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Gabriel CH, Del Olmo M, Rizki Widini A, Roshanbin R, Woyde J, Hamza E, Gutu NN, Zehtabian A, Ewers H, Granada A, Herzel H, Kramer A. Circadian period is compensated for repressor protein turnover rates in single cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2404738121. [PMID: 39141353 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2404738121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 07/07/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Most mammalian cells have molecular circadian clocks that generate widespread rhythms in transcript and protein abundance. While circadian clocks are robust to fluctuations in the cellular environment, little is known about the mechanisms by which the circadian period compensates for fluctuating metabolic states. Here, we exploit the heterogeneity of single cells both in circadian period and a metabolic parameter-protein stability-to study their interdependence without the need for genetic manipulation. We generated cells expressing key circadian proteins (CRYPTOCHROME1/2 (CRY1/2) and PERIOD1/2 (PER1/2)) as endogenous fusions with fluorescent proteins and simultaneously monitored circadian rhythms and degradation in thousands of single cells. We found that the circadian period compensates for fluctuations in the turnover rates of circadian repressor proteins and uncovered possible mechanisms using a mathematical model. In addition, the stabilities of the repressor proteins are circadian phase dependent and correlate with the circadian period in a phase-dependent manner, in contrast to the prevailing model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian H Gabriel
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Division of Chronobiology, Berlin 10117, Germany
| | - Marta Del Olmo
- Institute for Theoretical Biology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin 10115, Germany
| | - Arunya Rizki Widini
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Division of Chronobiology, Berlin 10117, Germany
| | - Rashin Roshanbin
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Division of Chronobiology, Berlin 10117, Germany
| | - Jonas Woyde
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Division of Chronobiology, Berlin 10117, Germany
| | - Ebrahim Hamza
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Division of Chronobiology, Berlin 10117, Germany
| | - Nica-Nicoleta Gutu
- Charité Comprehensive Cancer Center, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin 10117, Germany
| | - Amin Zehtabian
- Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Institute for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Helge Ewers
- Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Institute for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Adrian Granada
- Charité Comprehensive Cancer Center, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin 10117, Germany
| | - Hanspeter Herzel
- Institute for Theoretical Biology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin 10115, Germany
| | - Achim Kramer
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Division of Chronobiology, Berlin 10117, Germany
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Savvidis C, Kallistrou E, Kouroglou E, Dionysopoulou S, Gavriiloglou G, Ragia D, Tsiama V, Proikaki S, Belis K, Ilias I. Circadian rhythm disruption and endocrine-related tumors. World J Clin Oncol 2024; 15:818-834. [PMID: 39071458 PMCID: PMC11271730 DOI: 10.5306/wjco.v15.i7.818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
This review delved into the intricate relationship between circadian clocks and physiological processes, emphasizing their critical role in maintaining homeostasis. Orchestrated by interlocked clock genes, the circadian timekeeping system regulates fundamental processes like the sleep-wake cycle, energy metabolism, immune function, and cell proliferation. The central oscillator in the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus synchronizes with light-dark cycles, while peripheral tissue clocks are influenced by cues such as feeding times. Circadian disruption, linked to modern lifestyle factors like night shift work, correlates with adverse health outcomes, including metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular diseases, infections, and cancer. We explored the molecular mechanisms of circadian clock genes and their impact on metabolic disorders and cancer pathogenesis. Specific associations between circadian disruption and endocrine tumors, spanning breast, ovarian, testicular, prostate, thyroid, pituitary, and adrenal gland cancers, are highlighted. Shift work is associated with increased breast cancer risk, with PER genes influencing tumor progression and drug resistance. CLOCK gene expression correlates with cisplatin resistance in ovarian cancer, while factors like aging and intermittent fasting affect prostate cancer. Our review underscored the intricate interplay between circadian rhythms and cancer, involving the regulation of the cell cycle, DNA repair, metabolism, immune function, and the tumor microenvironment. We advocated for integrating biological timing into clinical considerations for personalized healthcare, proposing that understanding these connections could lead to novel therapeutic approaches. Evidence supports circadian rhythm-focused therapies, particularly chronotherapy, for treating endocrine tumors. Our review called for further research to uncover detailed connections between circadian clocks and cancer, providing essential insights for targeted treatments. We emphasized the importance of public health interventions to mitigate lifestyle-related circadian disruptions and underscored the critical role of circadian rhythms in disease mechanisms and therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos Savvidis
- Department of Endocrinology, Hippocration General Hospital, Athens GR-11527, Greece
| | - Efthymia Kallistrou
- Department of Endocrinology, Hippocration General Hospital, Athens GR-11527, Greece
| | - Eleni Kouroglou
- Department of Endocrinology, Hippocration General Hospital, Athens GR-11527, Greece
| | - Sofia Dionysopoulou
- Department of Endocrinology, Hippocration General Hospital, Athens GR-11527, Greece
| | | | - Dimitra Ragia
- Department of Endocrinology, Hippocration General Hospital, Athens GR-11527, Greece
| | - Vasiliki Tsiama
- Department of Endocrinology, Hippocration General Hospital, Athens GR-11527, Greece
| | - Stella Proikaki
- Department of Endocrinology, Hippocration General Hospital, Athens GR-11527, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Belis
- Department of Endocrinology, Hippocration General Hospital, Athens GR-11527, Greece
| | - Ioannis Ilias
- Department of Endocrinology, Hippocration General Hospital, Athens GR-11527, Greece
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3
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Otobe Y, Jeong EM, Ito S, Shinohara Y, Kurabayashi N, Aiba A, Fukada Y, Kim JK, Yoshitane H. Phosphorylation of DNA-binding domains of CLOCK-BMAL1 complex for PER-dependent inhibition in circadian clock of mammalian cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2316858121. [PMID: 38805270 PMCID: PMC11161756 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2316858121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
In mammals, CLOCK and BMAL1 proteins form a heterodimer that binds to E-box sequences and activates transcription of target genes, including Period (Per). Translated PER proteins then bind to the CLOCK-BMAL1 complex to inhibit its transcriptional activity. However, the molecular mechanism and the impact of this PER-dependent inhibition on the circadian clock oscillation remain elusive. We previously identified Ser38 and Ser42 in a DNA-binding domain of CLOCK as phosphorylation sites at the PER-dependent inhibition phase. In this study, knockout rescue experiments showed that nonphosphorylatable (Ala) mutations at these sites shortened circadian period, whereas their constitutive-phospho-mimetic (Asp) mutations completely abolished the circadian rhythms. Similarly, we found that nonphosphorylatable (Ala) and constitutive-phospho-mimetic (Glu) mutations at Ser78 in a DNA-binding domain of BMAL1 also shortened the circadian period and abolished the rhythms, respectively. The mathematical modeling predicted that these constitutive-phospho-mimetic mutations weaken the DNA binding of the CLOCK-BMAL1 complex and that the nonphosphorylatable mutations inhibit the PER-dependent displacement (reduction of DNA-binding ability) of the CLOCK-BMAL1 complex from DNA. Biochemical experiments supported the importance of these phosphorylation sites for displacement of the complex in the PER2-dependent inhibition. Our results provide direct evidence that phosphorylation of CLOCK-Ser38/Ser42 and BMAL1-Ser78 plays a crucial role in the PER-dependent inhibition and the determination of the circadian period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Otobe
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo113-0033, Japan
- Circadian Clock Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo156-8506, Japan
| | - Eui Min Jeong
- Biomedical Mathematics Group, Pioneer Research Center for Mathematical and Computational Sciences, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon34141, Republic of Korea
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Shunsuke Ito
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo113-0033, Japan
- Circadian Clock Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo156-8506, Japan
| | - Yuta Shinohara
- Division of Molecular Psychoimmunology, Institute for Genetic Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-Ku, Sapporo060-0815, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Kurabayashi
- Circadian Clock Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo156-8506, Japan
| | - Atsu Aiba
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo113-0033, Japan
- Laboratory of Animal Resources, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo113-0033, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Fukada
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo113-0033, Japan
- Circadian Clock Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo156-8506, Japan
| | - Jae Kyoung Kim
- Biomedical Mathematics Group, Pioneer Research Center for Mathematical and Computational Sciences, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon34141, Republic of Korea
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hikari Yoshitane
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo113-0033, Japan
- Circadian Clock Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo156-8506, Japan
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Chen K, Wang Y, Li D, Wu R, Wang J, Wei W, Zhu W, Xie W, Feng D, He Y. Biological clock regulation by the PER gene family: a new perspective on tumor development. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1332506. [PMID: 38813085 PMCID: PMC11133573 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1332506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
The Period (PER) gene family is one of the core components of the circadian clock, with substantial correlations between the PER genes and cancers identified in extensive researches. Abnormal mutations in PER genes can influence cell function, metabolic activity, immunity, and therapy responses, thereby promoting the initiation and development of cancers. This ultimately results in unequal cancers progression and prognosis in patients. This leads to variable cancer progression and prognosis among patients. In-depth studies on the interactions between the PER genes and cancers can reveal novel strategies for cancer detection and treatment. In this review, we aim to provide a comprehensive overview of the latest research on the role of the PER gene family in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Chen
- Department of Urology, The First Hospital of Jiaxing, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jia Xing, China
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yaohui Wang
- Department of Urology, The Third Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Dengxiong Li
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ruicheng Wu
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wuran Wei
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei Zhu
- Department of Urology, The First Hospital of Jiaxing, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jia Xing, China
| | - Wenhua Xie
- Department of Urology, The First Hospital of Jiaxing, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jia Xing, China
| | - Dechao Feng
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yi He
- Department of Urology, The First Hospital of Jiaxing, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jia Xing, China
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Zeng Y, Guo Z, Wu M, Chen F, Chen L. Circadian rhythm regulates the function of immune cells and participates in the development of tumors. Cell Death Discov 2024; 10:199. [PMID: 38678017 PMCID: PMC11055927 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-024-01960-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Circadian rhythms are present in almost all cells and play a crucial role in regulating various biological processes. Maintaining a stable circadian rhythm is essential for overall health. Disruption of this rhythm can alter the expression of clock genes and cancer-related genes, and affect many metabolic pathways and factors, thereby affecting the function of the immune system and contributing to the occurrence and progression of tumors. This paper aims to elucidate the regulatory effects of BMAL1, clock and other clock genes on immune cells, and reveal the molecular mechanism of circadian rhythm's involvement in tumor and its microenvironment regulation. A deeper understanding of circadian rhythms has the potential to provide new strategies for the treatment of cancer and other immune-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuen Zeng
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zichan Guo
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Mengqi Wu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Fulin Chen
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lihua Chen
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China.
