1
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Marco HG, Glendinning S, Ventura T, Gäde G. The gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) superfamily across Pancrustacea/Tetraconata: A role in metabolism? Mol Cell Endocrinol 2024; 590:112238. [PMID: 38616035 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2024.112238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Heather G Marco
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa.
| | - Susan Glendinning
- Centre for BioInnovation, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland, 4556, Australia; School of Science, Technology and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland, 4556, Australia
| | - Tomer Ventura
- Centre for BioInnovation, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland, 4556, Australia; School of Science, Technology and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland, 4556, Australia
| | - Gerd Gäde
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa
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2
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Madan A, Kelly KP, Bahk P, Sullivan CE, Poling ME, Brent AE, Alassaf M, Dubrulle J, Rajan A. Atg8/LC3 controls systemic nutrient surplus signaling in flies and humans. Curr Biol 2024; 34:3327-3341.e9. [PMID: 38955177 PMCID: PMC11303106 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2024.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Organisms experience constant nutritional flux. Mechanisms at the interface of opposing nutritional states-scarcity and surplus-enable organismal energy homeostasis. Contingent on nutritional stores, adipocytes secrete adipokines, such as the fat hormone leptin, to signal nutrient status to the central brain. Increased leptin secretion underlies metabolic dysregulation during common obesity, but the molecular mechanisms regulating leptin secretion from human adipocytes are poorly understood. Here, we report that Atg8/LC3 family proteins, best known for their role in autophagy during nutrient scarcity, play an evolutionarily conserved role during nutrient surplus by promoting adipokine secretion. We show that in a well-fed state, Atg8/LC3 promotes the secretion of the Drosophila functional leptin ortholog unpaired 2 (Upd2) and leptin from human adipocytes. Proteomic analyses reveal that LC3 directs leptin to a secretory pathway in human cells. We identified LC3-dependent extracellular vesicle (EV) loading and secretion (LDELS) as a required step for leptin release, highlighting a unique secretory route adopted by leptin in human adipocytes. In Drosophila, mutations to Upd2's Atg8 interaction motif (AIM) result in constitutive adipokine retention. Atg8-mediated Upd2 retention alters lipid storage and hunger response and rewires the bulk organismal transcriptome in a manner conducive to starvation survival. Thus, Atg8/LC3's bidirectional role in nutrient sensing-conveying nutrient surplus and responding to nutrient deprivation-enables organisms to manage nutrient flux effectively. We posit that decoding how bidirectional molecular switches-such as Atg8/LC3-operate at the nexus of nutritional scarcity and surplus will inform therapeutic strategies to tackle chronic metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditi Madan
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutch, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Kevin P Kelly
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutch, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Patrick Bahk
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutch, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | | | - Ava E Brent
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutch, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Mroj Alassaf
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutch, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Julien Dubrulle
- Cellular Imaging Core, Shared Resources, Fred Hutch, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Akhila Rajan
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutch, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
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3
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Leidal AM. Metabolism: Secretory autophagy balances nutrient supply and demand. Curr Biol 2024; 34:R724-R726. [PMID: 39106827 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2024.06.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/09/2024]
Abstract
The hormone leptin is critical for regulation of food intake, energy expenditure and overall metabolism. However, the mechanisms that promote leptin secretion from adipocytes in response to nutrient surplus and limit its secretion during nutrient scarcity are unclear. New work reveals that the autophagy protein Atg8/LC3 has a bidirectional role in leptin secretion, both facilitating and limiting its release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Leidal
- Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada.
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4
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Sanusi KO, Abubakar MB, Ibrahim KG, Imam MU. Transgenerational impact of maternal zinc deficiency on offspring metabolic outcomes in Drosophila melanogaster. J Nutr Biochem 2024; 130:109669. [PMID: 38754792 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2024.109669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Maternal zinc deficiency significantly influences fetal development and long-term health outcomes, yet its transgenerational effects remain poorly understood. This study aims to investigate the transgenerational effects of maternal zinc deficiency on metabolic outcomes in Drosophila melanogaster. Zinc deficiency was induced in Drosophila by incorporating TPEN (N,N,N',N'-tetrakis(2-pyridylmethyl)ethylenediamine) into their diet. Offspring (F1 to F3) were maintained on a standard diet for subsequent analyses. Various metabolic markers, including glucose, trehalose, glycogen, and triglyceride levels, were assessed, and gene expression analyses were conducted to examine the molecular responses across generations. Significant reductions in locomotor performance in female F1 flies and increased body weight in the F2 generation were observed. Maternal zinc deficiency exhibited gender- and generation-specific impacts on metabolic markers. Notably, an adaptive response in the F3 generation included increased catalase activity and total antioxidant capacity, along with decreased malondialdehyde levels. Gene expression analyses revealed upregulation of DILP2 mRNA across generations and significant variations in PEPCK, SOD1, CAT, EGR, and UPD2 mRNA levels, demonstrating intricate responses to maternal zinc deficiency. This study provides a holistic understanding of the consequences of maternal zinc deficiency, emphasizing the complex interplay between zinc status and metabolic outcomes across generations in Drosophila. These findings lay the foundation for future research elucidating the underlying molecular mechanisms, with potential implications for humans. The insights gained contribute to informing targeted interventions aimed at optimizing offspring health in the context of maternal zinc deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamaldeen Olalekan Sanusi
- Centre for Advanced Medical Research and Training, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto 2346, Nigeria; Department of Physiology, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto 2346, Nigeria; Department of Human Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Al-Hikmah University, Ilorin 1601, Nigeria
| | - Murtala Bello Abubakar
- Centre for Advanced Medical Research and Training, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto 2346, Nigeria; Department of Physiology, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto 2346, Nigeria; Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Kasimu Ghandi Ibrahim
- Centre for Advanced Medical Research and Training, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto 2346, Nigeria; Department of Physiology, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto 2346, Nigeria; Department of Basic Medical and Dental Sciences, Zarqa University, Zarqa 13110, Jordan; School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2193, Republic of South of Africa
| | - Mustapha Umar Imam
- Centre for Advanced Medical Research and Training, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto 2346, Nigeria; Department of Medical Biochemistry, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto 2346, Nigeria.
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5
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Kubrak O, Jørgensen AF, Koyama T, Lassen M, Nagy S, Hald J, Mazzoni G, Madsen D, Hansen JB, Larsen MR, Texada MJ, Hansen JL, Halberg KV, Rewitz K. LGR signaling mediates muscle-adipose tissue crosstalk and protects against diet-induced insulin resistance. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6126. [PMID: 39033139 PMCID: PMC11271308 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50468-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Obesity impairs tissue insulin sensitivity and signaling, promoting type-2 diabetes. Although improving insulin signaling is key to reversing diabetes, the multi-organ mechanisms regulating this process are poorly defined. Here, we screen the secretome and receptome in Drosophila to identify the hormonal crosstalk affecting diet-induced insulin resistance and obesity. We discover a complex interplay between muscle, neuronal, and adipose tissues, mediated by Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP) signaling and the hormone Bursicon, that enhances insulin signaling and sugar tolerance. Muscle-derived BMP signaling, induced by sugar, governs neuronal Bursicon signaling. Bursicon, through its receptor Rickets, a Leucine-rich-repeat-containing G-protein coupled receptor (LGR), improves insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity in adipose tissue, mitigating hyperglycemia. In mouse adipocytes, loss of the Rickets ortholog LGR4 blunts insulin responses, showing an essential role of LGR4 in adipocyte insulin sensitivity. Our findings reveal a muscle-neuronal-fat-tissue axis driving metabolic adaptation to high-sugar conditions, identifying LGR4 as a critical mediator in this regulatory network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Kubrak
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Copenhagen O, Denmark
| | - Anne F Jørgensen
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Copenhagen O, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk, Novo Nordisk Park, 2760, Maaløv, Denmark
| | - Takashi Koyama
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Copenhagen O, Denmark
| | - Mette Lassen
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Copenhagen O, Denmark
| | - Stanislav Nagy
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Copenhagen O, Denmark
| | - Jacob Hald
- Novo Nordisk, Novo Nordisk Park, 2760, Maaløv, Denmark
| | | | - Dennis Madsen
- Novo Nordisk, Novo Nordisk Park, 2760, Maaløv, Denmark
| | - Jacob B Hansen
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Copenhagen O, Denmark
| | - Martin Røssel Larsen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, 5230, Odense, Denmark
| | - Michael J Texada
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Copenhagen O, Denmark
| | | | - Kenneth V Halberg
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Copenhagen O, Denmark
| | - Kim Rewitz
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Copenhagen O, Denmark.
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6
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Li X, Yang Y, Bai X, Wang X, Tan H, Chen Y, Zhu Y, Liu Q, Wu MN, Li Y. A brain-derived insulin signal encodes protein satiety for nutrient-specific feeding inhibition. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114282. [PMID: 38795342 PMCID: PMC11220824 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The suppressive effect of insulin on food intake has been documented for decades. However, whether insulin signals can encode a certain type of nutrients to regulate nutrient-specific feeding behavior remains elusive. Here, we show that in female Drosophila, a pair of dopaminergic neurons, tritocerebrum 1-dopaminergic neurons (T1-DANs), are directly activated by a protein-intake-induced insulin signal from insulin-producing cells (IPCs). Intriguingly, opto-activating IPCs elicits feeding inhibition for both protein and sugar, while silencing T1-DANs blocks this inhibition only for protein food. Elevating insulin signaling in T1-DANs or opto-activating these neurons is sufficient to mimic protein satiety. Furthermore, this signal is conveyed to local neurons of the protocerebral bridge (PB-LNs) and specifically suppresses protein intake. Therefore, our findings reveal that a brain-derived insulin signal encodes protein satiety and suppresses feeding behavior in a nutrient-specific manner, shedding light on the functional specificity of brain insulin signals in regulating behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Li
- Institute of Biophysics, State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Institute of Biophysics, State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaobing Bai
- Institute of Biophysics, State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Sino-Danish Center for Education and Research, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Xiaotong Wang
- Institute of Biophysics, State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Houqi Tan
- Institute of Biophysics, State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yanbo Chen
- Institute of Biophysics, State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yan Zhu
- Institute of Biophysics, State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Sino-Danish Center for Education and Research, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Qili Liu
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Mark N Wu
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Yan Li
- Institute of Biophysics, State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Sino-Danish Center for Education and Research, Beijing 100190, China.
