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Jiang C, Tan X, Liu N, Yan P, Hou T, Wei W. Nutrient Sensing of mTORC1 signaling in cancer and aging. Semin Cancer Biol 2024; 106-107:S1044-579X(24)00059-2. [PMID: 39153724 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2024.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2024] [Revised: 08/08/2024] [Accepted: 08/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024]
Abstract
The mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) is indispensable for preserving cellular and organismal homeostasis by balancing the anabolic and catabolic processes in response to various environmental cues, such as nutrients, growth factors, energy status, oxygen levels, and stress. Dysregulation of mTORC1 signaling is associated with the progression of many types of human disorders including cancer, age-related diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, and metabolic diseases. The way mTORC1 senses various upstream signals and converts them into specific downstream responses remains a crucial question with significant impacts for our perception of the related physiological and pathological process. In this review, we discuss the recent molecular and functional insights into the nutrient sensing of the mTORC1 signaling pathway, along with the emerging role of deregulating nutrient-mTORC1 signaling in cancer and age-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Jiang
- Tongji University Cancer Center, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Xiao Tan
- Tongji University Cancer Center, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Ning Liu
- International Research Center for Food and Health, College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, 201306 Shanghai, China
| | - Peiqiang Yan
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Tao Hou
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Wenyi Wei
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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2
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Wang Y, Vandewalle N, De Veirman K, Vanderkerken K, Menu E, De Bruyne E. Targeting mTOR signaling pathways in multiple myeloma: biology and implication for therapy. Cell Commun Signal 2024; 22:320. [PMID: 38862983 PMCID: PMC11165851 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-024-01699-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Multiple Myeloma (MM), a cancer of terminally differentiated plasma cells, is the second most prevalent hematological malignancy and is incurable due to the inevitable development of drug resistance. Intense protein synthesis is a distinctive trait of MM cells, supporting the massive production of clonal immunoglobulins or free light chains. The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) kinase is appreciated as a master regulator of vital cellular processes, including regulation of metabolism and protein synthesis, and can be found in two multiprotein complexes, mTORC1 and mTORC2. Dysregulation of these complexes is implicated in several types of cancer, including MM. Since mTOR has been shown to be aberrantly activated in a large portion of MM patients and to play a role in stimulating MM cell survival and resistance to several existing therapies, understanding the regulation and functions of the mTOR complexes is vital for the development of more effective therapeutic strategies. This review provides a general overview of the mTOR pathway, discussing key discoveries and recent insights related to the structure and regulation of mTOR complexes. Additionally, we highlight findings on the mechanisms by which mTOR is involved in protein synthesis and delve into mTOR-mediated processes occurring in MM. Finally, we summarize the progress and current challenges of drugs targeting mTOR complexes in MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanmeng Wang
- Translational Oncology Research Center (TORC) - Team Hematology and Immunology (HEIM), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Jette, Belgium
| | - Niels Vandewalle
- Translational Oncology Research Center (TORC) - Team Hematology and Immunology (HEIM), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Jette, Belgium
| | - Kim De Veirman
- Translational Oncology Research Center (TORC) - Team Hematology and Immunology (HEIM), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Jette, Belgium
- Translational Oncology Research Center (TORC) - Team Hematology and Immunology (HEIM), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), Jette, Belgium
| | - Karin Vanderkerken
- Translational Oncology Research Center (TORC) - Team Hematology and Immunology (HEIM), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Jette, Belgium
| | - Eline Menu
- Translational Oncology Research Center (TORC) - Team Hematology and Immunology (HEIM), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Jette, Belgium.
| | - Elke De Bruyne
- Translational Oncology Research Center (TORC) - Team Hematology and Immunology (HEIM), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Jette, Belgium.
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3
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Scepanovic G, Fernandez-Gonzalez R. Should I shrink or should I grow: cell size changes in tissue morphogenesis. Genome 2024; 67:125-138. [PMID: 38198661 DOI: 10.1139/gen-2023-0091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Cells change shape, move, divide, and die to sculpt tissues. Common to all these cell behaviours are cell size changes, which have recently emerged as key contributors to tissue morphogenesis. Cells can change their mass-the number of macromolecules they contain-or their volume-the space they encompass. Changes in cell mass and volume occur through different molecular mechanisms and at different timescales, slow for changes in mass and rapid for changes in volume. Therefore, changes in cell mass and cell volume, which are often linked, contribute to the development and shaping of tissues in different ways. Here, we review the molecular mechanisms by which cells can control and alter their size, and we discuss how changes in cell mass and volume contribute to tissue morphogenesis. The role that cell size control plays in developing embryos is only starting to be elucidated. Research on the signals that control cell size will illuminate our understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms that drive tissue morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordana Scepanovic
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada
- Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1M1, Canada
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G9, Canada
| | - Rodrigo Fernandez-Gonzalez
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada
- Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1M1, Canada
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G9, Canada
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada
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4
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Cui H, Shi Q, Macarios CM, Schimmel P. Metabolic regulation of mRNA splicing. Trends Cell Biol 2024:S0962-8924(24)00025-4. [PMID: 38431493 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2024.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Alternative mRNA splicing enables the diversification of the proteome from a static genome and confers plasticity and adaptiveness on cells. Although this is often explored in development, where hard-wired programs drive the differentiation and specialization, alternative mRNA splicing also offers a way for cells to react to sudden changes in outside stimuli such as small-molecule metabolites. Fluctuations in metabolite levels and availability in particular convey crucial information to which cells react and adapt. We summarize and highlight findings surrounding the metabolic regulation of mRNA splicing. We discuss the principles underlying the biochemistry and biophysical properties of mRNA splicing, and propose how these could intersect with metabolite levels. Further, we present examples in which metabolites directly influence RNA-binding proteins and splicing factors. We also discuss the interplay between alternative mRNA splicing and metabolite-responsive signaling pathways. We hope to inspire future research to obtain a holistic picture of alternative mRNA splicing in response to metabolic cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haissi Cui
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada.
| | - Qingyu Shi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada
| | | | - Paul Schimmel
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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5
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Uchihara Y, Shibata A. Regulation of DNA damage-induced HLA class I presentation. DNA Repair (Amst) 2023; 132:103590. [PMID: 37944422 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2023.103590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) are cancer therapies that restore anti-tumor immunity; however, only a small percentage of patients have been completely cured by ICI alone. Multiple approaches in combination with other modalities have been used to improve the efficacy of ICI therapy. Among conventional cancer treatments, radiotherapy or DNA damage-based chemotherapy is a promising candidate as a partner of ICI because DNA damage signaling potentially stimulates immune activities turning the tumor's immune environment into hot tumors. Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) and human leukocyte antigen class I (HLA-I), which are immune ligands, regulate the balance of anti-tumor immunity in the tumor microenvironment. PD-L1 functions as a brake to suppress cytotoxic T cell activity, whereas HLA-I is an immune accelerator that promotes the downstream of the T cell signaling. Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that DNA damage enhances the presentation of HLA-I on the surface of damaged cells. However, it is unclear how signal transduction in DNA-damaged cells upregulates the presentation of HLA-I with antigens. Our recent study uncovered the mechanism underlying DNA damage-induced HLA-I presentation, which requires polypeptide synthesis through a pioneer round of translation. In this review, we summarize the latest overview of how DNA damage stimulates antigen production presented by HLA-I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Uchihara
- Division of Molecular Oncological Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Shibata
- Division of Molecular Oncological Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan.
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Chang J, Shin MK, Park J, Hwang HJ, Locker N, Ahn J, Kim D, Baek D, Park Y, Lee Y, Boo SH, Kim HI, Kim YK. An interaction between eIF4A3 and eIF3g drives the internal initiation of translation. Nucleic Acids Res 2023; 51:10950-10969. [PMID: 37811880 PMCID: PMC10639049 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkad763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
An RNA structure or modified RNA sequences can provide a platform for ribosome loading and internal translation initiation. The functional significance of internal translation has recently been highlighted by the discovery that a subset of circular RNAs (circRNAs) is internally translated. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the internal initiation of translation in circRNAs remain unclear. Here, we identify eIF3g (a subunit of eIF3 complex) as a binding partner of eIF4A3, a core component of the exon-junction complex (EJC) that is deposited onto spliced mRNAs and plays multiple roles in the regulation of gene expression. The direct interaction between eIF4A3-eIF3g serves as a molecular linker between the eIF4A3 and eIF3 complex, thereby facilitating internal ribosomal entry. Protein synthesis from in vitro-synthesized circRNA demonstrates eIF4A3-driven internal translation, which relies on the eIF4A3-eIF3g interaction. Furthermore, our transcriptome-wide analysis shows that efficient polysomal association of endogenous circRNAs requires eIF4A3. Notably, a subset of endogenous circRNAs can express a full-length intact protein, such as β-catenin, in an eIF4A3-dependent manner. Collectively, our results expand the understanding of the protein-coding potential of the human transcriptome, including circRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeeyoon Chang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Kyung Shin
- Division of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Joori Park
- Division of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jung Hwang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Nicolas Locker
- Department of Microbial and Cellular Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7HX, UK
| | - Junhak Ahn
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Doyeon Kim
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Daehyun Baek
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeonkyoung Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Yujin Lee
- Division of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Ho Boo
- Division of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeong-In Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Ki Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