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Zhang H, Chen C, Zhang EE, Huang X. TDP-43 deficiency in suprachiasmatic nucleus perturbs rhythmicity of neuroactivity in prefrontal cortex. iScience 2024; 27:109522. [PMID: 38585660 PMCID: PMC10995886 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Individuals within the amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal dementia disease spectrum (ALS/FTD) often experience disruptive mental behaviors and sleep-wake disturbances. The hallmark of ALS/FTD is the pathological involvement of TAR DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43). Understanding the role of TDP-43 in the circadian clock holds promise for addressing these behavioral abnormalities. In this study, we unveil TDP-43 as a pivotal regulator of the circadian clock. TDP-43 knockdown induces intracellular arrhythmicity, disrupts transcriptional activation regulation, and diminishes clock genes expression. Moreover, our experiments in adult mouse reveal that TDP-43 knockdown, specifically within the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), induces locomotor arrhythmia, arrhythmic c-Fos expression, and depression-like behavior. This observation offers valuable insights into the substantial impact of TDP-43 on the behavioral aberrations associated with ALS/FTD. In summary, our study illuminates the significance of TDP-43 in circadian regulation, shedding light on the circadian regulatory mechanisms that may elucidate the pathological underpinnings of ALS/FTD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxia Zhang
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Chen Chen
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China
| | | | - Xiaotian Huang
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
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7
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Zhang H, Zhou Z, Guo J. The Function, Regulation, and Mechanism of Protein Turnover in Circadian Systems in Neurospora and Other Species. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2574. [PMID: 38473819 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Circadian clocks drive a large array of physiological and behavioral activities. At the molecular level, circadian clocks are composed of positive and negative elements that form core oscillators generating the basic circadian rhythms. Over the course of the circadian period, circadian negative proteins undergo progressive hyperphosphorylation and eventually degrade, and their stability is finely controlled by complex post-translational pathways, including protein modifications, genetic codon preference, protein-protein interactions, chaperon-dependent conformation maintenance, degradation, etc. The effects of phosphorylation on the stability of circadian clock proteins are crucial for precisely determining protein function and turnover, and it has been proposed that the phosphorylation of core circadian clock proteins is tightly correlated with the circadian period. Nonetheless, recent studies have challenged this view. In this review, we summarize the research progress regarding the function, regulation, and mechanism of protein stability in the circadian clock systems of multiple model organisms, with an emphasis on Neurospora crassa, in which circadian mechanisms have been extensively investigated. Elucidation of the highly complex and dynamic regulation of protein stability in circadian clock networks would greatly benefit the integrated understanding of the function, regulation, and mechanism of protein stability in a wide spectrum of other biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Zengxuan Zhou
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Jinhu Guo
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
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Jesse TG, Becer E, Kalkan R. Identification of the Relationship Between DNA Methylation of Circadian Rhythm Genes and Obesity. Biochem Genet 2024; 62:281-293. [PMID: 37329425 DOI: 10.1007/s10528-023-10415-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
In children, teenagers, and young adults, environmental factors and genetic modifications have contributed to the development of obesity. There is a close relationship between obesity and circadian rhythm. To understand the role of CLOCK and BMAL1 in obesity, we analyzed the methylation status of CLOCK and BMAL1 in obese and control subjects. In this paper, we analyzed the methylation status of the CLOCK and BMAL1 genes by using MS-HRM in a total of 55 obese and 54 control subjects. In our study, we demonstrated that the level of fasting glucose and the level of HDL-cholesterol were associated with CLOCK methylation in obesity. We also showed a significant association between BMAL1 gene methylation and waist and hip circumference in obese subjects. This is the first study that shows the methylation of BMAL1 is associated with the obese phenotype. However, we could not show a direct association between CLOCK methylation and the obese phenotype. In this paper, a novel epigenetic interaction between circadian clock genes and obesity was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tirah Galaya Jesse
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Near East University, Mersin 10, Nicosia, 99138, Turkey
| | - Eda Becer
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Eastern Mediterranean University, Mersin 10, Famagusta, 99628, Turkey
| | - Rasime Kalkan
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Near East University, Mersin 10, Nicosia, 99138, Turkey.
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Cyprus Health and Social Sciences University, Mersin 10, Guzelyurt, 99138, Turkey.
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9
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Liu M, Zhang Z, Chen Y, Feng T, Zhou Q, Tian X. Circadian clock and lipid metabolism disorders: a potential therapeutic strategy for cancer. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1292011. [PMID: 38189049 PMCID: PMC10770836 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1292011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Recent research has emphasized the interaction between the circadian clock and lipid metabolism, particularly in relation to tumors. This review aims to explore how the circadian clock regulates lipid metabolism and its impact on carcinogenesis. Specifically, targeting key enzymes involved in fatty acid synthesis (SREBP, ACLY, ACC, FASN, and SCD) has been identified as a potential strategy for cancer therapy. By disrupting these enzymes, it may be possible to inhibit tumor growth by interfering with lipid metabolism. Transcription factors, like SREBP play a significant role in regulating fatty acid synthesis which is influenced by circadian clock genes such as BMAL1, REV-ERB and DEC. This suggests a strong connection between fatty acid synthesis and the circadian clock. Therefore, successful combination therapy should target fatty acid synthesis in addition to considering the timing and duration of drug use. Ultimately, personalized chronotherapy can enhance drug efficacy in cancer treatment and achieve treatment goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengsi Liu
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Prescription and Syndromes Translational Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
- Hunan Province University Key Laboratory of Oncology of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Mechanism of Tumor Prevention and Treatment, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Yating Chen
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Prescription and Syndromes Translational Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
- Hunan Province University Key Laboratory of Oncology of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Mechanism of Tumor Prevention and Treatment, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Ting Feng
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Prescription and Syndromes Translational Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
- Hunan Province University Key Laboratory of Oncology of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Mechanism of Tumor Prevention and Treatment, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Qing Zhou
- Department of Andrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Xuefei Tian
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Prescription and Syndromes Translational Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
- Hunan Province University Key Laboratory of Oncology of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Mechanism of Tumor Prevention and Treatment, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
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10
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Surme S, Ergun C, Gul S, Akyel YK, Gul ZM, Ozcan O, Ipek OS, Akarlar BA, Ozlu N, Taskin AC, Turkay M, Gören AC, Baris I, Ozturk N, Guzel M, Aydin C, Okyar A, Kavakli IH. TW68, cryptochromes stabilizer, regulates fasting blood glucose levels in diabetic ob/ob and high fat-diet-induced obese mice. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 218:115896. [PMID: 37898388 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
Cryptochromes (CRYs), transcriptional repressors of the circadian clock in mammals, inhibit cAMP production when glucagon activates G-protein coupled receptors. Therefore, molecules that modulate CRYs have the potential to regulate gluconeogenesis. In this study, we discovered a new molecule called TW68 that interacts with the primary pockets of mammalian CRY1/2, leading to reduced ubiquitination levels and increased stability. In cell-based circadian rhythm assays using U2OS Bmal1-dLuc cells, TW68 extended the period length of the circadian rhythm. Additionally, TW68 decreased the transcriptional levels of two genes, Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 1 (PCK1) and Glucose-6-phosphatase (G6PC), which play crucial roles in glucose biosynthesis during glucagon-induced gluconeogenesis in HepG2 cells. Oral administration of TW68 in mice showed good tolerance, a good pharmacokinetic profile, and remarkable bioavailability. Finally, when administered to fasting diabetic animals from ob/ob and HFD-fed obese mice, TW68 reduced blood glucose levels by enhancing CRY stabilization and subsequently decreasing the transcriptional levels of Pck1 and G6pc. These findings collectively demonstrate the antidiabetic efficacy of TW68 in vivo, suggesting its therapeutic potential for controlling fasting glucose levels in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saliha Surme
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Koc University, Rumelifeneri Yolu, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Cagla Ergun
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Koc University, Rumelifeneri Yolu, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Seref Gul
- Istanbul University, Department of Biology, Biotechnology Division, TR-34116 Beyazit-İstanbul, Türkiye; Current address: Bezmialem Vakif University, Institute of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Beykoz, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Yasemin Kubra Akyel
- Istanbul Medipol University, School of Medicine, Department of Medical Pharmacology, İstanbul, Türkiye; Istanbul University, Faculty of Pharmacy Department of Pharmacology, TR-34116 Beyazit-İstanbul, Türkiye
| | - Zeynep Melis Gul
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Koc University, Rumelifeneri Yolu, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Onur Ozcan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Koc University, Rumelifeneri Yolu, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Ozgecan Savlug Ipek
- Istanbul Medipol University, Regenerative and Restorative Medicine Research Center (REMER), Kavacik Campus, Kavacik-Beykoz/İstanbul 34810, Türkiye
| | - Busra Aytul Akarlar
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Koc University, Rumelifeneri Yolu, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Nurhan Ozlu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Koc University, Rumelifeneri Yolu, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Ali Cihan Taskin
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Metin Turkay
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Koc University, Rumelifeneri Yolu, İstanbul, Türkiye
| | - Ahmet Ceyhan Gören
- Gebze Technical University, Department of Chemistry, Gebze, Kocaeli, Türkiye
| | - Ibrahim Baris
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Koc University, Rumelifeneri Yolu, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Nuri Ozturk
- Gebze Technical University, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Gebze, Kocaeli, Türkiye
| | - Mustafa Guzel
- Istanbul Medipol University, Regenerative and Restorative Medicine Research Center (REMER), Kavacik Campus, Kavacik-Beykoz/İstanbul 34810, Türkiye
| | - Cihan Aydin
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Alper Okyar
- Istanbul University, Faculty of Pharmacy Department of Pharmacology, TR-34116 Beyazit-İstanbul, Türkiye
| | - Ibrahim Halil Kavakli
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Koc University, Rumelifeneri Yolu, Istanbul, Türkiye; Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Koc University, Rumelifeneri Yolu, Istanbul, Türkiye.
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11
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Naseem Y, Zhang C, Zhou X, Dong J, Xie J, Zhang H, Agboyibor C, Bi Y, Liu H. Inhibitors Targeting the F-BOX Proteins. Cell Biochem Biophys 2023; 81:577-597. [PMID: 37624574 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-023-01160-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
F-box proteins are involved in multiple cellular processes through ubiquitylation and consequent degradation of targeted substrates. Any significant mutation in F-box protein-mediated proteolysis can cause human malformations. The various cellular processes F-box proteins involved include cell proliferation, apoptosis, invasion, angiogenesis, and metastasis. To target F-box proteins and their associated signaling pathways for cancer treatment, researchers have developed thousands of F-box inhibitors. The most advanced inhibitor of FBW7, NVD-BK M120, is a powerful P13 kinase inhibitor that has been proven to bring about apoptosis in cancerous human lung cells by disrupting levels of the protein known as MCL1. Moreover, F-box Inhibitors have demonstrated their efficacy for treating certain cancers through targeting particular mutated proteins. This paper explores the key studies on how F-box proteins act and their contribution to malignancy development, which fabricates an in-depth perception of inhibitors targeting the F-box proteins and their signaling pathways that eventually isolate the most promising approach to anti-cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalnaz Naseem
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
- Institute of Drug Discovery and Development, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education of China, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
- Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Chaofeng Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
- Institute of Drug Discovery and Development, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education of China, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
- Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Xinyi Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
- Institute of Drug Discovery and Development, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education of China, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
- Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Jianshu Dong
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
- Institute of Drug Discovery and Development, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education of China, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
- Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
| | - Jiachong Xie
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
- Institute of Drug Discovery and Development, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education of China, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
- Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Huimin Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
- Institute of Drug Discovery and Development, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education of China, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
- Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Clement Agboyibor
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
- Institute of Drug Discovery and Development, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education of China, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
- Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - YueFeng Bi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
- Institute of Drug Discovery and Development, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education of China, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
- Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
| | - Hongmin Liu
- Institute of Drug Discovery and Development, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education of China, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
- Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
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12
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Parlak GC, Baris I, Gul S, Kavakli IH. Functional characterization of the CRY2 circadian clock component variant p.Ser420Phe revealed a new degradation pathway for CRY2. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:105451. [PMID: 37951306 PMCID: PMC10731238 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Cryptochromes (CRYs) are essential components of the circadian clock, playing a pivotal role as transcriptional repressors. Despite their significance, the precise mechanisms underlying CRYs' involvement in the circadian clock remain incompletely understood. In this study, we identified a rare CRY2 variant, p.Ser420Phe, from the 1000 Genomes Project and Ensembl database that is located in the functionally important coiled-coil-like helix (CC-helix) region. Functional characterization of this variant at the cellular level revealed that p.Ser420Phe CRY2 had reduced repression activity on CLOCK:BMAL1-driven transcription due to its reduced affinity to the core clock protein PER2 and defective translocation into the nucleus. Intriguingly, the CRY2 variant exhibited an unexpected resistance to degradation via the canonical proteasomal pathway, primarily due to the loss of interactions with E3 ligases (FBXL3 and FBXL21), which suggests Ser-420 of CRY2 is required for the interaction with E3 ligases. Further studies revealed that wild-type and CRY2 variants are degraded by the lysosomal-mediated degradation pathway, a mechanism not previously associated with CRY2. Surprisingly, our complementation study with Cry1-/-Cry2-/- double knockout mouse embryonic fibroblast cells indicated that the CRY2 variant caused a 7 h shorter circadian period length in contrast to the observed prolonged period length in CRY2-/- cell lines. In summary, this study reveals a hitherto unknown degradation pathway for CRY2, shedding new light on the regulation of circadian rhythm period length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gizem Cagla Parlak
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkiye
| | - Ibrahim Baris
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkiye
| | - Seref Gul
- Institute of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Bezmialem Vakif University, Beykoz, Turkiye
| | - Ibrahim Halil Kavakli
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkiye; Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkiye.