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7
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Mead EB, Lee M, Trammell CE, Goodman AG. Drosophila melanogaster Limostatin and Its Human Ortholog Promote West Nile Virus Infection. INSECTS 2024; 15:446. [PMID: 38921161 PMCID: PMC11203814 DOI: 10.3390/insects15060446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
The arbovirus West Nile virus (WNV) is a danger to global health. Spread primarily by mosquitoes, WNV causes about 2000 cases per year in the United States. The natural mosquito immune response controls viral replication so that the host survives but can still transmit the virus. Using the genetically malleable Drosophila melanogaster model, we previously dissected innate immune pathways used to control WNV infection. Specifically, we showed that insulin/IGF-1 signaling (IIS) activates a JAK/STAT-mediated immune response that reduces WNV. However, how factors that regulate IIS in insects control infection has not been identified. D. melanogaster Limostatin (Lst) encodes a peptide hormone that suppresses insulin secretion. Its mammalian ortholog, Neuromedin U (NMU), is a peptide that regulates the production and secretion of insulin from pancreatic beta cells. In this study, we used D. melanogaster and human cell culture models to investigate the roles of these insulin regulators in immune signaling. We found that D. melanogaster Lst mutants, which have elevated insulin-like peptide expression, are less susceptible to WNV infection. Increased levels of insulin-like peptides in these flies result in upregulated JAK/STAT activity, leading to protection from infection. Treatment of human cells with the insulin regulator NMU results in increased WNV replication. Further investigation of methods to target Lst in mosquitoes or NMU in mammals can improve vector control methods and may lead to improved therapeutics for human and animal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezra B. Mead
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Miyoung Lee
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Chasity E. Trammell
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Alan G. Goodman
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
- Paul G. Allen School of Global Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
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8
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Sanusi KO, Ibrahim KG, Abubakar MB, Shinkafi TS, Ishaka A, Imam MU. Intergenerational Impact of Parental Zinc Deficiency on Metabolic and Redox Outcomes in Drosophila melanogaster. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:401. [PMID: 38927281 PMCID: PMC11201253 DOI: 10.3390/biology13060401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Zinc deficiency is a common nutritional disorder with detrimental health consequences. Whether parental zinc deficiency induces intergenerational effects remains largely unknown. We investigated the effects of a combined maternal and paternal zinc deficiency on offspring's metabolic outcomes and gene expression changes in Drosophila melanogaster. The parent flies were raised on zinc-deficient diets throughout development, and their progeny were assessed. Offspring from zinc-deprived parents exhibited a significant (p < 0.05) increase in body weight and whole-body zinc levels. They also displayed disrupted glucose metabolism, altered lipid homeostasis, and diminished activity of antioxidant enzymes. Gene expression analysis revealed significant (p < 0.05) alterations in zinc transport genes, with increases in mRNA levels of dZIP1 and dZnT1 for female and male offspring, respectively. Both sexes exhibited reduced dZnT35C mRNA levels and significant (p < 0.05) increases in the mRNA levels of DILP2 and proinflammatory markers, Eiger and UPD2. Overall, female offspring showed higher sensitivity to parental zinc deficiency. Our findings underscore zinc's crucial role in maintaining health and the gender-specific responses to zinc deficiency. There is the need for further exploration of the underlying mechanisms behind these intergenerational effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamaldeen Olalekan Sanusi
- Centre for Advanced Medical Research and Training, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Sokoto, Sokoto P.M.B. 2346, Nigeria;
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Sokoto, Sokoto P.M.B. 2346, Nigeria
- Department of Human Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Al-Hikmah University, Ilorin P.M.B. 1601, Nigeria
| | - Kasimu Ghandi Ibrahim
- Department of Basic Medical and Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Zarqa University, P.O. Box 2000, Zarqa 13110, Jordan;
| | - Murtala Bello Abubakar
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat 123, Oman;
| | - Tijjani Salihu Shinkafi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Chemical and Life Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Sokoto, Sokoto P.M.B. 2346, Nigeria;
- Department of Biochemistry, Kampala International University, Western Campus, Bushenyi P.O. Box 71, Uganda
| | - Aminu Ishaka
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Sokoto, Sokoto P.M.B. 2346, Nigeria;
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medial Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Nile University of Nigeria, Abuja F.C.T. 900108, Nigeria
| | - Mustapha Umar Imam
- Centre for Advanced Medical Research and Training, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Sokoto, Sokoto P.M.B. 2346, Nigeria;
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Sokoto, Sokoto P.M.B. 2346, Nigeria;
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9
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Blackie L, Gaspar P, Mosleh S, Lushchak O, Kong L, Jin Y, Zielinska AP, Cao B, Mineo A, Silva B, Ameku T, Lim SE, Mao Y, Prieto-Godino L, Schoborg T, Varela M, Mahadevan L, Miguel-Aliaga I. The sex of organ geometry. Nature 2024; 630:392-400. [PMID: 38811741 PMCID: PMC11168936 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07463-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Organs have a distinctive yet often overlooked spatial arrangement in the body1-5. We propose that there is a logic to the shape of an organ and its proximity to its neighbours. Here, by using volumetric scans of many Drosophila melanogaster flies, we develop methods to quantify three-dimensional features of organ shape, position and interindividual variability. We find that both the shapes of organs and their relative arrangement are consistent yet differ between the sexes, and identify unexpected interorgan adjacencies and left-right organ asymmetries. Focusing on the intestine, which traverses the entire body, we investigate how sex differences in three-dimensional organ geometry arise. The configuration of the adult intestine is only partially determined by physical constraints imposed by adjacent organs; its sex-specific shape is actively maintained by mechanochemical crosstalk between gut muscles and vascular-like trachea. Indeed, sex-biased expression of a muscle-derived fibroblast growth factor-like ligand renders trachea sexually dimorphic. In turn, tracheal branches hold gut loops together into a male or female shape, with physiological consequences. Interorgan geometry represents a previously unrecognized level of biological complexity which might enable or confine communication across organs and could help explain sex or species differences in organ function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Blackie
- MRC Laboratory of Medical Sciences, London, UK
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Pedro Gaspar
- MRC Laboratory of Medical Sciences, London, UK
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Salem Mosleh
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, MD, USA
| | | | - Lingjin Kong
- MRC Laboratory of Medical Sciences, London, UK
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Yuhong Jin
- MRC Laboratory of Medical Sciences, London, UK
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Agata P Zielinska
- MRC Laboratory of Medical Sciences, London, UK
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Boxuan Cao
- MRC Laboratory of Medical Sciences, London, UK
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Alessandro Mineo
- MRC Laboratory of Medical Sciences, London, UK
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Bryon Silva
- MRC Laboratory of Medical Sciences, London, UK
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Tomotsune Ameku
- MRC Laboratory of Medical Sciences, London, UK
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Shu En Lim
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, UK
- Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, London, UK
| | - Yanlan Mao
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, UK
- Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Todd Schoborg
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA
| | - Marta Varela
- Faculty of Medicine, National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - L Mahadevan
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Departments of Physics and Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Irene Miguel-Aliaga
- MRC Laboratory of Medical Sciences, London, UK.
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK.
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK.
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10
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Krishnan N. Endocrine Control of Lipid Metabolism. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 38782869 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2024_807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Lipids are essential in insects and play pleiotropic roles in energy storage, serving as a fuel for energy-driven processes such as reproduction, growth, development, locomotion, flight, starvation response, and diapause induction, maintenance, and termination. Lipids also play fundamental roles in signal transduction, hormone synthesis, forming components of the cell membrane, and thus are essential for maintenance of normal life functions. In insects, the neuroendocrine system serves as a master regulator of most life activities, including growth and development. It is thus important to pay particular attention to the regulation of lipid metabolism through the endocrine system, especially when considering the involvement of peptide hormones in the processes of lipogenesis and lipolysis. In insects, there are several lipogenic and lipolytic hormones that are involved in lipid metabolism such as insulin-like peptides (ILPs), adipokinetic hormone (AKH), 20-hydroxyecdysone (20-HE), juvenile hormone (JH), and serotonin. Other neuropeptides such as diapause hormone-pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide (DH-PBAN), CCHamide-2, short neuropeptide F, and the cytokines Unpaired 1 and 2 may play a role in inducing lipogenesis. On the other hand, neuropeptides such as neuropeptide F, allatostatin-A, corazonin, leukokinin, tachykinins, limostatins, and insulin-like growth factor (ILP6) stimulate lipolysis. This chapter briefly discusses the current knowledge of the endocrine regulation of lipid metabolism in insects that could be utilized to reveal differences between insects and mammalian lipid metabolism which may help understand human diseases associated with dysregulation of lipid metabolism. Physiological similarities of insects to mammals make them valuable model systems for studying human diseases characterized by disrupted lipid metabolism, including conditions like diabetes, obesity, arteriosclerosis, and various metabolic syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natraj Krishnan
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA.
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11
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Musselman LP, Truong HG, DiAngelo JR. Transcriptional Control of Lipid Metabolism. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 38782870 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2024_808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Transcriptional control of lipid metabolism uses a framework that parallels the control of lipid metabolism at the protein or enzyme level, via feedback and feed-forward mechanisms. Increasing the substrates for an enzyme often increases enzyme gene expression, for example. A paucity of product can likewise potentiate transcription or stability of the mRNA encoding the enzyme or enzymes needed to produce it. In addition, changes in second messengers or cellular energy charge can act as on/off switches for transcriptional regulators to control transcript (and protein) abundance. Insects use a wide range of DNA-binding transcription factors (TFs) that sense changes in the cell and its environment to produce the appropriate change in transcription at gene promoters. These TFs work together with histones, spliceosomes, and additional RNA processing factors to ultimately regulate lipid metabolism. In this chapter, we will first focus on the important TFs that control lipid metabolism in insects. Next, we will describe non-TF regulators of insect lipid metabolism such as enzymes that modify acetylation and methylation status, transcriptional coactivators, splicing factors, and microRNAs. To conclude, we consider future goals for studying the mechanisms underlying the control of lipid metabolism in insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Palanker Musselman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Binghamton University, State University of New York, Binghamton, NY, USA
| | - Huy G Truong
- Division of Science, Pennsylvania State University, Berks Campus, Reading, PA, USA
| | - Justin R DiAngelo
- Division of Science, Pennsylvania State University, Berks Campus, Reading, PA, USA.
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12
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Singh A, Abhilasha KV, Acharya KR, Liu H, Nirala NK, Parthibane V, Kunduri G, Abimannan T, Tantalla J, Zhu LJ, Acharya JK, Acharya UR. A nutrient responsive lipase mediates gut-brain communication to regulate insulin secretion in Drosophila. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4410. [PMID: 38782979 PMCID: PMC11116528 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48851-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic β cells secrete insulin in response to glucose elevation to maintain glucose homeostasis. A complex network of inter-organ communication operates to modulate insulin secretion and regulate glucose levels after a meal. Lipids obtained from diet or generated intracellularly are known to amplify glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, however, the underlying mechanisms are not completely understood. Here, we show that a Drosophila secretory lipase, Vaha (CG8093), is synthesized in the midgut and moves to the brain where it concentrates in the insulin-producing cells in a process requiring Lipid Transfer Particle, a lipoprotein originating in the fat body. In response to dietary fat, Vaha stimulates insulin-like peptide release (ILP), and Vaha deficiency results in reduced circulatory ILP and diabetic features including hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia. Our findings suggest Vaha functions as a diacylglycerol lipase physiologically, by being a molecular link between dietary fat and lipid amplified insulin secretion in a gut-brain axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alka Singh
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | | | - Kathya R Acharya
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
- Cancer and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3230 Eden Ave, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA
| | - Haibo Liu
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Niraj K Nirala
- Program in Molecular Medicine, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Velayoudame Parthibane
- Cancer and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Govind Kunduri
- Cancer and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Thiruvaimozhi Abimannan
- Cancer and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Jacob Tantalla
- Cancer and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Lihua Julie Zhu
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Jairaj K Acharya
- Cancer and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA.
| | - Usha R Acharya
- Cancer and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA.
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13
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Mora I, Puiggròs F, Serras F, Gil-Cardoso K, Escoté X. Emerging models for studying adipose tissue metabolism. Biochem Pharmacol 2024; 223:116123. [PMID: 38484851 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Understanding adipose metabolism is essential for addressing obesity and related health concerns. However, the ethical and scientific pressure to animal testing, aligning with the 3Rs, has triggered the implementation of diverse alternative models for analysing anomalies in adipose metabolism. In this review, we will address this issue from various perspectives. Traditional adipocyte cell cultures, whether animal or human-derived, offer a fundamental starting point. These systems have their merits but may not fully replicate in vivo complexity. Established cell lines are valuable for high-throughput screening but may lack the authenticity of primary-derived adipocytes, which closely mimic native tissue. To enhance model sophistication, spheroids have been introduced. These three-dimensional cultures better mimicking the in vivo microenvironment, enabling the study of intricate cell-cell interactions, gene expression, and metabolic pathways. Organ-on-a-chip (OoC) platforms take this further by integrating multiple cell types into microfluidic devices, simulating tissue-level functions. Adipose-OoC (AOoC) provides dynamic environments with applications spanning drug testing to personalized medicine and nutrition. Beyond in vitro models, genetically amenable organisms (Caenorhabditis elegans, Drosophila melanogaster, and zebrafish larvae) have become powerful tools for investigating fundamental molecular mechanisms that govern adipose tissue functions. Their genetic tractability allows for efficient manipulation and high-throughput studies. In conclusion, a diverse array of research models is crucial for deciphering adipose metabolism. By leveraging traditional adipocyte cell cultures, primary-derived cells, spheroids, AOoCs, and lower organism models, we bridge the gap between animal testing and a more ethical, scientifically robust, and human-relevant approach, advancing our understanding of adipose tissue metabolism and its impact on health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignasi Mora
- Brudy Technology S.L., 08006 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesc Puiggròs
- Eurecat, Centre Tecnològic de Catalunya, Biotechnology Area, 43204 Reus, Spain
| | - Florenci Serras
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, School of Biology, University of Barcelona and Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona, Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Katherine Gil-Cardoso
- Eurecat, Centre Tecnològic de Catalunya, Nutrition and Health Unit, 43204 Reus, Spain
| | - Xavier Escoté
- Eurecat, Centre Tecnològic de Catalunya, Nutrition and Health Unit, 43204 Reus, Spain.
