral resistant HSV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Deback
- Department of Virology, Paul Brousse Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Villejuif, France.,Inflammation Chimiokines et Immunopathologie, INSERM 996, Fac. de médecine - Univ.Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Clamart, France
| | - Antoine Rousseau
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bicêtre Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Univ.Paris-Sud, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.,Center for Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, IDMIT Infrastructure, CEA, Univ.Paris-Sud, Inserm U1184, Fontenay-aux-Roses Cedex, France
| | - Magali Breckler
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bicêtre Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Univ.Paris-Sud, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.,Center for Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, IDMIT Infrastructure, CEA, Univ.Paris-Sud, Inserm U1184, Fontenay-aux-Roses Cedex, France
| | - Lucie Molet
- Department of Virology, Paul Brousse Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Villejuif, France.,Inflammation Chimiokines et Immunopathologie, INSERM 996, Fac. de médecine - Univ.Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Clamart, France
| | - David Boutolleau
- AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires La Pitié Salpêtrière - Charles Foix, Service de Virologie, and Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CR7, CIMI, INSERM U1135, Paris, France
| | - Sonia Burrel
- AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires La Pitié Salpêtrière - Charles Foix, Service de Virologie, and Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CR7, CIMI, INSERM U1135, Paris, France
| | - Anne-Marie Roque-Afonso
- Department of Virology, Paul Brousse Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, INSERM1193 - Fac. de médecine - Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Marc Labetoulle
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bicêtre Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Univ.Paris-Sud, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.,Center for Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, IDMIT Infrastructure, CEA, Univ.Paris-Sud, Inserm U1184, Fontenay-aux-Roses Cedex, France
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Aints A, Mölder S, Salumets A. EXTL3-interacting endometriosis-specific serum factors induce colony formation of endometrial stromal cells. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12562. [PMID: 31467315 PMCID: PMC6715673 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48840-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Endometriosis is a benign chronic condition characterized by the existence of endometrial-like stroma and glandular tissue in extrauterine locations. The molecular mechanisms of its pathogenesis have not been elucidated. We have studied the role of EXTL3 (exostosin-like 3) in endometriosis and found that it is expressed in endometrial tissue as well as endometriosis lesions. We have found that serum from endometriosis patients contains a factor or factors, which interact with EXTL3 resulting in strongly increased colony formation in regenerating cell culture. We also found increased anti-EXTL3 antibodies in endometriosis patients’ sera. EXTL3 is an N-acetyl glucosamine (GlcNAc) transferase, performing a key step in heparan sulfate (HS) glucosaminoglycan synthesis. Many viruses replicate in regenerating epithelial cells and use HS as a receptor for cell entry. We measured antibody titres to viruses, which use HS as a receptor for cell entry, and found rarely increased titres for these viruses in endometriosis sera, whereas titres to viruses using other receptors were equally distributed in study groups. The data indicate that perturbation of HS metabolism is associated with endometriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alar Aints
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Tartu, Tartu, 51014, Estonia. .,Kvintest OÜ, Tartu, 50410, Estonia.
| | - Signe Mölder
- Competence Centre on Health Technologies AS, Tartu, 50410, Estonia
| | - Andres Salumets
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Tartu, Tartu, 51014, Estonia.,Competence Centre on Health Technologies AS, Tartu, 50410, Estonia.,Institute of Bio- and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, 50411, Estonia.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
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Hwang JH, Kim KH, Han SB, Kim HH, Kim JH, Lee SY, Choi UY, Kang JH. A clinico-epidemiological multicenter study of herpes zoster in immunocompetent and immunocompromised hospitalized children. Clin Exp Vaccine Res 2019; 8:116-123. [PMID: 31406693 PMCID: PMC6689498 DOI: 10.7774/cevr.2019.8.2.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose There are limited population-based data regarding herpes zoster in children. Thus we conducted a multi-institutional epidemiological analysis of herpes zoster in children and comparative analysis according to their immune status. Materials and Methods The study included 126 children under the age of 18 years who were hospitalized for herpes zoster at 8 hospitals in South Korea, between July 2009 and June 2015. The subjects were divided into 2 groups according to their immune status, and medical records were reviewed. Results There were 61 cases (48.4%) in the immunocompetent group and 65 cases (51.6%) in the immunocompromised group. Median age was older in immunocompromised group (11.4 vs. 8.6) (p<0.001). The mean duration of hospitalization was longer in immunocompromised group (11.0 vs. 6.6) (p<0.001). Patients were treated with oral or intravenous antiviral agents. A total of 12 in immunocompetent group were cured only by oral acyclovir. No treatment failure was found in both groups. Six immunocompromised patients had postherpetic neuralgia and 1 case was in immunocompetent group. In immunocompetent children, herpes zoster was likely caused by early varicella infection. There was no increase in progression of severity in both groups due to appropriate treatment. Conclusion Early initiation of therapy is necessary for those in immunocompromised conditions. And inactivated herpes zoster vaccination may be considered in immunocompromised adolescents in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hyen Hwang
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ki Hwan Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Incheon St. Mary's Hospital, Incheon, Korea
| | - Seung Beom Han
- Department of Pediatrics, Daejeon St. Mary's Hospital, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Hyun Hee Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital, Uijeongbu, Korea
| | - Jong-Hyun Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, St. Vincent's Hospital, Suwon, Korea
| | - Soo Young Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Bucheon St. Mary's Hospital, Bucheon, Korea