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13
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Li W, Xiong X, Kiperman T, Ma K. Transcription Repression of CRY2 via PER2 Interaction Promotes Adipogenesis. Mol Cell Biol 2023; 43:500-514. [PMID: 37724597 PMCID: PMC10569361 DOI: 10.1080/10985549.2023.2253710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The circadian clock is driven by a transcriptional-translational feedback loop, and cryptochrome 2 (CRY2) represses CLOCK/BMAL1-induced transcription activation. Despite the established role of clock in adipogenic regulation, whether the CRY2 repressor activity functions in adipocyte biology remains unclear. Here we identify a critical cysteine residue of CRY2 that mediates interaction with Period 2 (PER2). We further demonstrate that this mechanism is required for repressing circadian clock-controlled Wnt signaling to promote adipogenesis. CRY2 protein is enriched in white adipose depots and robustly induced by adipogenic differentiation. Via site-directed mutagenesis, we identified that a conserved CRY2 cysteine at 432 within the loop interfacing with PER2 mediates heterodimer complex formation that confers transcription repression. C432 mutation disrupted PER2 association without affecting BMAL1 binding, leading to loss of repression of clock transcription activation. In preadipocytes, whereas CRY2 enhanced adipocyte differentiation, the repression-defective C432 mutant suppressed this process. Furthermore, silencing of CRY2 attenuated, while stabilization of CRY2 by KL001 markedly augmented adipocyte maturation. Mechanistically, we show that transcriptional repression of Wnt pathway components underlies CRY2 modulation of adipogenesis. Collectively, our findings elucidate a CRY2-mediated repression mechanism that promotes adipocyte development, and implicate its potential as a clock intervention target for obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weini Li
- Department of Diabetes Complications & Metabolism, Arthur Riggs Diabetes & Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Xuekai Xiong
- Department of Diabetes Complications & Metabolism, Arthur Riggs Diabetes & Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Tali Kiperman
- Department of Diabetes Complications & Metabolism, Arthur Riggs Diabetes & Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Ke Ma
- Department of Diabetes Complications & Metabolism, Arthur Riggs Diabetes & Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA
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14
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Laothamatas I, Rasmussen ES, Green CB, Takahashi JS. Metabolic and chemical architecture of the mammalian circadian clock. Cell Chem Biol 2023; 30:1033-1052. [PMID: 37708890 PMCID: PMC10631358 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2023.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Circadian rhythms are endogenous periodic biological processes that occur on a daily timescale. These rhythms are generated by a transcriptional/translational feedback loop that consists of the CLOCK-BMAL1 heterodimeric transcriptional activator complex and the PER1/2-CRY1/2-CK1δ/ε repressive complex. The output pathways of this molecular feedback loop generate circadian rhythmicity in various biological processes. Among these, metabolism is a primary regulatory target of the circadian clock which can also feedback to modulate clock function. This intertwined relationship between circadian rhythms and metabolism makes circadian clock components promising therapeutic targets. Despite this, pharmacological therapeutics that target the circadian clock are relatively rare. In this review, we hope to stimulate interest in chemical chronobiology by providing a comprehensive background on the molecular mechanism of mammalian circadian rhythms and their connection to metabolism, highlighting important studies in the chemical approach to circadian research, and offering our perspectives on future developments in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isara Laothamatas
- Department of Neuroscience, Peter O'Donnell Jr. Brain Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Emil Sjulstok Rasmussen
- Department of Neuroscience, Peter O'Donnell Jr. Brain Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Carla B Green
- Department of Neuroscience, Peter O'Donnell Jr. Brain Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Joseph S Takahashi
- Department of Neuroscience, Peter O'Donnell Jr. Brain Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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15
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Gršković P, Korać P. Circadian Gene Variants in Diseases. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1703. [PMID: 37761843 PMCID: PMC10531145 DOI: 10.3390/genes14091703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The circadian rhythm is a self-sustaining 24 h cycle that regulates physiological processes within the body, including cycles of alertness and sleepiness. Cells have their own intrinsic clock, which consists of several proteins that regulate the circadian rhythm of each individual cell. The core of the molecular clock in human cells consists of four main circadian proteins that work in pairs. The CLOCK-BMAL1 heterodimer and the PER-CRY heterodimer each regulate the other pair's expression, forming a negative feedback loop. Several other proteins are involved in regulating the expression of the main circadian genes, and can therefore also influence the circadian rhythm of cells. This review focuses on the existing knowledge regarding circadian gene variants in both the main and secondary circadian genes, and their association with various diseases, such as tumors, metabolic diseases, cardiovascular diseases, and sleep disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Petra Korać
- Division of Molecular Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia;
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16
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Qian L, Ding X, Fan X, Li S, Qiao Y, Zhang X, Li J. Identification and validation of a novel prognostic circadian rhythm-related gene signature for stomach adenocarcinoma. Chronobiol Int 2023; 40:744-758. [PMID: 37122167 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2023.2205936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Circadian rhythm genes were reported to be strongly associated with the development and prognosis of circadian rhythm disorders related to stomach adenocarcinoma (STAD), which is one of the most prevalent cancers. This study aimed to identify a circadian rhythm-related gene signature that could help predict STAD outcome. Using bioinformatics analysis approaches, 105 genes were examined in 350 patients with STAD. Overall, six hub-type circadian rhythm-associated genes (GNA11, PER1, SOX14, EZH2, MAGED1, and NR1D1) were identified using univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses. These genes were then used to build a genetic predictive model, which was further validated using a publicly available dataset (GSE26899). Overall, genes associated with the circadian rhythm were found to be substantially correlated with the characteristics of the STAD patients (grade, sex, and M stage). In addition, the circadian rhythm-related gene signature was significantly associated with the MAPK and Notch signaling pathways, which are known risk factors for poorer STAD outcome. Taken together, these findings suggest that the herein proposed prognostic model based on six circadian rhythm-associated genes may have predictive value and potential application for clinical decision-making and for personalized treatment of STAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Qian
- Department of Experiment Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaochen Ding
- Department of Experiment Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaoyan Fan
- Department of Experiment Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Shisen Li
- Department of Digestive Surgery, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yihuan Qiao
- School of Clinical Medicine, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaoqun Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shaanxi Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, China
| | - Jipeng Li
- Department of Experiment Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
- Department of Digestive Surgery, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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17
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Li W, Xiong X, Kiperman T, Ma K. Transcription repression of Cry2 via Per2 interaction promotes adipogenesis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.12.532323. [PMID: 36993226 PMCID: PMC10054956 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.12.532323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The circadian clock is driven by a transcriptional-translational feedback loop, and Cryptochrome 2 (Cry2) represses CLOCK/Bmal1-induced transcription activation. Despite the established role of clock in adipogenic regulation, whether the Cry2 repressor activity functions in adipocyte biology remains unclear. Here we identify a critical cysteine residue of Cry2 that mediates interaction with Per2, and demonstrate that this mechanism is required for clock transcriptional repression that inhibits Wnt signaling to promote adipogenesis. Cry2 protein is enriched in white adipose depots and was robustly induced by adipocyte differentiation. Via site-directed mutagenesis, we identified that a conserved Cry2 Cysteine at 432 within the loop interfacing with Per2 mediates heterodimer complex formation that confers transcription repression. C432 mutation disrupted Per2 association without affecting Bmal1 binding, leading to loss of repression of clock transcription activation. In preadipocytes, whereas Cry2 enhanced adipogenic differentiation, the repression-defective C432 mutant suppressed this process. Furthermore, silencing of Cry2 attenuated, while stabilization of Cry2 by KL001 markedly augmented adipocyte maturation. Mechanistically, we show that transcriptional repression of Wnt pathway components underlies Cry2 modulation of adipogenesis. Collectively, our findings elucidate a Cry2-mediated repression mechanism that promotes adipocyte development, and implicate its potential as a clock intervention target for obesity.
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18
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Zhu WZ, He QY, Feng DC, Wei Q, Yang L. Circadian rhythm in prostate cancer: time to take notice of the clock. Asian J Androl 2023; 25:184-191. [PMID: 36073562 PMCID: PMC10069698 DOI: 10.4103/aja202255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The circadian clock is an evolutionary molecular product that is associated with better adaptation to changes in the external environment. Disruption of the circadian rhythm plays a critical role in tumorigenesis of many kinds of cancers, including prostate cancer (PCa). Integrating circadian rhythm into PCa research not only brings a closer understanding of the mechanisms of PCa but also provides new and effective options for the precise treatment of patients with PCa. This review begins with patterns of the circadian clock, highlights the role of the disruption of circadian rhythms in PCa at the epidemiological and molecular levels, and discusses possible new approaches to PCa therapy that target the circadian clock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Zhen Zhu
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Qi-Ying He
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - De-Chao Feng
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Qiang Wei
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Lu Yang
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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19
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Eum SY, Schurhoff N, Teglas T, Wolff G, Toborek M. Circadian disruption alters gut barrier integrity via a ß-catenin-MMP-related pathway. Mol Cell Biochem 2023; 478:581-595. [PMID: 35976519 PMCID: PMC9938043 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-022-04536-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated the mechanistic link between circadian rhythms and gut barrier permeability. Mice were subjected to either constant 24-h light (LL) or 12-h light/dark cycles (LD). Mice housed in LL experienced a significant increase in gut barrier permeability that was associated with dysregulated ß-catenin expression and altered expression of tight junction (TJ) proteins. Silencing of ß-catenin resulted in disruption of barrier function in SW480 cells, with ß-catenin appearing to be an upstream regulator of the core circadian components, such as Bmal1, Clock, and Per1/2. In addition, ß-catenin silencing downregulated ZO-1 and occludin TJ proteins with only limited or no changes at their mRNA levels, suggesting post transcriptional regulation. Indeed, silencing of ß-catenin significantly upregulated expression of matrix metallopeptidase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9, and blocking MMP-2/9 activity attenuated epithelial disruption induced by ß-catenin silencing. These results indicate the regulatory role of circadian disruption on gut barrier integrity and the associations between TJ proteins and circadian rhythms, while demonstrating the regulatory role of ß-catenin in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Yong Eum
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33155, USA
| | - Nicolette Schurhoff
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33155, USA
| | - Timea Teglas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33155, USA
| | - Gretchen Wolff
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33155, USA
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer (IDC), Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Centre Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
- Joint Heidelberg-IDC Translational Diabetes Program, Inner Medicine 1, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michal Toborek
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33155, USA.
- Institute of Physiotherapy and Health Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, 40-065, Katowice, Poland.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Suite 528, 1011 NW 15th Street, Miami, FL, 33136, USA.