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14
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Berger M, Fraatz M, Auweiler K, Dorn K, El Khadrawe T, Scholz H. Octopamine integrates the status of internal energy supply into the formation of food-related memories. eLife 2024; 12:RP88247. [PMID: 38655926 DOI: 10.7554/elife.88247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The brain regulates food intake in response to internal energy demands and food availability. However, can internal energy storage influence the type of memory that is formed? We show that the duration of starvation determines whether Drosophila melanogaster forms appetitive short-term or longer-lasting intermediate memories. The internal glycogen storage in the muscles and adipose tissue influences how intensely sucrose-associated information is stored. Insulin-like signaling in octopaminergic reward neurons integrates internal energy storage into memory formation. Octopamine, in turn, suppresses the formation of long-term memory. Octopamine is not required for short-term memory because octopamine-deficient mutants can form appetitive short-term memory for sucrose and to other nutrients depending on the internal energy status. The reduced positive reinforcing effect of sucrose at high internal glycogen levels, combined with the increased stability of food-related memories due to prolonged periods of starvation, could lead to increased food intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Berger
- Department of Biology, Institute for Zoology, University Köln, Köln, Germany
| | - Michèle Fraatz
- Department of Biology, Institute for Zoology, University Köln, Köln, Germany
| | - Katrin Auweiler
- Department of Biology, Institute for Zoology, University Köln, Köln, Germany
| | - Katharina Dorn
- Department of Biology, Institute for Zoology, University Köln, Köln, Germany
| | - Tanna El Khadrawe
- Department of Biology, Institute for Zoology, University Köln, Köln, Germany
| | - Henrike Scholz
- Department of Biology, Institute for Zoology, University Köln, Köln, Germany
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15
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Zandawala M, Gera J. Leptin- and cytokine-like unpaired signaling in Drosophila. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2024; 584:112165. [PMID: 38266772 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2024.112165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Animals have evolved a multitude of signaling pathways that enable them to orchestrate diverse physiological processes to tightly regulate systemic homeostasis. This signaling is mediated by various families of peptide hormones and cytokines that are conserved across the animal kingdom. In this review, we primarily focus on the unpaired (Upd) family of proteins in Drosophila which are evolutionarily related to mammalian leptin and the cytokine interleukin 6. We summarize expression patterns of Upd in Drosophila and discuss the parallels in structure, signaling pathway, and functions between Upd and their mammalian counterparts. In particular, we focus on the roles of Upd in governing metabolic homeostasis, growth and development, and immune responses. We aim to stimulate future studies on leptin-like signaling in other phyla which can help bridge the evolutionary gap between insect Upd and vertebrate leptin and cytokines like interleukin 6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meet Zandawala
- Neurobiology and Genetics, Theodor-Boveri Institute, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, 97074, Würzburg, Germany; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, 89557, USA.
| | - Jayati Gera
- Neurobiology and Genetics, Theodor-Boveri Institute, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
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16
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Vincow ES, Thomas RE, Milstein G, Pareek G, Bammler T, MacDonald J, Pallanck L. Glucocerebrosidase deficiency leads to neuropathology via cellular immune activation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.12.13.571406. [PMID: 38168223 PMCID: PMC10760128 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.13.571406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Mutations in GBA (glucosylceramidase beta), which encodes the lysosomal enzyme glucocerebrosidase (GCase), are the strongest genetic risk factor for the neurodegenerative disorders Parkinson's disease (PD) and Lewy body dementia. Recent work has suggested that neuroinflammation may be an important factor in the risk conferred by GBA mutations. We therefore systematically tested the contributions of immune-related genes to neuropathology in a Drosophila model of GCase deficiency. We identified target immune factors via RNA-Seq and proteomics on heads from GCase-deficient flies, which revealed both increased abundance of humoral factors and increased macrophage activation. We then manipulated the identified immune factors and measured their effect on head protein aggregates, a hallmark of neurodegenerative disease. Genetic ablation of humoral (secreted) immune factors did not suppress the development of protein aggregation. By contrast, re-expressing Gba1b in activated macrophages suppressed head protein aggregation in Gba1b mutants and rescued their lifespan and behavioral deficits. Moreover, reducing the GCase substrate glucosylceramide in activated macrophages also ameliorated Gba1b mutant phenotypes. Taken together, our findings show that glucosylceramide accumulation due to GCase deficiency leads to macrophage activation, which in turn promotes the development of neuropathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn S. Vincow
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Ruth E. Thomas
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Gillian Milstein
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Gautam Pareek
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Theo Bammler
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - James MacDonald
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Leo Pallanck
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
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17
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Kosakamoto H, Obata F, Kuraishi J, Aikawa H, Okada R, Johnstone JN, Onuma T, Piper MDW, Miura M. Early-adult methionine restriction reduces methionine sulfoxide and extends lifespan in Drosophila. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7832. [PMID: 38052797 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43550-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Methionine restriction (MetR) extends lifespan in various organisms, but its mechanistic understanding remains incomplete. Whether MetR during a specific period of adulthood increases lifespan is not known. In Drosophila, MetR is reported to extend lifespan only when amino acid levels are low. Here, by using an exome-matched holidic medium, we show that decreasing Met levels to 10% extends Drosophila lifespan with or without decreasing total amino acid levels. MetR during the first four weeks of adult life only robustly extends lifespan. MetR in young flies induces the expression of many longevity-related genes, including Methionine sulfoxide reductase A (MsrA), which reduces oxidatively-damaged Met. MsrA induction is foxo-dependent and persists for two weeks after cessation of the MetR diet. Loss of MsrA attenuates lifespan extension by early-adulthood MetR. Our study highlights the age-dependency of the organismal response to specific nutrients and suggests that nutrient restriction during a particular period of life is sufficient for healthspan extension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hina Kosakamoto
- Department of Genetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
- Laboratory for Nutritional Biology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Fumiaki Obata
- Department of Genetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
- Laboratory for Nutritional Biology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0047, Japan.
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology and Development, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.
| | - Junpei Kuraishi
- Department of Genetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Hide Aikawa
- Department of Genetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Rina Okada
- Laboratory for Nutritional Biology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Joshua N Johnstone
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Taro Onuma
- Department of Genetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
- Laboratory for Nutritional Biology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Matthew D W Piper
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Masayuki Miura
- Department of Genetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
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18
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Chen K, Dou X, Eum JH, Harrison RE, Brown MR, Strand MR. Insulin-like peptides and ovary ecdysteroidogenic hormone differentially stimulate physiological processes regulating egg formation in the mosquito Aedes aegypti. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 163:104028. [PMID: 37913852 PMCID: PMC10842226 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2023.104028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Mosquitoes including Aedes aegypti are human disease vectors because females must blood feed to produce and lay eggs. Blood feeding triggers insulin-insulin growth factor signaling (IIS) which regulates several physiological processes required for egg development. A. aegypti encodes 8 insulin-like peptides (ILPs) and one insulin-like receptor (IR) plus ovary ecdysteroidogenic hormone (OEH) that also activates IIS through the OEH receptor (OEHR). In this study, we assessed the expression of A. aegypti ILPs and OEH during a gonadotrophic cycle and produced each that were functionally characterized to further understand their roles in regulating egg formation. All A. aegypti ILPs and OEH were expressed during a gonadotrophic cycle. Five ILPs (1, 3, 4, 7, 8) and OEH were specifically expressed in the head, while antibodies to ILP3 and OEH indicated each was released after blood feeding from ventricular axons that terminate on the anterior midgut. A subset of ILP family members and OEH stimulated nutrient storage in previtellogenic females before blood feeding, whereas most IIS-dependent processes after blood feeding were activated by one or more of the brain-specific ILPs and/or OEH. ILPs and OEH with different biological activities also exhibited differences in IIS as measured by phosphorylation of the IR, phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt kinase (AKT) and mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK). Altogether, our results provide the first results that compare the functional activities of all ILP family members and OEH produced by an insect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangkang Chen
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Xiaoyi Dou
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Jai Hoon Eum
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Ruby E Harrison
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Mark R Brown
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
| | - Michael R Strand
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
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19
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Zhao Y, Johansson E, Duan J, Han Z, Alenius M. Fat- and sugar-induced signals regulate sweet and fat taste perception in Drosophila. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113387. [PMID: 37934669 PMCID: PMC11212107 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we investigate the interplay between taste perception and macronutrients. While sugar's and protein's self-regulation of taste perception is known, the role of fat remains unclear. We reveal that in Drosophila, fat overconsumption reduces fatty acid taste in favor of sweet perception. Conversely, sugar intake increases fatty acid perception and suppresses sweet taste. Genetic investigations show that the sugar signal, gut-secreted Hedgehog, suppresses sugar taste and enhances fatty acid perception. Fat overconsumption induces unpaired 2 (Upd2) secretion from adipose tissue to the hemolymph. We reveal taste neurons take up Upd2, which triggers Domeless suppression of fatty acid perception. We further show that the downstream JAK/STAT signaling enhances sweet perception and, via Socs36E, fine-tunes Domeless activity and the fatty acid taste perception. Together, our results show that sugar regulates Hedgehog signaling and fat induces Upd2 signaling to balance nutrient intake and to regulate sweet and fat taste perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunpo Zhao
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Jianli Duan
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Zhe Han
- Center for Precision Disease Modeling, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mattias Alenius
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
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20
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Kim N, Ahn Y, Ko K, Kim B, Han K, Suh HJ, Jung J, Hong KB. Yeast Hydrolysate Inhibits Lipid Accumulation via Regulation of Lipid Accumulation-Related Genes in a Drosophila Model of High-Sugar Diet-Induced Obesity. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16302. [PMID: 38003491 PMCID: PMC10671767 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The increasing frequency of processed food consumption has led to the higher ingestion of sugar, increasing the risk of chronic diseases, such as obesity. Yeast hydrolysates (YHs) inhibit body fat accumulation. However, the action mechanism of YH in relation to high-sugar diet-induced obesity is still unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the biological effects of YH on lipid accumulation and verify behavioral changes and carbohydrate metabolic gene regulation in high-sugar diet-fed fruit flies. Adult male flies (Drosophila melanogaster; 2-5 days old) were exposed to 20% sucrose for obesity induction. In high-sugar-fed Drosophila, the effect of YH was compared with that of yeast extract. The effects of YH on body conditions and lipid droplet size were quantified and analyzed. Behavioral factors were evaluated by analyzing circadian rhythm patterns and neurotransmitter content, and a molecular approach was used to analyze the expression of metabolism-related genes. Dietary supplementation with YH did not reduce total sugar content, but significantly decreased the triglyceride (TG) levels in Drosophila. A behavioral analysis showed that the total number of night-time activities increased significantly with YH treatment in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, YH effectively regulated the gene expression of insulin-like peptides related to carbohydrate metabolism as well as genes related to lipogenesis. The TG content was significantly reduced at a YH concentration of 0.5%, confirming that the active compound in YH effectively suppresses fat accumulation. These findings support that YH is a potential anti-obesity food material via regulating carbohydrate metabolism in Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nari Kim
- Department of Integrated Biomedical and Life Science, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea; (N.K.); (K.H.); (H.J.S.)
| | - Yejin Ahn
- Research Group of Functional Food Materials, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea;
| | - Kayoung Ko
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea;
| | - Boyun Kim
- Department of SmartBio, Kyungsung University, Busan 48434, Republic of Korea;
| | - Kisoo Han
- Department of Integrated Biomedical and Life Science, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea; (N.K.); (K.H.); (H.J.S.)
| | - Hyung Joo Suh
- Department of Integrated Biomedical and Life Science, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea; (N.K.); (K.H.); (H.J.S.)