| | - Ui Yoon Choi
- Department of Pediatrics, St. Paul's Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin Han Kang
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, Seoul, Korea.,The Vaccine Bio Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
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Monette A, Mouland AJ. T Lymphocytes as Measurable Targets of Protection and Vaccination Against Viral Disorders. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 342:175-263. [PMID: 30635091 PMCID: PMC7104940 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2018.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Continuous epidemiological surveillance of existing and emerging viruses and their associated disorders is gaining importance in light of their abilities to cause unpredictable outbreaks as a result of increased travel and vaccination choices by steadily growing and aging populations. Close surveillance of outbreaks and herd immunity are also at the forefront, even in industrialized countries, where previously eradicated viruses are now at risk of re-emergence due to instances of strain recombination, contractions in viral vector geographies, and from their potential use as agents of bioterrorism. There is a great need for the rational design of current and future vaccines targeting viruses, with a strong focus on vaccine targeting of adaptive immune effector memory T cells as the gold standard of immunity conferring long-lived protection against a wide variety of pathogens and malignancies. Here, we review viruses that have historically caused large outbreaks and severe lethal disorders, including respiratory, gastric, skin, hepatic, neurologic, and hemorrhagic fevers. To observe trends in vaccinology against these viral disorders, we describe viral genetic, replication, transmission, and tropism, host-immune evasion strategies, and the epidemiology and health risks of their associated syndromes. We focus on immunity generated against both natural infection and vaccination, where a steady shift in conferred vaccination immunogenicity is observed from quantifying activated and proliferating, long-lived effector memory T cell subsets, as the prominent biomarkers of long-term immunity against viruses and their associated disorders causing high morbidity and mortality rates.
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Abstract
Varicella zoster virus (VZV) infects and becomes latent in sensory, enteric, and other autonomic neurons during the viremia of varicella. Reactivation of VZV in neurons that project to the skin causes the rash of zoster; however, reactivation of VZV in enteric neurons can cause a painful gastrointestinal disorder ("enteric zoster") without cutaneous manifestations. Detection of VZV DNA in saliva of patients with gastrointestinal symptoms may suggest enteric zoster. This diagnosis is reinforced by observing a response to antiviral therapy and can be confirmed by detecting VZV gene products in intestinal mucosal biopsies. We developed an in vivo guinea pig model that may be useful in studies of VZV latency and reactivation. VZV-infected lymphocytes are used to induce latent infection in sensory and enteric neurons; evidence suggests that exosomes and stimulator of interferon genes (STING) may, by preventing proliferation play roles in the establishment of neuronal latency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Gershon
- Department of Pathology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York
| | - Anne Gershon
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York
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Azab W, Osterrieder K. Initial Contact: The First Steps in Herpesvirus Entry. ADVANCES IN ANATOMY EMBRYOLOGY AND CELL BIOLOGY 2018; 223:1-27. [PMID: 28528437 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-53168-7_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The entry process of herpesviruses into host cells is complex and highly variable. It involves a sequence of well-orchestrated events that begin with virus attachment to glycan-containing proteinaceous structures on the cell surface. This initial contact tethers virus particles to the cell surface and results in a cascade of molecular interactions, including the tight interaction of viral envelope glycoproteins to specific cell receptors. These interactions trigger intracellular signaling and finally virus penetration after fusion of the viral envelope with cellular membranes. Based on the engaged cellular receptors and co-receptors, and the subsequent signaling cascades, the entry pathway will be decided on the spot. A number of viral glycoproteins and many cellular receptors and molecules have been identified as players in one or several of these events during virus entry. This chapter will review viral glycoproteins, cellular receptors and signaling cascades associated with the very first interactions of herpesviruses with their target cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walid Azab
- Institut für Virologie, Robert von Ostertag-Haus, Zentrum für Infektionsmedizin, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7-13, 14163, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Klaus Osterrieder
- Institut für Virologie, Robert von Ostertag-Haus, Zentrum für Infektionsmedizin, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7-13, 14163, Berlin, Germany
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30
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Abstract
Varicella zoster virus (VZV) is the cause of chickenpox (varicella) and shingles (zoster), and was once responsible for over 4 million infections in the United States annually. The development of a live attenuated VZV vaccine was initially viewed with extreme skepticism. Nonetheless, a VZV vaccine was developed in the 1970s by Takahashi and his colleagues in Japan and was eventually licensed in the US. It is now known to be one of the safest and most effective vaccines available and is administered worldwide. Here are described important factors that contributed to the successful research and licensure of the highly successful VZV vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Shaw
- Department of Pediatrics, Upstate Medical Center, Syracuse, New York
| | - Anne A. Gershon
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York
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31
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Díaz-Salinas MA, Casorla LA, López T, López S, Arias CF. Most rotavirus strains require the cation-independent mannose-6-phosphate receptor, sortilin-1, and cathepsins to enter cells. Virus Res 2017; 245:44-51. [PMID: 29275103 PMCID: PMC7173016 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2017.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Rotaviruses require the TGN to LE transporter CI-M6PR for cell entry. Sortilin-1 was identified as a cell factor involved in rotavirus replication. Rotaviruses require cathepsins also to enter Caco-2 cells.