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20
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Calloni G, Vabulas RM. The structural and functional roles of the flavin cofactor FAD in mammalian cryptochromes. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 9:1081661. [PMID: 36660433 PMCID: PMC9845712 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.1081661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The importance of circadian rhythms in human health and disease calls for a thorough understanding of the underlying molecular machinery, including its key components, the flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)-containing flavoproteins cryptochrome 1 and 2. Contrary to their Drosophila counterparts, mammalian cryptochromes are direct suppressors of circadian transcription and act independently of light. Light-independence poses the question regarding the role of the cofactor FAD in mammalian cryptochromes. The weak binding of the cofactor in vitro argues against its relevance and might be a functionless evolutionary remnant. From the other side, the FAD-binding pocket constitutes the part of mammalian cryptochromes directly related to their ubiquitylation by the ubiquitin ligase Fbxl3 and is the target for protein-stabilizing small molecules. Increased supplies of FAD stabilize cryptochromes in cell culture, and the depletion of the FAD precursor riboflavin with simultaneous knock-down of riboflavin kinase affects the expression of circadian genes in mice. This review presents the classical and more recent studies in the field, which help to comprehend the role of FAD for the stability and function of mammalian cryptochromes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - R. Martin Vabulas
- Institute of Biochemistry, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany,*Correspondence: R. Martin Vabulas,
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21
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Kalita E, Panda M, Prajapati VK. The interplay between circadian clock and viral infections: A molecular perspective. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2023; 137:293-330. [PMID: 37709380 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2023.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
The circadian clock influences almost every aspect of mammalian behavioral, physiological and metabolic processes. Being a hierarchical network, the circadian clock is driven by the central clock in the brain and is composed of several peripheral tissue-specific clocks. It orchestrates and synchronizes the daily oscillations of biological processes to the environment. Several pathological events are influenced by time and seasonal variations and as such implicate the clock in pathogenesis mechanisms. In context with viral infections, circadian rhythmicity is closely associated with host susceptibility, disease severity, and pharmacokinetics and efficacies of antivirals and vaccines. Leveraging the circadian molecular mechanism insights has increased our understanding of clock infection biology and proposes new avenues for viral diagnostics and therapeutics. In this chapter, we address the molecular interplay between the circadian clock and viral infections and discuss the importance of chronotherapy as a complementary approach to conventional medicines, emphasizing the significance of virus-clock studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elora Kalita
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, Rajasthan, India
| | - Mamta Panda
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, Rajasthan, India
| | - Vijay Kumar Prajapati
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, Dhaula Kuan, New Delhi, India..
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22
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Lim JY, Kim E, Douglas CM, Wirianto M, Han C, Ono K, Kim SY, Ji JH, Tran CK, Chen Z, Esser KA, Yoo SH. The circadian E3 ligase FBXL21 regulates myoblast differentiation and sarcomere architecture via MYOZ1 ubiquitination and NFAT signaling. PLoS Genet 2022; 18:e1010574. [PMID: 36574402 PMCID: PMC9829178 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous molecular and physiological processes in the skeletal muscle undergo circadian time-dependent oscillations in accordance with daily activity/rest cycles. The circadian regulatory mechanisms underlying these cyclic processes, especially at the post-transcriptional level, are not well defined. Previously, we reported that the circadian E3 ligase FBXL21 mediates rhythmic degradation of the sarcomere protein TCAP in conjunction with GSK-3β, and Psttm mice harboring an Fbxl21 hypomorph allele show reduced muscle fiber diameter and impaired muscle function. To further elucidate the regulatory function of FBXL21 in skeletal muscle, we investigated another sarcomere protein, Myozenin1 (MYOZ1), that we identified as an FBXL21-binding protein from yeast 2-hybrid screening. We show that FBXL21 binding to MYOZ1 led to ubiquitination-mediated proteasomal degradation. GSK-3β co-expression and inhibition were found to accelerate and decelerate FBXL21-mediated MYOZ1 degradation, respectively. Previously, MYOZ1 has been shown to inhibit calcineurin/NFAT signaling important for muscle differentiation. In accordance, Fbxl21 KO and MyoZ1 KO in C2C12 cells impaired and enhanced myogenic differentiation respectively compared with control C2C12 cells, concomitant with distinct effects on NFAT nuclear localization and NFAT target gene expression. Importantly, in Psttm mice, both the levels and diurnal rhythm of NFAT2 nuclear localization were significantly diminished relative to wild-type mice, and circadian expression of NFAT target genes associated with muscle differentiation was also markedly dampened. Furthermore, Psttm mice exhibited significant disruption of sarcomere structure with a considerable excess of MYOZ1 accumulation in the Z-line. Taken together, our study illustrates a pivotal role of FBXL21 in sarcomere structure and muscle differentiation by regulating MYOZ1 degradation and NFAT2 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Ye Lim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Eunju Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Collin M. Douglas
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Marvin Wirianto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Chorong Han
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Kaori Ono
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Sun Young Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Justin H. Ji
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Celia K. Tran
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Zheng Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Karyn A. Esser
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Seung-Hee Yoo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
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23
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Gul S, Akyel YK, Gul ZM, Isin S, Ozcan O, Korkmaz T, Selvi S, Danis I, Ipek OS, Aygenli F, Taskin AC, Akarlar BA, Ozlu N, Ozturk N, Ozturk N, Ünal DÖ, Guzel M, Turkay M, Okyar A, Kavakli IH. Discovery of a small molecule that selectively destabilizes Cryptochrome 1 and enhances life span in p53 knockout mice. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6742. [PMID: 36347873 PMCID: PMC9643396 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34582-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptochromes are negative transcriptional regulators of the circadian clock in mammals. It is not clear how reducing the level of endogenous CRY1 in mammals will affect circadian rhythm and the relation of such a decrease with apoptosis. Here, we discovered a molecule (M47) that destabilizes Cryptochrome 1 (CRY1) both in vitro and in vivo. The M47 selectively enhanced the degradation rate of CRY1 by increasing its ubiquitination and resulted in increasing the circadian period length of U2OS Bmal1-dLuc cells. In addition, subcellular fractionation studies from mice liver indicated that M47 increased degradation of the CRY1 in the nucleus. Furthermore, M47-mediated CRY1 reduction enhanced oxaliplatin-induced apoptosis in Ras-transformed p53 null fibroblast cells. Systemic repetitive administration of M47 increased the median lifespan of p53-/- mice by ~25%. Collectively our data suggest that M47 is a promising molecule to treat forms of cancer depending on the p53 mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seref Gul
- grid.15876.3d0000000106887552Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Koc University, 34450 Sariyer-Istanbul, Turkey ,grid.9601.e0000 0001 2166 6619Present Address: Department of Biology, Biotechnology Division, İstanbul University, TR-34116 Beyazit-Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Yasemin Kubra Akyel
- grid.9601.e0000 0001 2166 6619Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, İstanbul University, TR-34116 Beyazit-Istanbul, Turkey ,grid.411781.a0000 0004 0471 9346Present Address: School of Medicine, Department of Medical Pharmacology, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Zeynep Melis Gul
- grid.15876.3d0000000106887552Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Koc University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Safak Isin
- grid.15876.3d0000000106887552Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Koc University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Onur Ozcan
- grid.15876.3d0000000106887552Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Koc University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Tuba Korkmaz
- grid.448834.70000 0004 0595 7127Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Gebze Technical University, Gebze, 41400 Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Saba Selvi
- grid.448834.70000 0004 0595 7127Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Gebze Technical University, Gebze, 41400 Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Ibrahim Danis
- grid.9601.e0000 0001 2166 6619Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry, İstanbul University, TR-34116 Beyazit-Istanbul, Turkey ,grid.9601.e0000 0001 2166 6619İstanbul University Drug Research and Application Center (ILAM), TR-34116 Beyazıt-Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ozgecan Savlug Ipek
- grid.411781.a0000 0004 0471 9346Regenerative and Restorative Medicine Research Center (REMER), İstanbul Medipol University, Kavacik Campus, Kavacik-Beykoz/Istanbul, 34810 Turkey ,grid.38575.3c0000 0001 2337 3561Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Yildiz Technical University, Besiktas/Istanbul, 34349 Turkey
| | - Fatih Aygenli
- grid.448834.70000 0004 0595 7127Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Gebze Technical University, Gebze, 41400 Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Ali Cihan Taskin
- grid.15876.3d0000000106887552Animal Research Facility, Research Center for Translational Medicine, Koc University, Rumelifeneri yolu, 34450 Sariyer-Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Büşra Aytül Akarlar
- grid.15876.3d0000000106887552Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Koc University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Nurhan Ozlu
- grid.15876.3d0000000106887552Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Koc University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Nuri Ozturk
- grid.448834.70000 0004 0595 7127Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Gebze Technical University, Gebze, 41400 Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Narin Ozturk
- grid.9601.e0000 0001 2166 6619Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, İstanbul University, TR-34116 Beyazit-Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Durişehvar Özer Ünal
- grid.9601.e0000 0001 2166 6619Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry, İstanbul University, TR-34116 Beyazit-Istanbul, Turkey ,grid.9601.e0000 0001 2166 6619İstanbul University Drug Research and Application Center (ILAM), TR-34116 Beyazıt-Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Guzel
- grid.411781.a0000 0004 0471 9346Regenerative and Restorative Medicine Research Center (REMER), İstanbul Medipol University, Kavacik Campus, Kavacik-Beykoz/Istanbul, 34810 Turkey ,grid.411781.a0000 0004 0471 9346International School of Medicine, Department of Medical Pharmacology, Kavacik Campus, İstanbul Medipol University, Kavacik-Beykoz/Istanbul, 34810 Turkey
| | - Metin Turkay
- grid.15876.3d0000000106887552Department of Industrial Engineering, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Alper Okyar
- grid.9601.e0000 0001 2166 6619Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, İstanbul University, TR-34116 Beyazit-Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ibrahim Halil Kavakli
- grid.15876.3d0000000106887552Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Koc University, 34450 Sariyer-Istanbul, Turkey ,grid.15876.3d0000000106887552Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Koc University, İstanbul, Turkey
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24
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Mood phenotypes in rodent models with circadian disturbances. Neurobiol Sleep Circadian Rhythms 2022; 13:100083. [PMID: 36345502 PMCID: PMC9636574 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbscr.2022.100083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Many physiological functions with approximately 24-h rhythmicity (circadian rhythms) are generated by an internal time-measuring system of the circadian clock. While sleep/wake cycles, feeding patterns, and body temperature are the most widely known physiological functions under the regulation of the circadian clock, physiological regulation by the circadian clock extends to higher brain functions. Accumulating evidence suggests strong associations between the circadian clock and mood disorders such as depression, but the underlying mechanisms of the functional relationship between them are obscure. This review overviews rodent models with disrupted circadian rhythms on depression-related responses. The animal models with circadian disturbances (by clock gene mutations and artifactual interventions) will help understand the causal link between the circadian clock and depression. The molecular mechanisms of the mammalian circadian rhythm are systematically overviewed. We overview how genetic and pharmacological manipulations of clock (related) genes are linked to mood phenotypes. We overview how artificial perturbations, such as SCN lesions and aberrant light, affect circadian rhythm and mood.