| | - Jewon Jung
- Department of SmartBio, Kyungsung University, Busan 48434, Republic of Korea;
| | - Ki-Bae Hong
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea;
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21
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Alassaf M, Rajan A. Diet-induced glial insulin resistance impairs the clearance of neuronal debris in Drosophila brain. PLoS Biol 2023; 21:e3002359. [PMID: 37934726 PMCID: PMC10629620 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity significantly increases the risk of developing neurodegenerative disorders, yet the precise mechanisms underlying this connection remain unclear. Defects in glial phagocytic function are a key feature of neurodegenerative disorders, as delayed clearance of neuronal debris can result in inflammation, neuronal death, and poor nervous system recovery. Mounting evidence indicates that glial function can affect feeding behavior, weight, and systemic metabolism, suggesting that diet may play a role in regulating glial function. While it is appreciated that glial cells are insulin sensitive, whether obesogenic diets can induce glial insulin resistance and thereby impair glial phagocytic function remains unknown. Here, using a Drosophila model, we show that a chronic obesogenic diet induces glial insulin resistance and impairs the clearance of neuronal debris. Specifically, obesogenic diet exposure down-regulates the basal and injury-induced expression of the glia-associated phagocytic receptor, Draper. Constitutive activation of systemic insulin release from Drosophila insulin-producing cells (IPCs) mimics the effect of diet-induced obesity on glial Draper expression. In contrast, genetically attenuating systemic insulin release from the IPCs rescues diet-induced glial insulin resistance and Draper expression. Significantly, we show that genetically stimulating phosphoinositide 3-kinase (Pi3k), a downstream effector of insulin receptor (IR) signaling, rescues high-sugar diet (HSD)-induced glial defects. Hence, we establish that obesogenic diets impair glial phagocytic function and delays the clearance of neuronal debris.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mroj Alassaf
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutch, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Akhila Rajan
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutch, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
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22
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Li S, Wang J, Tian X, Toufeeq S, Huang W. Immunometabolic regulation during the presence of microorganisms and parasitoids in insects. Front Immunol 2023; 14:905467. [PMID: 37818375 PMCID: PMC10560992 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.905467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Multicellular organisms live in environments containing diverse nutrients and a wide variety of microbial communities. On the one hand, the immune response of organisms can protect from the intrusion of exogenous microorganisms. On the other hand, the dynamic coordination of anabolism and catabolism of organisms is a necessary factor for growth and reproduction. Since the production of an immune response is an energy-intensive process, the activation of immune cells is accompanied by metabolic transformations that enable the rapid production of ATP and new biomolecules. In insects, the coordination of immunity and metabolism is the basis for insects to cope with environmental challenges and ensure normal growth, development and reproduction. During the activation of insect immune tissues by pathogenic microorganisms, not only the utilization of organic resources can be enhanced, but also the activated immune cells can usurp the nutrients of non-immune tissues by generating signals. At the same time, insects also have symbiotic bacteria in their body, which can affect insect physiology through immune-metabolic regulation. This paper reviews the research progress of insect immune-metabolism regulation from the perspective of insect tissues, such as fat body, gut and hemocytes. The effects of microorganisms (pathogenic bacteria/non-pathogenic bacteria) and parasitoids on immune-metabolism were elaborated here, which provide guidance to uncover immunometabolism mechanisms in insects and mammals. This work also provides insights to utilize immune-metabolism for the formulation of pest control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirong Li
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- College of Life Sciences, Yan’an University, Yan’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jing Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Shangrao Normal University, Shangrao, China
| | - Xing Tian
- College of Life Sciences, Yan’an University, Yan’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shahzad Toufeeq
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Wuren Huang
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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23
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Juarez-Carreño S, Geissmann F. The macrophage genetic cassette inr/dtor/pvf2 is a nutritional status checkpoint for developmental timing. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadh0589. [PMID: 37729406 PMCID: PMC10511196 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adh0589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
A small number of signaling molecules, used reiteratively, control differentiation programs, but the mechanisms that adapt developmental timing to environmental cues are less understood. We report here that a macrophage inr/dtor/pvf2 genetic cassette is a developmental timing checkpoint in Drosophila, which either licenses or delays biosynthesis of the steroid hormone in the endocrine gland and metamorphosis according to the larval nutritional status. Insulin receptor/dTor signaling in macrophages is required and sufficient for production of the PDGF/VEGF family growth factor Pvf2, which turns on transcription of the sterol biosynthesis Halloween genes in the prothoracic gland via its receptor Pvr. In response to a starvation event or genetic manipulation, low Pvf2 signal delays steroid biosynthesis until it becomes Pvr-independent, thereby prolonging larval growth before pupariation. The significance of this developmental timing checkpoint for host fitness is illustrated by the observation that it regulates the size of the pupae and adult flies.
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24
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Kashio S, Masuda S, Miura M. Involvement of neuronal tachykinin-like receptor at 86C in Drosophila disc repair via regulation of kynurenine metabolism. iScience 2023; 26:107553. [PMID: 37636053 PMCID: PMC10457576 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurons contribute to the regeneration of projected tissues; however, it remains unclear whether they are involved in the non-innervated tissue regeneration. Herein, we showed that a neuronal tachykinin-like receptor at 86C (TkR86C) is required for the repair of non-innervated wing discs in Drosophila. Using a genetic tissue repair system in Drosophila larvae, we performed genetic screening for G protein-coupled receptors to search for signal mediatory systems for remote tissue repair. An evolutionarily conserved neuroinflammatory receptor, TkR86C, was identified as the candidate receptor. Neuron-specific knockdown of TkR86C impaired disc repair without affecting normal development. We investigated the humoral metabolites of the kynurenine (Kyn) pathway regulated in the fat body because of their role as tissue repair-mediating factors. Neuronal knockdown of TkR86C hampered injury-dependent changes in the expression of vermillion in the fat body and humoral Kyn metabolites. Our data indicate the involvement of TkR86C neurons upstream of Kyn metabolism in non-autonomous tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soshiro Kashio
- Department of Genetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Shu Masuda
- Department of Genetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Masayuki Miura
- Department of Genetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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25
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Yang J, Tang R, Chen S, Chen Y, Yuan K, Huang R, Wang L. Exposure to high-sugar diet induces transgenerational changes in sweet sensitivity and feeding behavior via H3K27me3 reprogramming. eLife 2023; 12:e85365. [PMID: 37698486 PMCID: PMC10558205 DOI: 10.7554/elife.85365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Human health is facing a host of new threats linked to unbalanced diets, including high-sugar diet (HSD), which contributes to the development of both metabolic and behavioral disorders. Studies have shown that diet-induced metabolic dysfunctions can be transmitted to multiple generations of offspring and exert long-lasting health burden. Meanwhile, whether and how diet-induced behavioral abnormalities can be transmitted to the offspring remains largely unclear. Here, we showed that ancestral HSD exposure suppressed sweet sensitivity and feeding behavior in the offspring in Drosophila. These behavioral deficits were transmitted through the maternal germline and companied by the enhancement of H3K27me3 modifications. PCL-PRC2 complex, a major driver of H3K27 trimethylation, was upregulated by ancestral HSD exposure, and disrupting its activity eliminated the transgenerational inheritance of sweet sensitivity and feeding behavior deficits. Elevated H3K27me3 inhibited the expression of a transcriptional factor Cad and suppressed sweet sensitivity of the sweet-sensing gustatory neurons, reshaping the sweet perception and feeding behavior of the offspring. Taken together, we uncovered a novel molecular mechanism underlying behavioral abnormalities spanning multiple generations of offspring upon ancestral HSD exposure, which would contribute to the further understanding of long-term health risk of unbalanced diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yang
- Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Ruijun Tang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Molecular Precision Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, and Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South UniversityChangshaChina
| | - Shiye Chen
- Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Yinan Chen
- Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Kai Yuan
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Molecular Precision Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, and Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South UniversityChangshaChina
- The Biobank of Xiangya Hospital, Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangshaChina
| | - Rui Huang
- Center for Neurointelligence, School of Medicine, Chongqing UniversityChongqingChina
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Shenzhen Bay LaboratoryShenzhenChina
| | - Liming Wang
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Shenzhen Bay LaboratoryShenzhenChina
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26
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Kim ES, Rajan A, Chang K, Govindarajan S, Gulick C, English E, Rodriguez B, Bloomfield O, Nakada S, Beard C, O’Connor S, Mastroianni S, Downey E, Feigenbaum M, Tolentino C, Pace A, Khan M, Moon S, DiPrima J, Syed A, Lin F, Abukhadra Y, Bacon I, Beckerle J, Cho S, Donkor NE, Garberg L, Harrington A, Hoang M, Lawani N, Noori A, Park E, Parsons E, Oravitan P, Chen M, Molina C, Richmond C, Reddi A, Huang J, Shugrue C, Coviello R, Unver S, Indelicarto M, Islamovic E, McIlroy R, Yang A, Hamad M, Griffin E, Ahmed Z, Alla A, Fitzgerald P, Choi A, Das T, Cheng Y, Yu J, Roderiques T, Lee E, Liu L, Harper J, Wang J, Suhr C, Tan M, Luque J, Tam AR, Chen E, Triff M, Zimmermann L, Zhang E, Wood J, Clark K, Kpodonu N, Dey A, Ecker A, Chuang M, López RKS, Sun H, Wei Z, Stone H, Chi CYJ, Silvestri A, Orloff P, Nedumaran N, Zou A, Ünver L, Page O, Kim M, Chan TYT, Tulloch A, Hernandez A, Pillai A, Chen C, Chowdhury N, Huang L, Mudide A, Paik G, Wingate A, Quinn L, Conybere C, Baumgardt LL, Buckley R, Kolberg Z, Pattison R, Shazli AA, Ganske P, Sfragara L, Strub A, Collier B, Tamana H, Ravindran D, Howden J, Stewart M, Shimizu S, Braniff J, Fong M, Gutman L, Irvine D, Malholtra S, Medina J, Park J, Yin A, Abromavage H, Barrett B, Chen J, Cho R, Dilatush M, Gaw G, Gu C, Huang J, Kilby H, Markel E, McClure K, Phillips W, Polaski B, Roselli A, Saint-Cyr S, Shin E, Tatum K, Tumpunyawat T, Wetherill L, Ptaszynska S, Zeleznik M, Pesendorfer A, Nolan A, Tao J, Sammeta D, Nicholson L, Dinh GV, Foltz M, Vo A, Ross M, Tokarski A, Hariharan S, Wang E, Baziuk M, Tay A, Wong YHM, Floyd J, Cui A, Pierre K, Coppisetti N, Kutam M, Khurjekar D, Gadzi A, Gubbay B, Pedretti S, Belovich S, Yeung T, Fey M, Shaffer L, Li A, Beritela G, Huyghue K, Foster G, Durso-Finley G, Thierfelder Q, Kiernan H, Lenkowsky A, Thomas T, Cheng N, Chao O, L’Etoile-Goga P, King A, McKinley P, Read N, Milberg D, Lin L, Wong M, Gilman I, Brown S, Chen L, Kosai J, Verbinsky M, Belshaw-Hood A, Lee H, Zhou C, Lobo M, Tse A, Tran K, Lewis K, Sonawane P, Ngo J, Zuzga S, Chow L, Huynh V, Yang W, Lim S, Stites B, Chang S, Cruz-Balleza R, Pelta M, Kujawski S, Yuan C, Standen-Bloom E, Witt O, Anders K, Duane A, Huynh N, Lester B, Fung-Lee S, Fung M, Situ M, Canigiula P, Dijkgraaf M, Romero W, Baula SK, Wong K, Xu I, Martinez B, Nuygen R, Norris L, Nijensohn N, Altman N, Maajid E, Burkhardt O, Chanda J, Doscher C, Gopal A, Good A, Good J, Herrera N, Lanting L, Liem S, Marks A, McLaughlin E, Lee A, Mohr C, Patton E, Pyarali N, Oczon C, Richards D, Good N, Goss S, Khan A, Madonia R, Mitchell V, Sun N, Vranka T, Garcia D, Arroyo F, Morales E, Camey S, Cano G, Bernabe A, Arroyo J, Lopez Y, Gonzalez E, Zumba B, Garcia J, Vargas E, Trinidad A, Candelaria N, Valdez V, Campuzano F, Pereznegron E, Medrano J, Gutierrez J, Gutierrez E, Abrego ET, Gutierrez D, Ortiz C, Barnes A, Arms E, Mitchell L, Balanzá C, Bradford J, Detroy H, Ferguson D, Guillermo E, Manapragada A, Nanula D, Serna B, Singh K, Sramaty E, Wells B, Wiggins M, Dowling M, Schmadeke G, Cafferky S, Good S, Reese M, Fleig M, Gannett A, Cain C, Lee M, Oberto P, Rinehart J, Pan E, Mathis SA, Joiner J, Barr L, Evans CJ, Baena-Lopez A, Beatty A, Collette J, Smullen R, Suttie J, Chisholm T, Rotondo C, Lewis G, Turner V, Stark L, Fox E, Amirapu A, Park S, Lantz N, Rankin AE, Kim SK, Kockel L. Generation of LexA enhancer-trap lines in Drosophila by an international scholastic network. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2023; 13:jkad124. [PMID: 37279923 PMCID: PMC10468311 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkad124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Conditional gene regulation in Drosophila through binary expression systems like the LexA-LexAop system provides a superb tool for investigating gene and tissue function. To increase the availability of defined LexA enhancer trap insertions, we present molecular, genetic, and tissue expression studies of 301 novel Stan-X LexA enhancer traps derived from mobilization of the index SX4 line. This includes insertions into distinct loci on the X, II, and III chromosomes that were not previously associated with enhancer traps or targeted LexA constructs, an insertion into ptc, and seventeen insertions into natural transposons. A subset of enhancer traps was expressed in CNS neurons known to produce and secrete insulin, an essential regulator of growth, development, and metabolism. Fly lines described here were generated and characterized through studies by students and teachers in an international network of genetics classes at public, independent high schools, and universities serving a diversity of students, including those underrepresented in science. Thus, a unique partnership between secondary schools and university-based programs has produced and characterized novel resources in Drosophila, establishing instructional paradigms devoted to unscripted experimental science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ella S Kim
- Phillips Exeter Academy, Exeter, NH 03833, USA
| | - Arjun Rajan
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Kathleen Chang
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | | | - Eva English
- Phillips Exeter Academy, Exeter, NH 03833, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Sarah O’Connor
- Commack High School, 1 Scholar Ln, Commack, NY 11725, USA
| | | | - Emma Downey