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Lin HH, Chang CY, Huang YR, Shen CH, Wu YC, Chang KL, Lee YC, Lin YC, Ting WC, Chien HJ, Zheng YF, Lai CC, Hsiao KY. Exon Junction Complex Mediates the Cap-Independent Translation of Circular RNA. Mol Cancer Res 2023; 21:1220-1233. [PMID: 37527157 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-22-0877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Evidence that circular RNAs (circRNA) serve as protein template is accumulating. However, how the cap-independent translation is controlled remains largely uncharacterized. Here, we show that the presence of intron and thus splicing promote cap-independent translation. By acquiring the exon junction complex (EJC) after splicing, the interaction between circRNA and ribosomes was promoted, thereby facilitating translation. Prevention of splicing by treatment with spliceosome inhibitor or mutating splicing signal hindered cap-independent translation of circRNA. Moreover, EJC-tethering using Cas13 technology reconstituted EJC-dependent circRNA translation. Finally, the level of a coding circRNA from succinate dehydrogenase assembly factor 2 (circSDHAF2) was found to be elevated in the tumorous tissues from patients with colorectal cancer, and shown to be critical in tumorigenesis of colorectal cancer in both cell and murine models. These findings reveal that EJC-dependent control of circSDHAF2 translation is involved in the regulation of oncogenic pathways. IMPLICATIONS EJC-mediated cap-independent translation of circRNA is implicated in the tumorigenesis of colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Hsuan Lin
- Doctoral Program in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Institute of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chiu-Yuan Chang
- Institute of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ren Huang
- Institute of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Che-Hung Shen
- Doctoral Program in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chen Wu
- Institute of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Li Chang
- Department of Physiology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yueh-Chun Lee
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Chi Lin
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chien Ting
- Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Han-Ju Chien
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Feng Zheng
- Institute of Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Chen Lai
- Institute of Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Kuei-Yang Hsiao
- Doctoral Program in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Institute of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Doctoral Program in Translational Medicine, College of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung
- Rong Hsing Research Center for Translational Medicine, College of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung
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8
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Kozlowski P. Thirty Years with ERH: An mRNA Splicing and Mitosis Factor Only or Rather a Novel Genome Integrity Protector? Cells 2023; 12:2449. [PMID: 37887293 PMCID: PMC10605862 DOI: 10.3390/cells12202449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
ERH is a 100 to about 110 aa nuclear protein with unique primary and three-dimensional structures that are very conserved from simple eukaryotes to humans, albeit some species have lost its gene, with most higher fungi being a noteworthy example. Initially, studies on Drosophila melanogaster implied its function in pyrimidine metabolism. Subsequently, research on Xenopus laevis suggested that it acts as a transcriptional repressor. Finally, studies in humans pointed to a role in pre-mRNA splicing and in mitosis but further research, also in Caenorhabditis elegans and Schizosaccharomyces pombe, demonstrated its much broader activity, namely involvement in the biogenesis of mRNA, and miRNA, piRNA and some other ncRNAs, and in repressive heterochromatin formation. ERH interacts with numerous, mostly taxon-specific proteins, like Mmi1 and Mei2 in S. pombe, PID-3/PICS-1, TOST-1 and PID-1 in C. elegans, and DGCR8, CIZ1, PDIP46/SKAR and SAFB1/2 in humans. There are, however, some common themes in this wide range of processes and partners, such as: (a) ERH homodimerizes to form a scaffold for several complexes involved in the metabolism of nucleic acids, (b) all these RNAs are RNA polymerase II transcripts, (c) pre-mRNAs, whose splicing depends on ERH, are enriched in transcripts of DNA damage response and DNA metabolism genes, and (d) heterochromatin is formed to silence unwanted transcription, e.g., from repetitive elements. Thus, it seems that ERH has been adopted for various pathways that serve to maintain genome integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Kozlowski
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland
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9
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Panwar V, Singh A, Bhatt M, Tonk RK, Azizov S, Raza AS, Sengupta S, Kumar D, Garg M. Multifaceted role of mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) signaling pathway in human health and disease. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:375. [PMID: 37779156 PMCID: PMC10543444 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01608-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a protein kinase that controls cellular metabolism, catabolism, immune responses, autophagy, survival, proliferation, and migration, to maintain cellular homeostasis. The mTOR signaling cascade consists of two distinct multi-subunit complexes named mTOR complex 1/2 (mTORC1/2). mTOR catalyzes the phosphorylation of several critical proteins like AKT, protein kinase C, insulin growth factor receptor (IGF-1R), 4E binding protein 1 (4E-BP1), ribosomal protein S6 kinase (S6K), transcription factor EB (TFEB), sterol-responsive element-binding proteins (SREBPs), Lipin-1, and Unc-51-like autophagy-activating kinases. mTOR signaling plays a central role in regulating translation, lipid synthesis, nucleotide synthesis, biogenesis of lysosomes, nutrient sensing, and growth factor signaling. The emerging pieces of evidence have revealed that the constitutive activation of the mTOR pathway due to mutations/amplification/deletion in either mTOR and its complexes (mTORC1 and mTORC2) or upstream targets is responsible for aging, neurological diseases, and human malignancies. Here, we provide the detailed structure of mTOR, its complexes, and the comprehensive role of upstream regulators, as well as downstream effectors of mTOR signaling cascades in the metabolism, biogenesis of biomolecules, immune responses, and autophagy. Additionally, we summarize the potential of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) as an important modulator of mTOR signaling. Importantly, we have highlighted the potential of mTOR signaling in aging, neurological disorders, human cancers, cancer stem cells, and drug resistance. Here, we discuss the developments for the therapeutic targeting of mTOR signaling with improved anticancer efficacy for the benefit of cancer patients in clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Panwar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, 173229, India
| | - Aishwarya Singh
- Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research (AIMMSCR), Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Sector-125, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201313, India
| | - Manini Bhatt
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Ropar, Punjab, 140001, India
| | - Rajiv K Tonk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University (DPSRU), New Delhi, 110017, India
| | - Shavkatjon Azizov
- Laboratory of Biological Active Macromolecular Systems, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Academy of Sciences Uzbekistan, Tashkent, 100125, Uzbekistan
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Pharmaceutical Technical University, 100084, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
| | - Agha Saquib Raza
- Rajive Gandhi Super Speciality Hospital, Tahirpur, New Delhi, 110093, India
| | - Shinjinee Sengupta
- Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research (AIMMSCR), Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Sector-125, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201313, India.
| | - Deepak Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, 173229, India.
| | - Manoj Garg
- Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research (AIMMSCR), Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Sector-125, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201313, India.
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Wu Y, Li M, Tian J, Yan H, Pan Y, Shi H, Shi D, Chen J, Guo L, Feng L. Broad antagonism of coronaviruses nsp5 to evade the host antiviral responses by cleaving POLDIP3. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011702. [PMID: 37801439 PMCID: PMC10602385 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses (CoVs) are a family of the largest RNA viruses that typically cause respiratory, enteric, and hepatic diseases in animals and humans, imposing great threats to the public safety and animal health. Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV), a newly emerging enteropathogenic coronavirus, causes severe diarrhea in suckling piglets all over the world and poses potential risks of cross-species transmission. Here, we use PDCoV as a model of CoVs to illustrate the reciprocal regulation between CoVs infection and host antiviral responses. In this study, downregulation of DNA polymerase delta interacting protein 3 (POLDIP3) was confirmed in PDCoV infected IPEC-J2 cells by isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ) and Western blotting analysis. Overexpression of POLDIP3 inhibits PDCoV infection, whereas POLDIP3 knockout (POLDIP3-/-) by CRISPR-Cas9 editing significantly promotes PDCoV infection, indicating POLDIP3 as a novel antiviral regulator against PDCoV infection. Surprisingly, an antagonistic strategy was revealed that PDCoV encoded nonstructural protein 5 (nsp5) was responsible for POLDIP3 reduction via its 3C-like protease cleavage of POLDIP3 at the glutamine acid 176 (Q176), facilitating PDCoV infection due to the loss of antiviral effects of the cleaved fragments. Consistent with the obtained data in IPEC-J2 cell model in vitro, POLDIP3 reduction by cleavage was also corroborated in PDCoV infected-SPF piglets in vivo. Collectively, we unveiled a new antagonistic strategy evolved by PDCoV to counteract antiviral innate immunity by nsp5-mediated POLDIP3 cleavage, eventually ensuring productive virus replication. Importantly, we further demonstrated that nsp5s from PEDV and TGEV harbor the conserved function to cleave porcine POLDIP3 at the Q176 to despair POLDIP3-mediated antiviral effects. In addition, nsp5 from SARS-CoV-2 also cleaves human POLDIP3. Therefore, we speculate that coronaviruses employ similar POLDIP3 cleavage mechanisms mediated by nsp5 to antagonize the host antiviral responses to sustain efficient virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Mingwei Li
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Jin Tian
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Haoxin Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yudi Pan
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Hongyan Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Da Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Jianfei Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Longjun Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Li Feng
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
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Casanova-Maldonado I, Arancibia D, Lois P, Peña-Villalobos I, Palma V. Hyperbaric oxygen treatment increases intestinal stem cell proliferation through the mTORC1/S6K1 signaling pathway in Mus musculus. Biol Res 2023; 56:41. [PMID: 37438828 DOI: 10.1186/s40659-023-00444-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hyperbaric oxygen treatment (HBOT) has been reported to modulate the proliferation of neural and mesenchymal stem cell populations, but the molecular mechanisms underlying these effects are not completely understood. In this study, we aimed to assess HBOT somatic stem cell modulation by evaluating the role of the mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1), a key regulator of cell metabolism whose activity is modified depending on oxygen levels, as a potential mediator of HBOT in murine intestinal stem cells (ISCs). RESULTS We discovered that acute HBOT synchronously increases the proliferation of ISCs without affecting the animal's oxidative metabolism through activation of the mTORC1/S6K1 axis. mTORC1 inhibition by rapamycin administration for 20 days also increases ISCs proliferation, generating a paradoxical response in mice intestines, and has been proposed to mimic a partial starvation state. Interestingly, the combination of HBOT and rapamycin does not have a synergic effect, possibly due to their differential impact on the mTORC1/S6K1 axis. CONCLUSIONS HBOT can induce an increase in ISCs proliferation along with other cell populations within the crypt through mTORC1/S6K1 modulation without altering the oxidative metabolism of the animal's small intestine. These results shed light on the molecular mechanisms underlying HBOT therapeutic action, laying the groundwork for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Casanova-Maldonado
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Las Encinas 3370, Milenio Building Floor 3, 7800024, Santiago de Chile, Nunoa, Chile.
| | - David Arancibia
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Las Encinas 3370, Milenio Building Floor 3, 7800024, Santiago de Chile, Nunoa, Chile
| | - Pablo Lois
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Las Encinas 3370, Milenio Building Floor 3, 7800024, Santiago de Chile, Nunoa, Chile
- Education Department, Faculty of Humanities, Universidad Mayor, Santiago de Chile, Providencia, Chile
| | - Isaac Peña-Villalobos
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Las Encinas 3370, Milenio Building Floor 3, 7800024, Santiago de Chile, Nunoa, Chile.
| | - Verónica Palma
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Las Encinas 3370, Milenio Building Floor 3, 7800024, Santiago de Chile, Nunoa, Chile.