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25
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CRY2 isoform selectivity of a circadian clock modulator with antiglioblastoma efficacy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2203936119. [PMID: 36161947 PMCID: PMC9546630 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2203936119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian cryptochrome isoforms, CRY1 and CRY2, are core circadian clock regulators that work redundantly. Recent studies revealed distinct roles of these closely related homologs in clock output pathways. Isoform-selective control of CRY1 and CRY2 is critical for further understanding their redundant and distinct roles. KL001 was the first identified small-molecule CRY modulator that activates both CRY1 and CRY2. SHP656 is an orally available KL001 derivative and has shown efficacy in blood glucose control and inhibition of glioblastoma stem cell (GSC) growth in animal models. However, CRY isoform selectivity of SHP656 was uncharacterized, limiting understanding of the roles of CRY1 and CRY2. Here, we report the elucidation of CRY2 selectivity of SHP656. SHP656 lengthened cellular circadian period in a CRY2-dependent manner and selectively interacted with CRY2. By determining the X-ray crystal structure of CRY2 in complex with SHP656 and performing molecular dynamics simulations, we elucidated compound interaction mechanisms. SHP656 binding was compatible with the intrinsic CRY2 gatekeeper W417 "in" orientation and also a close "further in" conformation. Perturbation of W417 interaction with the lid loop resulted in a reduced effect of SHP656 on CRY2, supporting an important role of gatekeeper orientation in isoform selectivity. We also identified the R form of SHP656 (called SHP1703) as the active isomer. Treatment with SHP1703 effectively reduced GSC viability. Our results suggest a direct role of CRY2 in glioblastoma antitumorigenesis and provide a rationale for the selective modulation of CRY isoforms in the therapeutic treatment of glioblastoma and other circadian clock-related diseases.
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26
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Abdalla OHMH, Mascarenhas B, Cheng HYM. Death of a Protein: The Role of E3 Ubiquitin Ligases in Circadian Rhythms of Mice and Flies. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810569. [PMID: 36142478 PMCID: PMC9502492 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Circadian clocks evolved to enable organisms to anticipate and prepare for periodic environmental changes driven by the day–night cycle. This internal timekeeping mechanism is built on autoregulatory transcription–translation feedback loops that control the rhythmic expression of core clock genes and their protein products. The levels of clock proteins rise and ebb throughout a 24-h period through their rhythmic synthesis and destruction. In the ubiquitin–proteasome system, the process of polyubiquitination, or the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin chain, marks a protein for degradation by the 26S proteasome. The process is regulated by E3 ubiquitin ligases, which recognize specific substrates for ubiquitination. In this review, we summarize the roles that known E3 ubiquitin ligases play in the circadian clocks of two popular model organisms: mice and fruit flies. We also discuss emerging evidence that implicates the N-degron pathway, an alternative proteolytic system, in the regulation of circadian rhythms. We conclude the review with our perspectives on the potential for the proteolytic and non-proteolytic functions of E3 ubiquitin ligases within the circadian clock system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osama Hasan Mustafa Hasan Abdalla
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6, Canada
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada
| | - Brittany Mascarenhas
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6, Canada
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada
| | - Hai-Ying Mary Cheng
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6, Canada
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada
- Correspondence:
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27
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The duper mutation reveals previously unsuspected functions of Cryptochrome 1 in circadian entrainment and heart disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2121883119. [PMID: 35930669 PMCID: PMC9371649 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2121883119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The Cryptochrome 1 (Cry1)-deficient duper mutant hamster has a short free-running period in constant darkness (τDD) and shows large phase shifts in response to brief light pulses. We tested whether this measure of the lability of the circadian phase is a general characteristic of Cry1-null animals and whether it indicates resistance to jet lag. Upon advance of the light:dark (LD) cycle, both duper hamsters and Cry1-/- mice re-entrained locomotor rhythms three times as fast as wild types. However, accelerated re-entrainment was dissociated from the amplified phase-response curve (PRC): unlike duper hamsters, Cry1-/- mice show no amplification of the phase response to 15' light pulses. Neither the amplified acute shifts nor the increased rate of re-entrainment in duper mutants is due to acceleration of the circadian clock: when mutants drank heavy water to lengthen the period, these aspects of the phenotype persisted. In light of the health consequences of circadian misalignment, we examined effects of duper and phase shifts on a hamster model of heart disease previously shown to be aggravated by repeated phase shifts. The mutation shortened the lifespan of cardiomyopathic hamsters relative to wild types, but this effect was eliminated when mutants experienced 8-h phase shifts every second week, to which they rapidly re-entrained. Our results reveal previously unsuspected roles of Cry1 in phase shifting and longevity in the face of heart disease. The duper mutant offers new opportunities to understand the basis of circadian disruption and jet lag.
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28
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Lindbäck LN, Hu Y, Ackermann A, Artz O, Pedmale UV. UBP12 and UBP13 deubiquitinases destabilize the CRY2 blue light receptor to regulate Arabidopsis growth. Curr Biol 2022; 32:3221-3231.e6. [PMID: 35700731 PMCID: PMC9378456 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.05.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Light is a crucial exogenous signal sensed by cryptochrome (CRY) blue light receptors to modulate growth and the circadian clock in plants and animals. However, how CRYs interpret light quantity to regulate growth in plants remains poorly understood. Furthermore, CRY2 protein levels and activity are tightly regulated in light to fine-tune hypocotyl growth; however, details of the mechanisms that explain precise control of CRY2 levels are not fully understood. We show that in Arabidopsis, UBP12 and UBP13 deubiquitinases physically interact with CRY2 in light. UBP12/13 negatively regulates CRY2 by promoting its ubiquitination and turnover to modulate hypocotyl growth. Growth and development were explicitly affected in blue light when UBP12/13 were disrupted or overexpressed, indicating their role alongside CRY2. UBP12/13 also interacted with and stabilized COP1, which is partially required for CRY2 turnover. Our combined genetic and molecular data support a mechanistic model in which UBP12/13 interact with CRY2 and COP1, leading to the stabilization of COP1. Stabilized COP1 then promotes the ubiquitination and degradation of CRY2 under blue light. Despite decades of studies on deubiquitinases, the knowledge of how their activity is regulated is limited. Our study provides insight into how exogenous signals and ligands, along with their receptors, regulate deubiquitinase activity by protein-protein interaction. Collectively, our results provide a framework of cryptochromes and deubiquitinases to detect and interpret light signals to control plant growth at the most appropriate time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise N Lindbäck
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1 Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Yuzhao Hu
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1 Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Amanda Ackermann
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1 Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Oliver Artz
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1 Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Ullas V Pedmale
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1 Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA.
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29
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Parlak GC, Camur BB, Gul S, Ozcan O, Baris I, Kavakli IH. The secondary pocket of Cryptochrome 2 is important for the regulation of its stability and localization. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102334. [PMID: 35933018 PMCID: PMC9442382 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Human clock-gene variations contribute to the phenotypic differences observed in various behavioral and physiological processes such as diurnal preference, sleep, metabolism, mood regulation, addiction, and fertility. However, little is known about the possible effects of identified variations at the molecular level. In this study, we performed a functional characterization at the cellular level of rare CRYPTOCHROME 2 (CRY2) missense variations that were identified from the Ensembl database. Our structural studies revealed that three variations (p.Pro123Leu, p.Asp406His, p.Ser410Ile) are located at the rim of the secondary pocket of CRY2. We show these variants were unable to repress CLOCK/BMAL1-driven transcription in a cell-based reporter assay and had reduced affinity to CLOCK/BMAL1. Furthermore, our biochemical studies indicated that the variants were less stable than the wild-type CRY2, which could be rescued in the presence of Period 2 (PER2), another core clock protein. Finally, we found these variants were unable to properly localize to the nucleus, and thereby were unable to rescue the circadian rhythm in a Cry1-/-Cry2-/- double-knockout mouse embryonic fibroblast cell line. Collectively, our data suggest that the rim of the secondary pocket of CRY2 plays a significant role in its nuclear localization independently of PER2 and in the intact circadian rhythm at the cellular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gizem Cagla Parlak
- Koc university Department Molecular Biology and Genetics, Rumeli Feneri Yolu, Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Bilge Bahar Camur
- Koc university Department Molecular Biology and Genetics, Rumeli Feneri Yolu, Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Seref Gul
- Istanbul University, Department of Biology, Biotechnology Division, 34134 Suleymaniye, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Onur Ozcan
- Koc university Department Molecular Biology and Genetics, Rumeli Feneri Yolu, Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ibrahim Baris
- Koc university Department Molecular Biology and Genetics, Rumeli Feneri Yolu, Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ibrahim Halil Kavakli
- Koc university Department Molecular Biology and Genetics, Rumeli Feneri Yolu, Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey; Koc university Department Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rumeli Feneri Yolu, Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey.
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30
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An Y, Yuan B, Xie P, Gu Y, Liu Z, Wang T, Li Z, Xu Y, Liu Y. Decoupling PER phosphorylation, stability and rhythmic expression from circadian clock function by abolishing PER-CK1 interaction. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3991. [PMID: 35810166 PMCID: PMC9271041 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31715-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Robust rhythms of abundances and phosphorylation profiles of PERIOD proteins were thought be the master rhythms that drive mammalian circadian clock functions. PER stability was proposed to be a major determinant of period length. In mammals, CK1 forms stable complexes with PER. Here we identify the PER residues essential for PER-CK1 interaction. In cells and in mice, their mutation abolishes PER phosphorylation and CLOCK hyperphosphorylation, resulting in PER stabilization, arrhythmic PER abundance and impaired negative feedback process, indicating that PER acts as the CK1 scaffold in circadian feedback mechanism. Surprisingly, the mutant mice exhibit robust short period locomotor activity and other physiological rhythms but low amplitude molecular rhythms. PER-CK1 interaction has two opposing roles in regulating CLOCK-BMAL1 activity. These results indicate that the circadian clock can function independently of PER phosphorylation and abundance rhythms due to another PER-CRY-dependent feedback mechanism and that period length can be uncoupled from PER stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang An
- Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, 12 Xuefu Road, Pukou District, Nanjing, 210061, China.,Cambridge-Su Genomic Resource Center, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Baoshi Yuan
- Cambridge-Su Genomic Resource Center, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Pancheng Xie
- Cambridge-Su Genomic Resource Center, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China.,Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Yue Gu
- Cambridge-Su Genomic Resource Center, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Zhiwei Liu
- Cambridge-Su Genomic Resource Center, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Cambridge-Su Genomic Resource Center, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Zhihao Li
- Cambridge-Su Genomic Resource Center, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Ying Xu
- Cambridge-Su Genomic Resource Center, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China.
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.