Cathepsins, endosomal acid proteases, are transported from the trans-Golgi network to late endosomes by the mannose-6-phosphate receptor (M6PR). We have previously demonstrated that some rotavirus strains, like UK, Wa, WI61, DS-1, and YM, require the cation-dependent (CD-) M6PR and cathepsins to enter from late endosomes to the cytoplasm in MA104 cells, while other strains, like the simian strain RRV, which enter cells from maturing endosomes, do not. However, the role of other trans-Golgi network-late endosome transporters, such as the cation-independent (CI-) M6PR and sortillin-1, has not been evaluated. In this work, we found that several rotavirus strains that require the CD-M6PR for cell entry are also dependent on CI-M6PR and sortilin-1. Furthermore, we showed that the infectivity of all these rotavirus strains also requires cathepsins to enter not only MA104 cells, but also human intestinal Caco-2 cells. This study identifies sortilin-1 as a novel cell factor necessary for the infectivity of a virus; in addition, our results strongly suggest that cathepsins could be common cell factors needed for the infectivity of most rotavirus strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco A Díaz-Salinas
- Departamento de Microbiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad 2001, Colonia Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62210, Mexico
| | - Luis A Casorla
- Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad 2001, Colonia Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62210, Mexico
| | - Tomás López
- Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad 2001, Colonia Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62210, Mexico
| | - Susana López
- Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad 2001, Colonia Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62210, Mexico
| | - Carlos F Arias
- Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad 2001, Colonia Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62210, Mexico.
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Human Embryonic Stem Cell-Derived Neurons Are Highly Permissive for Varicella-Zoster Virus Lytic Infection. J Virol 2017; 92:JVI.01108-17. [PMID: 29046461 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01108-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) is highly cell associated when grown in culture and has a much higher (4,000- to 20,000-fold increased) particle-to-PFU ratio in vitro than herpes simplex virus (HSV). In contrast, VZV is highly infectious in vivo by airborne transmission. Neurons are major targets for VZV in vivo; in neurons, the virus can establish latency and reactivate to produce infectious virus. Using neurons derived from human embryonic stem cells (hESC) and cell-free wild-type (WT) VZV, we demonstrated that neurons are nearly 100 times more permissive for WT VZV infection than very-early-passage human embryonic lung cells or MRC-5 diploid human fibroblasts, the cells used for vaccine production or virus isolation. The peak titers achieved after infection were ∼10-fold higher in human neurons than in MRC-5 cells, and the viral genome copy number-to-PFU ratio for VZV in human neurons was 500, compared with 50,000 for MRC-5 cells. Thus, VZV may not necessarily have a higher particle-to-PFU ratio than other herpesviruses; instead, the cells previously used to propagate virus in vitro may have been suboptimal. Furthermore, based on electron microscopy, neurons infected with VZV produced fewer defective or incomplete viral particles than MRC-5 cells. Our data suggest that neurons derived from hESC may have advantages compared to other cells for studies of VZV pathogenesis, for obtaining stocks of virus with high titers, and for isolating VZV from clinical specimens.IMPORTANCE Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) causes chickenpox and shingles. Cell-free VZV has been difficult to obtain, both for in vitro studies and for vaccine production. While numerous cells lines have been tested for their ability to produce high titers of VZV, the number of total virus particles relative to the number of viral particles that can form plaques in culture has been reported to be extremely high relative to that in other viruses. We show that VZV grows to much higher titers in human neurons than in other cell types in vitro and that the number of total virus genomes relative to the number of viral particles that can form plaques in culture is much lower in human neurons than other cultured cells. These findings indicate that human neurons may be useful for studying VZV in vitro, for growing preparations of virus with high titers, and for isolating the virus from human samples.
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Leksa V, Ilková A, Vičíková K, Stockinger H. Unravelling novel functions of the endosomal transporter mannose 6-phosphate/insulin-like growth factor receptor (CD222) in health and disease: An emerging regulator of the immune system. Immunol Lett 2017; 190:194-200. [PMID: 28823520 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2017.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Properly balanced cellular responses require both the mutual interactions of soluble factors with cell surface receptors and the crosstalk of intracellular molecules. In particular, immune cells exposed unceasingly to an array of positive and negative stimuli must distinguish between what has to be tolerated and attacked. Protein trafficking is one of crucial pathways involved in this labour. The approximately >270-kDa protein transporter called mannose 6- phosphate/insulin-like growth factor 2 receptor (M6P/IGF2R, CD222) is a type I transmembrane glycoprotein present largely intracellularly in the Golgi apparatus and endosomal compartments, but also at the cell surface. It is expressed ubiquitously in a vast majority of higher eukaryotic cell types. Through binding and trafficking multiple unrelated extracellular and intracellular ligands, CD222 is involved in the regulation of a plethora of functions, and thus implicated in many physiological but also pathophysiological conditions. This review describes, first, general features of CD222, such as its evolution, genomic structure and regulation, protein structure and ligands; and second, its specific functions with a special focus on the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Leksa
- Centre for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Lazarettgasse 19, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
| | - Antónia Ilková
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Kristína Vičíková
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Hannes Stockinger
- Centre for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Lazarettgasse 19, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