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12
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Wang S, Wang J, Wang S, Tao R, Yi J, Chen M, Zhao Z. mTOR Signaling Pathway in Bone Diseases Associated with Hyperglycemia. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119198. [PMID: 37298150 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The interplay between bone and glucose metabolism has highlighted hyperglycemia as a potential risk factor for bone diseases. With the increasing prevalence of diabetes mellitus worldwide and its subsequent socioeconomic burden, there is a pressing need to develop a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in hyperglycemia-mediated bone metabolism. The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a serine/threonine protein kinase that senses extracellular and intracellular signals to regulate numerous biological processes, including cell growth, proliferation, and differentiation. As mounting evidence suggests the involvement of mTOR in diabetic bone disease, we provide a comprehensive review of its effects on bone diseases associated with hyperglycemia. This review summarizes key findings from basic and clinical studies regarding mTOR's roles in regulating bone formation, bone resorption, inflammatory responses, and bone vascularity in hyperglycemia. It also provides valuable insights into future research directions aimed at developing mTOR-targeted therapies for combating diabetic bone diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangcheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jiale Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Shuangwen Wang
- West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Ran Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jianru Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Miao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Zhihe Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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13
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Carabulea AL, Janeski JD, Naik VD, Chen K, Mor G, Ramadoss J. A multi-organ analysis of the role of mTOR in fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. FASEB J 2023; 37:e22897. [PMID: 37000494 PMCID: PMC10841000 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202201865r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol exposure during gestation can lead to fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD), an array of cognitive and physical developmental impairments. Over the past two and a half decades, Mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) has emerged at the nexus of many fields of study, and has recently been implicated in FASD etiology. mTOR plays an integral role in modulating anabolic and catabolic activities, including protein synthesis and autophagy. These processes are vital for proper development and can have long lasting effects following alcohol exposure, such as impaired hippocampal and synapse formation, reduced brain size, as well as cognitive, behavioral, and memory impairments. We highlight recent advances in the field of FASD, primarily with regard to animal model discoveries and discuss the interaction between alcohol and mTOR in the context of various tissues, including brain, placenta, bone, and muscle, with respect to developmental alcohol exposure paradigms. The current review focuses on novel FASD research within the context of the mTOR signaling and sheds light on mechanistic etiologies at various biological levels including molecular, cellular, and functional, across multiple stages of development and illuminates the dichotomy between the different mTOR complexes and their unique signaling roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander L. Carabulea
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, C.S. Mott Center for Human growth and Development, School of MedicineWayne State UniversityDetroitMichiganUSA
| | - Joseph D. Janeski
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, C.S. Mott Center for Human growth and Development, School of MedicineWayne State UniversityDetroitMichiganUSA
| | - Vishal D. Naik
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, C.S. Mott Center for Human growth and Development, School of MedicineWayne State UniversityDetroitMichiganUSA
| | - Kang Chen
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, C.S. Mott Center for Human growth and Development, School of MedicineWayne State UniversityDetroitMichiganUSA
- Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer InstituteWayne State UniversityDetroitMichiganUSA
| | - Gil Mor
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, C.S. Mott Center for Human growth and Development, School of MedicineWayne State UniversityDetroitMichiganUSA
- Department of Physiology, School of MedicineWayne State UniversityDetroitMichiganUSA
| | - Jayanth Ramadoss
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, C.S. Mott Center for Human growth and Development, School of MedicineWayne State UniversityDetroitMichiganUSA
- Department of Physiology, School of MedicineWayne State UniversityDetroitMichiganUSA
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14
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Huang P, Wu L, Zhu N, Zhao H, Du J. The polymerase δ-interacting protein family and their emerging roles in diseases. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:1026931. [PMID: 36425112 PMCID: PMC9679015 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.1026931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 10/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The polymerase δ-interacting protein (POLDIP) family is a new family that can interact with DNA polymerase δ (delta). The members of the POLDIP family include POLDIP1, POLDIP2, and POLDIP3. Screened by the two-hybrid method, POLDIP1, POLDIP2, and POLDIP3 were initially discovered and named for their ability to bind to the p50 subunit of DNA polymerase δ. Recent studies have confirmed that POLDIPs are involved in the regulation of signal transduction pathways in neurodevelopment, neuropsychiatric diseases, cardiovascular diseases, tumors, and other diseases. However, each protein participates in different signaling pathways. In this review, we elucidate upon the family in terms of their genes and protein structures, their biological functions, in addition to the pathways that they are involved in during the development of diverse diseases. Finally, to provide new insights to the scientific community, we used the TCGA database to analyze and summarize the gene expressions of POLDIP family members in various tumors, as well as the correlations between their expressions and the overall survival times of tumor patients. Our data summary will give researchers working on cancer new concepts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiluo Huang
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medicine, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
- College of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Lei Wu
- College of Continuing Education, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Ningxia Zhu
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medicine, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Hongtao Zhao
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medicine, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Juan Du
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medicine, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
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15
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Singh M, Zhang S, Perez AM, Lee EYC, Lee MYWT, Zhang D. POLDIP3: At the Crossroad of RNA and DNA Metabolism. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:1921. [PMID: 36360158 PMCID: PMC9690394 DOI: 10.3390/genes13111921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
POLDIP3 was initially identified as a DNA polymerase delta (Pol δ) interacting protein almost twenty years ago. Intriguingly, it also interacts with proteins involved in a variety of RNA related biological processes, such as transcription, pre-mRNA splicing, mRNA export, and translation. Studies in recent years revealed that POLDIP3 also plays critical roles in disassembling genome wide R-loop formation and activating the DNA damage checkpoint in vivo. Here, we review the functions of POLDIP3 in various RNA and DNA related cellular processes. We then propose a unified model to illustrate how POLDIP3 plays such a versatile role at the crossroad of the RNA and DNA metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manrose Singh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, New York Institute of Technology, Northern Blvd, Old Westbury, NY 11568, USA
| | - Sufang Zhang
- Department Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
| | - Alexis M. Perez
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, New York Institute of Technology, Northern Blvd, Old Westbury, NY 11568, USA
| | - Ernest Y. C. Lee
- Department Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
| | - Marietta Y. W. T. Lee
- Department Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
| | - Dong Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, New York Institute of Technology, Northern Blvd, Old Westbury, NY 11568, USA
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16
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Geng H, Feng C, Sun Z, Fan X, Xie Y, Gu J, Fan L, Liu G, Li C, Thorne RF, Zhang XD, Li X, Liu X. Chloride intracellular channel 1 promotes esophageal squamous cell carcinoma proliferation via mTOR signalling. Transl Oncol 2022; 27:101560. [PMID: 36252281 PMCID: PMC9579717 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2022.101560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the clinical significance of Chloride Intracellular Channel 1 (CLIC1) expression in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) and its functional contribution and molecular mechanisms to the progression of ESCC. METHODS CLIC1 expression was analyzed by immunohistochemistry (IHC) in a cohort of 86 ESCC tissue specimens and paired normal adjacent esophageal tissues. Associations between clinicopathological features of ESCC and CLIC1 expression were determined. In vitro analyses examined CLIC1 expression in the ESCC cell lines KYSE150 and TE1 using RT-PCR and Western blotting. The downstream pathways of CLIC1 were detected by lentiviral shRNA knockdown and subsequent proteomic analyses. CLIC1 siRNA knockdown was performed in ESCC cell lines KYSE150 and TE1 and the functional effects of CLIC1 on the growth and proliferation of ESCC cells were evaluated combined with cell viability and colony formation assays; the mTOR signaling pathway-related proteins were detected by Western blotting based on the previous proteomic data. RESULTS CLIC1 expression was significantly increased in ex vivo ESCC tissues compared with corresponding normal tissues, and the up-regulation was associated with clinical tumor node metastasis (TNM) classifications. Knockdown of CLIC1 inhibited in vitro cell proliferation of ESCC cell lines KYSE150 and TE1. CLIC1 knockdown down-regulated the protein expression of p-mTOR and the downstream targets Rictor and p-4EBP1 in both KYSE150 and TE1 cell lines. And the CLIC1 knockdown induced inhibition of cell proliferation on ESCC cells could be rescued by mTOR overexpression. CONCLUSIONS CLIC1 expression increases during esophageal carcinogenesis and it may functionally contribute to the progression of ESCC through growth promotion effects by promoting the mTOR and downstream signaling pathway. CLIC1 therefore constitutes a candidate molecular biomarker of ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiwu Geng
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Cheng Feng
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Zhangran Sun
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Xu Fan
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Yiqing Xie
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Jinghua Gu
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Libin Fan
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Gang Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Chao Li
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Rick F. Thorne
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Non-Coding RNA and Metabolism in Cancer, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Long Non-Coding RNA and Cancer Metabolism, Translational Research Institute of Henan Provincial People's Hospital and People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan 450053, China,School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Xu Dong Zhang
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Non-Coding RNA and Metabolism in Cancer, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Long Non-Coding RNA and Cancer Metabolism, Translational Research Institute of Henan Provincial People's Hospital and People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan 450053, China,School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Xinying Li
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China,Corresponding author at: Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China.
| | - Xiaoying Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China,Henan International Joint Laboratory of Non-Coding RNA and Metabolism in Cancer, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Long Non-Coding RNA and Cancer Metabolism, Translational Research Institute of Henan Provincial People's Hospital and People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan 450053, China,Corresponding author at: School of Life Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China. Research Institute of Henan Provincial People's Hospital and People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan 450053, China.
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17
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Kieffer F, Hilal F, Gay AS, Debayle D, Pronot M, Poupon G, Lacagne I, Bardoni B, Martin S, Gwizdek C. Combining affinity purification and mass spectrometry to define the network of the nuclear proteins interacting with the N-terminal region of FMRP. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:954087. [PMID: 36237573 PMCID: PMC9553004 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.954087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fragile X-Syndrome (FXS) represents the most common inherited form of intellectual disability and the leading monogenic cause of Autism Spectrum Disorders. In most cases, this disease results from the absence of expression of the protein FMRP encoded by the FMR1 gene (Fragile X messenger ribonucleoprotein 1). FMRP is mainly defined as a cytoplasmic RNA-binding protein regulating the local translation of thousands of target mRNAs. Interestingly, FMRP is also able to shuttle between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. However, to date, its roles in the nucleus of mammalian neurons are just emerging. To broaden our insight into the contribution of nuclear FMRP in mammalian neuronal physiology, we identified here a nuclear interactome of the protein by combining subcellular fractionation of rat forebrains with pull‐ down affinity purification and mass spectrometry analysis. By this approach, we listed 55 candidate nuclear partners. This interactome includes known nuclear FMRP-binding proteins as Adar or Rbm14 as well as several novel candidates, notably Ddx41, Poldip3, or Hnrnpa3 that we further validated by target‐specific approaches. Through our approach, we identified factors involved in different steps of mRNA biogenesis, as transcription, splicing, editing or nuclear export, revealing a potential central regulatory function of FMRP in the biogenesis of its target mRNAs. Therefore, our work considerably enlarges the nuclear proteins interaction network of FMRP in mammalian neurons and lays the basis for exciting future mechanistic studies deepening the roles of nuclear FMRP in neuronal physiology and the etiology of the FXS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Félicie Kieffer
- Université Côte d'Azur, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Valbonne, France
| | - Fahd Hilal
- Université Côte d'Azur, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Valbonne, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Gay
- Université Côte d'Azur, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Valbonne, France
| | - Delphine Debayle
- Université Côte d'Azur, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Valbonne, France
| | - Marie Pronot
- Université Côte d'Azur, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Valbonne, France
| | - Gwénola Poupon
- Université Côte d'Azur, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Valbonne, France
| | - Iliona Lacagne
- Université Côte d'Azur, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Valbonne, France
| | - Barbara Bardoni
- Université Côte d'Azur, Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Valbonne, France
| | - Stéphane Martin
- Université Côte d'Azur, Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Valbonne, France
| | - Carole Gwizdek
- Université Côte d'Azur, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Valbonne, France
- *Correspondence: Carole Gwizdek,
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18
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Fumagalli S, Pende M. S6 kinase 1 at the central node of cell size and ageing. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:949196. [PMID: 36036012 PMCID: PMC9417411 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.949196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic evidence in living organisms from yeast to plants and animals, including humans, unquestionably identifies the Target Of Rapamycin kinase (TOR or mTOR for mammalian/mechanistic) signal transduction pathway as a master regulator of growth through the control of cell size and cell number. Among the mTOR targets, the activation of p70 S6 kinase 1 (S6K1) is exquisitely sensitive to nutrient availability and rapamycin inhibition. Of note, in vivo analysis of mutant flies and mice reveals that S6K1 predominantly regulates cell size versus cell proliferation. Here we review the putative mechanisms of S6K1 action on cell size by considering the main functional categories of S6K1 targets: substrates involved in nucleic acid and protein synthesis, fat mass accumulation, retrograde control of insulin action, senescence program and cytoskeleton organization. We discuss how S6K1 may be involved in the observed interconnection between cell size, regenerative and ageing responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mario Pende
- *Correspondence: Stefano Fumagalli, ; Mario Pende,
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19
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Cao MC, Scotter EL. Novel and known transcriptional targets of ALS/FTD protein TDP-43: Meta-analysis and interactive graphical database. Dis Model Mech 2022; 15:276263. [PMID: 35946434 PMCID: PMC9509890 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.049418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
TDP-43 proteinopathy is the major pathology in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and tau-negative frontotemporal dementia (FTD). Mounting evidence implicates loss of normal TDP-43 RNA processing function as a key pathomechanism. However, the RNA targets of TDP-43 differ by report, and have never been formally collated or compared between models and disease, hampering understanding of TDP-43 function. Here, we conducted re-analysis and meta-analysis of publicly available RNA-sequencing datasets from six TDP-43-knockdown models, and TDP-43-immunonegative neuronal nuclei from ALS/ FTD brain, to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and exon usage (DEU) events. There was little overlap in DEGs between knockdown models, but PFKP, STMN2, CFP, KIAA1324 and TRHDE were common targets and were also differentially expressed in TDP-43-immunonegative neurons. DEG enrichment analysis revealed diverse biological pathways including immune and synaptic functions. Common DEU events in human datasets included well-known targets POLDIP3 and STMN2, and novel targets EXD3, MMAB, DLG5 and GOSR2. Our interactive database https://phpstack-449938-2576646.cloudwaysapps.com/ allows further exploration of TDP-43 DEG and DEU targets. Together, these data identify TDP-43 targets that can be exploited therapeutically or to validate loss-of-function processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maize C Cao
- School of Biological Sciences and Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand. 3A Symonds Street, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Emma L Scotter
- School of Biological Sciences and Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand. 3A Symonds Street, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
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20
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Beyond controlling cell size: functional analyses of S6K in tumorigenesis. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:646. [PMID: 35879299 PMCID: PMC9314331 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-05081-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
As a substrate and major effector of the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), the biological functions of ribosomal protein S6 kinase (S6K) have been canonically assigned for cell size control by facilitating mRNA transcription, splicing, and protein synthesis. However, accumulating evidence implies that diverse stimuli and upstream regulators modulate S6K kinase activity, leading to the activation of a plethora of downstream substrates for distinct pathobiological functions. Beyond controlling cell size, S6K simultaneously plays crucial roles in directing cell apoptosis, metabolism, and feedback regulation of its upstream signals. Thus, we comprehensively summarize the emerging upstream regulators, downstream substrates, mouse models, clinical relevance, and candidate inhibitors for S6K and shed light on S6K as a potential therapeutic target for cancers.