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31
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Johnson BS, Krishna MB, Padmanabhan RA, Pillai SM, Jayakrishnan K, Laloraya M. Derailed peripheral circadian genes in polycystic ovary syndrome patients alters peripheral conversion of androgens synthesis. Hum Reprod 2022; 37:1835-1855. [PMID: 35728080 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/deac139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION Do circadian genes exhibit an altered profile in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) patients and do they have a potential role in androgen excess? SUMMARY ANSWER Our findings revealed that an impaired circadian clock could hamper the regulation of peripheral steroid metabolism in PCOS women. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY PCOS patients exhibit features of metabolic syndrome. Circadian rhythm disruption is involved in the development of metabolic diseases and subfertility. An association between shift work and the incidence of PCOS in females was recently reported. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION This is a retrospective case-referent study in which peripheral blood samples were obtained from 101 control and 101 PCOS subjects. PCOS diagnoses were based on Rotterdam Consensus criteria. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS This study comprised 101 women with PCOS and 101 control volunteers, as well as Swiss albino mice treated with dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) to induce PCOS development. Gene expression analyses of circadian and steroidogenesis genes in human PBMC and mice ovaries and blood were executed by quantitative real-time PCR. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE We observed aberrant expression of peripheral circadian clock genes in PCOS, with a significant reduction in the core clock genes, circadian locomotor output cycles kaput (CLOCK) (P ≤ 0.00001), brain and muscle ARNT-like 1 (BMAL1) (P ≤ 0.00001) and NPAS2 (P ≤ 0.001), and upregulation of their negative feedback loop genes, CRY1 (P ≤ 0.00003), CRY2 (P ≤ 0.00006), PER1 (P ≤ 0.003), PER2 (P ≤ 0.002), DEC1 (P ≤ 0.0001) and DEC2 (P ≤ 0.00005). Transcript levels of an additional feedback loop regulating BMAL1 showed varied expression, with reduced RORA (P ≤ 0.008) and increased NR1D1 (P ≤ 0.02) in PCOS patients in comparison with the control group. We also demonstrated the expression pattern of clock genes in PBMCs of PCOS women at three different time points. PCOS patients also exhibited increased mRNA levels of steroidogenic enzymes like StAR (P ≤ 0.0005), CYP17A1 (P ≤ 0.005), SRD5A1 (P ≤ 0.00006) and SRD5A2 (P ≤ 0.009). Knockdown of CLOCK/BMAL1 in PBMCs resulted in a significant reduction in estradiol production, by reducing CYP19A1 and a significant increase in dihydrotestosterone production, by upregulating SRD5A1 and SRD5A2 in PBMCs. Our data also showed that CYP17A1 as a direct CLOCK-BMAL1 target in PBMCs. Phenotypic classification of PCOS subgroups showed a higher variation in expression of clock genes and steroidogenesis genes with phenotype A of PCOS. In alignment with the above results, altered expression of ovarian core clock genes (Clock, Bmal1 and Per2) was found in DHEA-treated PCOS mice. The expression of peripheral blood core clock genes in DHEA-induced PCOS mice was less robust and showed a loss of periodicity in comparison with that of control mice. LARGE SCALE DATA N/A. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION We could not evaluate the circadian oscillation of clock genes and clock-controlled genes over a 24-h period in the peripheral blood of control versus PCOS subjects. Additionally, circadian genes in the ovaries of PCOS women could not be evaluated due to limitations in sample availability, hence we employed the androgen excess mouse model of PCOS for ovarian circadian assessment. Clock genes were assessed in the whole ovary of the androgen excess mouse model of PCOS rather than in granulosa cells, which is another limitation of the present work. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS Our observations suggest that the biological clock is one of the contributing factors in androgen excess in PCOS, owing to its potential role in modulating peripheral androgen metabolism. Considering the increasing prevalence of PCOS and the rising frequency of delayed circadian rhythms and insufficient sleep among women, our study emphasizes the potential in modulating circadian rhythm as an important strategy in PCOS management, and further research on this aspect is highly warranted. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) This work was supported by the RGCB-DBT Core Funds and a grant (#BT/PR29996/MED/97/472/2020) from the Department of Biotechnology (DBT), India, to M.L. B.S.J. was supported by a DST/INSPIRE Fellowship/2015/IF150361 and M.B.K. was supported by the Research Fellowship from Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR) (10.2(5)/2007(ii).E.U.II). The authors declare no competing interests. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER N/A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betcy Susan Johnson
- Female Reproduction and Metabolic Syndromes Laboratory, Division of Molecular Reproduction, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India.,Research Scholar, Research Centre, University of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Meera B Krishna
- Female Reproduction and Metabolic Syndromes Laboratory, Division of Molecular Reproduction, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Renjini A Padmanabhan
- Female Reproduction and Metabolic Syndromes Laboratory, Division of Molecular Reproduction, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | | | - K Jayakrishnan
- KJK Hospital and Fertility Research Centre, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Malini Laloraya
- Female Reproduction and Metabolic Syndromes Laboratory, Division of Molecular Reproduction, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
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Mammalian PERIOD2 regulates H2A.Z incorporation in chromatin to orchestrate circadian negative feedback. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2022; 29:549-562. [PMID: 35606517 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-022-00777-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian circadian oscillators are built on a feedback loop in which the activity of the transcription factor CLOCK-BMAL1 is repressed by the PER-CRY complex. Here, we show that murine Per-/- fibroblasts display aberrant nucleosome occupancy around transcription start sites (TSSs) and at promoter-proximal and distal CTCF sites due to impaired histone H2A.Z deposition. Knocking out H2A.Z mimicked the Per null chromatin state and disrupted cellular rhythms. We found that endogenous mPER2 complexes retained CTCF as well as the specific H2A.Z-deposition chaperone YL1-a component of the ATP-dependent remodeler SRCAP and p400-TIP60 complex. While depleting YL1 or mutating chaperone-binding sites on H2A.Z lengthened the circadian period, H2A.Z deletion abrogated BMAL1 chromatin recruitment and promoted its proteasomal degradation. We propose that a PER2-mediated H2A.Z deposition pathway (1) compacts CLOCK-BMAL1 binding sites to establish negative feedback, (2) organizes circadian chromatin landscapes using CTCF and (3) bookmarks genomic loci for BMAL1 binding to impinge on the positive arm of the subsequent cycle.
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Protein interaction networks of the mammalian core clock proteins. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2022; 131:207-233. [PMID: 35871891 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2022.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Circadian rhythm is a 24-h cycle that regulates the biochemical and behavioral changes of organisms. It controls a wide range of functions, from gene expression to behavior, allowing organisms to anticipate daily changes in their environment. In mammals, circadian rhythm is generated by a complex transcriptional and translational feedback loop mechanism. The binding of CLOCK/BMAL1 heterodimer to the E-box of DNA located within the promoter region initiates transcription of clock control genes including the transcription of the other two core clock genes of Periods (Pers) and Cryptochromes (Crys). Then PERs and CRYs along with casein kinase 1ɛ/Δ translocate into the nucleus where they suppress CLOCK/BMAL1 transactivation and, in turn, clock-regulated gene expression. Various clock components must be operational to aid in their stabilization and period extension in circadian rhythm. In this review, we have highlighted the recent progress for the core clock interacting proteins to maintain and to stabilize circadian rhythm in mammals.
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Hoyt KR, Obrietan K. Circadian clocks, cognition, and Alzheimer's disease: synaptic mechanisms, signaling effectors, and chronotherapeutics. Mol Neurodegener 2022; 17:35. [PMID: 35525980 PMCID: PMC9078023 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-022-00537-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Modulation of basic biochemical and physiological processes by the circadian timing system is now recognized as a fundamental feature of all mammalian organ systems. Within the central nervous system, these clock-modulating effects are reflected in some of the most complex behavioral states including learning, memory, and mood. How the clock shapes these behavioral processes is only now beginning to be realized. In this review we describe recent findings regarding the complex set of cellular signaling events, including kinase pathways, gene networks, and synaptic circuits that are under the influence of the clock timing system and how this, in turn, shapes cognitive capacity over the circadian cycle. Further, we discuss the functional roles of the master circadian clock located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus, and peripheral oscillator populations within cortical and limbic circuits, in the gating of synaptic plasticity and memory over the circadian cycle. These findings are then used as the basis to discuss the connection between clock dysregulation and cognitive impairments resulting from Alzheimer's disease (AD). In addition, we discuss the conceptually novel idea that in AD, there is a selective disruption of circadian timing within cortical and limbic circuits, and that it is the disruption/desynchronization of these regions from the phase-entraining effects of the SCN that underlies aspects of the early- and mid-stage cognitive deficits in AD. Further, we discuss the prospect that the disruption of circadian timing in AD could produce a self-reinforcing feedback loop, where disruption of timing accelerates AD pathogenesis (e.g., amyloid deposition, oxidative stress and cell death) that in turn leads to a further disruption of the circadian timing system. Lastly, we address potential therapeutic approaches that could be used to strengthen cellular timing networks and, in turn, how these approaches could be used to improve cognitive capacity in Alzheimer's patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kari R Hoyt
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, Ohio State University, 412 Riffe Building, 12th Ave, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
| | - Karl Obrietan
- Department of Neuroscience, Ohio State University, Graves Hall, 333 W. 10th Ave, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
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35
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Miao L, Zhao J, Yang G, Xu P, Cao X, Du S, Xu F, Jiang L, Zhang S, Wei X, Liu Y, Chen H, Mao Z, Guo T, Kou S, Wang W, Yang HQ. Arabidopsis cryptochrome 1 undergoes COP1 and LRBs-dependent degradation in response to high blue light. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 234:1347-1362. [PMID: 34449898 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Arabidopsis cryptochrome 1 (CRY1) is an important blue light photoreceptor that promotes photomorphogenesis under blue light. The blue light photoreceptors CRY2 and phototropin 1, and the red/far-red light photoreceptors phytochromes B and A undergo degradation in response to blue and red light, respectively. This study investigated whether and how CRY1 might undergo degradation in response to high-intensity blue light (HBL). We demonstrated that CRY1 is ubiquitinated and degraded through the 26S proteasome pathway in response to HBL. We found that the E3 ubiquitin ligase constitutive photomorphogenic 1 (COP1) is involved in mediating HBL-induced ubiquitination and degradation of CRY1. We also found that the E3 ubiquitin ligases LRBs physically interact with CRY1 and are also involved in mediating CRY1 ubiquitination and degradation in response to HBL. We further demonstrated that blue-light inhibitor of cryptochromes 1 interacts with CRY1 in a blue-light-dependent manner to inhibit CRY1 dimerization/oligomerization, leading to the repression of HBL-induced degradation of CRY1. Our findings indicate that the regulation of CRY1 stability in HBL is coordinated by COP1 and LRBs, which provides a mechanism by which CRY1 attenuates its own signaling and optimizes photomorphogenesis under HBL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Langxi Miao
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Jiachen Zhao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Guangqiong Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Peng Xu
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Xiaoli Cao
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Shasha Du
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Feng Xu
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Lu Jiang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Shilong Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Xuxu Wei
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Yao Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Huiru Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Zhilei Mao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Tongtong Guo
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Shuang Kou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Wenxiu Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Hong-Quan Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