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Rueda J, Feito-Rodríguez M, Nieto D, de Lucas-Laguna R. Herpes zóster diseminado posvacunal en un niño sano. ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2017; 108:587-588. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ad.2016.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/18/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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35
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Rueda J, Feito-Rodríguez M, Nieto D, de Lucas-Laguna R. Disseminated Herpes Zoster After Varicella Vaccination in a Healthy Boy. ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.adengl.2017.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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36
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Watanabe M, Ochiai H, Ito M, Negoro M, Suga S, Ihara T. Laboratory Diagnosis of Breakthrough Varicella in Children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2017; 36:560-563. [PMID: 27997521 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000001475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breakthrough varicella (BV) develops in vaccinated persons as a result of infection by wild-type varicella-zoster virus more than 42 days after varicella vaccination. The clinical symptoms are atypical, and clinical diagnosis can be difficult. We investigated laboratory-based diagnostic methods that are relatively simple and highly precise to conduct accurate surveillance. SUBJECTS AND METHODS We enrolled 42 patients with suspected BV at 2 pediatric hospitals and performed a real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) on the skin lesions to confirm the BV diagnosis. We performed PCR on saliva and blood collected during the acute phase, as well as direct fluorescent antibody (DFA) imaging on lesions, and measured varicella-zoster virus immunoglobulin (Ig) G and IgM during the acute and convalescent phases. RESULTS We confirmed the BV diagnosis in 31 of 42 enrolled patients. The sensitivity of DFA imaging of the lesion, and PCR of saliva and blood were 93.5%, 87.1% and 61.3%, respectively. IgM was detected in 12.9% of patients during the acute phase and in 65.5% during the convalescent phase. IgG increased more than 4-fold in 86.2% of patients between the acute and convalescent phases. The sensitivity and specificity of the assay were 83.9% and 81.8%, respectively, when the diagnostic criteria for IgG were set to greater than 20 during the acute phase. CONCLUSIONS The gold standard of laboratory-based diagnosis of BV has been the PCR of samples taken from lesions. However, DFA of the lesion showed equivalent sensitivity when compared with PCR. PCR using saliva samples is an effective, noninvasive method of diagnosis. We found that high values of IgG during the acute phase can aid in the diagnosis of BV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Watanabe
- From the *Suzuka Pediatrics, Suzuka, Mie, Japan; †Ochiai Children Clinic, Kameyama, Mie, Japan; ‡Biwako Gakuen Yasu Medical and Welfare motor and Intellectual Disabilities Yasu, Yasu, Shiga, Japan; and §Mie National Hospital, Tsu, Mie, Japan
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Assembly and Egress of an Alphaherpesvirus Clockwork. ADVANCES IN ANATOMY, EMBRYOLOGY, AND CELL BIOLOGY 2017; 223:171-193. [PMID: 28528444 PMCID: PMC5768427 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-53168-7_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
All viruses produce infectious particles that possess some degree of stability in the extracellular environment yet disassemble upon cell contact and entry. For the alphaherpesviruses, which include many neuroinvasive viruses of mammals, these metastable virions consist of an icosahedral capsid surrounded by a protein matrix (referred to as the tegument) and a lipid envelope studded with glycoproteins. Whereas the capsid of these viruses is a rigid structure encasing the DNA genome, the tegument and envelope are dynamic assemblies that orchestrate a sequential series of events that ends with the delivery of the genome into the nucleus. These particles are adapted to infect two different polarized cell types in their hosts: epithelial cells and neurons of the peripheral nervous system. This review considers how the virion is assembled into a primed state and is targeted to infect these cell types such that the incoming particles can subsequently negotiate the diverse environments they encounter on their way from plasma membrane to nucleus and thereby achieve their remarkably robust neuroinvasive infectious cycle.
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38
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Oliver SL, Yang E, Arvin AM. Varicella-Zoster Virus Glycoproteins: Entry, Replication, and Pathogenesis. CURRENT CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2016; 3:204-215. [PMID: 28367398 DOI: 10.1007/s40588-016-0044-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Varicella-zoster virus (VZV), an alphaherpesvirus that causes chicken pox (varicella) and shingles (herpes zoster), is a medically important pathogen that causes considerable morbidity and, on occasion, mortality in immunocompromised patients. Herpes zoster can afflict the elderly with a debilitating condition, postherpetic neuralgia, triggering severe, untreatable pain for months or years. The lipid envelope of VZV, similar to all herpesviruses, contains numerous glycoproteins required for replication and pathogenesis. PURPOSE OF REVIEW To summarize the current knowledge about VZV glycoproteins and their roles in cell entry, replication and pathogenesis. RECENT FINDINGS The functions for some VZV glycoproteins are known, such as gB, gH and gL in membrane fusion, cell-cell fusion regulation, and receptor binding properties. However, the molecular mechanisms that trigger or mediate VZV glycoproteins remains poorly understood. SUMMARY VZV glycoproteins are central to successful replication but their modus operandi during replication and pathogenesis remain elusive requiring further mechanistic based studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan L Oliver
- Departments of Pediatrics and Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, 94305-5208
| | - Edward Yang
- Departments of Pediatrics and Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, 94305-5208
| | - Ann M Arvin
- Departments of Pediatrics and Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, 94305-5208
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39