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21
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Yang M, Lu Y, Piao W, Jin H. The Translational Regulation in mTOR Pathway. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12060802. [PMID: 35740927 PMCID: PMC9221026 DOI: 10.3390/biom12060802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanistic/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) plays a master role in cell proliferation and growth in response to insulin, amino acids, energy levels, and oxygen. mTOR can coordinate upstream signals with downstream effectors, including transcriptional and translational apparatuses to regulate fundamental cellular processes such as energy utilization, protein synthesis, autophagy, cell growth, and proliferation. Of the above, protein synthesis is highly energy-consuming; thus, mRNA translation is under the tight and immediate control of mTOR signaling. The translational regulation driven by mTOR signaling mainly relies on eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E)-binding protein (4E-BP), ribosomal protein S6 kinase (S6K), and its downstream players, which are significant in rapid cellular response to environmental change. mTOR signaling not only controls the general mRNA translation, but preferential mRNA translation as well. This means that mTOR signaling shows the stronger selectivity to particular target mRNAs. Some evidence has supported the contribution of 4E-BP and La-related proteins 1 (LARP1) to such translational regulation. In this review, we summarize the mTOR pathway and mainly focus on mTOR-mediated mRNA translational regulation. We introduce the major components of mTOR signaling and their functions in translational control in a general or particular manner, and describe how the specificity of regulation is coordinated. Furthermore, we summarize recent research progress and propose additional ideas for reference. Because the mTOR pathway is on the center of cell growth and metabolism, comprehensively understanding this pathway will contribute to the therapy of related diseases, including cancers, type 2 diabetes, obesity, and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Hua Jin
- Correspondence: (W.P.); (H.J.)
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22
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Dentel B, Angeles-Perez L, Ren C, Jakkamsetti V, Holley AJ, Caballero D, Oh E, Gibson J, Pascual JM, Huber KM, Tu BP, Tsai PT. Increased glycine contributes to synaptic dysfunction and early mortality in Nprl2 seizure model. iScience 2022; 25:104334. [PMID: 35602938 PMCID: PMC9118754 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeted therapies for epilepsies associated with the mTORC1 signaling negative regulator GATOR1 are lacking. NPRL2 is a subunit of the GATOR1 complex and mutations in GATOR1 subunits, including NPRL2, are associated with epilepsy. To delineate the mechanisms underlying NPRL2-related epilepsies, we created a mouse (Mus musculus) model with neocortical loss of Nprl2. Mutant mice have increased mTORC1 signaling and exhibit spontaneous seizures. They also display abnormal synaptic function characterized by increased evoked and spontaneous EPSC and decreased evoked and spontaneous IPSC frequencies, respectively. Proteomic and metabolomics studies of Nprl2 mutants revealed alterations in known epilepsy-implicated proteins and metabolic pathways, including increases in the neurotransmitter, glycine. Furthermore, glycine actions on the NMDA receptor contribute to the electrophysiological and survival phenotypes of these mice. Taken together, in this neuronal Nprl2 model, we delineate underlying molecular, metabolic, and electrophysiological mechanisms contributing to mTORC1-related epilepsy, providing potential therapeutic targets for epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brianne Dentel
- Department of Neurology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75235, USA
| | | | - Chongyu Ren
- Department of Neurology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75235, USA
| | - Vikram Jakkamsetti
- Department of Neurology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75235, USA
| | - Andrew J. Holley
- Department of Neuroscience, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75235, USA
| | - Daniel Caballero
- Department of Neurology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75235, USA
| | - Emily Oh
- Department of Neurology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75235, USA
| | - Jay Gibson
- Department of Neuroscience, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75235, USA
| | - Juan M. Pascual
- Department of Neurology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75235, USA
| | - Kimberly M. Huber
- Department of Neuroscience, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75235, USA
| | - Benjamin P. Tu
- Department of Biochemistry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75235, USA
| | - Peter T. Tsai
- Department of Neurology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75235, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75235, USA
- Departments of Pediatrics and Psychiatry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75235, USA
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23
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DNA damage promotes HLA class I presentation by stimulating a pioneer round of translation-associated antigen production. Mol Cell 2022; 82:2557-2570.e7. [PMID: 35594857 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2022.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Antigen presentation by the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) on the cell surface is critical for the transduction of the immune signal toward cytotoxic T lymphocytes. DNA damage upregulates HLA class I presentation; however, the mechanism is unclear. Here, we show that DNA-damage-induced HLA (di-HLA) presentation requires an immunoproteasome, PSMB8/9/10, and antigen-transporter, TAP1/2, demonstrating that antigen production is essential. Furthermore, we show that di-HLA presentation requires ATR, AKT, mTORC1, and p70-S6K signaling. Notably, the depletion of CBP20, a factor initiating the pioneer round of translation (PRT) that precedes nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD), abolishes di-HLA presentation, suggesting that di-antigen production requires PRT. RNA-seq analysis demonstrates that DNA damage reduces NMD transcripts in an ATR-dependent manner, consistent with the requirement for ATR in the initiation of PRT/NMD. Finally, bioinformatics analysis identifies that PRT-derived 9-mer peptides bind to HLA and are potentially immunogenic. Therefore, DNA damage signaling produces immunogenic antigens by utilizing the machinery of PRT/NMD.
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24
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Chen J, Li K, Chen J, Wang X, Ling R, Cheng M, Chen Z, Chen F, He Q, Li S, Zhang C, Jiang Y, Chen Q, Wang A, Chen D. Aberrant translation regulated by METTL1/WDR4-mediated tRNA N7-methylguanosine modification drives head and neck squamous cell carcinoma progression. Cancer Commun (Lond) 2022; 42:223-244. [PMID: 35179319 PMCID: PMC8923133 DOI: 10.1002/cac2.12273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cancer cells selectively promote the translation of oncogenic transcripts to stimulate cancer progression. Although growing evidence has revealed that tRNA modifications and related genes participate in this process, their roles in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) remain largely uncharacterized. Here, we sought to investigate the function and mechanisms of the transfer RNA (tRNA) N7‐methylguanosine (m7G) modification in regulating the occurrence and development of HNSCC. Methods Cell lost‐of‐function and gain‐of‐function assays, xenograft models, conditional knockout and knockin mouse models were used to study the physiological functions of tRNA m7G modification in HNSCC tumorigenesis. tRNA modification and expression profiling, mRNA translation profiling and rescue assays were performed to uncover the underlying molecular mechanisms. Single‐cell RNA sequencing (scRNA‐seq) was conducted to explore the tumor microenvironment changes. Results The tRNA m7G methyltransferase complex components Methyltransferase‐like 1 (METTL1)/WD repeat domain 4 (WDR4) were upregulated in HNSCC and associated with a poor prognosis. Functionally, METTL1/WDR4 promoted HNSCC progression and metastasis in cell‐based and transgenic mouse models. Mechanistically, ablation of METTL1 reduced the m7G levels of 16 tRNAs, inhibiting the translation of a subset of oncogenic transcripts, including genes related to the phosphatidylinositol‐3‐kinase/protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin (PI3K/AKT/mTOR) signaling pathway. In addition, chemical modulators of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway reversed the effects of Mettl1 in mouse HNSCC. Furthermore, scRNA‐seq results revealed that Mettl1 knockout in mouse tumor cells altered the immune landscape and cell‐cell interaction between the tumor and stromal compartment. Conclusions The tRNA m7G methyltransferase METTL1 was found to promote the development and malignancy of HNSCC through regulating global mRNA translation, including the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway, and found to alter immune landscape. METTL1 could be a promising treatment target for HNSCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Chen
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Center for Translational Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, P. R. China
| | - Kang Li
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Center for Translational Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, P. R. China
| | - Jianwen Chen
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Center for Translational Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, P. R. China
| | - Xiaochen Wang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Center for Translational Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, P. R. China
| | - Rongsong Ling
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518000, P. R. China
| | - Maosheng Cheng
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Center for Translational Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, P. R. China
| | - Zhi Chen
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Center for Translational Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, P. R. China
| | - Fangfang Chen
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Center for Translational Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, P. R. China
| | - Qianting He
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Center for Translational Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, P. R. China
| | - Shuai Li
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Center for Translational Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, P. R. China
| | - Caihua Zhang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Center for Translational Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, P. R. China
| | - Yizhou Jiang
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518000, P. R. China
| | - Qianming Chen
- School of Stomatology, Cancer Center, and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Clinical Research Center of Oral Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Stomatology Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310006, P. R. China
| | - Anxun Wang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Center for Translational Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, P. R. China
| | - Demeng Chen
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Center for Translational Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, P. R. China
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Xu X, Ahmed T, Wang L, Cao X, Zhang Z, Wang M, Lv Y, Kanwal S, Tariq M, Lin R, Zhang H, Huang Y, Peng H, Lin D, Shi X, Geng D, Liu B, Zhang X, Yi W, Qin Y, Esteban MA, Qin B. The mTORC1-eIF4F axis controls paused pluripotency. EMBO Rep 2022; 23:e53081. [PMID: 34866316 PMCID: PMC8811634 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202153081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) can self-renew indefinitely and maintain pluripotency. Inhibition of mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) by the kinase inhibitor INK128 is known to induce paused pluripotency in mESCs cultured with traditional serum/LIF medium (SL), but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we demonstrate that mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) but not complex 2 (mTORC2) mediates mTOR inhibition-induced paused pluripotency in cells grown in both SL and 2iL medium (GSK3 and MEK inhibitors and LIF). We also show that mTORC1 regulates self-renewal in both conditions mainly through eIF4F-mediated translation initiation that targets mRNAs of both cytosolic and mitochondrial ribosome subunits. Moreover, inhibition of mitochondrial translation is sufficient to induce paused pluripotency. Interestingly, eIF4F also regulates maintenance of pluripotency in an mTORC1-independent but MEK/ERK-dependent manner in SL, indicating that translation of pluripotency genes is controlled differently in SL and 2iL. Our study reveals a detailed picture of how mTOR governs self-renewal in mESCs and uncovers a context-dependent function of eIF4F in pluripotency regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueting Xu
- School of Life SciencesUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiChina
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, GIBH‐HKU Guangdong‐Hong Kong Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and HealthChinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhouChina
- Laboratory of Metabolism and Cell FateGuangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and HealthChinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhouChina
| | - Tanveer Ahmed
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, GIBH‐HKU Guangdong‐Hong Kong Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and HealthChinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhouChina
- Laboratory of Metabolism and Cell FateGuangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and HealthChinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhouChina
| | - Lulu Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, GIBH‐HKU Guangdong‐Hong Kong Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and HealthChinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhouChina
- Laboratory of Metabolism and Cell FateGuangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and HealthChinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhouChina
| | - Xintao Cao
- Key Laboratory of RNA BiologyInstitute of BiophysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Zeyu Zhang
- Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory)GuangzhouChina
| | - Ming Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Genome Stability and Human Disease PreventionDepartment of Biochemistry & Molecular BiologyShenzhen University Health Science CenterShenzhenChina
| | - Yuan Lv
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, GIBH‐HKU Guangdong‐Hong Kong Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and HealthChinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhouChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Laboratory of Integrative BiologyGuangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and HealthChinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhouChina
| | - Shahzina Kanwal
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, GIBH‐HKU Guangdong‐Hong Kong Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and HealthChinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhouChina
- Laboratory of Integrative BiologyGuangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and HealthChinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhouChina
| | - Muqddas Tariq
- Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory)GuangzhouChina
| | - Runxia Lin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, GIBH‐HKU Guangdong‐Hong Kong Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and HealthChinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhouChina
- Laboratory of Metabolism and Cell FateGuangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and HealthChinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhouChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Hui Zhang
- Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory)GuangzhouChina
| | - Yinghua Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, GIBH‐HKU Guangdong‐Hong Kong Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and HealthChinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhouChina
- Laboratory of Metabolism and Cell FateGuangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and HealthChinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhouChina
| | - Hao Peng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, GIBH‐HKU Guangdong‐Hong Kong Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and HealthChinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhouChina
- Laboratory of Metabolism and Cell FateGuangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and HealthChinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhouChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Danni Lin
- School of Life SciencesUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiChina
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, GIBH‐HKU Guangdong‐Hong Kong Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and HealthChinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhouChina
- Laboratory of Metabolism and Cell FateGuangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and HealthChinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhouChina
| | - Xue Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, GIBH‐HKU Guangdong‐Hong Kong Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and HealthChinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhouChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Didi Geng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & ProtectionCollege of Life SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Baohua Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Genome Stability and Human Disease PreventionDepartment of Biochemistry & Molecular BiologyShenzhen University Health Science CenterShenzhenChina
| | - Xiaofei Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, GIBH‐HKU Guangdong‐Hong Kong Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and HealthChinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhouChina
- Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory)GuangzhouChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Wen Yi
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & ProtectionCollege of Life SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Yan Qin
- Key Laboratory of RNA BiologyInstitute of BiophysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Miguel A Esteban
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, GIBH‐HKU Guangdong‐Hong Kong Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and HealthChinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhouChina
- Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory)GuangzhouChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Laboratory of Integrative BiologyGuangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and HealthChinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhouChina
- Institute of Stem Cells and RegenerationChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Joint School of Life SciencesGuangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health and Guangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Baoming Qin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, GIBH‐HKU Guangdong‐Hong Kong Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and HealthChinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhouChina
- Laboratory of Metabolism and Cell FateGuangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and HealthChinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhouChina
- Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory)GuangzhouChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Joint School of Life SciencesGuangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health and Guangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
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Sebestyén A, Dankó T, Sztankovics D, Moldvai D, Raffay R, Cervi C, Krencz I, Zsiros V, Jeney A, Petővári G. The role of metabolic ecosystem in cancer progression — metabolic plasticity and mTOR hyperactivity in tumor tissues. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2022; 40:989-1033. [PMID: 35029792 PMCID: PMC8825419 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-021-10006-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Despite advancements in cancer management, tumor relapse and metastasis are associated with poor outcomes in many cancers. Over the past decade, oncogene-driven carcinogenesis, dysregulated cellular signaling networks, dynamic changes in the tissue microenvironment, epithelial-mesenchymal transitions, protein expression within regulatory pathways, and their part in tumor progression are described in several studies. However, the complexity of metabolic enzyme expression is considerably under evaluated. Alterations in cellular metabolism determine the individual phenotype and behavior of cells, which is a well-recognized hallmark of cancer progression, especially in the adaptation mechanisms underlying therapy resistance. In metabolic symbiosis, cells compete, communicate, and even feed each other, supervised by tumor cells. Metabolic reprogramming forms a unique fingerprint for each tumor tissue, depending on the cellular content and genetic, epigenetic, and microenvironmental alterations of the developing cancer. Based on its sensing and effector functions, the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) kinase is considered the master regulator of metabolic adaptation. Moreover, mTOR kinase hyperactivity is associated with poor prognosis in various tumor types. In situ metabolic phenotyping in recent studies highlights the importance of metabolic plasticity, mTOR hyperactivity, and their role in tumor progression. In this review, we update recent developments in metabolic phenotyping of the cancer ecosystem, metabolic symbiosis, and plasticity which could provide new research directions in tumor biology. In addition, we suggest pathomorphological and analytical studies relating to metabolic alterations, mTOR activity, and their associations which are necessary to improve understanding of tumor heterogeneity and expand the therapeutic management of cancer.
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27
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Yang L, Zhang Z, Wang D, Jiang Y, Liu Y. Targeting mTOR Signaling in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Diabetes Complications. Curr Drug Targets 2022; 23:692-710. [PMID: 35021971 DOI: 10.2174/1389450123666220111115528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a pivotal regulator of cell metabolism and growth. In the form of two different multi-protein complexes, mTORC1 and mTORC2, mTOR integrates cellular energy, nutrient and hormonal signals to regulate cellular metabolic homeostasis. In type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) aberrant mTOR signaling underlies its pathological conditions and end-organ complications. Substantial evidence suggests that two mTOR-mediated signaling schemes, mTORC1-p70S6 kinase 1 (S6K1) and mTORC2-protein kinase B (AKT), play a critical role in insulin sensitivity and that their dysfunction contributes to development of T2DM. This review summaries our current understanding of the role of mTOR signaling in T2DM and its associated complications, as well as the potential use of mTOR inhibitors in treatment of T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Zhixin Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Doudou Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Yu Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Ying Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
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28
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Fernandes SA, Demetriades C. The Multifaceted Role of Nutrient Sensing and mTORC1 Signaling in Physiology and Aging. FRONTIERS IN AGING 2021; 2:707372. [PMID: 35822019 PMCID: PMC9261424 DOI: 10.3389/fragi.2021.707372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The mechanistic Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) is a growth-related kinase that, in the context of the mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1), touches upon most fundamental cellular processes. Consequently, its activity is a critical determinant for cellular and organismal physiology, while its dysregulation is commonly linked to human aging and age-related disease. Presumably the most important stimulus that regulates mTORC1 activity is nutrient sufficiency, whereby amino acids play a predominant role. In fact, mTORC1 functions as a molecular sensor for amino acids, linking the cellular demand to the nutritional supply. Notably, dietary restriction (DR), a nutritional regimen that has been shown to extend lifespan and improve healthspan in a broad spectrum of organisms, works via limiting nutrient uptake and changes in mTORC1 activity. Furthermore, pharmacological inhibition of mTORC1, using rapamycin or its analogs (rapalogs), can mimic the pro-longevity effects of DR. Conversely, nutritional amino acid overload has been tightly linked to aging and diseases, such as cancer, type 2 diabetes and obesity. Similar effects can also be recapitulated by mutations in upstream mTORC1 regulators, thus establishing a tight connection between mTORC1 signaling and aging. Although the role of growth factor signaling upstream of mTORC1 in aging has been investigated extensively, the involvement of signaling components participating in the nutrient sensing branch is less well understood. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the molecular and cellular mechanisms that signal nutrient availability to mTORC1, and summarize the role that nutrients, nutrient sensors, and other components of the nutrient sensing machinery play in cellular and organismal aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie A. Fernandes
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing (MPI-AGE), Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Graduate School for Ageing Research (CGA), Cologne, Germany
| | - Constantinos Demetriades
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing (MPI-AGE), Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Graduate School for Ageing Research (CGA), Cologne, Germany
- University of Cologne, Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), Cologne, Germany
- *Correspondence: Constantinos Demetriades,
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29
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Cho S, Lee G, Pickering BF, Jang C, Park JH, He L, Mathur L, Kim SS, Jung S, Tang HW, Monette S, Rabinowitz JD, Perrimon N, Jaffrey SR, Blenis J. mTORC1 promotes cell growth via m 6A-dependent mRNA degradation. Mol Cell 2021; 81:2064-2075.e8. [PMID: 33756105 PMCID: PMC8356906 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2021.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulated mTORC1 signaling alters a wide range of cellular processes, contributing to metabolic disorders and cancer. Defining the molecular details of downstream effectors is thus critical for uncovering selective therapeutic targets. We report that mTORC1 and its downstream kinase S6K enhance eIF4A/4B-mediated translation of Wilms' tumor 1-associated protein (WTAP), an adaptor for the N6-methyladenosine (m6A) RNA methyltransferase complex. This regulation is mediated by 5' UTR of WTAP mRNA that is targeted by eIF4A/4B. Single-nucleotide-resolution m6A mapping revealed that MAX dimerization protein 2 (MXD2) mRNA contains m6A, and increased m6A modification enhances its degradation. WTAP induces cMyc-MAX association by suppressing MXD2 expression, which promotes cMyc transcriptional activity and proliferation of mTORC1-activated cancer cells. These results elucidate a mechanism whereby mTORC1 stimulates oncogenic signaling via m6A RNA modification and illuminates the WTAP-MXD2-cMyc axis as a potential therapeutic target for mTORC1-driven cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungyun Cho
- Department of Pharmacology, Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gina Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA; Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, USA.
| | - Brian F Pickering
- Department of Pharmacology, Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Cholsoon Jang
- Department of Chemistry, Lewis Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry, Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Jin H Park
- Department of Pharmacology, Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Long He
- Department of Pharmacology, Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lavina Mathur
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Seung-Soo Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Irving Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sunhee Jung
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Hong-Wen Tang
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Program in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sebastien Monette
- Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, The Rockefeller University, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Joshua D Rabinowitz
- Department of Chemistry, Lewis Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Norbert Perrimon
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Samie R Jaffrey
- Department of Pharmacology, Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA.
| | - John Blenis
- Department of Pharmacology, Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA.
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Zhao Y, Schoeps B, Yao D, Zhang Z, Schuck K, Tissen V, Jäger C, Schlitter AM, van der Kammen R, Ludwig C, D'Haese JG, Raulefs S, Maeritz N, Shen S, Zou X, Krüger A, Kleeff J, Michalski CW, Friess H, Innocenti M, Kong B. mTORC1 and mTORC2 Converge on the Arp2/3 Complex to Promote Kras G12D-Induced Acinar-to-Ductal Metaplasia and Early Pancreatic Carcinogenesis. Gastroenterology 2021; 160:1755-1770.e17. [PMID: 33388318 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.12.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Oncogenic KrasG12D induces neoplastic transformation of pancreatic acinar cells through acinar-to-ductal metaplasia (ADM), an actin-based morphogenetic process, and drives pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). mTOR (mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase) complex 1 (mTORC1) and 2 (mTORC2) contain Rptor and Rictor, respectively, and are activated downstream of KrasG12D, thereby contributing to PDAC. Yet, whether and how mTORC1 and mTORC2 impact on ADM and the identity of the actin nucleator(s) mediating such actin rearrangements remain unknown. METHODS A mouse model of inflammation-accelerated KrasG12D-driven early pancreatic carcinogenesis was used. Rptor, Rictor, and Arpc4 (actin-related protein 2/3 complex subunit 4) were conditionally ablated in acinar cells to deactivate the function of mTORC1, mTORC2 and the actin-related protein (Arp) 2/3 complex, respectively. RESULTS We found that mTORC1 and mTORC2 are markedly activated in human and mouse ADM lesions, and cooperate to promote KrasG12D-driven ADM in mice and in vitro. They use the Arp2/3 complex as a common downstream effector to induce the remodeling the actin cytoskeleton leading to ADM. In particular, mTORC1 regulates the translation of Rac1 (Rac family small GTPase 1) and the Arp2/3-complex subunit Arp3, whereas mTORC2 activates the Arp2/3 complex by promoting Akt/Rac1 signaling. Consistently, genetic ablation of the Arp2/3 complex prevents KrasG12D-driven ADM in vivo. In acinar cells, the Arp2/3 complex and its actin-nucleation activity mediated the formation of a basolateral actin cortex, which is indispensable for ADM and pre-neoplastic transformation. CONCLUSIONS Here, we show that mTORC1 and mTORC2 attain a dual, yet nonredundant regulatory role in ADM and early pancreatic carcinogenesis by promoting Arp2/3 complex function. The role of Arp2/3 complex as a common effector of mTORC1 and mTORC2 fills the gap between oncogenic signals and actin dynamics underlying PDAC initiation.