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Lee S, Hong CI. Organoids as Model Systems to Investigate Circadian Clock-Related Diseases and Treatments. Front Genet 2022; 13:874288. [PMID: 35559029 PMCID: PMC9086274 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.874288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Circadian rhythms exist in most cell types in mammals regulating temporal organization of numerous cellular and physiological processes ranging from cell cycle to metabolism. The master clock, suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the hypothalamus, processes light input and coordinates peripheral clocks optimizing organisms' survival and functions aligning with external conditions. Intriguingly, it was demonstrated that circadian rhythms in the mouse liver can be decoupled from the master clock under time-restricted feeding regimen when food was provided during their inactive phase. Furthermore, mouse liver showed clock-controlled gene expression even in the absence of the master clock demonstrating independent functions of peripheral clocks apart from the SCN. These findings suggest a dynamic relationship between the master and peripheral clocks and highlight potential functions of peripheral clocks independent of the master clock. Importantly, disruption of circadian rhythms correlates with numerous human ailments including cancer and metabolic diseases, suggesting that diseases may be exacerbated by disruption of circadian rhythms in the SCN and/or peripheral clocks. However, molecular mechanisms providing causative links between circadian rhythms and human diseases remain largely unknown. Recent technical advances highlighted PCS- and tissue-derived 3-dimensional organoids as in vitro organs that possess numerous applications ranging from disease modeling to drug screening. In this mini-review, we highlight recent findings on the importance and contributions of peripheral clocks and potential uses of 3D organoids investigating complex circadian clock-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christian I. Hong
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
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37
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38
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Derežanin L, Blažytė A, Dobrynin P, Duchêne DA, Grau JH, Jeon S, Kliver S, Koepfli KP, Meneghini D, Preick M, Tomarovsky A, Totikov A, Fickel J, Förster DW. Multiple types of genomic variation contribute to adaptive traits in the mustelid subfamily Guloninae. Mol Ecol 2022; 31:2898-2919. [PMID: 35334142 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Species of the mustelid subfamily Guloninae inhabit diverse habitats on multiple continents, and occupy a variety of ecological niches. They differ in feeding ecologies, reproductive strategies and morphological adaptations. To identify candidate loci associated with adaptations to their respective environments, we generated a de novo assembly of the tayra (Eira barbara), the earliest diverging species in the subfamily, and compared this with the genomes available for the wolverine (Gulo gulo) and the sable (Martes zibellina). Our comparative genomic analyses included searching for signs of positive selection, examining changes in gene family sizes, as well as searching for species-specific structural variants (SVs). Among candidate loci associated with phenotypic traits, we observed many related to diet, body condition and reproduction. For example, for the tayra, which has an atypical gulonine reproductive strategy of aseasonal breeding, we observe species-specific changes in many pregnancy-related genes. For the wolverine, a circumpolar hypercarnivore that must cope with seasonal food scarcity, we observed many changes in genes associated with diet and body condition. All types of genomic variation examined (single nucleotide polymorphisms, gene family expansions, structural variants) contributed substantially to the identification of candidate loci. This strongly argues for consideration of variation other than single nucleotide polymorphisms in comparative genomics studies aiming to identify loci of adaptive significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Derežanin
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research (IZW, Alfred Kowalke Straße 17, 10315, Berlin, Germany
| | - Asta Blažytė
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Information and Biotechnology, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Pavel Dobrynin
- Computer Technologies Laboratory, ITMO University, 49 Kronverkskiy Pr, 197101, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - David A Duchêne
- Center for Evolutionary Hologenomics, The GLOBE Institute, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5, 1353, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - José Horacio Grau
- amedes Genetics, amedes Medizinische Dienstleistungen GmbH, Jägerstr. 61, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sungwon Jeon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Information and Biotechnology, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea.,Clinomics Inc, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Sergei Kliver
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, SB RAS, 8/2 Acad. Lavrentiev Ave, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Klaus-Peter Koepfli
- Computer Technologies Laboratory, ITMO University, 49 Kronverkskiy Pr, 197101, Saint Petersburg, Russia.,Smithsonian-Mason School of Conservation, 1500 Remount Road, Front Royal, VA, 22630, USA.,Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Center for Species Survival, National Zoological Park, 1500 Remount Road, Front Royal, VA, 22630, USA
| | - Dorina Meneghini
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research (IZW, Alfred Kowalke Straße 17, 10315, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michaela Preick
- Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476, OT, Germany
| | - Andrey Tomarovsky
- Computer Technologies Laboratory, ITMO University, 49 Kronverkskiy Pr, 197101, Saint Petersburg, Russia.,Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, SB RAS, 8/2 Acad. Lavrentiev Ave, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.,Novosibirsk State University, 1 Pirogova str, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Azamat Totikov
- Computer Technologies Laboratory, ITMO University, 49 Kronverkskiy Pr, 197101, Saint Petersburg, Russia.,Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, SB RAS, 8/2 Acad. Lavrentiev Ave, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.,Novosibirsk State University, 1 Pirogova str, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Jörns Fickel
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research (IZW, Alfred Kowalke Straße 17, 10315, Berlin, Germany.,Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476, OT, Germany
| | - Daniel W Förster
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research (IZW, Alfred Kowalke Straße 17, 10315, Berlin, Germany
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Identification of novel small molecules targeting core clock proteins to regulate circadian rhythm. Curr Opin Chem Eng 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coche.2021.100730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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40
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Malik S, Stokes Iii J, Manne U, Singh R, Mishra MK. Understanding the significance of biological clock and its impact on cancer incidence. Cancer Lett 2022; 527:80-94. [PMID: 34906624 PMCID: PMC8816870 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2021.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The circadian clock is an essential timekeeper that controls, for humans, the daily rhythm of biochemical, physiological, and behavioral functions. Irregular performance or disruption in circadian rhythms results in various diseases, including cancer. As a factor in cancer development, perturbations in circadian rhythms can affect circadian homeostasis in energy balance, lead to alterations in the cell cycle, and cause dysregulation of chromatin remodeling. However, knowledge gaps remain in our understanding of the relationship between the circadian clock and cancer. Therefore, a mechanistic understanding by which circadian disruption enhances cancer risk is needed. This review article outlines the importance of the circadian clock in tumorigenesis and summarizes underlying mechanisms in the clock and its carcinogenic mechanisms, highlighting advances in chronotherapy for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalie Malik
- Cancer Biology Research and Training, Department of Biological Sciences, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL, USA; Department of Zoology and Dr. Giri Lal Gupta Institute of Public Health and Public Affairs, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, UP, India
| | - James Stokes Iii
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Auburn University, Montgomery, AL, USA
| | - Upender Manne
- Departments of Pathology, Surgery and Epidemiology, O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Rajesh Singh
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, and Immunology, Cancer Health Equity Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Manoj K Mishra
- Cancer Biology Research and Training, Department of Biological Sciences, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL, USA.
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A Zebrafish Model for a Rare Genetic Disease Reveals a Conserved Role for FBXL3 in the Circadian Clock System. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23042373. [PMID: 35216494 PMCID: PMC8875760 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23042373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The circadian clock, which drives a wide range of bodily rhythms in synchrony with the day–night cycle, is based on a molecular oscillator that ticks with a period of approximately 24 h. Timed proteasomal degradation of clock components is central to the fine-tuning of the oscillator’s period. FBXL3 is a protein that functions as a substrate-recognition factor in the E3 ubiquitin ligase complex, and was originally shown in mice to mediate degradation of CRY proteins and thus contribute to the mammalian circadian clock mechanism. By exome sequencing, we have identified a FBXL3 mutation in patients with syndromic developmental delay accompanied by morphological abnormalities and intellectual disability, albeit with a normal sleep pattern. We have investigated the function of FBXL3 in the zebrafish, an excellent model to study both vertebrate development and circadian clock function and, like humans, a diurnal species. Loss of fbxl3a function in zebrafish led to disruption of circadian rhythms of promoter activity and mRNA expression as well as locomotor activity and sleep–wake cycles. However, unlike humans, no morphological effects were evident. These findings point to an evolutionary conserved role for FBXL3 in the circadian clock system across vertebrates and to the acquisition of developmental roles in humans.
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Minami Y, Yuan Y, Ueda HR. High-throughput Genetically Modified Animal Experiments Achieved by Next-generation Mammalian Genetics. J Biol Rhythms 2022; 37:135-151. [PMID: 35137623 DOI: 10.1177/07487304221075002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Animal models are essential tools for modern scientists to conduct biological experiments and investigate their hypotheses in vivo. However, for the past decade, raising the throughput of such animal experiments has been a great challenge. Conventionally, in vivo high-throughput assay was achieved through large-scale mutagen-driven forward genetic screening, which took years to find causal genes. In contrast, reverse genetics accelerated the causal gene identification process, but its throughput was also limited by 2 barriers, that is, the genome modification step and the time-consuming crossing step. Defined as genetics without crossing, next-generation genetics is able to produce gene-modified animals that can be analyzed at the founder generation (F0). This method is or can be accomplished through recent technological advances in gene editing and virus-based efficient gene modifications. Notably, next-generation genetics has accelerated the process of cross-species studies, and it will be a useful technique during animal experiments as it can provide genetic perturbation at an individual level without crossing. In this review, we begin by introducing the history of animal-based high-throughput analysis, with a specific focus on chronobiology. We then describe ways that gene modification efficiency during animal experiments was enhanced and why crossing remained a barrier to reaching higher efficiency. Moreover, we mention the Triple CRISPR as a critical technique for achieving next-generation genetics. Finally, we discuss the potential applications and limitations of next-generation mammalian genetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoichi Minami
- Department of Systems Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yufei Yuan
- Department of Systems Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroki R Ueda
- Department of Systems Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Laboratory for Synthetic Biology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Suita, Japan
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Miller S, Hirota T. Structural and Chemical Biology Approaches Reveal Isoform-Selective Mechanisms of Ligand Interactions in Mammalian Cryptochromes. Front Physiol 2022; 13:837280. [PMID: 35153842 PMCID: PMC8831909 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.837280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Cryptochromes (CRYs) are core components of the circadian feedback loop in mammals, which regulates circadian rhythmicity in a variety of physiological processes including sleep–wake cycles and metabolism. Dysfunction of CRY1 and CRY2 isoforms has been associated with a host of diseases, such as sleep phase disorder and metabolic diseases. Accumulating evidence for distinct roles of CRY1 and CRY2 has highlighted the need for CRY isoform-selective regulation; however, highly conserved sequences in CRY ligand-binding sites have hindered the design of isoform-selective compounds. Chemical biology approaches have been identifying small-molecule modulators of CRY proteins, which act in isoform-non-selective and also isoform-selective manners. In this review, we describe advances in our understanding of CRY isoform selectivity by comparing X-ray crystal structures of mammalian CRY isoforms in apo form and in complexes with compounds. We discuss how intrinsic conformational differences in identical residues of CRY1 and CRY2 contribute to unique interactions with different compound moieties for isoform selectivity.