- Commack High School, 1 Scholar Ln, Commack, NY 11725, USA
| | | | | | - Abigail Pace
- Commack High School, 1 Scholar Ln, Commack, NY 11725, USA
| | - Marina Khan
- Commack High School, 1 Scholar Ln, Commack, NY 11725, USA
| | - Soyoun Moon
- Commack High School, 1 Scholar Ln, Commack, NY 11725, USA
| | - Jordan DiPrima
- Commack High School, 1 Scholar Ln, Commack, NY 11725, USA
| | - Amber Syed
- Commack High School, 1 Scholar Ln, Commack, NY 11725, USA
| | - Flora Lin
- Commack High School, 1 Scholar Ln, Commack, NY 11725, USA
| | | | | | | | - Sophia Cho
- Phillips Exeter Academy, Exeter, NH 03833, USA
| | | | | | | | - Mai Hoang
- Phillips Exeter Academy, Exeter, NH 03833, USA
| | - Nosa Lawani
- Phillips Exeter Academy, Exeter, NH 03833, USA
| | - Ayush Noori
- Phillips Exeter Academy, Exeter, NH 03833, USA
| | - Euwie Park
- Phillips Exeter Academy, Exeter, NH 03833, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Adith Reddi
- Phillips Exeter Academy, Exeter, NH 03833, USA
| | - Jason Huang
- Phillips Exeter Academy, Exeter, NH 03833, USA
| | | | | | - Selma Unver
- Phillips Exeter Academy, Exeter, NH 03833, USA
| | | | | | | | - Alana Yang
- Phillips Exeter Academy, Exeter, NH 03833, USA
| | - Mahdi Hamad
- Phillips Exeter Academy, Exeter, NH 03833, USA
| | | | - Zara Ahmed
- Phillips Exeter Academy, Exeter, NH 03833, USA
| | - Asha Alla
- Phillips Exeter Academy, Exeter, NH 03833, USA
| | | | - Audrey Choi
- Phillips Exeter Academy, Exeter, NH 03833, USA
| | - Tanya Das
- Phillips Exeter Academy, Exeter, NH 03833, USA
| | | | - Joshua Yu
- Phillips Exeter Academy, Exeter, NH 03833, USA
| | | | - Ethan Lee
- Phillips Exeter Academy, Exeter, NH 03833, USA
| | | | | | - Jason Wang
- Phillips Exeter Academy, Exeter, NH 03833, USA
| | - Chris Suhr
- Phillips Exeter Academy, Exeter, NH 03833, USA
| | - Max Tan
- Phillips Exeter Academy, Exeter, NH 03833, USA
| | | | | | - Emma Chen
- Phillips Exeter Academy, Exeter, NH 03833, USA
| | - Max Triff
- Phillips Exeter Academy, Exeter, NH 03833, USA
| | | | - Eric Zhang
- Phillips Exeter Academy, Exeter, NH 03833, USA
| | - Jackie Wood
- Phillips Exeter Academy, Exeter, NH 03833, USA
| | | | - Nat Kpodonu
- Phillips Exeter Academy, Exeter, NH 03833, USA
| | - Antar Dey
- Phillips Exeter Academy, Exeter, NH 03833, USA
| | | | | | | | - Harry Sun
- Phillips Exeter Academy, Exeter, NH 03833, USA
| | - Zijing Wei
- Phillips Exeter Academy, Exeter, NH 03833, USA
| | - Henry Stone
- Phillips Exeter Academy, Exeter, NH 03833, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Leyla Ünver
- Phillips Exeter Academy, Exeter, NH 03833, USA
| | - Oscair Page
- Phillips Exeter Academy, Exeter, NH 03833, USA
| | - Minseo Kim
- Phillips Exeter Academy, Exeter, NH 03833, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Lina Huang
- Phillips Exeter Academy, Exeter, NH 03833, USA
| | | | | | | | - Lily Quinn
- Haileybury School, Hertford SG13 7NU, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Pia Ganske
- Haileybury School, Hertford SG13 7NU, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Julia Braniff
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Melanie Fong
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Lucy Gutman
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Danny Irvine
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Sahil Malholtra
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Jillian Medina
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - John Park
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Alicia Yin
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | | | - Breanna Barrett
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Jacqueline Chen
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Rachelle Cho
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Mac Dilatush
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Gabriel Gaw
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Caitlin Gu
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Jupiter Huang
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Houston Kilby
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Ethan Markel
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Katie McClure
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - William Phillips
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Benjamin Polaski
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Amelia Roselli
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Soleil Saint-Cyr
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Ellie Shin
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Kylan Tatum
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Tai Tumpunyawat
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Lucia Wetherill
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Sara Ptaszynska
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Maddie Zeleznik
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | | | - Anna Nolan
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Jeffrey Tao
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Divya Sammeta
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Laney Nicholson
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Giao Vu Dinh
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Merrin Foltz
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - An Vo
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Maggie Ross
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Andrew Tokarski
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Samika Hariharan
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Elaine Wang
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Martha Baziuk
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Ashley Tay
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | | | - Jax Floyd
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Aileen Cui
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Kieran Pierre
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Nikita Coppisetti
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Matthew Kutam
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Dhruv Khurjekar
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Anthony Gadzi
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Ben Gubbay
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Sophia Pedretti
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Sofiya Belovich
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Tiffany Yeung
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Mercy Fey
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Layla Shaffer
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Arthur Li
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | | | - Kyle Huyghue
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Greg Foster
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | | | - Quinn Thierfelder
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Holly Kiernan
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Andrew Lenkowsky
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Tesia Thomas
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Nicole Cheng
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Olivia Chao
- Lowell High School, 1101 Eucalyptus Dr, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
| | - Pia L’Etoile-Goga
- Lowell High School, 1101 Eucalyptus Dr, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
| | - Alexa King
- Lowell High School, 1101 Eucalyptus Dr, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
| | - Paris McKinley
- Lowell High School, 1101 Eucalyptus Dr, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
| | - Nicole Read
- Lowell High School, 1101 Eucalyptus Dr, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
| | - David Milberg
- Lowell High School, 1101 Eucalyptus Dr, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
| | - Leila Lin
- Lowell High School, 1101 Eucalyptus Dr, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
| | - Melinda Wong
- Lowell High School, 1101 Eucalyptus Dr, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
| | - Io Gilman
- Lowell High School, 1101 Eucalyptus Dr, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
| | - Samantha Brown
- Lowell High School, 1101 Eucalyptus Dr, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
| | - Lila Chen
- Lowell High School, 1101 Eucalyptus Dr, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
| | - Jordyn Kosai
- Lowell High School, 1101 Eucalyptus Dr, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
| | - Mark Verbinsky
- Lowell High School, 1101 Eucalyptus Dr, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
| | | | - Honon Lee
- Lowell High School, 1101 Eucalyptus Dr, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
| | - Cathy Zhou
- Lowell High School, 1101 Eucalyptus Dr, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
| | - Maya Lobo
- Lowell High School, 1101 Eucalyptus Dr, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
| | - Asia Tse
- Lowell High School, 1101 Eucalyptus Dr, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
| | - Kyle Tran
- Lowell High School, 1101 Eucalyptus Dr, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
| | - Kira Lewis
- Lowell High School, 1101 Eucalyptus Dr, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
| | - Pratmesh Sonawane
- Lowell High School, 1101 Eucalyptus Dr, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
| | - Jonathan Ngo
- Lowell High School, 1101 Eucalyptus Dr, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
| | - Sophia Zuzga
- Lowell High School, 1101 Eucalyptus Dr, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
| | - Lillian Chow
- Lowell High School, 1101 Eucalyptus Dr, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
| | - Vianne Huynh
- Lowell High School, 1101 Eucalyptus Dr, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
| | - Wenyi Yang
- Lowell High School, 1101 Eucalyptus Dr, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
| | - Samantha Lim
- Lowell High School, 1101 Eucalyptus Dr, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
| | - Brandon Stites
- Lowell High School, 1101 Eucalyptus Dr, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
| | - Shannon Chang
- Lowell High School, 1101 Eucalyptus Dr, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
| | | | - Michaela Pelta
- Lowell High School, 1101 Eucalyptus Dr, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
| | - Stella Kujawski
- Lowell High School, 1101 Eucalyptus Dr, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
| | - Christopher Yuan
- Lowell High School, 1101 Eucalyptus Dr, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
| | | | - Oliver Witt
- Lowell High School, 1101 Eucalyptus Dr, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
| | - Karina Anders
- Lowell High School, 1101 Eucalyptus Dr, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
| | - Audrey Duane
- Lowell High School, 1101 Eucalyptus Dr, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
| | - Nancy Huynh
- Lowell High School, 1101 Eucalyptus Dr, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
| | - Benjamin Lester
- Lowell High School, 1101 Eucalyptus Dr, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
| | - Samantha Fung-Lee
- Lowell High School, 1101 Eucalyptus Dr, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
| | - Melanie Fung
- Lowell High School, 1101 Eucalyptus Dr, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
| | - Mandy Situ
- Lowell High School, 1101 Eucalyptus Dr, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
| | - Paolo Canigiula
- Lowell High School, 1101 Eucalyptus Dr, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
| | - Matijs Dijkgraaf
- Lowell High School, 1101 Eucalyptus Dr, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
| | - Wilbert Romero
- Lowell High School, 1101 Eucalyptus Dr, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
| | | | - Kimberly Wong
- Lowell High School, 1101 Eucalyptus Dr, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
| | - Ivana Xu
- Lowell High School, 1101 Eucalyptus Dr, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
| | | | - Reena Nuygen
- Latin School of Chicago, 59 W North Blvd, Chicago, IL 60610, USA
| | - Lucy Norris
- Latin School of Chicago, 59 W North Blvd, Chicago, IL 60610, USA
| | - Noah Nijensohn
- Latin School of Chicago, 59 W North Blvd, Chicago, IL 60610, USA
| | - Naomi Altman
- Latin School of Chicago, 59 W North Blvd, Chicago, IL 60610, USA
| | - Elise Maajid
- Latin School of Chicago, 59 W North Blvd, Chicago, IL 60610, USA
| | | | | | | | - Alex Gopal
- Albuquerque Academy, Albuquerque, NM 87109, USA
| | - Aaron Good
- Albuquerque Academy, Albuquerque, NM 87109, USA
| | - Jonah Good
- Albuquerque Academy, Albuquerque, NM 87109, USA
| | | | | | - Sophia Liem
- Albuquerque Academy, Albuquerque, NM 87109, USA
| | - Anila Marks
- Albuquerque Academy, Albuquerque, NM 87109, USA
| | | | - Audrey Lee
- Albuquerque Academy, Albuquerque, NM 87109, USA
| | - Collin Mohr
- Albuquerque Academy, Albuquerque, NM 87109, USA
| | - Emma Patton
- Albuquerque Academy, Albuquerque, NM 87109, USA
| | | | | | | | - Nathan Good
- Albuquerque Academy, Albuquerque, NM 87109, USA
| | | | - Adeeb Khan
- Albuquerque Academy, Albuquerque, NM 87109, USA
| | | | | | - Natasha Sun
- Albuquerque Academy, Albuquerque, NM 87109, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Bryan Zumba
- Pritzker College Prep, Chicago, IL 60639, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jake Bradford
- Loyola Marymount University, Los Angeles, CA 90045, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Khushi Singh
- Loyola Marymount University, Los Angeles, CA 90045, USA
| | - Emily Sramaty
- Loyola Marymount University, Los Angeles, CA 90045, USA
| | - Brian Wells
- Loyola Marymount University, Los Angeles, CA 90045, USA
| | | | - Melissa Dowling
- Latin School of Chicago, 59 W North Blvd, Chicago, IL 60610, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Cory Cain
- Pritzker College Prep, Chicago, IL 60639, USA
| | - Melody Lee
- Harvard-Westlake School, Los Angeles, CA 90077, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Leslie Barr
- Westtown School, West Chester, PA 19382, USA
| | - Cory J Evans
- Loyola Marymount University, Los Angeles, CA 90045, USA
| | | | - Andrea Beatty
- Commack High School, 1 Scholar Ln, Commack, NY 11725, USA
| | | | - Robert Smullen
- Commack High School, 1 Scholar Ln, Commack, NY 11725, USA
| | - Jeanne Suttie
- Commack High School, 1 Scholar Ln, Commack, NY 11725, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Elizabeth Fox
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Anjana Amirapu
- Lowell High School, 1101 Eucalyptus Dr, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
| | - Sangbin Park
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Nicole Lantz
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | | | - Seung K Kim
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Lutz Kockel
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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Kim HK, Kim CJ, Jang D, Lim DH. MicroRNA miR-274-5p Suppresses Found-in-Neurons Associated with Melanotic Mass Formation and Developmental Growth in Drosophila. INSECTS 2023; 14:709. [PMID: 37623419 PMCID: PMC10456003 DOI: 10.3390/insects14080709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
The hematopoietic system plays a crucial role in immune defense response and normal development, and it is regulated by various factors from other tissues. The dysregulation of hematopoiesis is associated with melanotic mass formation; however, the molecular mechanisms underlying this process are poorly understood. Here, we observed that the overexpression of miR-274 in the fat body resulted in the formation of melanotic masses. Moreover, abnormal activation of the JNK and JAK/STAT signaling pathways was linked to these consequences. In addition to this defect, miR-274 overexpression in the larval fat body decreased the total tissue size, leading to a reduction in body weight. miR-274-5p was found to directly suppress the expression of found-in-neurons (fne), which encodes an RNA-binding protein. Similar to the effects of miR-274 overexpression, fne depletion led to melanotic mass formation and growth reduction. Collectively, miR-274 plays a regulatory role in the fne-JNK signaling axis in melanotic mass formation and growth control.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Do-Hwan Lim
- School of Systems Biomedical Science, Soongsil University, Seoul 06978, Republic of Korea; (H.K.K.); (C.J.K.); (D.J.)