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MESH Headings
- Acinar Cells/enzymology
- Acinar Cells/pathology
- Actin-Related Protein 2-3 Complex/genetics
- Actin-Related Protein 2-3 Complex/metabolism
- Animals
- Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/enzymology
- Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/genetics
- Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/pathology
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/metabolism
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/pathology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Complex 1/genetics
- Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Complex 1/metabolism
- Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Complex 2/genetics
- Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Complex 2/metabolism
- Metaplasia
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mutation
- Pancreatic Ducts/enzymology
- Pancreatic Ducts/pathology
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/enzymology
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/genetics
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/pathology
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras)/genetics
- Rapamycin-Insensitive Companion of mTOR Protein/genetics
- Rapamycin-Insensitive Companion of mTOR Protein/metabolism
- Regulatory-Associated Protein of mTOR/genetics
- Regulatory-Associated Protein of mTOR/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamin Zhao
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Benjamin Schoeps
- Institute of Molecular Immunology and Experimental Oncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Dianbo Yao
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Zhiheng Zhang
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Kathleen Schuck
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Vivien Tissen
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Carsten Jäger
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Rob van der Kammen
- Division of Molecular Genetics, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Christina Ludwig
- Bavarian Center for Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Jan G D'Haese
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplantation, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Susanne Raulefs
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Nadja Maeritz
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Shanshan Shen
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University, Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoping Zou
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University, Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Achim Krüger
- Institute of Molecular Immunology and Experimental Oncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jörg Kleeff
- Department of Visceral, Vascular and Endocrine Surgery, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Germany
| | | | - Helmut Friess
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Metello Innocenti
- Heidelberg University Biochemistry Center, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bo Kong
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany; Department of Gastroenterology, the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University, Medical School, Nanjing, China; German Cancer Consortium at the partner site Munich, Munich, Germany.
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Akbari Dilmaghani N, Safaroghli-Azar A, Pourbagheri-Sigaroodi A, Bashash D. The PI3K/Akt/mTORC signaling axis in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: Possibilities for therapeutic interventions either as single agents or in combination with conventional therapies. IUBMB Life 2021; 73:618-642. [PMID: 33476088 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The latest advances in the sequencing methods in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) tissues have revolutionized our understanding of the disease by taking off the veil from the most frequent genetic alterations in the components of the oncogenic pathways. Among all the identified alterations, aberrancies in the genes attributed to the phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3K) axis have attracted special attention as they were altered in more than 90% of the tissues isolated from HNSCC patients. In fact, the association between these aberrancies and the increased risk of cancer metastasis suggested this axis as an "Achilles Heel" of HNSCC, which may be therapeutically targeted. The results of the clinical trials investigating the therapeutic potential of the inhibitors targeting the components of the PI3K axis in the treatment of HNSCC patients, either alone or in a combined-modal strategy, opened a new chapter in the treatment strategy of this malignancy. The present study aimed to review the importance of the PI3K axis in the pathogenesis of HNSCC and also provide a piece of information about the breakthroughs and challenges of PI3K inhibitors in the therapeutic strategies of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nader Akbari Dilmaghani
- Hearing Disorders Research Center, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Loghman Hakim Educational Hospital, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ava Safaroghli-Azar
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Atieh Pourbagheri-Sigaroodi
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Davood Bashash
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Yu F, Zhang Y, Wang Z, Gong W, Zhang C. Hsa_circ_0030042 regulates abnormal autophagy and protects atherosclerotic plaque stability by targeting eIF4A3. Theranostics 2021; 11:5404-5417. [PMID: 33859754 PMCID: PMC8039966 DOI: 10.7150/thno.48389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Abnormal autophagic death of endothelial cells is detrimental to plaque structure as endothelial loss promotes lesional thrombosis. As emerging functional biomarkers, circular RNAs (circRNAs) are involved in various diseases, including cardiovascular. This study is aimed to determine the role of hsa_circ_0030042 in abnormal endothelial cell autophagy and plaque stability. Methods: circRNA sequencing and quantitative polymerase chain reaction were performed to detect hsa_circ_0030042 expression in coronary heart disease (CHD) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Transfection of stubRFP-sensGFP-LC3 adenovirus, flow cytometry, and electron microscopy were used to identify the role of hsa_circ_0030042 in ox-LDL‒induced abnormal autophagy in vitro. Bioinformatic analysis, RNA immunoprecipitation, immunofluorescence assay and other in vitro experiments were performed to elucidate the mechanism underlying hsa_circ_0030042-mediated regulation of autophagy. To evaluate the role of hsa_circ_0030042 in atherosclerotic plaques and endothelial function, we measured the carotid artery tension and performed histopathology and immunohistochemistry analysis. Results: hsa_circ_0030042 was significantly downregulated in CHD, while upon overexpression, it acted as an endogenous eukaryotic initiation factor 4A-III (eIF4A3) sponge to inhibit ox-LDL-induced abnormal autophagy of HUVECs and maintain plaque stability in vivo. Furthermore, hsa_circ_0030042 influenced autophagy by sponging eIF4A3 and blocking its recruitment to beclin1 and forkhead box O1 (FOXO1) mRNA, while hsa_circ_0030042-induced inhibition of beclin1 and FOXO1 was counteracted by eIF4A3 overexpression or decreased hsa_circ_0030042 binding. In high-fat-diet fed ApoE-/- mice, hsa_circ_0030042 also ameliorated plaque stability and counteracted eIF4A3-induced plaque instability. Conclusions: These results demonstrate a novel pathway involving hsa_circ_0030042, eIF4A3, FOXO1, and beclin1; hence, modulating their levels may be a potential therapeutic strategy against CHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangpu Yu
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodelling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 107 Wenhuaxi Road, 250012 Jinan, China
| | - Ya Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodelling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 107 Wenhuaxi Road, 250012 Jinan, China
| | - Zunzhe Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodelling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 107 Wenhuaxi Road, 250012 Jinan, China
| | - Weigang Gong
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodelling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 107 Wenhuaxi Road, 250012 Jinan, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodelling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 107 Wenhuaxi Road, 250012 Jinan, China
- Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
- ✉ Corresponding author: Cheng Zhang, Address: 107 WenHuaXi Road, Jinan City, Shandong, China, 250000. Tel: +86-531-82169139; Fax: +86-531-82169139; E-mail:
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Charif SE, Luchelli L, Vila A, Blaustein M, Igaz LM. Cytoplasmic Expression of the ALS/FTD-Related Protein TDP-43 Decreases Global Translation Both in vitro and in vivo. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:594561. [PMID: 33363456 PMCID: PMC7752804 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.594561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
TDP-43 is a major component of cytoplasmic inclusions observed in neurodegenerative diseases like frontotemporal dementia (FTD) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). To further understand the role of TDP-43 in mRNA/protein metabolism and proteostasis, we used a combined approach with cellular and animal models overexpressing a cytoplasmic form of human TDP-43 (TDP-43-ΔNLS), recapitulating ALS/FTD features. We applied in HEK293 cells a method for labeling de novo translation, surface sensing of translation (SUnSET), based on puromycin (PURO) incorporation. While control cells displayed robust puromycilation, TDP-43-ΔNLS transfected cells exhibited reduced ongoing protein synthesis. Next, by using a transgenic mouse overexpressing cytoplasmic TDP-43 in the forebrain (TDP-43-ΔNLS mice) we assessed whether cytoplasmic TDP-43 regulates global translation in vivo. Polysome profiling of brain cortices from transgenic mice showed a shift toward non-polysomal fractions as compared to wild-type littermates, indicating a decrease in global translation. Lastly, cellular level translational assessment by SUNSET was performed in TDP-43-ΔNLS mice brain slices. Control mice slices incubated with PURO exhibited robust cytoplasmic PURO signal in layer 5 neurons from motor cortex, and normal nuclear TDP-43 staining. Neurons in TDP-43-ΔNLS mice slices incubated with PURO exhibited high cytoplasmic expression of TDP-43 and reduced puromycilation respect to control mice. These in vitro and in vivo results indicate that cytoplasmic TDP-43 decreases global translation and potentially cause functional/cytotoxic effects as observed in ALS/FTD. Our study provide in vivo evidence (by two independent and complementary methods) for a role of mislocalized TDP-43 in the regulation of global mRNA translation, with implications for TDP-43 proteinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago E Charif
- Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica "Bernardo Houssay", (IFIBIO-Houssay), Grupo de Neurociencia de Sistemas, Universidad de Buenos Aires y Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Luciana Luchelli
- Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica "Bernardo Houssay", (IFIBIO-Houssay), Grupo de Neurociencia de Sistemas, Universidad de Buenos Aires y Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Antonella Vila
- Instituto de Biociencias, Biotecnología y Biología Traslacional, Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Matías Blaustein
- Instituto de Biociencias, Biotecnología y Biología Traslacional, Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lionel M Igaz
- Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica "Bernardo Houssay", (IFIBIO-Houssay), Grupo de Neurociencia de Sistemas, Universidad de Buenos Aires y Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Unraveling the multifaceted nature of the nuclear function of mTOR. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2020; 1868:118907. [PMID: 33189783 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2020.118907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Positioned at the axis between the cell and its environment, mTOR directs a wide range of cellular activity in response to nutrients, growth factors, and stress. Our understanding of the role of mTOR is evolving beyond the spatial confines of the cytosol, and its role in the nucleus becoming ever more apparent. In this review, we will address various studies that explore the role of nuclear mTOR (nmTOR) in specific cellular programs and how these pathways influence one another. To understand the emerging roles of nuclear mTOR, we discuss data and propose plausible mechanisms to offer novel ideas, hypotheses, and future research directions.
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35
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Chen Y, Zhou X. Research progress of mTOR inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 208:112820. [PMID: 32966896 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a highly conserved Serine/Threonine (Ser/Thr) protein kinase, which belongs to phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase-related kinase (PIKK) protein family. mTOR exists as two types of protein complex: mTORC1 and mTORC2, which act as central controller regulating processes of cell metabolism, growth, proliferation, survival and autophagy. The mTOR inhibitors block mTOR signaling pathway, producing anti-inflammatory, anti-proliferative, autophagy and apoptosis induction effects, thus mTOR inhibitors are mainly used in cancer therapy. At present, mTOR inhibitors are divided into four categories: Antibiotic allosteric mTOR inhibitors (first generation), ATP-competitive mTOR inhibitors (second generation), mTOR/PI3K dual inhibitors (second generation) and other new mTOR inhibitors (third generation). In this article, these four categories of mTOR inhibitors and their structures, properties and some clinical researches will be introduced. Among them, we focus on the structure of mTOR inhibitors and try to analyze the structure-activity relationship. mTOR inhibitors are classified according to their chemical structure and their contents are introduced systematically. Moreover, some natural products that have direct or indirect mTOR inhibitory activities are introduced together. In this article, we analyzed the target, binding mode and structure-activity relationship of each generation of mTOR inhibitors and proposed two hypothetic scaffolds (the inverted-Y-shape scaffold and the C-shape scaffold) for the second generation of mTOR inhibitors. These findings may provide some help or reference for drug designing, drug modification or the future development of mTOR inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Xiaoping Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China.