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De Paschale M, Clerici P. Microbiology laboratory and the management of mother-child varicella-zoster virus infection. World J Virol 2016; 5:97-124. [PMID: 27563537 PMCID: PMC4981827 DOI: 10.5501/wjv.v5.i3.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Revised: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Varicella-zoster virus, which is responsible for varicella (chickenpox) and herpes zoster (shingles), is ubiquitous and causes an acute infection among children, especially those aged less than six years. As 90% of adults have had varicella in childhood, it is unusual to encounter an infected pregnant woman but, if the disease does appear, it can lead to complications for both the mother and fetus or newborn. The major maternal complications include pneumonia, which can lead to death if not treated. If the virus passes to the fetus, congenital varicella syndrome, neonatal varicella (particularly serious if maternal rash appears in the days immediately before or after childbirth) or herpes zoster in the early years of life may occur depending on the time of infection. A Microbiology laboratory can help in the diagnosis and management of mother-child infection at four main times: (1) when a pregnant woman has been exposed to varicella or herpes zoster, a prompt search for specific antibodies can determine whether she is susceptible to, or protected against infection; (2) when a pregnant woman develops clinical symptoms consistent with varicella, the diagnosis is usually clinical, but a laboratory can be crucial if the symptoms are doubtful or otherwise unclear (atypical patterns in immunocompromised subjects, patients with post-vaccination varicella, or subjects who have received immunoglobulins), or if there is a need for a differential diagnosis between varicella and other types of dermatoses with vesicle formation; (3) when a prenatal diagnosis of uterine infection is required in order to detect cases of congenital varicella syndrome after the onset of varicella in the mother; and (4) when the baby is born and it is necessary to confirm a diagnosis of varicella (and its complications), make a differential diagnosis between varicella and other diseases with similar symptoms, or confirm a causal relationship between maternal varicella and malformations in a newborn.
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Role for the αV Integrin Subunit in Varicella-Zoster Virus-Mediated Fusion and Infection. J Virol 2016; 90:7567-78. [PMID: 27279620 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00792-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) is an alphaherpesvirus that causes varicella and herpes zoster. Membrane fusion is essential for VZV entry and the distinctive syncytium formation in VZV-infected skin and neuronal tissue. Herpesvirus fusion is mediated by a complex of glycoproteins gB and gH-gL, which are necessary and sufficient for VZV to induce membrane fusion. However, the cellular requirements of fusion are poorly understood. Integrins have been implicated to facilitate entry of several human herpesviruses, but their role in VZV entry has not yet been explored. To determine the involvement of integrins in VZV fusion, a quantitative cell-cell fusion assay was developed using a VZV-permissive melanoma cell line. The cells constitutively expressed a reporter protein and short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) to knock down the expression of integrin subunits shown to be expressed in these cells by RNA sequencing. The αV integrin subunit was identified as mediating VZV gB/gH-gL fusion, as its knockdown by shRNAs reduced fusion levels to 60% of that of control cells. A comparable reduction in fusion levels was observed when an anti-αV antibody specific to its extracellular domain was tested in the fusion assay, confirming that the domain was important for VZV fusion. In addition, reduced spread was observed in αV knockdown cells infected with the VZV pOka strain relative to that of the control cells. This was demonstrated by reductions in plaque size, replication kinetics, and virion entry in the αV subunit knockdown cells. Thus, the αV integrin subunit is important for VZV gB/gH-gL fusion and infection. IMPORTANCE Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) is a highly infectious pathogen that causes chickenpox and shingles. A common complication of shingles is the excruciating condition called postherpetic neuralgia, which has proven difficult to treat. While a vaccine is now available, it is not recommended for immunocompromised individuals and its efficacy decreases with the recipient's age. These limitations highlight the need for new therapies. This study examines the role of integrins in membrane fusion mediated by VZV glycoproteins gB and gH-gL, a required process for VZV infection. This knowledge will further the understanding of VZV entry and provide insight into the development of better therapies.
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Conjugates of small targeting molecules to non-viral vectors for the mediation of siRNA. Acta Biomater 2016; 36:21-41. [PMID: 27045350 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2016.03.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Revised: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED To use siRNA (small interfering RNA) for gene therapy, a gene delivery system is often necessary to overcome several challenging requirements including rapid excretion, low stability in blood serum, non-specific accumulation in tissues, poor cellular uptake and inefficient intracellular release. Active and/or passive targeting should help the delivery system to reach the desired tissue or cell, to be internalized, and to deliver siRNA to the cytoplasm so that siRNA can inhibit protein synthesis. This review covers conjugates of small targeting molecules and non-viral delivery systems for the mediation of siRNA, with a focus on their transfection properties in order to help the development of new and efficient siRNA delivery systems, as the therapeutic solutions of tomorrow. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE The delivery of siRNA into cells or tissues remains to be a challenge for its applications, an alternative strategy for siRNA delivery systems is direct conjugation of non-viral vectors with targeting moieties for cellular delivery. In comparison to macromolecules, small targeting molecules have attracted great attention due to their many potential advantages including significant simplicity and ease of production, good repeatability and biodegradability. This review will focus on the most recent advances in the delivery of siRNA using conjugates of small targeting molecules and non-viral delivery systems. Based the editor's suggestions, we hope the revised manuscript could provide more profound understanding to the conjugates of targeting molecules to vectors for mediation of siRNA.