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28
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Jiang Z, Qu L, Cui G, Zhong G. Smoothened antagonist sonidegib affects the development of D. melanogaster larvae via suppression of epidermis formation. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 194:105462. [PMID: 37532307 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2023.105462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Hedgehog (Hh) signaling is essential for the regulation of embryonic growth and development, the maintenance of stem cell autostasis, and tissue formation, whether in vertebrates or invertebrates. However, exploration into the Hh pathway antagonists in Drosophila or other pests of agricultural importance has been scant. In order to gain a better understanding of the potential utility of the antagonists in insect investigations, a conventional Hh antagonist, sonidegib, was used to evaluate the effects on the development of Drosophila larvae. The results showed that early instar larvae exposed to sonidegib exhibited new epidermal abnormalities and decreased motility after molting. Transcriptome analysis revealed that Sonidegib had a profound effect on chitin-based cuticle development throughout all stages of larvae. Physiological experiments revealed that sonidegib suppressed the epidermis formation and decreased the chitin content. The results of this study shed new light on the potential use of Hh antagonists in agricultural pest management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyan Jiang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management of Crop in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China.
| | - Liwen Qu
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management of Crop in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China.
| | - Gaofeng Cui
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management of Crop in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China.
| | - Guohua Zhong
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management of Crop in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China.
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29
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Ji X, Gao J, Wei T, Jin L, Xiao G. Fear-of-intimacy-mediated zinc transport is required for Drosophila fat body endoreplication. BMC Biol 2023; 21:88. [PMID: 37069617 PMCID: PMC10111752 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-023-01588-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endoreplication is involved in the development and function of many organs, the pathologic process of several diseases. However, the metabolic underpinnings and regulation of endoreplication have yet to be well clarified. RESULTS Here, we showed that a zinc transporter fear-of-intimacy (foi) is necessary for Drosophila fat body endoreplication. foi knockdown in the fat body led to fat body cell nuclei failure to attain standard size, decreased fat body size and pupal lethality. These phenotypes could be modulated by either altered expression of genes involved in zinc metabolism or intervention of dietary zinc levels. Further studies indicated that the intracellular depletion of zinc caused by foi knockdown results in oxidative stress, which activates the ROS-JNK signaling pathway, and then inhibits the expression of Myc, which is required for tissue endoreplication and larval growth in Drosophila. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicated that FOI is critical in coordinating fat body endoreplication and larval growth in Drosophila. Our study provides a novel insight into the relationship between zinc and endoreplication in insects and may provide a reference for relevant mammalian studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowen Ji
- China Light Industry Key Laboratory of Meat Microbial Control and Utilization, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Jiajia Gao
- China Light Industry Key Laboratory of Meat Microbial Control and Utilization, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Tian Wei
- China Light Industry Key Laboratory of Meat Microbial Control and Utilization, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Li Jin
- China Light Industry Key Laboratory of Meat Microbial Control and Utilization, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Guiran Xiao
- China Light Industry Key Laboratory of Meat Microbial Control and Utilization, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China.
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China.
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30
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Qian W, Guo M, Peng J, Zhao T, Li Z, Yang Y, Li H, Zhang X, King-Jones K, Cheng D. Decapentaplegic retards lipolysis during metamorphosis in Bombyx mori and Drosophila melanogaster. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 155:103928. [PMID: 36870515 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2023.103928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Insect morphogen decapentaplegic (Dpp) functions as one of the key extracellular ligands of the Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP) signaling pathway. Previous studies in insects mainly focused on the roles of Dpp during embryonic development and the formation of adult wings. In this study, we demonstrate a new role for Dpp in retarding lipolysis during metamorphosis in both Bombyx mori and Drosophila melanogaster. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated mutation of Bombyx dpp causes pupal lethality, induces an excessive and premature breakdown of lipids in the fat body, and upregulates the expressions of several lipolytic enzyme genes, including brummer (bmm), lipase 3 (lip3), and hormone-sensitive lipase (hsl), and lipid storage droplet 1 (lsd1), a lipid droplets (LD)-associated protein gene. Further investigation in Drosophila reveals that salivary gland-specific knockdown of the dpp gene and fat body-specific knockdown of Mad involved in Dpp signaling phenocopy the effects of Bombyx dpp mutation on pupal development and lipolysis. Taken together, our data indicate that the Dpp-mediated BMP signaling in the fat body maintains lipid homeostasis by retarding lipolysis, which is necessary for pupa-adult transition during insect metamorphosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenliang Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City & Southwest University, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericultural Science, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Mengge Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City & Southwest University, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericultural Science, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Jian Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City & Southwest University, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericultural Science, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Tujing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City & Southwest University, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericultural Science, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Zheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City & Southwest University, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericultural Science, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Yan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City & Southwest University, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericultural Science, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Hao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City & Southwest University, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericultural Science, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Xing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City & Southwest University, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericultural Science, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Kirst King-Jones
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, G-504 Biological Sciences Bldg., Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E9, Canada.
| | - Daojun Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City & Southwest University, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericultural Science, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China.
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31
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Popovic R, Yu Y, Leal NS, Fedele G, Loh SHY, Martins LM. Upregulation of Tribbles decreases body weight and increases sleep duration. Dis Model Mech 2023; 16:dmm049942. [PMID: 37083954 PMCID: PMC10151826 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.049942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic Tribbles proteins are pseudoenzymes that regulate multiple aspects of intracellular signalling. Both Drosophila melanogaster and mammalian members of this family of pseudokinases act as negative regulators of insulin signalling. Mammalian tribbles pseudokinase (TRIB) genes have also been linked to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Type 2 diabetes mellitus is associated with increased body weight, sleep problems and increased long-term mortality. Here, we investigated how manipulating the expression of Tribbles impacts body weight, sleep and mortality. We showed that the overexpression of Drosophila tribbles (trbl) in the fly fat body reduces both body weight and lifespan in adult flies without affecting food intake. Furthermore, it decreases the levels of Drosophila insulin-like peptide 2 (DILP2; ILP2) and increases night-time sleep. The three genes encoding TRIBs of mammals, TRIB1, TRIB2 and TRIB3, show both common and unique features. As the three human TRIB genes share features with Drosophila trbl, we further explored the links between TRIB genetic variants and both body weight and sleep in the human population. We identified associations between the polymorphisms and expression levels of the pseudokinases and markers of body weight and sleep duration. We conclude that Tribbles pseudokinases are involved in the control of body weight, lifespan and sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeka Popovic
- MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, Gleeson Building, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK
| | - Yizhou Yu
- MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, Gleeson Building, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK
| | - Nuno Santos Leal
- MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, Gleeson Building, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK
| | - Giorgio Fedele
- MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, Gleeson Building, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK
| | - Samantha H. Y. Loh
- MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, Gleeson Building, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK
| | - L. Miguel Martins
- MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, Gleeson Building, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK
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32
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Alassaf M, Rajan A. Diet-Induced Glial Insulin Resistance Impairs The Clearance Of Neuronal Debris. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.09.531940. [PMID: 36945507 PMCID: PMC10028983 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.09.531940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
Obesity significantly increases the risk of developing neurodegenerative disorders, yet the precise mechanisms underlying this connection remain unclear. Defects in glial phagocytic function are a key feature of neurodegenerative disorders, as delayed clearance of neuronal debris can result in inflammation, neuronal death, and poor nervous system recovery. Mounting evidence indicates that glial function can affect feeding behavior, weight, and systemic metabolism, suggesting that diet may play a role in regulating glial function. While it is appreciated that glial cells are insulin sensitive, whether obesogenic diets can induce glial insulin resistance and thereby impair glial phagocytic function remains unknown. Here, using a Drosophila model, we show that a chronic obesogenic diet induces glial insulin resistance and impairs the clearance of neuronal debris. Specifically, obesogenic diet exposure downregulates the basal and injury-induced expression of the glia-associated phagocytic receptor, Draper. Constitutive activation of systemic insulin release from Drosophila Insulin-producing cells (IPCs) mimics the effect of diet-induced obesity on glial draper expression. In contrast, genetically attenuating systemic insulin release from the IPCs rescues diet-induced glial insulin resistance and draper expression. Significantly, we show that genetically stimulating Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), a downstream effector of Insulin receptor signaling, rescues HSD-induced glial defects. Hence, we establish that obesogenic diets impair glial phagocytic function and delays the clearance of neuronal debris.