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36
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A Day in the Life of the Exon Junction Complex. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10060866. [PMID: 32517083 PMCID: PMC7355637 DOI: 10.3390/biom10060866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The exon junction complex (EJC) is an abundant messenger ribonucleoprotein (mRNP) component that is assembled during splicing and binds to mRNAs upstream of exon-exon junctions. EJCs accompany the mRNA during its entire life in the nucleus and the cytoplasm and communicate the information about the splicing process and the position of introns. Specifically, the EJC’s core components and its associated proteins regulate different steps of gene expression, including pre-mRNA splicing, mRNA export, translation, and nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD). This review summarizes the most important functions and main protagonists in the life of the EJC. It also provides an overview of the latest findings on the assembly, composition and molecular activities of the EJC and presents them in the chronological order, in which they play a role in the EJC’s life cycle.
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37
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Zhu M, Wang XQ. Regulation of mTORC1 by Small GTPases in Response to Nutrients. J Nutr 2020; 150:1004-1011. [PMID: 31965176 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxz301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) is a highly evolutionarily conserved serine/threonine kinase that regulates cell growth and metabolism in response to multiple environmental cues, such as nutrients, hormones, energy, and stress. Deregulation of mTORC1 can lead to diseases such as diabetes, obesity, and cancer. A series of small GTPases, including Rag, Ras homolog enriched in brain (Rheb), adenosine diphosphate ribosylation factor 1 (Arf1), Ras-related protein Ral-A, Ras homolog (Rho), and Rab, are involved in regulating mTORC1 in response to nutrients, and mTORC1 is differentially regulated via these small GTPases according to specific conditions. Leucine and arginine sensing are considered to be well-confirmed amino acid-sensing signals, activating mTORC1 via a Rag GTPase-dependent mechanism as well as the Ragulator complex and vacuolar H+-adenosine triphosphatase (v-ATPase). Glutamine promotes mTORC1 activation via Arf1 independently of the Rag GTPase. In this review, we summarize current knowledge regarding the regulation of mTORC1 activity by small GTPases in response to nutrients, focusing on the function of small GTPases in mTORC1 activation and how small GTPases are regulated by nutrients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhu
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control/National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiu-Qi Wang
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control/National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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38
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Melick CH, Meng D, Jewell JL. A-kinase anchoring protein 8L interacts with mTORC1 and promotes cell growth. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:8096-8105. [PMID: 32312749 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ac120.012595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) senses nutrients to mediate anabolic processes within the cell. Exactly how mTORC1 promotes cell growth remains unclear. Here, we identified a novel mTORC1-interacting protein called protein kinase A anchoring protein 8L (AKAP8L). Using biochemical assays, we found that the N-terminal region of AKAP8L binds to mTORC1 in the cytoplasm. Importantly, loss of AKAP8L decreased mTORC1-mediated processes such as translation, cell growth, and cell proliferation. AKAPs anchor protein kinase A (PKA) through PKA regulatory subunits, and we show that AKAP8L can anchor PKA through regulatory subunit Iα. Reintroducing full-length AKAP8L into cells restored mTORC1-regulated processes, whereas reintroduction of AKAP8L missing the N-terminal region that confers the interaction with mTORC1 did not. Our results suggest a multifaceted role for AKAPs in the cell. We conclude that mTORC1 appears to regulate cell growth, perhaps in part through AKAP8L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chase H Melick
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390.,Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390.,Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - Delong Meng
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390.,Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390.,Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - Jenna L Jewell
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390 .,Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390.,Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390
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Liu GY, Sabatini DM. mTOR at the nexus of nutrition, growth, ageing and disease. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2020; 21:183-203. [PMID: 31937935 PMCID: PMC7102936 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-019-0199-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1335] [Impact Index Per Article: 333.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The mTOR pathway integrates a diverse set of environmental cues, such as growth factor signals and nutritional status, to direct eukaryotic cell growth. Over the past two and a half decades, mapping of the mTOR signalling landscape has revealed that mTOR controls biomass accumulation and metabolism by modulating key cellular processes, including protein synthesis and autophagy. Given the pathway's central role in maintaining cellular and physiological homeostasis, dysregulation of mTOR signalling has been implicated in metabolic disorders, neurodegeneration, cancer and ageing. In this Review, we highlight recent advances in our understanding of the complex regulation of the mTOR pathway and discuss its function in the context of physiology, human disease and pharmacological intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Y Liu
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - David M Sabatini
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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40
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Wu X, Zhao W, Cui Q, Zhou Y. Computational screening of potential regulators for mRNA-protein expression level discrepancy. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 523:196-201. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.12.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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41
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Wang RY, Chen XW, Zhang WW, Jiang F, Liu MQ, Shen XB. CYP2E1 changes the biological function of gastric cancer cells via the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. Mol Med Rep 2020; 21:842-850. [PMID: 31974627 PMCID: PMC6947835 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated the role of cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily E polypeptide 1 (CYP2E1) in the development and progression of gastric cancer (GC). The expression levels of CYP2E1 in MGC‑803 GC cells and normal GES‑1 cells were investigated via western blotting, and it was identified that the expression of CYP2E1 was different between GES‑1 and MGC‑803 cells. CYP2E1 was overexpressed in MGC‑803 cells using a lentiviral vector GV358. Cell Counting Kit‑8, flow cytometry, cell migration and Matrigel invasion assays suggested that overexpression of CYP2E1 promoted the proliferation and invasion, and inhibited the apoptosis of GC cells. The relationship between CYP2E1 expression and key signaling molecules in the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway was assessed. Reverse transcription‑quantitative PCR analysis showed that mTOR mRNA expression was significantly increased after overexpression of CYP2E1 (P<0.05). Western blotting results showed that overexpression of CYP2E1 upregulated the expression of phosphorylated (p)‑Akt, p‑mTOR and p‑p70 ribosomal protein S6 kinase (P70S6K; Ser371) proteins (P<0.05). To further investigate the relationship between CYP2E1 and the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway in GC cells, MGC‑803 cells were treated with the PI3K inhibitor LY294002, and changes in the expression levels of PI3K, AKT, mTOR, P70S6K and CYP2E1 were observed. The present results showed that LY294002 downregulated the expression of PI3K, CYP2E1, AKT, mTOR and P70S6K (P<0.05). Therefore, changes in the biological function of GC cells induced by CYP2E1 overexpression may be via the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Ying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Wei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P.R. China
| | - Wen-Wen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P.R. China
| | - Fei Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P.R. China
| | - Meng-Qi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Bing Shen
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P.R. China
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Formation of S. pombe Erh1 homodimer mediates gametogenic gene silencing and meiosis progression. Sci Rep 2020; 10:1034. [PMID: 31974447 PMCID: PMC6978305 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-57872-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Timely and accurate expression of the genetic information relies on the integration of environmental cues and the activation of regulatory networks involving transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms. In fission yeast, meiosis-specific transcripts are selectively targeted for degradation during mitosis by the EMC complex, composed of Erh1, the ortholog of human ERH, and the YTH family RNA-binding protein Mmi1. Here, we present the crystal structure of Erh1 and show that it assembles as a homodimer. Mutations of amino acid residues to disrupt Erh1 homodimer formation result in loss-of-function phenotypes, similar to erh1∆ cells: expression of meiotic genes is derepressed in mitotic cells and meiosis progression is severely compromised. Interestingly, formation of Erh1 homodimer is dispensable for interaction with Mmi1, suggesting that only fully assembled EMC complexes consisting of two Mmi1 molecules bridged by an Erh1 dimer are functionally competent. We also show that Erh1 does not contribute to Mmi1-dependent down-regulation of the meiosis regulator Mei2, supporting the notion that Mmi1 performs additional functions beyond EMC. Overall, our results provide a structural basis for the assembly of the EMC complex and highlight its biological relevance in gametogenic gene silencing and meiosis progression.
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Magaway C, Kim E, Jacinto E. Targeting mTOR and Metabolism in Cancer: Lessons and Innovations. Cells 2019; 8:cells8121584. [PMID: 31817676 PMCID: PMC6952948 DOI: 10.3390/cells8121584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells support their growth and proliferation by reprogramming their metabolism in order to gain access to nutrients. Despite the heterogeneity in genetic mutations that lead to tumorigenesis, a common alteration in tumors occurs in pathways that upregulate nutrient acquisition. A central signaling pathway that controls metabolic processes is the mTOR pathway. The elucidation of the regulation and functions of mTOR can be traced to the discovery of the natural compound, rapamycin. Studies using rapamycin have unraveled the role of mTOR in the control of cell growth and metabolism. By sensing the intracellular nutrient status, mTOR orchestrates metabolic reprogramming by controlling nutrient uptake and flux through various metabolic pathways. The central role of mTOR in metabolic rewiring makes it a promising target for cancer therapy. Numerous clinical trials are ongoing to evaluate the efficacy of mTOR inhibition for cancer treatment. Rapamycin analogs have been approved to treat specific types of cancer. Since rapamycin does not fully inhibit mTOR activity, new compounds have been engineered to inhibit the catalytic activity of mTOR to more potently block its functions. Despite highly promising pre-clinical studies, early clinical trial results of these second generation mTOR inhibitors revealed increased toxicity and modest antitumor activity. The plasticity of metabolic processes and seemingly enormous capacity of malignant cells to salvage nutrients through various mechanisms make cancer therapy extremely challenging. Therefore, identifying metabolic vulnerabilities in different types of tumors would present opportunities for rational therapeutic strategies. Understanding how the different sources of nutrients are metabolized not just by the growing tumor but also by other cells from the microenvironment, in particular, immune cells, will also facilitate the design of more sophisticated and effective therapeutic regimen. In this review, we discuss the functions of mTOR in cancer metabolism that have been illuminated from pre-clinical studies. We then review key findings from clinical trials that target mTOR and the lessons we have learned from both pre-clinical and clinical studies that could provide insights on innovative therapeutic strategies, including immunotherapy to target mTOR signaling and the metabolic network in cancer.