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Ravidà A, Aldridge AM, Driessen NN, Heus FAH, Hokke CH, O’Neill SM. Fasciola hepatica Surface Coat Glycoproteins Contain Mannosylated and Phosphorylated N-glycans and Exhibit Immune Modulatory Properties Independent of the Mannose Receptor. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0004601. [PMID: 27104959 PMCID: PMC4841591 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Fascioliasis, caused by the liver fluke Fasciola hepatica, is a neglected tropical disease infecting over 1 million individuals annually with 17 million people at risk of infection. Like other helminths, F. hepatica employs mechanisms of immune suppression in order to evade its host immune system. In this study the N-glycosylation of F. hepatica’s tegumental coat (FhTeg) and its carbohydrate-dependent interactions with bone marrow derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) were investigated. Mass spectrometric analysis demonstrated that FhTeg N-glycans comprised mainly of oligomannose and to a lesser extent truncated and complex type glycans, including a phosphorylated subset. The interaction of FhTeg with the mannose receptor (MR) was investigated. Binding of FhTeg to MR-transfected CHO cells and BMDCs was blocked when pre-incubated with mannan. We further elucidated the role played by MR in the immunomodulatory mechanism of FhTeg and demonstrated that while FhTeg’s binding was significantly reduced in BMDCs generated from MR knockout mice, the absence of MR did not alter FhTeg’s ability to induce SOCS3 or suppress cytokine secretion from LPS activated BMDCs. A panel of negatively charged monosaccharides (i.e. GlcNAc-4P, Man-6P and GalNAc-4S) were used in an attempt to inhibit the immunoregulatory properties of phosphorylated oligosaccharides. Notably, GalNAc-4S, a known inhibitor of the Cys-domain of MR, efficiently suppressed FhTeg binding to BMDCs and inhibited the expression of suppressor of cytokine signalling (SOCS) 3, a negative regulator the TLR and STAT3 pathway. We conclude that F. hepatica contains high levels of mannose residues and phosphorylated glycoproteins that are crucial in modulating its host’s immune system, however the role played by MR appears to be limited to the initial binding event suggesting that other C-type lectin receptors are involved in the immunomodulatory mechanism of FhTeg. Fascioliasis, caused by the liver fluke Fasciola hepatica, is a neglected tropical disease infecting over 1 million individuals annually with 17 million people at risk of infection. These worms infect the liver and can survive for many years in its animal or human host because they supress the host’s immune system that is important in clearing worm infection. Worms are similar to humans in that they are made of proteins, fats and sugars, and while there are many studies on worm proteins, few studies have examined the sugars. We are interested in the sugars because we believe that they help the parasite survive for many years within its host. To examine this, we have used a technique called mass spectrometric analysis to characterise the sugars present in F. hepatica. We also have developed systems in the laboratory to test if these sugars can suppress the host’s immune system. We conclude that F. hepatica sugars are crucial in suppressing its host’s immune system; however, the exact way the sugars can do this requires further studies. These studies are important for the development of worm vaccines or therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Ravidà
- Parasite Immune Modulation Group, School of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Health, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Allison M. Aldridge
- Parasite Immune Modulation Group, School of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Health, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Nicole N. Driessen
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ferry A. H. Heus
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis H. Hokke
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sandra M. O’Neill
- Parasite Immune Modulation Group, School of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Health, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin, Ireland
- * E-mail:
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Modulation of host CD59 expression by varicella-zoster virus in human xenografts in vivo. Virology 2016; 491:96-105. [PMID: 26891237 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2016.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) is the causative agent of both chickenpox (varicella) and shingles (zoster). VZV survives host defenses, even with an intact immune system, and disseminates in the host before causing disease. To date, several diverse immunomodulatory strategies used by VZV to undermine host immunity have been identified; however, few studies have addressed the complement evasion strategies used by this virus. Here, we show that expression of CD59, which is a key member of host regulators of complement activation (RCA), is significantly upregulated in response to VZV infection in human T cells and dorsal root ganglia (DRG) but not in human skin xenografts in SCID-hu mice in vivo. This is the first report demonstrating that VZV infection upregulates host CD59 expression in a tissue-specific manner in vivo, which may aid VZV in complement evasion and pathogenesis.