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33
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Short CA, Hahn DA. Fat enough for the winter? Does nutritional status affect diapause? JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 145:104488. [PMID: 36717056 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2023.104488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Many insects enter a dormant state termed diapause in anticipation of seasonal inhospitable conditions. Insects drastically reduce their feeding during diapause. Their reduced nutrient intake is paired with substantial nutrient costs: maintaining basal metabolism during diapause, repairing tissues damaged by adverse conditions, and resuming development after diapause. Many investigators have asked "Does nutrition affect diapause?" In this review, we survey the studies that have attempted to address this question. We propose the term nutritional status, a holistic view of nutrition that explicitly includes the perception, intake, and storage of the great breadth of nutrients. We examine the studies that have sought to test if nutrition affects diapause, trying to identify specific facets of nutritional status that affect diapause phenotypes. Curiously, low quality host plants during the diapause induction phase generally induce diapause, but food deprivation during the same phase generally averts diapause. Using the geometric framework of nutrition to identify specific dietary components that affect diapause may reconcile these contrasting findings. This framework can establish nutritionally permissive space, distinguishing nutrient changes that affect diapause from changes that induce other dormancies. Refeeding is another important experimental technique that distinguishes between diapause and quiescence, a non-diapause dormancy. We also find insufficient evidence for the hypothesis that nutrient stores regulate diapause length and suggest manipulations to investigate the role of nutrient stores in diapause termination. Finally, we propose mechanisms that could interface nutritional status with the diapause program, focusing on combined action of the nutritional axis between the gut, fat body, and brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clancy A Short
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, The University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.
| | - Daniel A Hahn
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, The University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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34
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Liessem S, Held M, Bisen RS, Haberkern H, Lacin H, Bockemühl T, Ache JM. Behavioral state-dependent modulation of insulin-producing cells in Drosophila. Curr Biol 2023; 33:449-463.e5. [PMID: 36580915 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Insulin signaling plays a pivotal role in metabolic control and aging, and insulin accordingly is a key factor in several human diseases. Despite this importance, the in vivo activity dynamics of insulin-producing cells (IPCs) are poorly understood. Here, we characterized the effects of locomotion on the activity of IPCs in Drosophila. Using in vivo electrophysiology and calcium imaging, we found that IPCs were strongly inhibited during walking and flight and that their activity rebounded and overshot after cessation of locomotion. Moreover, IPC activity changed rapidly during behavioral transitions, revealing that IPCs are modulated on fast timescales in behaving animals. Optogenetic activation of locomotor networks ex vivo, in the absence of actual locomotion or changes in hemolymph sugar levels, was sufficient to inhibit IPCs. This demonstrates that the behavioral state-dependent inhibition of IPCs is actively controlled by neuronal pathways and is independent of changes in glucose concentration. By contrast, the overshoot in IPC activity after locomotion was absent ex vivo and after starvation, indicating that it was not purely driven by feedforward signals but additionally required feedback derived from changes in hemolymph sugar concentration. We hypothesize that IPC inhibition during locomotion supports mobilization of fuel stores during metabolically demanding behaviors, while the rebound in IPC activity after locomotion contributes to replenishing muscle glycogen stores. In addition, the rapid dynamics of IPC modulation support a potential role of insulin in the state-dependent modulation of sensorimotor processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sander Liessem
- Neurobiology and Genetics, Theodor-Boveri-Institute, Biocenter, Julius-Maximilians-University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Martina Held
- Neurobiology and Genetics, Theodor-Boveri-Institute, Biocenter, Julius-Maximilians-University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Rituja S Bisen
- Neurobiology and Genetics, Theodor-Boveri-Institute, Biocenter, Julius-Maximilians-University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Hannah Haberkern
- HHMI Janelia Research Campus, 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Haluk Lacin
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, 4523 Clayton Avenue, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Till Bockemühl
- Department of Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Str. 47b, 50674 Cologne, Germany
| | - Jan M Ache
- Neurobiology and Genetics, Theodor-Boveri-Institute, Biocenter, Julius-Maximilians-University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.
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35
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Goldsmith SL, Newfeld SJ. dSmad2 differentially regulates dILP2 and dILP5 in insulin producing and circadian pacemaker cells in unmated adult females. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0280529. [PMID: 36689407 PMCID: PMC9870127 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0280529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Much is known about environmental influences on metabolism and systemic insulin levels. Less is known about how those influences are translated into molecular mechanisms regulating insulin production. To better understand the molecular mechanisms we generated marked cells homozygous for a null mutation in the Drosophila TGF-β signal transducer dSmad2 in unmated adult females. We then conducted side-by-side single cell comparisons of the pixel intensity of two Drosophila insulin-like peptides (dILP2 and dILP5) in dSmad2- mutant and wild type insulin producing cells (IPCs). The analysis revealed multiple features of dSmad2 regulation of dILPs. In addition, we discovered that dILP5 is expressed and regulated by dSmad2 in circadian pacemaker cells (CPCs). Outcomes of regulation by dSmad2 differ between dILP2 and dILP5 within IPCs and differ for dILP5 between IPCs and CPCs. Modes of dSmad2 regulation differ between dILP2 and dILP5. dSmad2 antagonism of dILP2 in IPCs is robust but dSmad2 regulation of dILP5 in IPCs and CPCs toggles between antagonism and agonism depending upon dSmad2 dosage. Companion studies of dILP2 and dILP5 in the IPCs of dCORL mutant (fussel in Flybase and SKOR in mammals) and upd2 mutant unmated adult females showed no significant difference from wild type. Taken together, the data suggest that dSmad2 regulates dILP2 and dILP5 via distinct mechanisms in IPCs (antagonist) and CPCs (agonist) and in unmated adult females that dSmad2 acts independently of dCORL and upd2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel L. Goldsmith
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States of America
| | - Stuart J. Newfeld
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States of America
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36
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Kanaoka Y, Onodera K, Watanabe K, Hayashi Y, Usui T, Uemura T, Hattori Y. Inter-organ Wingless/Ror/Akt signaling regulates nutrient-dependent hyperarborization of somatosensory neurons. eLife 2023; 12:79461. [PMID: 36647607 PMCID: PMC9844989 DOI: 10.7554/elife.79461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Nutrition in early life has profound effects on an organism, altering processes such as organogenesis. However, little is known about how specific nutrients affect neuronal development. Dendrites of class IV dendritic arborization neurons in Drosophila larvae become more complex when the larvae are reared on a low-yeast diet compared to a high-yeast diet. Our systematic search for key nutrients revealed that the neurons increase their dendritic terminal densities in response to a combined deficiency in vitamins, metal ions, and cholesterol. The deficiency of these nutrients upregulates Wingless in a closely located tissue, body wall muscle. Muscle-derived Wingless activates Akt in the neurons through the receptor tyrosine kinase Ror, which promotes the dendrite branching. In larval muscles, the expression of wingless is regulated not only in this key nutrient-dependent manner, but also by the JAK/STAT signaling pathway. Additionally, the low-yeast diet blunts neuronal light responsiveness and light avoidance behavior, which may help larvae optimize their survival strategies under low-nutritional conditions. Together, our studies illustrate how the availability of specific nutrients affects neuronal development through inter-organ signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Koun Onodera
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto UniversityKyotoJapan
| | - Kaori Watanabe
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto UniversityKyotoJapan
| | - Yusaku Hayashi
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto UniversityKyotoJapan
| | - Tadao Usui
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto UniversityKyotoJapan
| | - Tadashi Uemura
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto UniversityKyotoJapan
- Research Center for Dynamic Living Systems, Kyoto UniversityKyotoJapan
- AMED-CRESTTokyoJapan
| | - Yukako Hattori
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto UniversityKyotoJapan
- JST FORESTTokyoJapan
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Wilson A, Periandri EM, Sievers M, Petruccelli E. Drosophila Stat92E Signaling Following Pre-exposure to Ethanol. Neurosci Insights 2023; 18:26331055221146755. [PMID: 36643884 PMCID: PMC9834942 DOI: 10.1177/26331055221146755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Repeated exposure to alcohol alters neuromolecular signaling that influences acute and long-lasting behaviors underlying Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD). Recent animal model research has implicated changes in the conserved JAK/STAT pathway, a signaling pathway classically associated with development and the innate immune system. How ethanol exposure impacts STAT signaling within neural cells is currently unclear. Here, we investigated the role of Drosophila Stat92E in ethanol-induced locomotion, signaling activity, and downstream transcriptional responses. Findings suggest that expressing Stat92E-RNAi causes enhanced ethanol-induced hyperactivity in flies previously exposed to ethanol. Furthermore, alternative splicing of Stat92E itself was detected after repeated ethanol exposure, although no changes were found in downstream transcriptional activity. This work adds to our growing understanding of altered neuromolecular signaling following ethanol exposure and suggests that STAT signaling may be a relevant target to consider for AUD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Emily Petruccelli
- Emily Petruccelli, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville College of Arts and Sciences, 44 Circle Dr, Edwardsville, IL 62026, USA.
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38
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Kim CY, Kim YG. Insulin-like Peptides of the Western Flower Thrips Frankliniella occidentalis and Their Mediation of Immature Development. INSECTS 2023; 14:insects14010047. [PMID: 36661977 PMCID: PMC9864108 DOI: 10.3390/insects14010047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Insulin-like peptides (ILPs) mediate various physiological processes in insects. Specifically, ILP expression is required for immature development in different insects. The western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis, is polyphagous, but its occurrence and population density vary among different hosts. This study assesses the developmental variations in the thrips through quantitative analysis of their ILP expressions. Two types of ILPs (Fo-ILP1 and Fo-ILP2) were identified from the genome of F. occidentalis, and both ILPs were predicted to have the characteristics of signal peptides and B-C-A chains linked by cysteines. A phylogenetic analysis indicates that these two ILPs in the thrips are clustered with the ILP1 of Drosophila melanogaster, suggesting their physiological roles in growth. In addition, the two ILP genes were relatively highly expressed at all feeding stages, but their expression was reduced during the nonfeeding prepupal and pupal stages. Furthermore, RNA interference of each ILP expression led to significant developmental retardation. In validating the ILP expression in the thrips' development, five different varieties of host hot peppers were assessed in a choice test, along with the immature development of F. occidentalis. The expression levels of the two ILP genes were highly correlated with variations in the immature developmental rates of different hot pepper varieties. These suggest that Fo-ILP1 and Fo-ILP2 mediate the immature development of F. occidentalis by sensing different nutritional values of hot peppers. This study is the first report on ILPs in thysanopteran insects.
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39
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dSec16 Acting in Insulin-like Peptide Producing Cells Controls Energy Homeostasis in Drosophila. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 13:life13010081. [PMID: 36676030 PMCID: PMC9862641 DOI: 10.3390/life13010081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Many studies show that genetics play a major contribution to the onset of obesity. Human genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have identified hundreds of genes that are associated with obesity. However, the majority of them have not been functionally validated. SEC16B has been identified in multiple obesity GWASs but its physiological role in energy homeostasis remains unknown. Here, we use Drosophila to determine the physiological functions of dSec16 in energy metabolism. Our results showed that global RNAi of dSec16 increased food intake and triglyceride (TAG) levels. Furthermore, this TAG increase was observed in flies with a specific RNAi of dSec16 in insulin-like peptide producing cells (IPCs) with an alteration of endocrine peptides. Together, our study demonstrates that dSec16 acting in IPCs controls energy balance and advances the molecular understanding of obesity.
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40
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Singh A, Agrawal N. Progressive transcriptional changes in metabolic genes and altered fatbody homeostasis in Drosophila model of Huntington's disease. Metab Brain Dis 2022; 37:2783-2792. [PMID: 36121619 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-022-01078-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is an autosomal-dominant neurodegenerative disorder marked by progressive neuronal atrophy, particularly in striatum and cerebral cortex. Although predominant manifestations of the disease include loss in the triad of motor, cognitive and behavioral capabilities, metabolic dysfunction in patients and HD models are being increasingly recognized. Patients display progressive body weight loss, which aggravates the disease and leads to cachexia in the terminal stages. Using the Drosophila model of HD, we have earlier reported that diseased flies exhibit an atypical pattern of lipid gain and loss with progression along with exhibiting extensive mitochondrial dysfunction, impaired calcium homeostasis and heightened apoptosis in the fatbody. Here, we first monitored the structural changes that abdominal fatbody undergoes with disease progression. Further, we checked the transcriptional changes of key metabolic genes in whole fly as well as genes regulating mitochondrial function, apoptosis, autophagy and calcium homeostasis in the abdominal fatbody. We found extensive alterations in whole-body and fatbody-specific transcriptional profile of the diseased flies, which was in consort with their stage-specific physiological state. Additionally, we also assessed lysosome-mediated autophagy in the fatbody of diseased flies in order to ascertain the mechanisms contributing to fatbody atrophy at the terminal stage. Interestingly, we found elevated autophagy in fatbody of flies throughout disease progression. This study provides new insights into the effect on peripheral metabolism due to degeneration of neurons in the neurodegenerative disease, thereby discerns novel mechanisms leading to cachexia in diseased flies and advocates for the need of managing metabolic dysfunctions in HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akanksha Singh
- Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, 110007, New Delhi, India
| | - Namita Agrawal
- Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, 110007, New Delhi, India.