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Hipolito VEB, Diaz JA, Tandoc KV, Oertlin C, Ristau J, Chauhan N, Saric A, Mclaughlan S, Larsson O, Topisirovic I, Botelho RJ. Enhanced translation expands the endo-lysosome size and promotes antigen presentation during phagocyte activation. PLoS Biol 2019; 17:e3000535. [PMID: 31800587 PMCID: PMC6913987 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms that govern organelle adaptation and remodelling remain poorly defined. The endo-lysosomal system degrades cargo from various routes, including endocytosis, phagocytosis, and autophagy. For phagocytes, endosomes and lysosomes (endo-lysosomes) are kingpin organelles because they are essential to kill pathogens and process and present antigens. During phagocyte activation, endo-lysosomes undergo a morphological transformation, going from a collection of dozens of globular structures to a tubular network in a process that requires the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase-AKT-mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signalling pathway. Here, we show that the endo-lysosomal system undergoes an expansion in volume and holding capacity during phagocyte activation within 2 h of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) stimulation. Endo-lysosomal expansion was paralleled by an increase in lysosomal protein levels, but this was unexpectedly largely independent of the transcription factor EB (TFEB) and transcription factor E3 (TFE3), which are known to scale up lysosome biogenesis. Instead, we demonstrate a hitherto unappreciated mechanism of acute organelle expansion via mTOR Complex 1 (mTORC1)-dependent increase in translation, which appears to be mediated by both S6Ks and 4E-BPs. Moreover, we show that stimulation of RAW 264.7 macrophage cell line with LPS alters translation of a subset but not all of mRNAs encoding endo-lysosomal proteins, thereby suggesting that endo-lysosome expansion is accompanied by functional remodelling. Importantly, mTORC1-dependent increase in translation activity was necessary for efficient and rapid antigen presentation by dendritic cells. Collectively, we identified a previously unknown and functionally relevant mechanism for endo-lysosome expansion that relies on mTORC1-dependent translation to stimulate endo-lysosome biogenesis in response to an infection signal. Activation of phagocytes rapidly expands the endo-lysosomal system and promotes antigen presentation. Endo-lysosome expansion was driven by mTORC1-dependent enhanced translation, revealing regulated translation as a mechanism to remodel membrane organelles in response to external signals and stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria E. B. Hipolito
- Graduate Program in Molecular Science, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jacqueline A. Diaz
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kristofferson V. Tandoc
- Department of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
- The Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Christian Oertlin
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johannes Ristau
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Neha Chauhan
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Amra Saric
- Graduate Program in Molecular Science, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shannon Mclaughlan
- The Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ola Larsson
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ivan Topisirovic
- Department of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
- The Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
- Gerald Bronfman Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Roberto J. Botelho
- Graduate Program in Molecular Science, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Gou Q, Dong C, Jin J, Liu Q, Lu W, Shi J, Hou Y. PPARα agonist alleviates tumor growth and chemo-resistance associated with the inhibition of glucose metabolic pathway. Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 863:172664. [PMID: 31539552 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.172664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
As a nuclear receptor, peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) plays a critical role in regulation of metabolism and cancer, while the effect of PPARα agonist on cancer cell glucose metabolism-linked tumor growth is still unclear. Here we found that PPARα agonist (Wy14,643) decreased Glut1 (Glucose transporter 1) gene and protein expressions of colorectal cancer cell lines in response to normoxia or hypoxia. Dual-luciferase analysis showed that Wy14,643 inhibited Glut1 transcription activity. Importantly, ChIP-qPCR analysis showed that Wy14,643 increased the binding of PPARα to Glut1 promoter region. Wy14,643 suppressed Glut1 transcription activity resulting in reduced influx of glucose in cancer cells in response to normoxia or hypoxia. Further analysis showed that Wy14,643-mediated inhibition of tumor growth and chemo-resistance was associated with inhibition of mTOR pathway. Taken together, PPARα agonist Wy14,643 suppressed Glut1 transcription activity, glucose uptake and mTOR pathway in colorectal cancer cells, which was involved in reduced tumor growth and chemo-resistance. These findings provided a novel therapy strategy for cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Gou
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Wujin People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Changzhou, Jiangsu Province. 213162, People's Republic of China; Institute of Life Science, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, 212000, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Dong
- Institute of Life Science, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, 212000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianhua Jin
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Wujin People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Changzhou, Jiangsu Province. 213162, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Liu
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Wujin People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Changzhou, Jiangsu Province. 213162, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenbin Lu
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Wujin People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Changzhou, Jiangsu Province. 213162, People's Republic of China.
| | - Juanjuan Shi
- Institute of Life Science, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, 212000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yongzhong Hou
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Wujin People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Changzhou, Jiangsu Province. 213162, People's Republic of China; Institute of Life Science, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, 212000, People's Republic of China.
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Wei X, Luo L, Chen J. Roles of mTOR Signaling in Tissue Regeneration. Cells 2019; 8:cells8091075. [PMID: 31547370 PMCID: PMC6769890 DOI: 10.3390/cells8091075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), is a serine/threonine protein kinase and belongs to the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-related kinase (PIKK) family. mTOR interacts with other subunits to form two distinct complexes, mTORC1 and mTORC2. mTORC1 coordinates cell growth and metabolism in response to environmental input, including growth factors, amino acid, energy and stress. mTORC2 mainly controls cell survival and migration through phosphorylating glucocorticoid-regulated kinase (SGK), protein kinase B (Akt), and protein kinase C (PKC) kinase families. The dysregulation of mTOR is involved in human diseases including cancer, cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, and epilepsy. Tissue damage caused by trauma, diseases or aging disrupt the tissue functions. Tissue regeneration after injuries is of significance for recovering the tissue homeostasis and functions. Mammals have very limited regenerative capacity in multiple tissues and organs, such as the heart and central nervous system (CNS). Thereby, understanding the mechanisms underlying tissue regeneration is crucial for tissue repair and regenerative medicine. mTOR is activated in multiple tissue injuries. In this review, we summarize the roles of mTOR signaling in tissue regeneration such as neurons, muscles, the liver and the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyong Wei
- Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Lingfei Luo
- Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Jinzi Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China.
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Schmeisser K, Parker JA. Pleiotropic Effects of mTOR and Autophagy During Development and Aging. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:192. [PMID: 31572724 PMCID: PMC6749033 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy as a ubiquitous catabolic process causes degradation of cytoplasmic components and is generally considered to have beneficial effects on health and lifespan. In contrast, inefficient autophagy has been linked with detrimental effects on the organism and various diseases, such as Parkinson's disease. Previous research, however, showed that this paradigm is far from being black and white. For instance, it has been reported that increased levels of autophagy during development can be harmful, but become advantageous in the aging cell or organism, causing enhanced healthspan and even longevity. The antagonistic pleiotropy hypothesis postulates that genes, which control various traits in an organism, can be fitness-promoting in early life, but subsequently trigger aging processes later. Autophagy is controlled by the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), a key player of nutrient sensing and signaling and classic example of a pleiotropic gene. mTOR acts upstream of transcription factors such as FOXO, NRF, and TFEB, controlling protein synthesis, degradation, and cellular growth, thereby regulating fertility as well as aging. Here, we review recent findings about the pleiotropic role of autophagy during development and aging, examine the upstream factors, and contemplate specific mechanisms leading to disease, especially neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Schmeisser
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - J Alex Parker
- Département de Neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Jia J, Zhang HB, Shi Q, Yang C, Ma JB, Jin B, Wang X, He D, Guo P. KLF5 downregulation desensitizes castration-resistant prostate cancer cells to docetaxel by increasing BECN1 expression and inducing cell autophagy. Am J Cancer Res 2019; 9:5464-5477. [PMID: 31534497 PMCID: PMC6735397 DOI: 10.7150/thno.33282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
KLF5 is frequently deleted or downregulated in prostate cancer. However, it is not known whether downregulation of KLF5 is associated with the response of prostate cancer cells to chemotherapy and/or prognosis of patients. Methods: We monitored cell growth by MTT and colony formation assays, and cell autophagy through tandem fluorescence microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Gene expression was analyzed by RT-qPCR and Western blotting. We determined the binding of KLF5 together with HDAC3 on the beclin-1 (BECN1) promoter by the ChIP assay, oligonucleotides pulldown, and co-immunoprecipitation. The effect of docetaxel on cell growth in vivo was examined in a CWR22RV1 xenograft tumor mouse model. Results: In the present study, we found that KLF5 down-regulation was associated with progression of prostate cancer and poor prognosis of patients. KLF5 knockdown reduced the sensitivity of prostate cancer cells to docetaxel in vitro and in vivo, and docetaxel treatment decreased the expression of KLF5. Moreover, we confirmed that docetaxel treatment inhibited cell death by inducing autophagy in prostate cancer cells. Thus, we hypothesized that KLF5 could be a regulator of cell autophagy. Interestingly, KLF5 could inhibit prostate cancer cell autophagy by suppressing the transcription of BECN1 cooperatively with HDAC3. Another significant finding was that docetaxel treatment repressed KLF5 expression through AMPK/mTOR/p70S6K signaling pathway resulting in increased BECN1, induction of cell autophagy, and promotion of cell survival in castration-resistant prostate cancer cells. Conclusions: Our results indicated that downregulation of KLF5 promoted cell autophagy in prostate cancer. Furthermore, reduced KLF5 also facilitated cell autophagy induced by docetaxel resulting in desensitization to the drug and cell survival. Decreased levels of KLF5 led to increased BECN1 via AMPK/mTOR/p70S6K signaling. Thus, repression of BECN1 and cell autophagy was critical for KLF5 to increase the sensitivity of prostate cancer cells to docetaxel.
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Zeng JD, Wu WKK, Wang HY, Li XX. Serine and one-carbon metabolism, a bridge that links mTOR signaling and DNA methylation in cancer. Pharmacol Res 2019; 149:104352. [PMID: 31323332 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian / mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a critical sensor of environmental cues that regulates cellular macromolecule synthesis and metabolism in eukaryotes. DNA methylation is the most well-studied epigenetic modification that is capable of regulating gene transcription and affecting genome stability. Both dysregulation of mTOR signaling and DNA methylation patterns have been shown to be closely linked to tumor progression and serve as promising targets for cancer therapy. Although their respective roles in tumorigenesis have been extensively studied, whether molecular interplay exists between them is still largely unknown. In this review, we provide a brief overview of mTOR signaling, DNA methylation as well as related serine and one-carbon metabolism, one of the most critical aspects of metabolic reprogramming in cancer. Based on the latest understanding regarding the regulation of metabolic processes by mTOR signaling as well as interaction between metabolism and epigenetics, we further discuss how serine and one-carbon metabolism may serve as a bridge that links mTOR signaling and DNA methylation to promote tumor growth. Elucidating their relationship may provide novel insight for cancer therapy in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Deng Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University cancer center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - William K K Wu
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; State Key Laboratory of Digestive diseases, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hui-Yun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University cancer center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Xiao-Xing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University cancer center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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Sciarretta S, Forte M, Frati G, Sadoshima J. New Insights Into the Role of mTOR Signaling in the Cardiovascular System. Circ Res 2019; 122:489-505. [PMID: 29420210 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.117.311147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 304] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The mTOR (mechanistic target of rapamycin) is a master regulator of several crucial cellular processes, including protein synthesis, cellular growth, proliferation, autophagy, lysosomal function, and cell metabolism. mTOR interacts with specific adaptor proteins to form 2 multiprotein complexes, called mTORC1 (mTOR complex 1) and mTORC2 (mTOR complex 2). In the cardiovascular system, the mTOR pathway regulates both physiological and pathological processes in the heart. It is needed for embryonic cardiovascular development and for maintaining cardiac homeostasis in postnatal life. Studies involving mTOR loss-of-function models revealed that mTORC1 activation is indispensable for the development of adaptive cardiac hypertrophy in response to mechanical overload. mTORC2 is also required for normal cardiac physiology and ensures cardiomyocyte survival in response to pressure overload. However, partial genetic or pharmacological inhibition of mTORC1 reduces cardiac remodeling and heart failure in response to pressure overload and chronic myocardial infarction. In addition, mTORC1 blockade reduces cardiac derangements induced by genetic and metabolic disorders and has been reported to extend life span in mice. These studies suggest that pharmacological targeting of mTOR may represent a therapeutic strategy to confer cardioprotection, although clinical evidence in support of this notion is still scarce. This review summarizes and discusses the new evidence on the pathophysiological role of mTOR signaling in the cardiovascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastiano Sciarretta
- From the Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Latina, Italy (S.S., G.F.); Department of AngioCardioNeurology, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy (S.S., M.F., G.F.); and Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (J.S.)
| | - Maurizio Forte
- From the Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Latina, Italy (S.S., G.F.); Department of AngioCardioNeurology, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy (S.S., M.F., G.F.); and Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (J.S.)
| | - Giacomo Frati
- From the Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Latina, Italy (S.S., G.F.); Department of AngioCardioNeurology, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy (S.S., M.F., G.F.); and Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (J.S.)
| | - Junichi Sadoshima
- From the Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Latina, Italy (S.S., G.F.); Department of AngioCardioNeurology, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy (S.S., M.F., G.F.); and Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (J.S.).
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