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Bevinakoppamath S, Ramachandra SC, Yadav AK, Basavaraj V, Vishwanath P, Prashant A. Understanding the Emerging Link Between Circadian Rhythm, Nrf2 Pathway, and Breast Cancer to Overcome Drug Resistance. Front Pharmacol 2022; 12:719631. [PMID: 35126099 PMCID: PMC8807567 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.719631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The levels of different molecules in the cell are rhythmically cycled by the molecular clock present at the cellular level. The circadian rhythm is closely linked to the metabolic processes in the cells by an underlying mechanism whose intricacies need to be thoroughly investigated. Nevertheless, Nrf2 has been identified as an essential bridge between the circadian clock and cellular metabolism and is activated by the by-product of cellular metabolism like hydrogen peroxide. Once activated it binds to the specific DNA segments and increases the transcription of several genes that play a crucial role in the normal functioning of the cell. The central clock located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the anterior hypothalamus synchronizes the timekeeping in the peripheral tissues by integrating the light-dark input from the environment. Several studies have demonstrated the role of circadian rhythm as an effective tumor suppressor. Tumor development is triggered by the stimulation or disruption of signaling pathways at the cellular level as a result of the interaction between cells and environmental stimuli. Oxidative stress is one such external stimulus that disturbs the prooxidant/antioxidant equilibrium due to the loss of control over signaling pathways which destroy the bio-molecules. Altered Nrf2 expression and impaired redox balance are associated with various cancers suggesting that Nrf2 targeting may be used as a novel therapeutic approach for treating cancers. On the other hand, Nrf2 has also been shown to enhance the resistance of cancer cells to chemotherapeutic agents. We believe that maximum efficacy with minimum side effects for any particular therapy can be achieved if the treatment strategy regulates the circadian rhythm. In this review, we discuss the various molecular mechanisms interlinking the circadian rhythm with the Nrf2 pathway and contributing to breast cancer pathogenesis, we also talk about how these two pathways work in close association with the cell cycle which is another oscillatory system, and whether this interplay can be exploited to overcome drug resistance during chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supriya Bevinakoppamath
- Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysore, India
| | - Shobha Chikkavaddaragudi Ramachandra
- Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysore, India
| | - Anshu Kumar Yadav
- Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysore, India
| | - Vijaya Basavaraj
- Department of Pathology, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysore, India
| | - Prashant Vishwanath
- Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysore, India
| | - Akila Prashant
- Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysore, India
- Special Interest Group-Human Genomics and Rare Disorders, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysore, India
- *Correspondence: Akila Prashant,
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45
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Tuning up an aged clock: Circadian clock regulation in metabolism and aging. TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE OF AGING 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tma.2021.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
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Naven MA, Zeef LA, Li S, Humphreys PA, Smith CA, Pathiranage D, Cain S, Woods S, Bates N, Au M, Wen C, Kimber SJ, Meng QJ. Development of human cartilage circadian rhythm in a stem cell-chondrogenesis model. Theranostics 2022; 12:3963-3976. [PMID: 35664072 PMCID: PMC9131279 DOI: 10.7150/thno.70893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The circadian clock in murine articular cartilage is a critical temporal regulatory mechanism for tissue homeostasis and osteoarthritis. However, translation of these findings into humans has been hampered by the difficulty in obtaining circadian time series human cartilage tissues. As such, a suitable model is needed to understand the initiation and regulation of circadian rhythms in human cartilage. Methods: We used a chondrogenic differentiation protocol on human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) as a proxy for early human chondrocyte development. Chondrogenesis was validated using histology and expression of pluripotency and differentiation markers. The molecular circadian clock was tracked in real time by lentiviral transduction of human clock gene luciferase reporters. Differentiation-coupled gene expression was assessed by RNAseq and differential expression analysis. Results: hESCs lacked functional circadian rhythms in clock gene expression. During chondrogenic differentiation, there was an expected reduction of pluripotency markers (e.g., NANOG and OCT4) and a significant increase of chondrogenic genes (SOX9, COL2A1 and ACAN). Histology of the 3D cartilage pellets at day 21 showed a matrix architecture resembling human cartilage, with readily detectable core clock proteins (BMAL1, CLOCK and PER2). Importantly, the circadian clocks in differentiating hESCs were activated between day 11 (end of the 2D stage) and day 21 (10 days after 3D differentiation) in the chondrogenic differentiation protocol. RNA sequencing revealed striking differentiation coupled changes in the expression levels of most clock genes and a range of clock regulators. Conclusions: The circadian clock is gradually activated through a differentiation-coupled mechanism in a human chondrogenesis model. These findings provide a human 3D chondrogenic model to investigate the role of the circadian clock during normal homeostasis and in diseases such as osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Naven
- Wellcome Centre for Cell Matrix Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, UK
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Leo A.H. Zeef
- Bioinformatics Core Facility, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, UK
| | - Shiyang Li
- Wellcome Centre for Cell Matrix Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, UK
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Paul A Humphreys
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Christopher A Smith
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Dharshika Pathiranage
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Stuart Cain
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Steven Woods
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Nicola Bates
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Manting Au
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chunyi Wen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong, China
| | - Susan J Kimber
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
- ✉ Corresponding authors: Qing-Jun Meng () and Susan Kimber ()
| | - Qing-Jun Meng
- Wellcome Centre for Cell Matrix Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, UK
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
- ✉ Corresponding authors: Qing-Jun Meng () and Susan Kimber ()
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47
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Oda Y, Takasu NN, Ohno SN, Shirakawa Y, Sugimura M, Nakamura TJ, Nakamura W. Role of heterozygous and homozygous alleles in cryptochrome-deficient mice. Neurosci Lett 2021; 772:136415. [PMID: 34954114 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.136415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The circadian rhythms of physiology and behavior are based on molecular systems at the cellular level, which are regulated by clock genes, including cryptochrome genes, Cry1 and Cry2. In mammals, the circadian pacemaker in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus maintains the circadian rhythms throughout the body. Cry1 and Cry2 play distinct roles in regulating the circadian rhythm. However, the different effects of manipulating clock genes in heterozygous and homozygous alleles, Cry1 and Cry2, remain unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to understand the haplosufficiency of cryptochrome genes in regulating the circadian system. We examined wheel-running activity rhythms and PER2::LUC expression rhythms in SCN slices and pituitary explants in mice. Compared with wild-type mice, Cry1-/- or Cry2-/- mice had shortened or lengthened periods in free-running behavioral rhythms and PER2::LUC expression in the SCN and pituitary gland. Cry1+/- mice had similar circadian rhythms as wild-type mice, although Cry2+/- mice had lengthened periods. The amplitude of PER2::LUC expression exhibited faster damping in Cry1-/- mice. Therefore, Cry1 deficiency affects the circadian period length and stability of the circadian system. A single allele of Cry2 deficiency affects the circadian rhythm, whereas that of Cry1 deficit is compensated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki Oda
- Department of Oral Chrono-Physiology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 851-8102, Japan
| | - Nana N Takasu
- Department of Oral Chrono-Physiology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 851-8102, Japan
| | - Sachi N Ohno
- Department of Dental Anesthesiology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, 890-8544, Japan
| | - Yukie Shirakawa
- Department of Dental Anesthesiology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, 890-8544, Japan
| | - Mitsutaka Sugimura
- Department of Dental Anesthesiology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, 890-8544, Japan
| | - Takahiro J Nakamura
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama-ku Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 214-8571, Japan
| | - Wataru Nakamura
- Department of Oral Chrono-Physiology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 851-8102, Japan
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48
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Kotwica-Rolinska J, Chodáková L, Smýkal V, Damulewicz M, Provazník J, Wu BCH, Hejníková M, Chvalová D, Doležel D. Loss of Timeless Underlies an Evolutionary Transition within the Circadian Clock. Mol Biol Evol 2021; 39:6454103. [PMID: 34893879 PMCID: PMC8789273 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msab346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Most organisms possess time-keeping devices called circadian clocks. At the molecular level, circadian clocks consist of transcription-translation feedback loops. Although some components of the negative transcription-translation feedback loop are conserved across the animals, important differences exist between typical models, such as mouse and the fruit fly. In Drosophila, the key components are PERIOD (PER) and TIMELESS (TIM-d) proteins, whereas the mammalian clock relies on PER and CRYPTOCHROME (CRY-m). Importantly, how the clock has maintained functionality during evolutionary transitions between different states remains elusive. Therefore, we systematically described the circadian clock gene setup in major bilaterian lineages and identified marked lineage-specific differences in their clock constitution. Then we performed a thorough functional analysis of the linden bug Pyrrhocoris apterus, an insect species comprising features characteristic of both the Drosophila and the mammalian clocks. Unexpectedly, the knockout of timeless-d, a gene essential for the clock ticking in Drosophila, did not compromise rhythmicity in P. apterus, it only accelerated its pace. Furthermore, silencing timeless-m, the ancestral timeless type ubiquitously present across animals, resulted in a mild gradual loss of rhythmicity, supporting its possible participation in the linden bug clock, which is consistent with timeless-m role suggested by research on mammalian models. The dispensability of timeless-d in P. apterus allows drawing a scenario in which the clock has remained functional at each step of transition from an ancestral state to the TIM-d-independent PER+CRY-mammalian system operating in extant vertebrates, including humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lenka Chodáková
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, 37005, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, 37005, Czech Republic
| | - Vlastimil Smýkal
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, 37005, Czech Republic
| | - Milena Damulewicz
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, 37005, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Provazník
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, 37005, Czech Republic
| | - Bulah Chia-Hsiang Wu
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, 37005, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, 37005, Czech Republic
| | - Markéta Hejníková
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, 37005, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, 37005, Czech Republic
| | - Daniela Chvalová
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, 37005, Czech Republic
| | - David Doležel
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, 37005, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, 37005, Czech Republic
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49
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Juste YR, Kaushik S, Bourdenx M, Aflakpui R, Bandyopadhyay S, Garcia F, Diaz A, Lindenau K, Tu V, Krause GJ, Jafari M, Singh R, Muñoz J, Macian F, Cuervo AM. Reciprocal regulation of chaperone-mediated autophagy and the circadian clock. Nat Cell Biol 2021; 23:1255-1270. [PMID: 34876687 PMCID: PMC8688252 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-021-00800-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Circadian rhythms align physiological functions with the light-dark cycle through oscillatory changes in the abundance of proteins in the clock transcriptional programme. Timely removal of these proteins by different proteolytic systems is essential to circadian strength and adaptability. Here we show a functional interplay between the circadian clock and chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA), whereby CMA contributes to the rhythmic removal of clock machinery proteins (selective chronophagy) and to the circadian remodelling of a subset of the cellular proteome. Disruption of this autophagic pathway in vivo leads to temporal shifts and amplitude changes of the clock-dependent transcriptional waves and fragmented circadian patterns, resembling those in sleep disorders and ageing. Conversely, loss of the circadian clock abolishes the rhythmicity of CMA, leading to pronounced changes in the CMA-dependent cellular proteome. Disruption of this circadian clock/CMA axis may be responsible for both pathways malfunctioning in ageing and for the subsequently pronounced proteostasis defect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves R Juste
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
- Institute for Aging Studies, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Susmita Kaushik
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
- Institute for Aging Studies, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Mathieu Bourdenx
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
- Institute for Aging Studies, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Ranee Aflakpui
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | | | - Fernando Garcia
- Proteomic Unit, Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO) Proteored-ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Diaz
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
- Institute for Aging Studies, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Kristen Lindenau
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
- Institute for Aging Studies, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Vincent Tu
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Gregory J Krause
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
- Institute for Aging Studies, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Maryam Jafari
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
- Institute for Aging Studies, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Rajat Singh
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
- Institute for Aging Studies, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Javier Muñoz
- Proteomic Unit, Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO) Proteored-ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Fernando Macian
- Institute for Aging Studies, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Ana Maria Cuervo
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
- Institute for Aging Studies, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
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50
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Turkiewicz S, Ditmer M, Sochal M, Białasiewicz P, Strzelecki D, Gabryelska A. Obstructive Sleep Apnea as an Acceleration Trigger of Cellular Senescence Processes through Telomere Shortening. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:12536. [PMID: 34830418 PMCID: PMC8624921 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is chronic disorder which is characterized by recurrent pauses of breathing during sleep which leads to hypoxia and its two main pathological sequelae: oxidative stress and chronic inflammation. Both are also associated with cellular senescence. As OSA patients present with higher prevalence of age-related disorders, such as atrial hypertension or diabetes mellitus type 2, a relationship between OSA and accelerated aging is observable. Furthermore, it has been established that these OSA are associated with telomere shortening. This process in OSA is likely caused by increased oxidative DNA damage due to increased reactive oxygen species levels, DNA repair disruptions, hypoxia, chronic inflammation, and circadian clock disturbances. The aim of the review is to summarize study outcomes on changes in leukocyte telomere length (LTL) in OSA patients and describe possible molecular mechanisms which connect cellular senescence and the pathophysiology of OSA. The majority of OSA patients are characterized by LTL attrition due to oxidative stress, hypoxia and inflammation, which make a kind of positive feedback loop, and circadian clock disturbance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szymon Turkiewicz
- Department of Sleep Medicine and Metabolic Disorders, Medical University of Lodz, 92-215 Lodz, Poland; (S.T.); (M.D.); (M.S.); (P.B.)
| | - Marta Ditmer
- Department of Sleep Medicine and Metabolic Disorders, Medical University of Lodz, 92-215 Lodz, Poland; (S.T.); (M.D.); (M.S.); (P.B.)
| | - Marcin Sochal
- Department of Sleep Medicine and Metabolic Disorders, Medical University of Lodz, 92-215 Lodz, Poland; (S.T.); (M.D.); (M.S.); (P.B.)
| | - Piotr Białasiewicz
- Department of Sleep Medicine and Metabolic Disorders, Medical University of Lodz, 92-215 Lodz, Poland; (S.T.); (M.D.); (M.S.); (P.B.)
| | - Dominik Strzelecki
- Department of Affective and Psychotic Disorders, Medical University of Lodz, 92-215 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Agata Gabryelska
- Department of Sleep Medicine and Metabolic Disorders, Medical University of Lodz, 92-215 Lodz, Poland; (S.T.); (M.D.); (M.S.); (P.B.)
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