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41
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Yoon S, Shin M, Shim J. Inter-organ regulation by the brain in Drosophila development and physiology. J Neurogenet 2022:1-13. [DOI: 10.1080/01677063.2022.2137162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sunggyu Yoon
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Natural Science, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Mingyu Shin
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Natural Science, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiwon Shim
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Natural Science, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute for Natural Science, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Hanyang Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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42
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Ratnaparkhi A, Sudhakaran J. Neural pathways in nutrient sensing and insulin signaling. Front Physiol 2022; 13:1002183. [PMID: 36439265 PMCID: PMC9691681 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1002183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Nutrient sensing and metabolic homeostasis play an important role in the proper growth and development of an organism, and also in the energy intensive process of reproduction. Signals in response to nutritional and metabolic status is received and integrated by the brain to ensure homeostasis. In Drosophila, the fat body is one of the key organs involved in energy and nutrient sensing, storage and utilization. It also relays the nutritional status of the animal to the brain, activating specific circuits which modulate the synthesis and release of insulin-like peptides to regulate metabolism. Here, we review the molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in nutrient sensing with an emphasis on the neural pathways that modulate this process and discuss some of the open questions that need to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuradha Ratnaparkhi
- Department of Developmental Biology, MACS-Agharkar Research Institute, Pune, India
- Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India
| | - Jyothish Sudhakaran
- Department of Developmental Biology, MACS-Agharkar Research Institute, Pune, India
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43
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Ohhara Y, Yamanaka N. Internal sensory neurons regulate stage-specific growth in Drosophila. Development 2022; 149:dev200440. [PMID: 36227580 PMCID: PMC10496149 DOI: 10.1242/dev.200440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Animals control their developmental schedule in accordance with internal states and external environments. In Drosophila larvae, it is well established that nutrient status is sensed by different internal organs, which in turn regulate production of insulin-like peptides and thereby control growth. In contrast, the impact of the chemosensory system on larval development remains largely unclear. Here, we performed a genetic screen to identify gustatory receptor (Gr) neurons regulating growth and development, and found that Gr28a-expressing neurons are required for proper progression of larval growth. Gr28a is expressed in a subset of peripheral internal sensory neurons, which directly extend their axons to insulin-producing cells (IPCs) in the central nervous system. Silencing of Gr28a-expressing neurons blocked insulin-like peptide release from IPCs and suppressed larval growth during the mid-larval period. These results indicate that Gr28a-expressing neurons promote larval development by directly regulating growth-promoting endocrine signaling in a stage-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuya Ohhara
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
- Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Naoki Yamanaka
- Department of Entomology, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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44
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Santoro C, O'Toole A, Finsel P, Alvi A, Musselman LP. Reducing ether lipids improves Drosophila overnutrition-associated pathophysiology phenotypes via a switch from lipid storage to beta-oxidation. Sci Rep 2022; 12:13021. [PMID: 35906462 PMCID: PMC9338069 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-16870-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
High-calorie diets increase the risk of developing obesity, cardiovascular disease, type-two diabetes (T2D), and other comorbidities. These "overnutrition" diets also promote the accumulation of a variety of harmful lipids in the heart and other peripheral organs, known as lipotoxicity. However, the mechanisms underlying lipotoxicity and its influence on pathophysiology remain unknown. Our study uses genetics to identify the role of ether lipids, a class of potential lipotoxins, in a Drosophila model of overnutrition. A high-sugar diet (HSD) increases ether lipids and produces T2D-like pathophysiology phenotypes, including obesity, insulin resistance, and cardiac failure. Therefore, we targeted ether lipid biosynthesis through the enzyme dihydroxyacetonephosphate acyltransferase (encoded by the gene DHAPAT). We found that reducing DHAPAT in the fat body improved TAG and glucose homeostasis, cardiac function, respiration, and insulin signaling in flies fed a HSD. The reduction of DHAPAT may cause a switch in molecular signaling from lipogenesis to fatty acid oxidation via activation of a PPARα-like receptor, as bezafibrate produced similar improvements in HS-fed flies. Taken together, our findings suggest that ether lipids may be lipotoxins that reduce fitness during overnutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christie Santoro
- Department of Biological Sciences, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, 13902, USA
| | - Ashley O'Toole
- Department of Biological Sciences, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, 13902, USA
| | - Pilar Finsel
- Department of Biological Sciences, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, 13902, USA
| | - Arsalan Alvi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, 13902, USA
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45
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The regulation of circadian rhythm by insulin signaling in Drosophila. Neurosci Res 2022; 183:76-83. [PMID: 35872183 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2022.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Circadian rhythm is well conserved across species and relates to numerous biological functions. Circadian misalignment impairs metabolic function. Insulin signaling is a key modulator of metabolism in the fruit fly as well as mammals and its defects cause metabolic disease. Daily diet timing affects both circadian rhythmicities of behavior and metabolism. However, the relationship between the circadian clock and insulin signaling is still elusive. Here, we report that insulin signaling regulates circadian rhythm in Drosophila melanogaster. We found the insulin receptor substrate mutant, chico1, showed a shorter free-running circadian period. The knockdown of insulin receptor (InR), or another signaling molecule downstream of InR, dp110, or the expression of a dominant-negative form of InR resulted in the shortening of the circadian period and diminished its amplitude. The impairment of insulin signaling both in all neurons and restricted circadian clock neurons altered circadian period length, indicating that the insulin signaling plays a role in the regulation of circadian rhythm in clock cells. Among 3 insulin-like ligands expressed in the brain, dilp5 showed the largest effect on circadian phenotype when deleted. These results suggested that insulin signaling contributes to the robustness of the circadian oscillation and coordinates metabolism and behavior.
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46
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Adipose mitochondrial metabolism controls body growth by modulating systemic cytokine and insulin signaling. Cell Rep 2022; 39:110802. [PMID: 35545043 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Animals must adapt their growth to fluctuations in nutrient availability to ensure proper development. These adaptations often rely on specific nutrient-sensing tissues that control whole-body physiology through inter-organ communication. While the signaling mechanisms that underlie this communication are well studied, the contributions of metabolic alterations in nutrient-sensing tissues are less clear. Here, we show how the reprogramming of adipose mitochondria controls whole-body growth in Drosophila larvae. We find that dietary nutrients alter fat-body mitochondrial morphology to lower their bioenergetic activity, leading to rewiring of fat-body glucose metabolism. Strikingly, we find that genetic reduction of mitochondrial bioenergetics just in the fat body is sufficient to accelerate body growth and development. These growth effects are caused by inhibition of the fat-derived secreted peptides ImpL2 and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α)/Eiger, leading to enhanced systemic insulin signaling. Our work reveals how reprogramming of mitochondrial metabolism in one nutrient-sensing tissue can couple nutrient availability to whole-body growth.
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47
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Okamoto N, Watanabe A. Interorgan communication through peripherally derived peptide hormones in Drosophila. Fly (Austin) 2022; 16:152-176. [PMID: 35499154 PMCID: PMC9067537 DOI: 10.1080/19336934.2022.2061834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In multicellular organisms, endocrine factors such as hormones and cytokines regulate development and homoeostasis through communication between different organs. For understanding such interorgan communications through endocrine factors, the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster serves as an excellent model system due to conservation of essential endocrine systems between flies and mammals and availability of powerful genetic tools. In Drosophila and other insects, functions of neuropeptides or peptide hormones from the central nervous system have been extensively studied. However, a series of recent studies conducted in Drosophila revealed that peptide hormones derived from peripheral tissues also play critical roles in regulating multiple biological processes, including growth, metabolism, reproduction, and behaviour. Here, we summarise recent advances in understanding target organs/tissues and functions of peripherally derived peptide hormones in Drosophila and describe how these hormones contribute to various biological events through interorgan communications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Okamoto
- Life Science Center for Survival Dynamics, Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance (TARA), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Akira Watanabe
- Degree Programs in Life and Earth Sciences, Graduate School of Science and Technology, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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48
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Cui X, Gruzdeva A, Kim H, Yapici N. Of flies, mice and neural control of food intake: lessons to learn from both models. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2022; 73:102531. [PMID: 35390643 PMCID: PMC9167741 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2022.102531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
In her book, A Room of One's Own, the famous author Virginia Woolf writes "One cannot think well, love well, sleep well if one has not dined well". This is true. All animals need to forage for food and consume specific nutrients to maintain their physiological homeostasis, maximize their fitness and their reproduction. After decades of research in humans and many model organisms, we now know that our brain is one of the key players that control what, when, and how much we eat. In this review, we discuss the recent literature on neural control of food intake behaviors in mice and flies with the view that these two model organisms complement one another in efforts to uncover conserved principles brains use to regulate energy metabolism and food ingestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Cui
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, 14853, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Anna Gruzdeva
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, 14853, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Haein Kim
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, 14853, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Nilay Yapici
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, 14853, Ithaca, NY, USA.
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49
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Huang K, Liu Y, Perrimon N. Roles of Insect Oenocytes in Physiology and Their Relevance to Human Metabolic Diseases. FRONTIERS IN INSECT SCIENCE 2022; 2:859847. [PMID: 38468774 PMCID: PMC10926422 DOI: 10.3389/finsc.2022.859847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Oenocytes are large secretory cells present in the abdomen of insects known to synthesize very-long-chain fatty acids to produce hydrocarbons and pheromones that mediate courtship behavior in adult flies. In recent years, oenocytes have been implicated in the regulation of energy metabolism. These hepatocyte-like cells accumulate lipid droplets under starvation and can non-autonomously regulate tracheal waterproofing and adipocyte lipid composition. Here, we summarize evidence, mostly from Drosophila, establishing that oenocytes perform liver-like functions. We also compare the functional differences in oenocytes and the fat body, another lipid storage tissue which also performs liver-like functions. Lastly, we examine signaling pathways that regulate oenocyte metabolism derived from other metabolic tissues, as well as oenocyte-derived signals that regulate energy homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerui Huang
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Blavatnik Institute, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Blavatnik Institute, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Norbert Perrimon
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Blavatnik Institute, Boston, MA, United States
- Harvard Medical School, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA, United States
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50
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Soory A, Ratnaparkhi GS. SUMOylation of Jun fine-tunes the Drosophila gut immune response. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010356. [PMID: 35255103 PMCID: PMC8929699 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-translational modification by the small ubiquitin-like modifier, SUMO can modulate the activity of its conjugated proteins in a plethora of cellular contexts. The effect of SUMO conjugation of proteins during an immune response is poorly understood in Drosophila. We have previously identified that the transcription factor Jra, the Drosophila Jun ortholog and a member of the AP-1 complex is one such SUMO target. Here, we find that Jra is a regulator of the Pseudomonas entomophila induced gut immune gene regulatory network, modulating the expression of a few thousand genes, as measured by quantitative RNA sequencing. Decrease in Jra in gut enterocytes is protective, suggesting that reduction of Jra signaling favors the host over the pathogen. In Jra, lysines 29 and 190 are SUMO conjugation targets, with the JraK29R+K190R double mutant being SUMO conjugation resistant (SCR). Interestingly, a JraSCR fly line, generated by CRISPR/Cas9 based genome editing, is more sensitive to infection, with adults showing a weakened host response and increased proliferation of Pseudomonas. Transcriptome analysis of the guts of JraSCR and JraWT flies suggests that lack of SUMOylation of Jra significantly changes core elements of the immune gene regulatory network, which include antimicrobial agents, secreted ligands, feedback regulators, and transcription factors. Mechanistically, SUMOylation attenuates Jra activity, with the TFs, forkhead, anterior open, activating transcription factor 3 and the master immune regulator Relish being important transcriptional targets. Our study implicates Jra as a major immune regulator, with dynamic SUMO conjugation/deconjugation of Jra modulating the kinetics of the gut immune response. The intestine has a resident population of commensal microorganisms against which the immune machinery is tuned to show low or no reactivity. In contrast, when pathogenic microorganisms are ingested, the gut responds by activating signaling cascades that lead to the killing and clearance of the pathogen. In this study, we examine the role played by the well-known transcription factor Jun in regulating the immune response in the Drosophila gut. We find that loss of Jun leads to the change in intensity and kinetics of the gut immune transcriptome. The transcriptional profile indicates a stronger response when Jun activity is reduced. Also, animals infected with Pseudomonas entomophila live longer when Jun signaling is reduced. Further, we find that Jun is post-translationally modified on Lys29 and Lys190 by SUMO. To understand the effect of SUMO-conjugation of Jun, we create by state-of-the-art CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing a Drosophila line where Jun is resistant to SUMOylation. This line is more sensitive to infection, with a weaker host-defense response. Our data suggest that Jun Signaling favors the pathogen by dampening the immune response. SUMO conjugation of Jun reverses the dampening and strengthens the immune response in favor of the host. Dynamic SUMOylation of Jun thus fine-tunes the gut immune response to pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amarendranath Soory
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education & Research, Pune, india
- * E-mail: (AS); (GR)
| | - Girish S. Ratnaparkhi
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education & Research, Pune, india
- * E-mail: (AS); (GR)
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