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Gershon AA, Breuer J, Cohen JI, Cohrs RJ, Gershon MD, Gilden D, Grose C, Hambleton S, Kennedy PGE, Oxman MN, Seward JF, Yamanishi K. Varicella zoster virus infection. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2015; 1:15016. [PMID: 27188665 PMCID: PMC5381807 DOI: 10.1038/nrdp.2015.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 360] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Infection with varicella zoster virus (VZV) causes varicella (chickenpox), which can be severe in immunocompromised individuals, infants and adults. Primary infection is followed by latency in ganglionic neurons. During this period, no virus particles are produced and no obvious neuronal damage occurs. Reactivation of the virus leads to virus replication, which causes zoster (shingles) in tissues innervated by the involved neurons, inflammation and cell death - a process that can lead to persistent radicular pain (postherpetic neuralgia). The pathogenesis of postherpetic neuralgia is unknown and it is difficult to treat. Furthermore, other zoster complications can develop, including myelitis, cranial nerve palsies, meningitis, stroke (vasculopathy), retinitis, and gastroenterological infections such as ulcers, pancreatitis and hepatitis. VZV is the only human herpesvirus for which highly effective vaccines are available. After varicella or vaccination, both wild-type and vaccine-type VZV establish latency, and long-term immunity to varicella develops. However, immunity does not protect against reactivation. Thus, two vaccines are used: one to prevent varicella and one to prevent zoster. In this Primer we discuss the pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of VZV infections, with an emphasis on the molecular events that regulate these diseases. For an illustrated summary of this Primer, visit: http://go.nature.com/14xVI1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne A Gershon
- Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, 630 West 168th Street, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Judith Breuer
- Department of Infection and Immunity, University College London, UK
| | - Jeffrey I Cohen
- Medical Virology Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Randall J Cohrs
- Departments of Neurology and Microbiology and Immunology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Michael D Gershon
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, USA
| | - Don Gilden
- Departments of Neurology and Microbiology and Immunology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Charles Grose
- Division of Infectious Diseases/Virology, Children's Hospital, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Sophie Hambleton
- Primary Immunodeficiency Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University Medical School, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Peter G E Kennedy
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neurological Sciences, Southern General Hospital, Glasgow University, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Michael N Oxman
- Infectious Diseases Section, Medicine Service, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Jane F Seward
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Koichi Yamanishi
- Research Foundation for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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Kennedy PGE, Rovnak J, Badani H, Cohrs RJ. A comparison of herpes simplex virus type 1 and varicella-zoster virus latency and reactivation. J Gen Virol 2015; 96:1581-602. [PMID: 25794504 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.000128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1; human herpesvirus 1) and varicella-zoster virus (VZV; human herpesvirus 3) are human neurotropic alphaherpesviruses that cause lifelong infections in ganglia. Following primary infection and establishment of latency, HSV-1 reactivation typically results in herpes labialis (cold sores), but can occur frequently elsewhere on the body at the site of primary infection (e.g. whitlow), particularly at the genitals. Rarely, HSV-1 reactivation can cause encephalitis; however, a third of the cases of HSV-1 encephalitis are associated with HSV-1 primary infection. Primary VZV infection causes varicella (chickenpox) following which latent virus may reactivate decades later to produce herpes zoster (shingles), as well as an increasingly recognized number of subacute, acute and chronic neurological conditions. Following primary infection, both viruses establish a latent infection in neuronal cells in human peripheral ganglia. However, the detailed mechanisms of viral latency and reactivation have yet to be unravelled. In both cases latent viral DNA exists in an 'end-less' state where the ends of the virus genome are joined to form structures consistent with unit length episomes and concatemers, from which viral gene transcription is restricted. In latently infected ganglia, the most abundantly detected HSV-1 RNAs are the spliced products originating from the primary latency associated transcript (LAT). This primary LAT is an 8.3 kb unstable transcript from which two stable (1.5 and 2.0 kb) introns are spliced. Transcripts mapping to 12 VZV genes have been detected in human ganglia removed at autopsy; however, it is difficult to ascribe these as transcripts present during latent infection as early-stage virus reactivation may have transpired in the post-mortem time period in the ganglia. Nonetheless, low-level transcription of VZV ORF63 has been repeatedly detected in multiple ganglia removed as close to death as possible. There is increasing evidence that HSV-1 and VZV latency is epigenetically regulated. In vitro models that permit pathway analysis and identification of both epigenetic modulations and global transcriptional mechanisms of HSV-1 and VZV latency hold much promise for our future understanding in this complex area. This review summarizes the molecular biology of HSV-1 and VZV latency and reactivation, and also presents future directions for study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter G E Kennedy
- 1Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Garscube Campus, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Joel Rovnak
- 2Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA
| | - Hussain Badani
- 3Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Medical School, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Randall J Cohrs
- 3Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Medical School, Aurora, CO 80045, USA 4Department of Microbiology, University of Colorado Medical School, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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Wen SY, Liu WL. Epidemiology of pediatric herpes zoster after varicella infection: a population-based study. Pediatrics 2015; 135:e565-71. [PMID: 25713285 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2013-4037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are limited population-based data regarding pediatric herpes zoster (HZ). METHODS Children aged <12 years with varicella infections between 2000 and 2006 were identified from a national population-based database and followed-up for a diagnosis of HZ until December 2008. Since a routine varicella vaccination program was started in 2004, vaccinated children without medically attended varicella were identified between 2004 and 2006, and followed-up for a diagnosis of HZ until December 2008. RESULTS Of 27 517 children with medically attended varicella, 428 developed HZ. The incidence of HZ was 262.1 per 100 000 person-years. Of 25 132 vaccinated children without medically attended varicella, 106 developed HZ. The incidence of HZ was 93.3 per 100 000 person-years. The mean duration from varicella to HZ was 4.12 years. Children diagnosed with varicella at aged <2 years had a higher incidence (P < .001) and shorter duration (P = .04) than those diagnosed aged ≧2 years. Children diagnosed with varicella aged ≥2 but <8 years had a significantly increased incidence of HZ after than before the vaccination program (relative risk = 1.85 at 3 years of follow-up, P = .03). Children with varicella infections had a significantly greater risk of HZ than vaccinated children without a history of varicella (relative risk = 2.31 at 4 years of follow-up, P < .001). CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates the population-based epidemiologic characteristics of pediatric HZ among those who contracted varicella. In the early postvaricella vaccination period, an increased HZ incidence was observed among children with varicella infection aged ≥2 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Ying Wen
- Department of Dermatology, Taipei City Hospital, Renai Branch, Taipei, Taiwan; Center for General Education, Mackay Junior College of Medicine, Nursing, and Management, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Liang Liu
- Institute of Clinical Research and Training, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan and Department of Nursing, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taipei, Taiwan
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Ouwendijk WJD, Verjans GMGM. Pathogenesis of varicelloviruses in primates. J Pathol 2015; 235:298-311. [PMID: 25255989 DOI: 10.1002/path.4451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Revised: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Varicelloviruses in primates comprise the prototypic human varicella-zoster virus (VZV) and its non-human primate homologue, simian varicella virus (SVV). Both viruses cause varicella as a primary infection, establish latency in ganglionic neurons and reactivate later in life to cause herpes zoster in their respective hosts. VZV is endemic worldwide and, although varicella is usually a benign disease in childhood, VZV reactivation is a significant cause of neurological disease in the elderly and in immunocompromised individuals. The pathogenesis of VZV infection remains ill-defined, mostly due to the species restriction of VZV that impedes studies in experimental animal models. SVV infection of non-human primates parallels virological, clinical, pathological and immunological features of human VZV infection, thereby providing an excellent model to study the pathogenesis of varicella and herpes zoster in its natural host. In this review, we discuss recent studies that provided novel insight in both the virus and host factors involved in the three elementary stages of Varicellovirus infection in primates: primary infection, latency and reactivation.
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Liu Y, Liu J, Pang X, Liu T, Ning Z, Cheng G. The roles of direct recognition by animal lectins in antiviral immunity and viral pathogenesis. Molecules 2015; 20:2272-95. [PMID: 25642837 PMCID: PMC6272511 DOI: 10.3390/molecules20022272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Lectins are a group of proteins with carbohydrate recognition activity. Lectins are categorized into many families based on their different cellular locations as well as their specificities for a variety of carbohydrate structures due to the features of their carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD) modules. Many studies have indicated that the direct recognition of particular oligosaccharides on viral components by lectins is important for interactions between hosts and viruses. Herein, we aim to globally review the roles of this recognition by animal lectins in antiviral immune responses and viral pathogenesis. The different classes of mammalian lectins can either recognize carbohydrates to activate host immunity for viral elimination or can exploit those carbohydrates as susceptibility factors to facilitate viral entry, replication or assembly. Additionally, some arthropod C-type lectins were recently identified as key susceptibility factors that directly interact with multiple viruses and then facilitate infection. Summarization of the pleiotropic roles of direct viral recognition by animal lectins will benefit our understanding of host-virus interactions and could provide insight into the role of lectins in antiviral drug and vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Jianying Liu
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Xiaojing Pang
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Tao Liu
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Tai'an Central Hospital, Tai'an 271000, China.
| | - Zhijie Ning
- Ji'nan Infectious Diseases Hospital, Ji'nan 250021, China.
| | - Gong Cheng
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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Gan L, Wang M, Chen JJ, Gershon MD, Gershon AA. Infected peripheral blood mononuclear cells transmit latent varicella zoster virus infection to the guinea pig enteric nervous system. J Neurovirol 2014; 20:442-56. [PMID: 24965252 PMCID: PMC4206585 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-014-0259-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Revised: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Latent wild-type (WT) and vaccine (vOka) varicella zoster virus (VZV) are found in the human enteric nervous system (ENS). VZV also infects guinea pig enteric neurons in vitro, establishes latency and can be reactivated. We therefore determined whether lymphocytes infected in vitro with VZV secrete infectious virions and can transfer infection in vivo to the ENS of recipient guinea pigs. T lymphocytes (CD3-immunoreactive) were preferentially infected following co-culture of guinea pig or human peripheral blood mononuclear cells with VZV-infected HELF. VZV proliferated in the infected T cells and expressed immediate early and late VZV genes. Electron microscopy confirmed that VZV-infected T cells produced encapsulated virions. Extracellular virus, however, was pleomorphic, suggesting degradation occurred prior to release, which was confirmed by the failure of VZV-infected T cells to secrete infectious virions. Intravenous injection of WT- or vOka-infected PBMCs, nevertheless, transmitted VZV to recipient animals (guinea pig > human lymphocytes). Two days post-inoculation, lung and liver, but not gut, contained DNA and transcripts encoding ORFs 4, 40, 66 and 67. Twenty-eight days after infection, gut contained DNA and transcripts encoding ORFs 4 and 66 but neither DNA nor transcripts could any longer be found in lung or liver. In situ hybridization revealed VZV DNA in enteric neurons, which also expressed ORF63p (but not ORF68p) immunoreactivity. Observations suggest that VZV infects T cells, which can transfer VZV to and establish latency in enteric neurons in vivo. Guinea pigs may be useful for studies of VZV pathogenesis in the ENS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Gan
- Department of Microbiology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Mingli Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Jason J. Chen
- Department of Microbiology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Michael D. Gershon
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Anne A. Gershon
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
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Sloutskin A, Goldstein RS. Laboratory preparation of Varicella-Zoster Virus: Concentration of virus-containing supernatant, use of a debris fraction and magnetofection for consistent cell-free VZV infections. J Virol Methods 2014; 206:128-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2014.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2014] [Revised: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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